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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jHmY6SdyMhVhKGp6GNDsXvF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001800009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001800009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos sedativos e cardiovasculares do midazolam e do diazepam, associados ou n&#227;o a clonidina, em pacientes submetidos a estudos hemodin&#226;micos por suspeita de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jedson dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Modolo</surname>
            <given-names>Norma Sueli Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Cruz Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Kleber Pimentel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor Ghissoni de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Izabel</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>403</fpage>
      <lpage>408</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A seda&#231;&#227;o durante a cineangiocoronariografia tem sido pouco estudada e saber qual &#233; a melhor droga para sedar esses pacientes &#233; um questionamento importante. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade da seda&#231;&#227;o e os efeitos sobre a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e a press&#227;o arterial (PA) do midazolam e do diazepam, associados ou n&#227;o a clonidina, em pacientes com suspeita de doen&#231;a coronariana. M&#201;TODOS: Foi desenvolvido ensaio cl&#237;nico prospectivo, duplo-cego, randomizado, controlado, com 160 pacientes divididos em cinco grupos de 32 pacientes cada, de acordo com o f&#225;rmaco utilizado: grupo C (clonidina 0,5 &#181;g/kg); grupo M (midazolam 40 &#181;g/kg); grupo MC (associa&#231;&#227;o de midazolam 40 &#181;g/kg e clonidina 0,5 &#181;g/kg); grupo D (diazepam 40 &#181;g.kg); e grupo DC (associa&#231;&#227;o de diazepam 40 &#181;g/kg e clonidina 0,5 &#181;g/kg). A seda&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada com base na escala de Ramsay e no consumo de meperidina 0,04 mg.kg-1. A PA invasiva, a FC e o escore de seda&#231;&#227;o foram analisados a cada cinco minutos em quatro diferentes momentos. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes que utilizaram midazolam apresentaram maiores escores de seda&#231;&#227;o e varia&#231;&#227;o da FC e da PA (p &lt; 0,05). Os que utilizaram diazepam ou clonidina tiveram menores escores de seda&#231;&#227;o e mais satisfat&#243;rios para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame e apresentaram menor varia&#231;&#227;o da PA e da FC (p &gt; 0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: O midazolam foi associado a maior efeito sedativo e cardiovascular enquanto o diazepam causou menor efeito sedativo e cardiovascular. A clonidina e o diazepam tiveram efeitos semelhantes na PA, na FC e na seda&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Clonidina</kwd>
        <kwd>midazolam</kwd>
        <kwd>diazepam</kwd>
        <kwd>seda&#231;&#227;o consciente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body><p><bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold></p><p><bold>Efeitos sedativos e cardiovasculares do midazolam e do diazepam, associados ou n&#227;o a clonidina, em pacientes submetidos a estudos hemodin&#226;micos por suspeita de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana </bold></p><p><bold>Jedson dos Santos Nascimento; Norma Sueli Pinheiro Modolo; Roberto Cruz Rocha Silva; Kleber Pimentel Santos; Heitor Ghissoni de Carvalho</bold></p><p>Hospital Santa Izabel - Salvador, BA - Brasil</p><p><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref></p><p><bold>RESUMO</bold></p><p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>A seda&#231;&#227;o durante a cineangiocoronariografia tem sido pouco estudada e saber qual &#233; a melhor droga para sedar esses pacientes &#233; um questionamento importante. </p><p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a qualidade da seda&#231;&#227;o e os efeitos sobre a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e a press&#227;o arterial (PA) do midazolam e do diazepam, associados ou n&#227;o a clonidina, em pacientes com suspeita de doen&#231;a coronariana. </p><p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foi desenvolvido ensaio cl&#237;nico prospectivo, duplo-cego, randomizado, controlado, com 160 pacientes divididos em cinco grupos de 32 pacientes cada, de acordo com o f&#225;rmaco utilizado: grupo C (clonidina 0,5 &#181;g/kg); grupo M (midazolam 40 &#181;g/kg); grupo MC (associa&#231;&#227;o de midazolam 40 &#181;g/kg e clonidina 0,5 &#181;g/kg); grupo D (diazepam 40 &#181;g.kg); e grupo DC (associa&#231;&#227;o de diazepam 40 &#181;g/kg e clonidina 0,5 &#181;g/kg). A seda&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada com base na escala de Ramsay e no consumo de meperidina 0,04 mg.kg-1. A PA invasiva, a FC e o escore de seda&#231;&#227;o foram analisados a cada cinco minutos em quatro diferentes momentos. </p><p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Os pacientes que utilizaram midazolam apresentaram maiores escores de seda&#231;&#227;o e varia&#231;&#227;o da FC e da PA (p &lt; 0,05). Os que utilizaram diazepam ou clonidina tiveram menores escores de seda&#231;&#227;o e mais satisfat&#243;rios para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame e apresentaram menor varia&#231;&#227;o da PA e da FC (p &gt; 0,05). </p><p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O midazolam foi associado a maior efeito sedativo e cardiovascular enquanto o diazepam causou menor efeito sedativo e cardiovascular. A clonidina e o diazepam tiveram efeitos semelhantes na PA, na FC e na seda&#231;&#227;o.</p><p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Clonidina, midazolam, diazepam, seda&#231;&#227;o consciente.</p><p><bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold></p><p>A clonidina diminui o t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico e aumenta o t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico, reduzindo, conseq&#252;entemente, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), o metabolismo sist&#234;mico, a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica e a resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica. Todos esses efeitos resultam em diminui&#231;&#227;o do requerimento mioc&#225;rdico de oxig&#234;nio, aspectos que devem ser respeitados nos pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana<sup>1,2</sup>.</p><p>O controle da resposta auton&#244;mica no paciente com suspeita de doen&#231;a coronariana j&#225; &#233; realizado com o uso de betabloqueadores, cuja efic&#225;cia &#233; bem conhecida<sup>3</sup>. Os alfa<sub>2</sub> agonistas, como a clonidina, est&#227;o sendo estudados e seus benef&#237;cios no controle auton&#244;mico s&#227;o evidentes<sup>1,2</sup>.</p><p>Existem poucos estudos sobre seda&#231;&#227;o durante a cineangiocoronariografia, e os dados sobre o uso de alfa<sub>2</sub> agonistas s&#227;o particularmente pobres<sup>1-3</sup>. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da clonidina, comparando-a com dois benzodiazep&#237;nicos (midazolam e diazepam) e suas associa&#231;&#245;es, observando seus efeitos sobre a press&#227;o arterial (PA), a FC e a seda&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia.</p><p><bold>M&#233;todos</bold></p><p>Ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa e assinatura do consentimento informado, foi realizado ensaio cl&#237;nico prospectivo, duplo-cego, randomizado e controlado.</p><p>Antes de assinar o consentimento informado, os pacientes receberam esclarecimentos sobre as rotinas do servi&#231;o e dos objetivos do presente trabalho. Foi tamb&#233;m comunicado que poderiam ser utilizados clonidina ou benzodiazep&#237;nicos e que seus poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios durante o exame seriam avaliados.</p><p>O estudo incluiu 160 pacientes de ambos os sexos, entre 18 e 80 anos de idade, os quais foram submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia eletiva, todos com cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica ou teste de esfor&#231;o positivos para isquemia.</p><p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel, &#237;ndice de massa corporal maior que 35, altera&#231;&#227;o do sens&#243;rio que impedisse a avalia&#231;&#227;o, e hist&#243;ria de alergia &#224;s drogas utilizadas.</p><p>Os par&#226;metros utilizados neste estudo foram a PA, a FC e o escore de seda&#231;&#227;o conforme a escala de Ramsay<sup>4</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="tab1"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap><p>Os pacientes eram monitorizados na sala de Hemodin&#226;mica com oximetria de pulso (Criticare 504DX), eletrocardiografia cont&#237;nua com seis deriva&#231;&#245;es, e PA invasiva atrav&#233;s de art&#233;ria femoral ou braquial, a depender da abordagem utilizada no exame (Pol&#237;grafo SP12 - TEB<sup>&#174;</sup>).</p><p>Todos os pacientes estavam em jejum h&#225; pelo menos oito horas e n&#227;o receberam nenhum tipo de medica&#231;&#227;o ansiol&#237;tica.</p><p>Um cateter n&#250;mero 20 foi introduzido na veia cef&#225;lica do membro superior esquerdo, seguido da infus&#227;o padr&#227;o de 10 ml/kg/h de solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica a 0,9%.</p><p>Os pacientes foram divididos randomicamente, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do programa PEPI (<italic>Computer Programs for Epidemiologists,</italic> J.H. Abramson &amp; Paul M. Gahlinger, vers&#227;o 4.04x, 2001), em cinco grupos, com sorteio de envelope selado. As seringas contendo a droga eram preparadas por um pesquisador que n&#227;o fosse avaliar o paciente.</p><p>Para o c&#225;lculo de tamanho amostral foram usados os seguintes par&#226;metros: erro a de 5%, poder de 80%, tendo diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dia entre os grupos de 16 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), com desvio padr&#227;o de 20,22 mmHg no grupo controle e de 22,58 mmHg no grupo teste. Com esses par&#226;metros, chegou-se a um tamanho amostral m&#237;nimo de 30 pacientes para cada grupo. Para compensar poss&#237;veis perdas, optou-se pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de 32 pacientes em cada grupo. Esses par&#226;metros foram adquiridos da disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Nascimento<sup>5</sup>, que estudou os efeitos sedativos e cardiovasculares da clonidina e/ou midazolam em pacientes com suspeita de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. A PAS foi utilizada como par&#226;metro, pois &#233; um dos fatores de import&#226;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica do paciente com doen&#231;a coronariana.</p><p>Os pacientes foram divididos em cinco grupos de 32 pacientes cada, de acordo com o f&#225;rmaco utilizado: grupo C (clonidina 0,5 &#181;g/kg); grupo M (midazolam 40 &#181;g/kg); grupo MC (associa&#231;&#227;o de midazolam 40 &#181;g/kg e clonidina 0,5 &#181;g/kg); grupo D (diazepam 40 &#181;g/kg); e grupo DC (associa&#231;&#227;o de diazepam 40 &#181;g/kg e clonidina 0,5 &#181;g/kg).</p><p>A pun&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral foi escolhida para os pacientes internados no hospital e a dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial, para os pacientes ambulatoriais. Depois disso, os pacientes tamb&#233;m foram monitorizados com oximetria de pulso e eletrocardiografia cont&#237;nua, para ent&#227;o ser iniciada a avalia&#231;&#227;o. A FC, a PA e a seda&#231;&#227;o eram avaliadas no in&#237;cio da inje&#231;&#227;o venosa e a cada cinco minutos at&#233; o final do procedimento.</p><p>Houve varia&#231;&#227;o de 15 a 90 minutos no tempo do exame, dependendo do paciente e da dificuldade t&#233;cnica. Por isso, foi necess&#225;rio criar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o em momentos espec&#237;ficos para corrigir esse aspecto. Assim, foram escolhidos quatro momentos para avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA, da FC e dos escores de seda&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes: momento 1 (M1), antes da inje&#231;&#227;o venosa, seria o momento controle; momento 2 (M2), cinco minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o da droga; momento 3 (M3), mediana do tempo do exame, tendo sido a escolhida pois ocorreria na metade do tempo do procedimento; e momento 4 (M4), final do exame.</p><p>As complica&#231;&#245;es avaliadas foram bradicardia e hipotens&#227;o, bem como a preval&#234;ncia do uso de betabloqueadores como tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia coronariana.</p><p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; seda&#231;&#227;o, por quest&#245;es &#233;ticas, foi utilizada meperidina 0,4 mg/kg nos pacientes que continuaram agitados ou ansiosos ap&#243;s 10 minutos do in&#237;cio do exame, sendo a necessidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessa droga um dos par&#226;metros de efic&#225;cia sedativa da clonidina.</p><p>Ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do exame, os pacientes eram observados no m&#237;nimo durante uma hora e no m&#225;ximo por quatro horas, mas poderiam ser mantidos internados caso houvesse indica&#231;&#227;o, como resultado da gravidade da afec&#231;&#227;o ou da necessidade de repouso e imobiliza&#231;&#227;o quando da abordagem da art&#233;ria femoral.</p><p>Os pacientes cujo exame era realizado por via femoral receberam alta cerca de 24 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento, obviamente se o diagn&#243;stico da cineangiocoronariografia assim o permitisse.</p><p>Os pacientes ambulatoriais abordados com dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial foram liberados do hospital, a n&#227;o ser que ocorressem complica&#231;&#245;es durante o procedimento ou agravamento de les&#245;es coronarianas que justificassem sua interna&#231;&#227;o. Esses pacientes eram orientados a retornar para o servi&#231;o caso surgisse qualquer complica&#231;&#227;o.</p><p>Na apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas, por m&#233;dia e mediana, por meio de porcentual. Para infer&#234;ncia, foram utilizados a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) ou o teste de Kruskal-Wallis nas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste do X<sup>2</sup> ou o teste exato de Fisher para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, adotando-se a de 5% (erro tipo I).</p><p><bold>Resultados</bold></p><p>Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi observada nos grupos estudados com rela&#231;&#227;o a sexo, idade, peso, altura ou &#237;ndice de massa corporal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p><p content-type="asset"><table-wrap id="t2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap></p><p>O estudo foi realizado durante seis meses, de julho a dezembro de 2006. A preval&#234;ncia do uso de betabloqueadores foi semelhante entre os grupos, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p &gt; 0,05).</p><p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FC, segundo a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos grupos em cada momento, o M1 valida a homogeneidade da amostra, pois n&#227;o existem diferen&#231;as significativas. No M2, observa-se que os grupos que utilizaram midazolam apresentaram maiores varia&#231;&#245;es (p &lt; 0,05), enquanto os demais, que utilizaram clonidina e/ou diazepam, inclusive o grupo MC, apresentaram tend&#234;ncia a maior estabilidade, sem diferen&#231;as na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. O M3 e o M4 mant&#234;m o padr&#227;o de diferen&#231;a apenas no grupo M (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>).</p><fig id="f1"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig><p>Na PAS, a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos em cada momento demonstrou que apenas no M1 os grupos n&#227;o diferiram. Nos momentos posteriores, apenas o grupo D diferiu estatisticamente do grupo MC no M2 e do grupo M no M3, demonstrando que o diazepam tem efeito m&#237;nimo sobre a PAS e o midazolam isolado ou quando associado a clonidina tem efeito hipotensor, apresentando redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante sobre a PA. Os grupos n&#227;o diferiram estatisticamente no M4 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2</xref>).</p><fig id="f2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig><p>Na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), a an&#225;lise das diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em cada momento revelou que apenas em M1 os grupos foram semelhantes, e em M2, M3 e M4 o grupo D apresentou valores que diferiram estatisticamente do grupo MC (p &lt; 0,05). Os demais grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as relevantes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3</xref>).</p><fig id="f3"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig><p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao comportamento sedativo, o consumo de meperidina n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos (p &gt; 0,10) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2</xref>). No entanto, os escores de seda&#231;&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes, principalmente em M2, M3 e M4, provando que n&#227;o houve homogeneidade no comportamento sedativo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figs. 4 a 6</xref>).</p><fig id="f4"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gf04.jpg"/></fig><fig id="f5"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gf05.jpg"/></fig><fig id="f6"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gf06.jpg"/></fig><p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos momentos do estudo, a m&#233;dia do tempo de realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames (M4) foi de 25,44 &#177; 11,13 minutos, e o M3, mediana do tempo do exame, foi de 13,69 &#177; 5,64 minutos.</p><p>Nenhum paciente apresentou hipotens&#227;o que necessitasse de tratamento. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; bradicardia, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos; no entanto, no grupo MC, 4 pacientes necessitaram de tratamento com atropina 0,01 mg/kg, seguido do grupo M, com 2 pacientes, dos grupos C e DC, com 1 paciente cada, e do grupo D, que n&#227;o necessitou do tratamento.</p><p><bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold></p><p>A clonidina mostrou ser uma droga efetiva no controle da PA e da FC, tendo efeito sedativo discreto, o que &#233; desej&#225;vel no Laborat&#243;rio de Hemodin&#226;mica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1_6">figs. 1 a 6</xref>).</p><p><fig id="f1_6"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gf07.jpg"/></fig><fn id="f1_6xfig1"/><fn id="f1_6xfig2"/>&#160;</p><p><fn id="f2"><p><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-e01.jpg"/></p></fn></p>&#160;<fn id="f1_6xfig3"/>&#160;<p><fn id="f3"><p><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-e02.jpg"/></p></fn></p>&#160;<fn id="f1_6xfig4"/>&#160;<p><fn id="f4"><p><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-e03.jpg"/></p></fn></p>&#160;<fn id="f1_6xfig5"/>&#160;<p><fn id="f5"><p><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-e04.jpg"/></p></fn></p>&#160;<fn id="f1_6xfig6"/>&#160;<p><fn id="f6"><p><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-e05.jpg"/></p></fn></p>

 <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o invasiva da PA, por via femoral ou braquial, &#233; rotineira na cineangiocoronariografia, sendo m&#233;todo bastante fidedigno de avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea.</p> <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da seda&#231;&#227;o, foi empregada a escala de Ramsay, bastante utilizada por diversos autores e trabalhos em anestesiologia e terapia intensiva, que tem mostrado ser um m&#233;todo consagrado em qualidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o de seda&#231;&#227;o<sup>4,6,7</sup>.</p> <p>Como o tempo m&#233;dio do exame foi de 25,44 &#177; 11,13 minutos, quatro avalia&#231;&#245;es pontuais nesse intervalo foram suficientes para contemplar a maior parte das varia&#231;&#245;es existentes.</p> <p>A dose de clonidina de 0,5 &#181;g/kg &#233; menor que a utilizada na literatura (habitualmente maior que 1 &#181;g/kg). Alguns autores defendem que doses como as usadas neste trabalho s&#227;o efetivas no controle da PA e da FC<sup>8-10</sup>.</p> <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; bradicardia e &#224; hipotens&#227;o, que seriam as complica&#231;&#245;es mais esperadas com o uso da clonidina, n&#227;o se observou nenhum paciente com hipotens&#227;o e apenas 8 pacientes apresentaram bradicardia, que foi tratada com atropina, n&#227;o apresentando diferen&#231;a com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os grupos.</p> <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao comportamento da FC e da PA, os grupos que utilizaram midazolam apresentaram varia&#231;&#245;es significativas quando comparados aos demais grupos. O grupo MC, particularmente, demonstrou que a clonidina estabilizou a resposta cardiovascular, n&#227;o havendo grandes varia&#231;&#245;es, como foi observado no grupo M (figs. 1 a 3).</p><p>A presen&#231;a de M1 foi importante, pois validou a homogeneidade dos grupos antes da interfer&#234;ncia do pesquisador e todos os par&#226;metros avaliados foram semelhantes entre os grupos, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p &gt; 0,10).</p> <p>O M2 trouxe a id&#233;ia de que haveria efeito imediato da clonidina, n&#227;o s&#243; na PA e na FC, como tamb&#233;m potencializa&#231;&#227;o dos benzodiazep&#237;nicos em suas respostas sedativas, ou seja, existe um efeito precoce dessa droga que merece ser ressaltado na literatura, e no paciente coronariano pode ser usado com seguran&#231;a (p &lt; 0,05) (<a href="#08f1a4" link-type="internal">figs. 1 a 4</a>).</p><p>No M3, continua-se a observar intera&#231;&#227;o da clonidina particularmente com o midazolam, potencializando o efeito sedativo e estabilizando os par&#226;metros cardiovasculares com diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significante (p &lt; 0,05) (<a href="#08f1a4" link-type="internal">figs. 1 a 4</a>).</p> <p>No M4, observou-se o efeito potencializador da clonidina sobre os benzodiazep&#237;nicos, e nos dois grupos nos quais houve a associa&#231;&#227;o (grupos DC e MC) os escores n&#227;o diferiram estatisticamente, corroborando uma poss&#237;vel potencializa&#231;&#227;o 30 minutos ap&#243;s sua administra&#231;&#227;o (<a href="#08f1a4" link-type="internal">figs. 1 a 4</a>).</p> <p>&#201; interessante ressaltar a import&#226;ncia da diminui&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio no paciente que tem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, pois nele quanto maior a FC e a PA maior o trabalho do cora&#231;&#227;o e maior o risco de isquemia<sup>1,11</sup>.</p> <p>Existe benef&#237;cio desde que os valores da FC e da PA se mantenham dentro dos limites fisiol&#243;gicos, pois se houver hipotens&#227;o o risco de isquemia aumenta. Como nenhum paciente nesse grupo apresentou hipotens&#227;o, presume-se que as doses de clonidina e benzodiazep&#237;nicos tenham sido satisfat&#243;rias.</p> <p>Alguns autores referem-se ao potencial dos alfa<sub>2</sub> agonistas, como a clonidina, de diminu&#237;rem a morbidade cardiovascular. Esse ponto ainda &#233; controverso, mas alguns autores t&#234;m comparado o efeito da clonidina ao dos betabloqueadores na prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>1-3,12</sup>. Neste trabalho, a clonidina apresentou efeito sedativo semelhante ao do diazepam, com controle auton&#244;mico caracter&#237;stico dos alfa<sub>2</sub> agonistas, diminuindo o trabalho mioc&#225;rdico.</p> <p>Apesar de n&#227;o existir consenso sobre seda&#231;&#227;o no Laborat&#243;rio de Hemodin&#226;mica, Nascimento e cols.<sup>2</sup> demonstraram o benef&#237;cio do uso de sedativos sobre a PA e a FC. Essa discuss&#227;o retorna neste momento, quando a clonidina est&#225; sendo comparada com os benzodiazep&#237;nicos, particularmente com resultados de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular superiores aos do midazolam.</p> <p>No aspecto da preserva&#231;&#227;o da consci&#234;ncia, a clonidina e o diazepam foram superiores, pois o midazolam isolado ou associado &#224; clonidina teve como resultado pacientes que n&#227;o estavam cooperativos, o que &#233; indesej&#225;vel no Laborat&#243;rio de Hemodin&#226;mica.</p> <p>A clonidina tem efeito sedativo que depende da dose utilizada e seu s&#237;tio de a&#231;&#227;o &#233; o l&#243;cus cer&#250;leo, pequeno n&#250;cleo neuronal localizado na parte superior do tronco cerebral. Esse efeito j&#225; foi descrito por v&#225;rios autores e &#233; importante ressaltar que o efeito sedativo n&#227;o &#233; conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o ou de qualquer efeito cardiovascular<sup>1-3</sup>.</p> <p>Os benzodiazep&#237;nicos t&#234;m seu efeito sedativo mediado pelos receptores do &#225;cido gama-aminobut&#237;rico e seus efeitos cardiovasculares parecem ocorrer por outros mecanismos. O midazolam, por exemplo, tem efeito depressor da resposta simp&#225;tica, que determina hipotens&#227;o e, no presente estudo, maior incid&#234;ncia de bradicardia. O diazepam, ao contr&#225;rio, tem efeito de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, que, inclusive, o endossa para utiliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave, por aumentar a resposta inotr&#243;pica provavelmente em decorr&#234;ncia do fato de inibir a fosfodiesterase quatro<sup>13-18</sup>.</p> <p>A escolha da meperidina ocorreu por quest&#245;es &#233;ticas, pois, por se tratar de estudo duplo-cego, se o paciente apresentasse ansiedade ou agita&#231;&#227;o haveria uma op&#231;&#227;o para tratamento. Essa droga, muito utilizada para seda&#231;&#227;o em diversos procedimentos, representou ao mesmo tempo um par&#226;metro de avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da seda&#231;&#227;o<sup>16,19</sup>, sendo no presente estudo uma prova da valida&#231;&#227;o da qualidade sedativa da clonidina quando comparada com os benzodiazep&#237;nicos, por n&#227;o ter havido diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre eles.</p> <p>O n&#250;mero de trabalhos nacionais sobre seda&#231;&#227;o em cineangiocoronariografia &#233; pequeno. Espera-se, com esta pesquisa, contribuir para a melhora do cuidado dos pacientes com risco coronariano. E, do ponto de vista pr&#225;tico, retoma-se a discuss&#227;o da melhora da assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica do paciente que &#233; submetido a cineangiocoronariografia. Hoje n&#227;o existe consenso sequer se esses pacientes devem ser sedados<sup>2,20</sup>, e com este trabalho foram demonstrados os benef&#237;cios no controle da PA e da FC.</p>   <p><bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold></p> <p>Assim, este trabalho demonstrou que a clonidina tem efeito sedativo compar&#225;vel ao do diazepam. O midazolam apresentou escores de seda&#231;&#227;o muito profundos, o que n&#227;o &#233; desej&#225;vel para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cineangiocoronariografia. A associa&#231;&#227;o de clonidina com benzodiazep&#237;nicos potencializou os efeitos sedativos e aumentou a estabilidade cardiovascular desses f&#225;rmacos.</p> <p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold></p> <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p> <p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p> <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p> <p><bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold></p> <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Jedson dos Santos Nascimento pela Universidade Estadual Paulista - Botucatu (UNESP).</p>        <p><fn id="back" fn-type="corresp"><p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p><p>Jedson dos Santos Nascimento </p><p> Rua Engenheiro Jos&#233; Anasoh, 28 &#150; Brotas </p><p> 40275-220 &#150; Salvador, BA &#150; Brasil </p><p> E-mail: </p><p><email xlink:href="jedsonnascimento@terra.com.br">jedsonnascimento@terra.com.br</email></p></fn></p> <p> Artigo recebido em 22/01/07; revisado recebido em 31/03/07; aceito em 21/06/07.</p></body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Sedative and cardiovascular effects of midazolam and diazepam alone or combined with clonidine in patients undergoing hemodynamic studies for suspected coronary artery disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Sedation during coronary angiography has been rarely studied, and it is important to know which drug is the best to sedate these patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of sedation and the effects of midazolam and diazepam alone or combined with clonidine on the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) of patients with suspected coronary artery disease. METHODS: This is a controlled, randomized, double-blind, prospective clinical study of 160 patients divided into five groups of 32 patients each, according to the drug used: group C (clonidine 0.5 &#181;g/kg); group M (midazolam 40 &#181;g/kg); group MC (combination of midazolam 40 &#181;g/kg and clonidine 0.5 &#181;g/kg); group D (diazepam 40 &#181;g/kg); and group DC (combination of diazepam 40 &#181;g/kg and clonidine 0.5 &#181;g/kg). Sedation was evaluated based on the Ramsay scale and on the use of meperidine 0.04 mg.kg-1. Invasive BP monitoring, HR and the sedation score were analyzed every five minutes at four different time points. RESULTS: Patients who received midazolam presented higher sedation scores as well as HR and BP variation (p &lt; 0.05). Those who received diazepam or clonidine had lower sedation scores, which were more satisfactory for the performance of the procedure, and presented a lower BP and HR variation (p &gt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: Midazolam was associated with a greater sedative and cardiovascular effect, whereas for diazepam these effects were less intense. Clonidine and diazepam had similar effects on BP, HR and sedation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Clonidine</kwd>
        <kwd>midazolam</kwd>
        <kwd>diazepam</kwd>
        <kwd>counscious sedation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body><p><bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold></p><p><bold>Sedative and cardiovascular effects of midazolam and diazepam alone or combined with clonidine in patients undergoing hemodynamic studies for suspected coronary artery disease </bold></p><p><bold>Jedson dos Santos Nascimento; Norma Sueli Pinheiro Modolo; Roberto Cruz Rocha Silva; Kleber Pimentel Santos; Heitor Ghissone de Carvalho</bold></p><p>Hospital Santa Izabel - Salvador, BA - Brazil</p><p><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref></p><p><bold>SUMMARY</bold></p><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Sedation during coronary angiography has been rarely studied, and it is important to know which drug is the best to sedate these patients.</p><p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To evaluate the quality of sedation and the effects of midazolam and diazepam alone or combined with clonidine on the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) of patients with suspected coronary artery disease.</p><p><bold>METHODS: </bold>This is a controlled, randomized, double-blind, prospective clinical study of 160 patients divided into five groups of 32 patients each, according to the drug used: group C (clonidine 0.5 &#181;g/kg); group M (midazolam 40 &#181;g/kg); group MC (combination of midazolam 40 &#181;g/kg and clonidine 0.5 &#181;g/kg); group D (diazepam 40 &#181;g/kg); and group DC (combination of diazepam 40 &#181;g/kg and clonidine 0.5 &#181;g/kg). Sedation was evaluated based on the Ramsay scale and on the use of meperidine 0.04 mg.kg-1. Invasive BP monitoring, HR and the sedation score were analyzed every five minutes at four different time points.</p><p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Patients who received midazolam presented higher sedation scores as well as HR and BP variation (p &lt; 0.05). Those who received diazepam or clonidine had lower sedation scores, which were more satisfactory for the performance of the procedure, and presented a lower BP and HR variation (p &gt; 0.05).</p><p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Midazolam was associated with a greater sedative and cardiovascular effect, whereas for diazepam these effects were less intense. Clonidine and diazepam had similar effects on BP, HR and sedation.</p><p><bold>Key words: </bold>clonidine; midazolam; diazepam; counscious sedation.</p><p><bold>Introduction</bold></p><p>Clonidine reduces the sympathetic activity and increases the parasympathetic activity, thus consequently reducing heart rate (HR), systemic metabolism, myocardial contractility, and systemic vascular resistance. All these effects result in a lower myocardial oxygen requirement, an aspect that should be considered in patients with coronary heart disease<sup>1,2</sup>.</p><p>Control of the autonomic response in patients with suspected coronary artery disease is already performed with the use of beta-blockers, whose efficacy is well known<sup>3</sup>. Alpha-2 agonists such as clonidine have been studied and their benefits on the autonomic control are evident<sup>1,2</sup>.</p><p>Few studies on sedation during coronary angiography are available, and data on the use of alpha-2 agonists are particularly poor<sup>1-3</sup>. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of clonidine, and to compare it to two benzodiazepines (midazolam and diazepam), and their combination, observing their effects on blood pressure (BP), HR, and sedation in patients undergoing coronary angiography.</p><p><bold>Methods</bold></p><p>After approval by the Research Ethics Committee and signature of the informed consent, a controlled, randomized, double-blind, prospective trial was conducted.</p><p>Before signing the informed consent, the patients were given information on the service routines and on the objectives of the present study. They were also informed that clonidine or benzodiazepines could be administered, and that their possible benefits during the procedure would be evaluated.</p><p>The study included 160 patients of both genders, aged between 18 and 80 years, with myocardial scintigraphy or exercise test positive for ischemia, and who would undergo elective coronary angiography.</p><p>Patients with unstable angina, body mass index greater than 35, any sensory alteration that could impair the evaluation and a positive past medical history for allergy to the drugs used were excluded.</p><p>The parameters used in this study were BP, HR and the sedation score according to the Ramsay scale<sup>4</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="tab1-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap><p>The patients were monitored in the Catheterization Laboratory with pulse oximetry (Criticare 504DX), continuous six-lead electrocardiogram, and invasive BP via the femoral or brachial artery, depending on the approach used for the procedure (SP12 &#150; TEB&#153; Polygraph).</p><p>All patients fasted for at least eight hours and did not receive any type of anxiolytic drug.</p><p>A number 20 catheter was introduced in the cephalic vein of the left upper limb, followed by a standard infusion of saline solution 10 ml/kg/h.</p><p>The patients were randomly divided by means of the PEPI software program (Computer Programs for Epidemiologists<italic>,</italic> J.H. Abramson &amp; Paul M. Gahlinger, version 4.04x, 2001) into five groups, by the drawing of sealed envelopes. The syringes containing the drug were prepared by a researcher who would not evaluate the patients.</p><p>For sample size calculation, the following parameters were used: a error of 5%, statistical power of 80%; a mean difference of 16 mmHg in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was observed between the groups, with a standard deviation of 20.22 mmHg in the control group, and of 22.58 mmHg in the test group. With these parameters, a minimum sample size of 30 patients per group was established. To compensate possible losses, we chose to include 32 patients in each group. These parameters were obtained from Nascimento's masters dissertation<sup>5</sup>. The author studied the sedative and cardiovascular effects of clonidine and/or midazolam in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. SBP was used as a parameter because it is one of the important factors in the hemodynamic evaluation of patients with coronary disease.</p><p>The patients were divided into five groups of 32 patients each, according to the drug used: group C (clonidine 0.5 &#181;g/kg); group M (midazolam 40 &#181;g/kg); group MC (combination of midazolam 40 &#181;g/kg and clonidine 0.5 &#181;g/kg); group D (diazepam 40 &#181;g/kg); and group DC (combination of diazepam 40 &#181;g/kg and clonidine 0,5 &#181;g/kg).</p><p>Femoral artery puncture was chosen for hospitalized patients, and brachial artery dissection for outpatients. The patients were then monitored with pulse oximetry and continuous electrocardiography and the evaluation was subsequently initiated. HR, BP and sedation were assessed at the beginning of the intravenous injection and at every five minutes until the end of the procedure.</p><p>Procedure time ranged from 15 to 90 minutes, depending on the patient and technical difficulty. For this reason, the evaluation had to be made at specific time points in order to correct this aspect. Thus, four time points were chosen for the evaluation of BP, HR and sedation scores in the patients: time point 1 (T1), before the intravenous injection, which was the control time point; time point 2 (T2), five minutes after drug injection; time point 3 (T3), median of the procedure time, which was chosen because it would occur at the middle of the procedure time; and time point 4 (T4), at the end of the procedure.</p><p>The complications assessed were bradycardia and hypotension, as well as the prevalence of the use of beta-blockers in the treatment of coronary insufficiency.</p><p>In relation to sedation, for ethical reasons, meperidine 0.4 mg/kg was given to the patients who remained agitated or anxious 10 minutes after the beginning of the procedure. The need for the utilization of this drug was one of the parameters of the sedative efficacy of clonidine.</p><p>After the end of the procedure, the patients were observed for a minimum of one hour and a maximum of four hours, but they could remain hospitalized if indicated as a result of the severity of their condition or need for rest and immobilization when the femoral approach was used.</p><p>Patients undergoing the procedure via the femoral approach were discharged approximately 24 hours after the procedure, obviously provided that the result of the coronary angiography thus permitted.</p><p>Outpatients undergoing the procedure via brachial artery dissection were released from hospital unless worsening of the coronary lesions or complications occurring during the procedure justified their hospitalization. These patients were advised to return to hospital should any complication arise.</p><p>In the presentation of the results of continuous variables, categorical variables were described by means and medians and expressed as percentages. For inference, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the Kruskal-Wallis test were used for continuous variables, and the chi square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, with an a value set at 5% (type I error).</p><p><bold>Results</bold></p><p>No difference was observed between the groups studied in relation to gender, age, weight, height, or body mass index (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p><p content-type="asset"><table-wrap id="en_08t2-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap></p><p>The study was conducted for six months, from July to December 2006. The prevalence of the use of beta-blockers was similar between the groups, with no statistically significant difference (p &gt; 0.05).</p><p>In relation to HR, according to the statistical analysis of the groups at each time point, T1 validates the sample homogeneity, because no significant differences were found. At T2, we can observe that the groups that received midazolam presented wider variations (p &lt; 0.05), whereas the groups that received clonidine and/or diazepam, including group MC, presented a trend of greater stability, with no differences in the statistical analysis. T3 and T4 keep the difference pattern only in group M (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p><fig id="fig1-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig><p>In relation to SBP, the comparison of the groups at each time point showed that the groups did not differ only at T1. At the later time points, only group D was statistically different from group MC at T2, and from group M at T3, thus demonstrating that diazepam has a minimal effect on SBP, and midazolam alone or combined with clonidine has a hypotensive effect, with a statistically significant reduction in BP. The groups were not statistically different at T4 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p><fig id="fig2-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig><p>In relation to diastolic blood pressure (DBP), the analysis of the differences between the groups at each time point showed that the groups were similar only at T1. At T2, T3, and T4 group D presented values that were statistically different from those of group MC (p &lt; 0.05). The other groups did not show significant differences (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p><fig id="fig3-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig><p>As regards the sedative effect, the use of meperidine was not different between the groups (p &gt; 0.10) <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">(Figure 2</xref>). However, the sedation scores showed statistically significant differences, mainly at T2, T3, and T4, thus proving that there was no homogeneity in the sedative effect (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Figures 4 to 6</xref>).</p><fig id="fig4-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig><fig id="fig5-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig><fig id="fig6-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig><p>In relation to the study time points, the mean procedure time (T4) was 25.44 &#177; 11.13 minutes, and T3, the median procedure time, was 13.69 &#177; 5.64 minutes.</p><p>No patient presented hypotension requiring treatment. In relation to bradycardia, no statistical difference was observed between the groups. However, in group MC, four patients required treatment with atropine 0.01 mg/kg, followed by group M, with two patients, group C and DC, with one patient each, and group D, whose patients did not require treatment.</p><p><bold>Discussion</bold></p><p>Clonidine proved to be an effective drug in the control of BP and HR with a mild sedative effect, which is desirable in the catheterization laboratory (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f1a6-body2">Figures 1 to 6</xref>).</p><p><fig id="en_08f1a6-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0403-00009-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig><fn id="en_08f1a6xfig1-body2"/>
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 <p>Invasive BP monitoring, via the femoral or brachial approach, is routinely used in coronary angiography, and is a quite reliable method of blood pressure assessment.</p> <p>The Ramsay scale was used to evaluate sedation. This scale is widely used by several authors in studies on anesthesiology and intensive care, and has proven to be an established method in the assessment of sedation<sup>4,6,7</sup> quality .</p> <p>Since the mean procedure time was 25.44 &#177; 11.13 minutes, four time point assessments within this interval were enough to encompass most of the variations that occurred.</p> <p>The 0.5-&#181;g/kg clonidine dose is lower than that used in the literature (usually higher than 1 &#181;g/kg). Some authors support that doses such as those used in this study are effective in the control of BP and HR<sup>8-10</sup>.</p> <p>In relation to bradycardia and hypotension, which are the complications most frequently expected with the use of clonidine, no patients with hypotension were observed, and only eight patients presented bradycardia, which was treated with atropine, with no statistically significant difference between the groups.</p> <p>As regards HR and BP changes, the groups that received midazolam presented significant variations when compared with the other groups. Group MC, in particular, demonstrated that clonidine stabilized the cardiovascular response, and no significant variations occurred, as was observed in group M (Figures 1 to 3).</p><p>The assessment at T1 was important, because it validated the homogeneity of the groups prior to the researcher's interference, and all parameters assessed were similar between the groups, with no statistically significant difference (p &gt; 0.10).</p> <p>T2 showed that not only is an immediate effect of clonidine on BP and HR observed, but also that it potentiates the sedative response to benzodiazepines; in other words, clonidine has an early effect that is worth being pointed out in the literature, and it can be safely used in coronary patients (p &lt; 0.05) (<a href="#en_08f1a4" link-type="internal">Figures 1 to 4</a>).</p><p>At T3, the interaction of clonidine particularly with midazolam can still be observed, potentiating the sedative effect and stabilizing the cardiovascular parameters with a statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) (<a href="#en_08f1a4" link-type="internal">Figures 1 to 4</a>).</p> <p>At T4, the potentiating effect of clonidine on benzodiazepines was observed, and in the two groups of combination of drugs (DC and MC) the scores were not statistically different, thus corroborating a possible potentiating effect 30 minutes after its administration (<a href="#en_08f1a4" link-type="internal">Figures 1 to 4</a>).</p> <p>It is interesting to point out the importance of decreased myocardial oxygen consumption in patients with coronary artery disease, because the higher the HR and BP, the greater the cardiac work and the risk of ischemia in these patients<sup>1,11</sup>.</p> <p>A benefit can be verified provided that HR and BP values remain within physiological limits, because if hypotension occurs, the risk of ischemia increases. Since no patient in this group presented hypotension, we can assume that the clonidine and benzodiazepine doses were satisfactory.</p> <p>Some authors report the potential of alpha-2 agonists, such as clonidine, to reduce cardiovascular morbidity. This is still a controversial issue, however some authors have compared the effect of clonidine to that of beta-blockers on myocardial protection<sup>1-3,12</sup>. In this study, clonidine presented a sedative effect similar to that of diazepam, with an autonomic control characteristic of alpha-2 agonists, thus decreasing myocardial work.</p> <p>Despite the fact that there is no consensus on sedation in catheterization laboratories, Nascimento et al<sup>2</sup> demonstrated the benefit of the use of sedatives on BP and HR. This discussion has now been resumed, since clonidine is being compared to benzodiazepines, particularly with outcomes in cardiovascular stabilization superior to those of midazolam.</p> <p>Regarding preservation of consciousness, both clonidine and diazepam were superior, because the use of midazolam alone or in combination with clonidine resulted in noncooperative patients, which is not desirable in the catheterization laboratory.</p> <p>Clonidine has a sedative effect that depends on the dose used, and its site of action is the locus ceruleus, a small neuronal nucleus located in the upper part of the brain stem. This effect has already been described by several authors, and it is important to point out that the sedative effect is neither a consequence of hypotension nor of any cardiovascular effect<sup>1-3</sup>.</p> <p>Benzodiazepines have a sedative effect mediated by gamma-amino butyric acid receptors and their cardiovascular effects seem to occur via other mechanisms. Midazolam, for instance, has a depressant effect on the sympathetic response that determines hypotension and, in the present study, a higher incidence of bradycardia. Diazepam, on the contrary, has a cardiovascular stabilization effect, which, moreover, corroborates its use in patients with severe heart failure, because it enhances the inotropic response, probably as a consequence of its phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitory action<sup>13-18</sup>.</p> <p>The choice of meperidine was based on ethical issues because, given that it was a double-blind study, if the patient presented anxiety or agitation a treatment option would be available. This drug, which is widely used for sedation in different procedures, also represented a parameter for the assessment of sedation<sup>16,19</sup> quality. In the present study it was a proof of validation of the sedation quality of clonidine in comparison to benzodiazepines, since no statistical difference was found between them.</p> <p>The number of Brazilian studies on sedation in coronary angiography is small. With this study, we expect to contribute to an improved care of patients with coronary risk. Also, from the practical point of view, we resume the discussion on an improved medical care for patients undergoing coronary angiography. Currently, there is not even a consensus as to whether these patients should be sedated<sup>2,20</sup>, and this study demonstrated the benefits of sedation in the control of BP and HR.</p>   <p><bold>Conclusion</bold></p> <p>Thus, this study demonstrated that clonidine has a sedative effect comparable to that of diazepam. Midazolam induced very deep sedation, which is not desirable for the performance of coronary angiography. The combination of clonidine and benzodiazepines potentiated the sedative effects and increased the cardiovascular stability provided by these drugs.</p> <p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p> <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p> <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p> <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p> <p><bold>Study Association</bold></p> <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Jedson dos Santos Nascimento, from Universidade Estadual Paulista - Botucatu (UNESP).</p>   <p><bold>References</bold></p>     <p><fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp"><p>Mailing address:</p><p>Jedson dos Santos Nascimento</p><p> Rua Engenheiro Jos&#233; Anasoh, 28 &#150; Brotas</p><p> 40275-220 &#150; Salvador, BA &#150; Brazil</p><p> E-mail: </p><p><email xlink:href="jedsonnascimento@terra.com.br">jedsonnascimento@terra.com.br</email></p></fn></p> <p> Manuscript received January 22, 2007; revised manuscript received March 31, 2007; accepted June 21, 2007.</p> </body>
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