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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nLYptRMwk4mkTDJwx45DVMq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001800008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900608</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001800008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da espironolactona sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas induzidas pelo horm&#244;nio tireoideano em ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Mendon&#231;a Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferro</surname>
            <given-names>Elo&#237;sa Am&#225;lia Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beletti</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Emilio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Resende</surname>
            <given-names>Elmiro Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Uberl&#226;ndia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>398</fpage>
      <lpage>402</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Estudar o papel do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona na hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica induzida pelo horm&#244;nio tireoideano, utilizando-se a espironolactona. OBJETIVO: Analisar as altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas no mioc&#225;rdio induzidas pelo horm&#244;nio tireoideano e os efeitos da espironolactona nesse processo. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 40 ratos Wistar, divididos em quatro grupos, que receberam: ve&#237;culo utilizado para a dilui&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio tireoideano (C); levotiroxina s&#243;dica (50 &#181;g/rato/dia) (H); espironolactona (0,3 mg/kg/dia) (E) e horm&#244;nio tireoideano + espironolactona (HE), nas mesmas doses citadas, durante 28 dias consecutivos. Todos os animais foram submetidos a pesagem, coleta de sangue para dosagens hormonais e realiza&#231;&#227;o de ECG no in&#237;cio e no final do experimento. Ao final do per&#237;odo de estudo, os animais foram sacrificados para determina&#231;&#227;o do peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e obten&#231;&#227;o de cortes de VE para an&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento dos n&#237;veis de T3 no plasma, perda de peso corporal e aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos animais que receberam o horm&#244;nio. O peso do VE foi maior nos grupos H e HE. A an&#225;lise histom&#233;trica mostrou maiores di&#226;metros dos mi&#243;citos no grupo H, com os valores decrescentes nos grupos HE, E e C, sendo as diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes entre todos os grupos. A espironolactona associada ao horm&#244;nio tireoideano (HT) diminuiu em 14,6% a hipertrofia transversal dos mi&#243;citos. CONCLUS&#195;O: Em ratos tratados com horm&#244;nio tireoideano ocorre hipertrofia card&#237;aca com aumento do peso do VE e do di&#226;metro do mi&#243;cito. A associa&#231;&#227;o de espironolactona ao horm&#244;nio tireoideano previne parcialmente essa hipertrofia por mecanismos ainda desconhecidos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>tireoxina</kwd>
        <kwd>espironolactona</kwd>
        <kwd>remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomegalia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeitos da espironolactona sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas induzidas pelo horm&#244;nio tireoideano em ratos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria Luiza Mendon&#231;a Pereira Fernandes; Elo&#237;sa Am&#225;lia Vieira Ferro; Marcelo Emilio Beletti; Elmiro Santos Resende</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia (UFU), Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>Estudar o papel do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona na hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica induzida pelo horm&#244;nio tireoideano, utilizando-se a espironolactona. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Analisar as altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas no mioc&#225;rdio induzidas pelo horm&#244;nio tireoideano e os efeitos da espironolactona nesse processo. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Foram estudados 40 ratos Wistar, divididos em quatro grupos, que receberam: ve&#237;culo utilizado para a dilui&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio tireoideano (C); levotiroxina s&#243;dica (50 &#181;g/rato/dia) (H); espironolactona (0,3 mg/kg/dia) (E) e horm&#244;nio tireoideano + espironolactona (HE), nas mesmas doses citadas, durante 28 dias consecutivos. Todos os animais foram submetidos a pesagem, coleta de sangue para dosagens hormonais e realiza&#231;&#227;o de ECG no in&#237;cio e no final do experimento. Ao final do per&#237;odo de estudo, os animais foram sacrificados para determina&#231;&#227;o do peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e obten&#231;&#227;o de cortes de VE para an&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Houve aumento dos n&#237;veis de T3 no plasma, perda de peso corporal e aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos animais que receberam o horm&#244;nio. O peso do VE foi maior nos grupos H e HE. A an&#225;lise histom&#233;trica mostrou maiores di&#226;metros dos mi&#243;citos no grupo H, com os valores decrescentes nos grupos HE, E e C, sendo as diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes entre todos os grupos. A espironolactona associada ao horm&#244;nio tireoideano (HT) diminuiu em 14,6% a hipertrofia transversal dos mi&#243;citos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Em ratos tratados com horm&#244;nio tireoideano ocorre hipertrofia card&#237;aca com aumento do peso do VE e do di&#226;metro do mi&#243;cito. A associa&#231;&#227;o de espironolactona ao horm&#244;nio tireoideano previne parcialmente essa hipertrofia por mecanismos ainda desconhecidos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Mioc&#225;rdio, tireoxina, espironolactona, remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular, cardiomegalia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a tireoideana e cardiopatia foi estabelecida, pela primeira vez, em 1825, quando Caleb Parry notou a associa&#231;&#227;o existente entre o aumento do volume tireoideano e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>1</sup>. Somente 50 anos mais tarde, Robert Graves descreveu a doen&#231;a que hoje leva seu nome. A import&#226;ncia das manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas na tireotoxicose tem sido universalmente reconhecida<sup>2,3</sup>, particularmente aquelas relacionadas &#224; hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>4-7</sup> e &#224; presen&#231;a de arritmias<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A a&#231;&#227;o hipertr&#243;fica do horm&#244;nio tireoideano (HT) no cora&#231;&#227;o ocorre tanto por a&#231;&#227;o direta, modulando a s&#237;ntese prot&#233;ica nos mi&#243;citos<sup>10-12</sup>, quanto por efeitos indiretos sist&#234;micos<sup>13,14</sup>, provocando mudan&#231;as importantes na hemodin&#226;mica<sup>15,16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos 30 anos, tem sido reconhecido que a aldosterona est&#225; associada tanto com a patog&#234;nese quanto com a progress&#227;o da fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>17</sup>. Resultados do CONSENSUS l demonstraram que valores elevados da aldosterona plasm&#225;tica correlacionam-se com baixa sobreviv&#234;ncia em pacientes com ICC, em classe funcional IV, e que a associa&#231;&#227;o de enalapril &#224; terapia para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca reduziu em 27% a mortalidade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo placebo<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona na hipertens&#227;o arterial pode levar &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio pelo ac&#250;mulo progressivo de col&#225;geno no interst&#237;cio e &#224; hipertrofia card&#237;aca. Essa fibrose reativa parece ser um importante determinante da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e da hipertrofia patol&#243;gica<sup>6,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos mais recentes como o RALES<sup>20</sup> e o EPHESUS<sup>21</sup> demonstraram que a eleva&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica da aldosterona tem efeitos delet&#233;rios no sistema cardiovascular. Complementando esses achados, um estudo em ratos demonstrou que a espironolactona previne a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno no mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s infarto<sup>22</sup>. Nesses animais, a fibrose reativa que se segue &#224; necrose diminui a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e induz heterogeneidade e dispers&#227;o el&#233;trica, o que predisp&#245;e a arritmias<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>A participa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona<sup>20,24,25</sup> na remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ainda n&#227;o foi investigada nas hipertrofias induzidas pelo estado tireot&#243;xico.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; verificar se tal rela&#231;&#227;o com a aldosterona existe e se ela pode ser bloqueada utilizando-se um competidor espec&#237;fico para esse horm&#244;nio, a espironolactona.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Animais</italic> - Foram utilizados 40 ratos da linhagem Wistar, machos, adultos, avaliados nas mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais. Os animais tinham livre acesso &#224; &#225;gua e &#224; alimenta&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de adapta&#231;&#227;o ao ambiente que teve dura&#231;&#227;o de uma semana, os 40 ratos foram distribu&#237;dos, seq&#252;encialmente, em quatro grupos de 10 animais cada, identificados como controle (<bold>C</bold>), horm&#244;nio tireoideano (<bold>H</bold>), espironolactona (<bold>E</bold>) e horm&#244;nio tireoideano + espironolactona (<bold>HE</bold>).</p>
    <p>Os grupos foram submetidos aos seguintes procedimentos:</p>
    <p><bold>Grupo C</bold> - 0,5 ml/dia, via intraperitoneal, do ve&#237;culo usado para dilui&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio tireioideano (solu&#231;&#227;o tamp&#227;o).</p>
    <p><bold>Grupo H</bold> - horm&#244;nio tireoideano dilu&#237;do em solu&#231;&#227;o tamp&#227;o, na dose de 50 ug/rato/dia, por via intraperitoneal.</p>
    <p><bold>Grupo E</bold> - espironolactona, em dose &#250;nica, di&#225;ria, de 0,3 mg/kg/dia, via subcut&#226;nea, dilu&#237;do em azeite de oliva, em solu&#231;&#227;o de 20 mg/ml.</p>
    <p><bold>Grupo HE</bold> - horm&#244;nio tireoideano, na dose de 50 ug/rato/dia, via intraperitoneal, e espironolactona, em dose &#250;nica di&#225;ria de 0,3 mg/kg/dia, via subcut&#226;nea, dilu&#237;da em azeite de oliva, em solu&#231;&#227;o de 20 mg/ml.</p>
    <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o do experimento foi de 28 dias para todos os grupos, com sacrif&#237;cio ocorrendo no final.</p>
    <p>Todos os animais foram pesados antes e ap&#243;s os 28 dias de tratamento.</p>
    <p>Os ratos foram anestesiados com cetamina, na dose de 0,1 ml/100 g por via intramuscular, associada ao cloridrato de xilazina, na dose de 0,1 ml/100g, em inje&#231;&#227;o intramuscular.</p>
    <p>De todos os animais anestesiados foram colhidas amostras de sangue no tempo zero e quatro semanas ap&#243;s o uso dos agentes descritos no protocolo experimental. Nessas amostras foram feitos hemat&#243;crito e dosagem de T3 e T4 (realizada pelo m&#233;todo de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia). A coleta de sangue no tempo basal foi feita cortando-se a ponta da cauda do rato e coletando o sangue gota a gota, at&#233; o volume de 0,8 ml. Ap&#243;s as quatro semanas, o sangue foi colhido atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, antes do sacrif&#237;cio do animal.</p>
    <p>A aferi&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) no momento basal e ap&#243;s as quatro semanas de uso dos agentes foi feita pelo eletrocardiograma convencional. No final do tempo previsto, os ratos foram sacrificados sob anestesia, procedendo-se &#224; abertura do t&#243;rax e retirada do cora&#231;&#227;o, o qual foi exaustivamente lavado com Ringer Lactato&#174; e fixado em solu&#231;&#227;o de formol a 10%. Depois de 24 horas, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi pesado em uma balan&#231;a de precis&#227;o sendo, em seguida, separado o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, juntamente com o septo interventricular, e novamente pesado.</p>
    <p>Em seguida, a amostra foi colocada em &#225;lcool a 70% at&#233; sua inclus&#227;o em parafina.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise foi feita tendo em conta aspectos de microscopia &#243;ptica e da histometria a partir da digitaliza&#231;&#227;o das fotos das l&#226;minas para medida do di&#226;metro transversal dos mi&#243;citos.</p>
    <p><italic>T&#233;cnicas de dilui&#231;&#227;o dos agentes utilizados</italic> - Para dilui&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio tireoideano, utilizou-se uma solu&#231;&#227;o tamp&#227;o PBS (Na2HPO4, 50mM em pH 7,4)<sup>26</sup>. A espironolactona foi dissolvida em acetona e em seguida dilu&#237;da em azeite de oliva. A evapora&#231;&#227;o da acetona foi feita em banho ultra-s&#244;nico.</p>
    <p><italic>Peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE)</italic> - O peso do VE foi determinado juntamente com o septo interventricular. Para evitar interfer&#234;ncia derivada das modifica&#231;&#245;es do peso corporal sobre o peso do VE, determinou-se o peso esperado dessa c&#226;mara para qualquer peso final do animal. Isso foi feito a partir do peso do VE do grupo controle e do peso final dos animais. Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear e obtida uma equa&#231;&#227;o de reta que permite calcular o peso esperado do VE para qualquer rato com qualquer peso. Uma vez definido o peso esperado do VE em cada grupo, foi feita a compara&#231;&#227;o desse com o respectivo peso observado ap&#243;s o tratamento.</p>
    <p><italic>Histomorfometria</italic> - As imagens foram obtidas por meio de microsc&#243;pio &#243;ptico binocular. Todas as imagens foram capturadas por c&#226;mara de v&#237;deo no aumento de 40x. A sele&#231;&#227;o das imagens para captura e digitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi feita visualmente.</p>
    <p>A morfometria dessas imagens obtidas e digitalizadas foi realizada utilizando-se <italic>software</italic> apropriado para tal fim. De cada um dos cinco cortes obtidos do VE de cada animal foram realizadas cinco capturas de campos diferentes, escolhidos de acordo com o local onde se pudesse visualizar mais c&#233;lulas em corte transversal. Dessas, foram medidos os menores di&#226;metros de 4.759 c&#233;lulas nos 40 ratos estudados.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos estudados foi utilizada a An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia complementada pelo teste de Tukey, quando necess&#225;rio. Esse teste foi aplicado &#224; FC, dosagem de T3 e di&#226;metro dos mi&#243;citos. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras n&#227;o-independentes foi aplicado quando se compararam os pesos dos animais no in&#237;cio e no final do experimento em cada grupo e quando se compararam os pesos esperados e observados do VE para cada grupo estudado.</p>
    <p>Estabeleceram-se, como significantes, valores de p d" 5%.</p>
    <p><italic>&#201;tica</italic> - Foram respeitadas as normas estabelecidas pelo <italic>Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</italic> (Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C. 1996) e os <italic>Princ&#237;pios &#201;ticos na Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal</italic> do Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Peso dos animais</italic> - N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante no peso dos animais nos grupos C e HE antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento. No grupo H,o peso final foi significantemente menor do que o inicial. Ao contr&#225;rio, no grupo E, o peso final foi maior do que o inicial. As diferen&#231;as porcentuais no peso dos animais do in&#237;cio para o fim do estudo foram de 12,53% de perda de peso para o grupo H e de 8,63% de ganho de peso para o grupo E.</p>
    <p><italic>T3 total</italic> - O T3 total final no grupo C foi de 104&#177;9 ng/dl, no H foi de 173&#177;40 ng/dl, no grupo E 102&#177;9 ng/dl e no grupo horm&#244;nio HE 180&#177;44 ng/dl. Esses valores foram significantemente maiores nos grupos H e HE.</p>
    <p><italic>Freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca final (FC) em batimentos por minuto (bpm)</italic> - A FC final no grupo C, H, E e HE foi, respectivamente, 215&#177;19 bpm, 309&#177;23 bpm, 211&#177;2 bpm e 301&#177;48 bpm.</p>
    <p>A FC final foi significantemente maior nos grupos H e HE.</p>
    <p><italic>Peso do VE</italic> - Como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>, o peso observado do VE foi significantemente maior do que o peso esperado somente nos grupos H e HE.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0398-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Histomorfometria</italic> - A medida do di&#226;metro das fibras musculares dos grupos C, H, E e HE s&#227;o significantemente diferentes entre si. Os valores est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0398-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O grupo C teve os menores di&#226;metros das fibras (13,90&#177;3,00 &#181;) e o grupo H (20,95&#177;4,29 &#181;) as maiores medidas. O grupo E tamb&#233;m apresentou aumento do di&#226;metro das fibras em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>V&#225;rios modelos experimentais t&#234;m sido utilizados para estudar os m&#250;ltiplos aspectos que envolvem a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o est&#225; envolvida a participa&#231;&#227;o, direta ou indireta, de subst&#226;ncias que integram o eixo neuro-hormonal, ativado em situa&#231;&#245;es de baixo d&#233;bito sang&#252;&#237;neo. Integram esse eixo subst&#226;ncias vasoconstritoras (noradrenalina, angiotensina II, endotelina I e arginina-vasopressina) e vasodilatadoras (pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos, bradicinina). Pouco se conhece, por&#233;m, da participa&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio tireoideano<sup>27</sup> na remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>24,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente experimento foi delineado com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos do HT na hipertrofia card&#237;aca. A indu&#231;&#227;o do estado tireot&#243;xico nos ratos &#233; simples<sup>27</sup> e a confirma&#231;&#227;o dessa condi&#231;&#227;o pode ser obtida pelos n&#237;veis elevados de T3, aumento da FC e perda de peso corporal.</p>
    <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o total da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao HT foi de 28 dias. Poder&#237;amos indagar se as modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais do cora&#231;&#227;o j&#225; estariam presentes em t&#227;o curto per&#237;odo de tempo. Em estudo interessante, KLEIN<sup>24</sup> demonstrou aumento das prote&#237;nas contr&#225;teis card&#237;acas ap&#243;s 4, 7, 10 e 14 dias de tratamento com T4, com estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do modelo de hipertrofia a partir desse ponto.</p>
    <p>A hipertrofia card&#237;aca em nosso modelo de tireotoxicose foi claramente demonstrada pelo aumento do peso do VE, que foi, em m&#233;dia, 17,3% maior no grupo com horm&#244;nio tireoideano. Resultados semelhantes tamb&#233;m foram detectados em outros experimentos. Esse aumento do peso do VE parece ser o resultado de a&#231;&#245;es diretas e indiretas do horm&#244;nio tireoideano sobre o mioc&#225;rdio que se expressa pelo aumento da s&#237;ntese prot&#233;ica<sup>25</sup>, com conseq&#252;ente hipertrofia do mi&#243;cito. O horm&#244;nio tireoideano n&#227;o altera somente o mi&#243;cito, mas tamb&#233;m a matriz de col&#225;geno<sup>28</sup>. &#192; microscopia &#243;ptica, o di&#226;metro m&#233;dio dos mi&#243;citos foi 50,68% superior ao do grupo controle.</p>
    <p>Assim como descrito por outros autores<sup>26-29</sup> em estudos similares, n&#227;o foram identificadas &#225;reas de necrose no material analisado.</p>
    <p>A adi&#231;&#227;o da espironolactona ao HT n&#227;o interferiu nos n&#237;veis de T3 e n&#227;o modificou o comportamento da FC, cuja eleva&#231;&#227;o na tireotoxicose &#233; desencadeada por mecanismos diretos e indiretos do horm&#244;nio tireoideano<sup>21</sup>. A espironolactona tamb&#233;m n&#227;o interferiu no peso do VE em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, mas, quando associada ao horm&#244;nio tireoideano, houve diminui&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia. Essa a&#231;&#227;o da espironolactona na hipertrofia induzida pelo HT ainda n&#227;o foi descrita, embora seu efeito de preven&#231;&#227;o da fibrose que ocorre nos modelos de hipertens&#227;o arterial seja bastante conhecido<sup>6,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise &#224; MO, a espironolactona diminuiu, em m&#233;dia, 14% o di&#226;metro dos mi&#243;citos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo que s&#243; recebeu HT. Esses resultados confirmam a hip&#243;tese de que esse f&#225;rmaco &#233; capaz de reduzir a hipertrofia induzida pelo horm&#244;nio tireoideano e refor&#231;a seu papel na remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular, n&#227;o s&#243; reduzindo a fibrose, mas agindo tamb&#233;m no componente muscular, como j&#225; demonstrado em modelos de HAS<sup>30,31</sup>. Nos &#250;ltimos anos tem-se reconhecido que a aldosterona est&#225; associada tanto com a patog&#234;nese quanto com a progress&#227;o da fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>20,31</sup> por facilitar padr&#245;es desproporcionais de hipertrofia e fibrose mioc&#225;rdicas. Se o bloqueio da aldosterona pela espironolactona foi capaz de prevenir parcialmente a hipertrofia induzida pelo horm&#244;nio tireoideano, presume-se que o sistema hormonal ao qual se integra a aldosterona pode estar envolvido nas altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas que ocorrem na tireotoxicose.</p>
    <p>A conex&#227;o entre essas a&#231;&#245;es pode estar relacionada &#224; fam&#237;lia das prote&#237;nas G, um extenso grupo de subst&#226;ncias mediadoras da a&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas e existentes na membrana plasm&#225;tica. Sabe-se que o processo de crescimento celular envolve a ativa&#231;&#227;o da fam&#237;lia dos receptores acoplados a essas prote&#237;nas ligadas ao GTP que constituem o mais vasto grupo de prote&#237;nas conhecidas que integram a membrana celular e est&#227;o envolvidas nos sinais de transdu&#231;&#227;o de alguns horm&#244;nios<sup>32</sup>. Se o horm&#244;nio tireoideano age ativando a prote&#237;na G e com isso pode desencadear a angiog&#234;nese e a hipertrofia dos mi&#243;citos<sup>14</sup>, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a espironolactona bloqueie, pelo menos parcialmente, essas a&#231;&#245;es, modulando a hipertrofia tanto na HAS<sup>17</sup> como naquela induzida pelo horm&#244;nio tireoideano.</p>
    <p>O resultado de um grande ensaio cl&#237;nico &#150; Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES)<sup>20</sup> &#150;, no qual a espironolactona reduziu em 30% a mortalidade e em 35% a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada quando associada &#224; terapia padr&#227;o para essa enfermidade, corrobora a import&#226;ncia do bloqueio da aldosterona na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dessa doen&#231;a<sup>20,33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, um estudo mais recente &#150; Eplerenone Post Acute Myocardial Infarction Efficacy and Survival Study (EPHESUS)<sup>21</sup> &#150;, que associou eplerenone, um bloqueador seletivo da aldosterona, ao tratamento convencional em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio complicado com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, tamb&#233;m mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da morbidade e mortalidade. O efeito do eplerenone reduzindo a hipertrofia e a fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em ratos com hipertens&#227;o sal-sens&#237;vel pode ser atribu&#237;do, pelo menos em parte, &#224; atenua&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo no mioc&#225;rdio e na inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular coron&#225;ria induzida pelo receptor de mineralocortic&#243;ide ativado por glicocortic&#243;ide<sup>34-37</sup>.</p>
    <p>Se as a&#231;&#245;es indesej&#225;veis do hipertireoidismo no mioc&#225;rdio forem moduladas, a melhora das condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas produzidas pelo horm&#244;nio tireoideano poder&#225; ter import&#226;ncia no controle da ICC.</p>
    <p>Aspecto curioso registrado &#233; o aumento do di&#226;metro dos mi&#243;citos quando foram expostos &#224; espironolactona. Esse fato tamb&#233;m precisa ser investigado em futuros estudos com esse f&#225;rmaco.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, em ratos tratados com horm&#244;nio tireoideano ocorre hipertrofia card&#237;aca com aumento do peso do VE e do di&#226;metro do mi&#243;cito. A associa&#231;&#227;o de espironolactona ao horm&#244;nio tireoideano previne parcialmente essa hipertrofia. Os mecanismos respons&#225;veis por essas modifica&#231;&#245;es do peso do VE e do di&#226;metro dos mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos ainda permanecem desconhecidos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Maria Luiza Mendon&#231;a Pereira Fernandes </p>
        <p> Rua Quinze de Novembro, 363 Ap. 700 </p>
        <p> 38408-236 &#150; Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mlfernandes@ufu.br">mlfernandes@ufu.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo enviado em 19/01/07; revisado recebido em 23/02/07; aceito em 04/06/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Spironolactone effects on myocardium changes induced by thyroid hormone in rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: To study the possible role of aldosterone on thyroid hormone-induced myocardium hypertrophy, using spironolactone. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate morphological changes in the myocardium induced by thyroid hormone and the possible effects of spironolactone use on these alterations. METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were studied. The animals were allocated to four groups and were given: the vehicle used for dilution of the thyroid hormone (C); sodium levothyroxin at 50 &#181;g/rat/day (H); spironolactone, 0.3 mg/kg/day (S); or thyroid hormone plus spironolactone (HS), at the same doses mentioned above, for 28 consecutive days. All the animals were weighed, had blood drawn for hormonal measurements and underwent ECG at the start and the end of the experiment. At the end of experiment all animals were euthanized, the weight of the left ventricle (LV) was determined and LV slices were obtained for morphological analysis. RESULTS: There was an increase in T3 levels, decrease of body weight and higher heart rate in the animals from group H. The LV weight was significantly higher in the H e HS groups. The histometric analyses that measured the diameter of the myocytes showed higher values in group H and a progressive decrease in groups HS, S and C, with a significant difference among all the groups. The addition of spironolactone decreased the transversal myocyte hypertrophy by 14.6%. CONCLUSION: Rats treated with thyroid hormone present cardiac hypertrophy with increased LV weight and greater myocyte diameter. Spironolactone, when associated with thyroid hormone, can partially prevent this hypertrophy through mechanisms that are yet to be determined.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardium</kwd>
        <kwd>thyroxine</kwd>
        <kwd>spironolactone</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomegaly</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Spironolactone effects on myocardium changes induced by thyroid hormone in rats</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maria Luiza Mendon&#231;a Pereira Fernandes; Elo&#237;sa Am&#225;lia Vieira Ferro; Marcelo Emilio Beletti; Elmiro Santos Resende</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia (UFU), Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>To study the possible role of aldosterone on thyroid hormone-induced myocardium hypertrophy, using spironolactone.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To evaluate morphological changes in the myocardium induced by thyroid hormone and the possible effects of spironolactone use on these alterations.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> Forty Wistar rats were studied. The animals were allocated to four groups and were given: the vehicle used for dilution of the thyroid hormone (C); sodium levothyroxin at 50 mg/rat/day (H); spironolactone, 0.3 mg/kg/day (S); or thyroid hormone plus spironolactone (HS), at the same doses mentioned above, for 28 consecutive days. All the animals were weighed, had blood drawn for hormonal measurements and underwent ECG at the start and the end of the experiment. At the end of experiment all animals were euthanized, the weight of the left ventricle (LV) was determined and LV slices were obtained for morphological analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>There was an increase in T3 levels, decrease of body weight and higher heart rate in the animals from group H. The LV weight was significantly higher in the H e HS groups. The histometric analyses that measured the diameter of the myocytes showed higher values in group H and a progressive decrease in groups HS, S and C, with a significant difference among all the groups. The addition of spironolactone decreased the transversal myocyte hypertrophy by 14.6%.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Rats treated with thyroid hormone present cardiac hypertrophy with increased LV weight and greater myocyte diameter. Spironolactone, when associated with thyroid hormone, can partially prevent this hypertrophy through mechanisms that are yet to be determined.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Myocardium; thyroxine; spironolactone; ventricular remodeling; cardiomegaly.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The correlation between thyroid disease and cardiopathy was first established in 1825, when Caleb Parry noticed the association between the increased thyroid volume and heart failure<sup>1</sup>. It was only 50 years later that Robert Graves described the disease, which later would be named after him. The importance of the cardiac manifestations in thyrotoxicosis has been acknowledged worldwide<sup>2,3</sup>, particularly those related to myocardial hypertrophy<sup>4-7</sup> and the presence of arrhythmias<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The hypertrophic action of the thyroid hormone (TH) on the heart occurs through a direct action, by modulating the protein synthesis in myocytes<sup>10-12</sup>, as well as through indirect systemic effects<sup>13,14</sup>, by causing important changes in hemodynamics<sup>15,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the last 30 years, it has been acknowledged that aldosterone is associated not only with the pathogenesis, but also with the progression of heart failure<sup>17</sup>. Results of the <italic>CONSENSUS I</italic> showed that elevated plasma aldosterone values are correlated with poor survival in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) functional class IV and that the association of enalapril to the therapy for CHF reduced mortality by 27% when compared to the placebo group<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in arterial hypertension can lead to myocardium remodeling through the progressive accumulation of collagen in the interstitium and heart hypertrophy. This reactive fibrosis seems to be an important determinant of the diastolic dysfunction and the pathological hypertrophy<sup>6,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>More recent studies such as <italic>RALES</italic><sup>20</sup> and <italic>EPHESUS</italic><sup>21</sup> demonstrated that increased plasma aldosterone levels have deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system. A study carried out in rats showed that spironolactone prevents collagen proliferation in the myocardium after the infarction, which complements the previous findings<sup>22</sup>. In these animals, the reactive fibrosis that follows necrosis decreased the systolic and diastolic functions, inducing heterogeneity and electrical dispersion, which predisposes to arrhythmias<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>The participation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system<sup>20,24,25</sup> in myocardial remodeling has yet to be investigated in hypertrophy induced by the thyrotoxic state.</p>
      <p>The aim of the present study was to verify whether there was such correlation with aldosterone and if it could be blocked by using a specific competitor for this hormone, spironolactone.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Animals</italic> - Forty male adult Wistar rats, evaluated under the same environmental conditions, were used in the study. All animals received humane care and had free access to food and water throughout the study. After an adaptation period of 1 week, the forty rats were sequentially distributed in four groups of 10 animals each, identified as: control (C), thyroid hormone (H), spironolactone (S) and thyroid hormone + spironolactone (HS) groups.</p>
      <p>The groups underwent the following procedures:</p>
      <p><bold>Group C</bold> - 0.5 ml/day, intraperitoneally, of the vehicle used for the dilution of the thyroid hormone (buffer solution).</p>
      <p><bold>Group H</bold> - thyroid hormone diluted in buffer solution, at a dose of 50 ug/rat/day, intraperitoneally.</p>
      <p><bold>Group S</bold> - spironolactone, at a single daily dose of 0.3 mg/kg/day, subcutaneously, diluted in olive oil, in a 20 mg/ml solution.</p>
      <p><bold>Group HS</bold> - thyroid hormone at a dose of 50 ug/rat/day, intraperitoneally and spironolactone, at a single daily dose of 0.3 mg/kg/day, subcutaneously, diluted in olive oil, in a 20 mg/ml solution.</p>
      <p>The experiment lasted 28 days for all groups and all animals were euthanized at the end.</p>
      <p>All animals were weighed before and after the 28 days of treatment. The rats were anesthetized with ketamine, at a dose of 0.1 ml/100g, i.m., associated to xylazine chloride at a dose of 0.1 ml/100g, i.m.</p>
      <p>Blood samples were collected from all anesthetized animals at times 0 and 4 weeks after the use of the drugs described in the experimental protocol. The samples were used for hematocrit determination as well as T3 and T4 measurement (by chemiluminescence). At basal time, blood samples were obtained by cutting each rat's tail tip and collecting the blood drop by drop, up to a volume of 0.8 ml. After the four-week intervention, the blood was collected through cardiac puncture, before the animals were humanely euthanized.</p>
      <p>Heart rate was measured at the basal moment and after the four-week interval by conventional ECG. At the end of the predicted time, the rats were euthanized under anesthesia, the thorax was opened and the heart was removed, profusely washed with Ringer Lactato<sup>&#174;</sup> and fixed in formaldehyde solution at 10%. After 24 hours, the heart was weighed on a precision scale; the left ventricle was separated, together with the interventricular septum and weighed.</p>
      <p>Thereafter the sample was kept in alcohol 70% until its inclusion in paraffin.</p>
      <p>The analysis was carried out considering certain aspects of optical microscopy and histometry from the digitalization of the slide pictures to measure the transversal diameter of the myocytes.</p>
      <p><italic>Drug dilution techniques</italic> - To dilute the thyroid hormone, a PBS buffer solution (Na2HPO4, 50mM at pH 7.4)<sup>26</sup> was used. Spironolactone was dissolved in acetone and then diluted in olive oil. Acetone evaporation was carried in an ultrasound bath.</p>
      <p><italic>Left ventricle (LV) weight</italic> - The weight of the LV was determined together with the interventricular septum. To avoid interference caused by the modifications of body weight on the LV, the expected weight of this chamber was determined for any final weight of the animal. This was calculated based on the LV weight in the control group and the final weight of the animals. A linear regression analysis was carried out and a straight line equation was obtained, which allows the calculation of the expected LV weight for any rat with any weight. Once the expected weight of LV was defined in each group, the comparison with the respective weight observed after the treatment was performed.</p>
      <p><italic>Histomorphometry</italic> - The images were obtained from a binocular optical microscope and all the images were captured by a video camera at 40X magnification. Image selection for capture and digitalization was carried out manually.</p>
      <p>The morphometry of the acquired and digitalized pictures was performed using adequate software. Five captures of different fields were acquired from each of the five slices obtained from the LV of each animal, chosen according to the place where more cells could be visualized at the cross-section. Of these, the smallest diameters were measured in 4,759 cells in the 40 rats studied.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis -</italic> Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the studied groups, complemented by Tukey's test, when necessary. This test was applied to HR, T3 measurement and myocyte diameter. Student's <italic>t</italic> test for non-independent samples was used when the weight of the animals was compared at the beginning and at the end of the experiment in each group and when the expected and observed LV weights were compared for each studied group. Statistical significance was set at p <underline>&lt;</underline> 5% .</p>
      <p><italic>Ethics</italic> - All animals received humane care throughout the experiment according to the guidelines established by "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" (Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., 1996) and the Ethical Principles in Animal Experimentation of the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Animals' weight</italic> - There was no significant difference regarding the weight of the animals in groups C and HS before and after treatment. In group H, the final weight was significantly lower than the initial one. Conversely, the final weight was higher than the initial one in group S. The percentage differences regarding the weight of the animals from the beginning to the end of the study were 12.53% of weight loss for group H and 8.63% of weight gain for group S.</p>
      <p><italic>Total T3</italic> - Final total T3 was 104 &#177; 9 ng/dl in group C, 173 &#177; 40 ng/dl, in group H, 102 &#177; 9 ng/dl in group S and 180 &#177; 44 ng/dl in group HS. These values were significantly higher in groups H and HS.</p>
      <p><italic>Final Heart Rate (HR) in beats per minute (BPM)</italic> - The final HR in groups C, H, S and HS were, respectively, 215 &#177; 19 bpm, 309 &#177; 23 bpm, 211 &#177; 2 bpm and 301 &#177; 48 bpm.</p>
      <p>Final HR was significantly higher in groups <bold>H</bold> and <bold>HS</bold>.</p>
      <p><italic>LV weight</italic> - As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_07t1-body2">Table 1</xref>, the observed LV weight was significantly higher than the expected LV weight only in groups H and HS.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_07t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0398-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Histomorphometry</italic> - The measurement of the diameter of the muscular fibers in groups C, H, S and HS are significantly different among them, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0398-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Group C presented the smallest fiber diameters (13.90 &#177; 3.00&#181;) and group H(20.95 &#177; 4.29&#181;) presented the largest diameters. Group S also presented increased fiber diameter when compared to group C.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Several experimental models have been used to study the multiple aspects involved in ventricular remodeling. In this context, the direct or indirect participation of substances that integrate the neurohormonal axis, activated in situations of low blood output, is involved. Vasoconstriction (noradrenaline, angiotensin II, endothelin I and arginine-vasopressin) and vasodilation substances (natriuretic peptides, bradykinin) integrate such axis. Little is known, however, on the participation of the thyroid hormone<sup>27</sup> in ventricular remodeling<sup>24,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present experiment was designed with the objective of studying the effects of TH on cardiac hypertrophy. The induction of the thyrotoxic state in rats is simple<sup>27</sup> and the confirmation of this condition can be obtained by the elevated T3 levels, increased HR and body weight loss.</p>
      <p>The total duration of exposition to the TH was 28 days. One could ask whether the structural heart changes would be present after such a short period of time. An interesting study by KLEIN<sup>24</sup> showed an increase in the heart contractile proteins after 4, 7, 10 and 14 days of T4 therapy, with the stabilization of the hypertrophy model from this point on.</p>
      <p>The cardiac hypertrophy in our model of thyrotoxicosis was clearly demonstrated by the increase in the LV weight, which was, on average, 17.3% higher in the group treated with thyroid hormone. Similar results were also detected by other studies. This increase in the LV weight seems to be the result of direct and indirect actions of the thyroid hormone on the myocardium, which are expressed by the increase in protein synthesis<sup>25</sup>, with consequent myocyte hypertrophy. The thyroid hormone alters not only the myocyte, but also the collagen matrix<sup>28</sup>. At optical microscopy (OM), the mean diameter of the myocytes was 50.68% higher than that of the control group.</p>
      <p>As described by other authors<sup>26-29</sup> in similar studies, no areas of necrosis were identified in the analyzed material.</p>
      <p>The addition of spironolactone to the TH did not interfere with the T3 levels and did not modify the HR behavior, of which elevation in thyrotoxicosis is triggered by direct and indirect mechanisms of the thyroid hormone<sup>21</sup>. Spironolactone did not interfere with the LV weight in relation to the control group, but when it was associated with TH, there was a decrease in the hypertrophy. This effect of spironolactone on the TH-induced hypertrophy has not been previously described, although its fibrosis prevention effect that occurs in systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) models is well-known<sup>6,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>At the OM analysis, spironolactone decreased the diameter of the myocytes by 14%, on average, when compared to the group that received only TH. These results confirm the hypothesis that this drug is able to reduce the hypertrophy induced by the thyroid hormone and reinforces its role in ventricular remodeling, not only by reducing the fibrosis, but also acting on the muscular component, as previously demonstrated in SAH models<sup>30,31</sup>. Recently, it has been recognized that aldosterone is associated not only with the pathogenesis, but also with the progression of heart failure<sup>20,31</sup>, by facilitating disproportional patterns of myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. If the blocking of aldosterone by spironolactone was able to partially prevent the hypertrophy induced the thyroid hormone, it can be presumed that the hormonal system, to which aldosterone is integrated, can be involved in the myocardial alterations that occur in thyrotoxicosis. The connection between these actions might be related to the G-protein family, an extensive group of substances that exist in the plasmatic membrane and mediate catecholamine action. It is known that the cell growth process involves the activation of the receptor family coupled to these GTP-bound proteins, which constitute the largest group of known proteins that integrate the cell membrane and are involved with the signal transduction of some hormones<sup>32</sup>. If the thyroid hormone acts by activating the G-protein and that can trigger angiogenesis and myocyte hypertrophy<sup>14</sup>, it is possible that spironolactone blocks these actions, at least partially, modulating the hypertrophy in SAH<sup>17</sup> as well as in that induced by thyroid hormone.</p>
      <p>The outcome of a large clinical trial &#150; the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES)<sup>20</sup> &#150; in which spironolactone reduced the mortality by 30% and the hospitalization of patients with advanced heart failure, when associated to the standard therapy for this disease, by 35% corroborates the importance of blocking aldosterone in the clinical evolution of this disease<sup>20,33</sup>.</p>
      <p>Additionally, a more recent study &#150; the Eplerenone Post Acute Myocardial Infarction Efficacy and Survival Study (EPHESUS)<sup>21</sup>, which associated eplerenone, a selective blocker of aldosterone, to the conventional treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure, also showed a significant reduction in the morbimortality. The effect of the eplerenone, reducing hypertrophy and heart failure in rats with salt-sensitive hypertension, can be attributed, at least in part, to the attenuation of the oxidative stress in the myocardium and in the coronary vascular inflammation induced by the glucocorticoid-mediated mineralocorticoid receptor activation<sup>34-37</sup>.</p>
      <p>If the undesirable actions of hyperthyroidism on the myocardium are modulated, the improvement in the hemodynamic conditions produced by the thyroid hormone might be important in the control of CHF.</p>
      <p>A noteworthy aspect was the increase in the myocyte diameter when they were exposed to spironolactone. This fact must be investigated in further studies with this drug.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, rats treated with thyroid hormone demonstrate cardiac hypertrophy with increased LV weight and myocyte diameter. The association of spironolactone to the thyroid hormone partially prevents this hypertrophy. The mechanisms responsible for the modifications in the LV weight and myocyte diameter are yet to be elucidated.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p>Maria Luiza Mendon&#231;a Pereira Fernandes</p>
          <p> Rua Quinze de Novembro, 363/700</p>
          <p> 38408-236 &#150; Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mlfernandes@ufu.br">mlfernandes@ufu.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received January 19, 2007; revised manuscript received February 23, 2007; accepted June 04, 2007.</p>
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