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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fhvGCx3J7X6wxvSdQX6QQKC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001800005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001800005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor preditivo da mieloperoxidase na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de alto risco admitidos por dor tor&#225;cica aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esporcatte</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rey</surname>
            <given-names>Helena Cramer Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rangel</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Oswaldo Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Mourilhe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo Tannus Furtado de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dohmann</surname>
            <given-names>Hans Fernando Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albanesi Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Manes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>377</fpage>
      <lpage>384</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A mieloperoxidase (MPO) &#233; uma enzima intensamente expressa diante da ativa&#231;&#227;o leucocit&#225;ria, com m&#250;ltiplas a&#231;&#245;es aterog&#234;nicas, incluindo a oxida&#231;&#227;o do colesterol (LDL), e relacionada &#224; instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica. &#201; preditora de eventos adversos em indiv&#237;duos sadios, coronariopatas ou em investiga&#231;&#227;o de dor tor&#225;cica. OBJETIVO: Analisar a contribui&#231;&#227;o da MPO na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda, eletrocardiograma (ECG) sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de segmento ST e com alto risco para eventos adversos intra-hospitalares. M&#201;TODOS: O n&#237;vel s&#233;rico da MPO foi mensurado na admiss&#227;o de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda, ECG sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de segmento ST e submetidos a protocolo estruturado de investiga&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: De uma coorte de 140 pacientes, 49 (35%) receberam o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, tendo sido estabelecido diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (troponina I &gt; 1,0 ng/ml) sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST em 13 pacientes (9,3%). O melhor ponto de discrimina&#231;&#227;o da MPO para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi identificado em &gt; 100 pM pela curva ROC (AUC = 0,662; IC 95% = 0,532-0,793), que demonstrou elevada sensibilidade (92,3%) e elevado valor preditivo negativo (98,1%), embora com baixa especificidade (40,2%). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a MPO mostrou-se a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente para o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em evolu&#231;&#227;o, com raz&#227;o de chance de 8,04 (p = 0,048). CONCLUS&#195;O: Em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda e sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST, a MPO admissional elevada &#233; importante ferramenta preditiva de eventos adversos intra-hospitalares, com raz&#227;o de chance de oito vezes para o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Peroxidases</kwd>
        <kwd>mediadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>coronariopatia</kwd>
        <kwd>dor no peito</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Valor preditivo da mieloperoxidase na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de alto risco admitidos por dor tor&#225;cica aguda </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Roberto Esporcatte<sup>I</sup>; Helena Cramer Veiga Rey<sup>I</sup>; Fernando Oswaldo Dias Rangel<sup>I</sup>; Ricardo Mourilhe Rocha<sup>I</sup>; Hugo Tannus Furtado de Mendon&#231;a Filho<sup>I</sup>; Hans Fernando Rocha Dohmann<sup>I</sup>; Francisco Manes Albanesi Filho<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>A mieloperoxidase (MPO) &#233; uma enzima intensamente expressa diante da ativa&#231;&#227;o leucocit&#225;ria, com m&#250;ltiplas a&#231;&#245;es aterog&#234;nicas, incluindo a oxida&#231;&#227;o do colesterol (LDL), e relacionada &#224; instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica. &#201; preditora de eventos adversos em indiv&#237;duos sadios, coronariopatas ou em investiga&#231;&#227;o de dor tor&#225;cica. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Analisar a contribui&#231;&#227;o da MPO na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda, eletrocardiograma (ECG) sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de segmento ST e com alto risco para eventos adversos intra-hospitalares. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>O n&#237;vel s&#233;rico da MPO foi mensurado na admiss&#227;o de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda, ECG sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de segmento ST e submetidos a protocolo estruturado de investiga&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>De uma coorte de 140 pacientes, 49 (35%) receberam o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, tendo sido estabelecido diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (troponina I &gt; 1,0 ng/ml) sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST em 13 pacientes (9,3%). O melhor ponto de discrimina&#231;&#227;o da MPO para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi identificado em <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 pM pela curva ROC (AUC = 0,662; IC 95% = 0,532-0,793), que demonstrou elevada sensibilidade (92,3%) e elevado valor preditivo negativo (98,1%), embora com baixa especificidade (40,2%). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a MPO mostrou-se a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente para o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em evolu&#231;&#227;o, com raz&#227;o de chance de 8,04 (p = 0,048). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda e sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST, a MPO admissional elevada &#233; importante ferramenta preditiva de eventos adversos intra-hospitalares, com raz&#227;o de chance de oito vezes para o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Peroxidases/uso diagn&#243;stico, mediadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o, coronariopatia/sangue, dor no peito/diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda &#233; uma das principais causas de dor tor&#225;cica e sua precisa identifica&#231;&#227;o por meio de protocolos estruturados &#233; fundamental para evitar interna&#231;&#245;es desnecess&#225;rias e libera&#231;&#245;es hospitalares inadequadas<sup>1-4</sup>. O correto diagn&#243;stico &#233; confirmado pelas caracter&#237;sticas da dor, pelo eletrocardiograma (ECG) e pelo padr&#227;o de libera&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (MNM), mas por vezes torna-se necess&#225;rio o emprego de m&#233;todos provocativos de isquemia. Quando inicialmente normais, os MNM devem ser reanalisados nas horas subseq&#252;entes para certeza diagn&#243;stica. Al&#233;m de crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico para o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, a eleva&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores guarda rela&#231;&#227;o direta com a incid&#234;ncia dos principais eventos cardiovasculares adversos, tanto a curto como a longo prazos.</p>
    <p>No processo de instala&#231;&#227;o, progress&#227;o e vulnerabilidade da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, v&#225;rias etapas est&#227;o relacionadas &#224;s a&#231;&#245;es de diversas c&#233;lulas e mediadores inflamat&#243;rios<sup>5,6</sup>, os quais t&#234;m demonstrado significativa acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica em diversos estudos cl&#237;nicos relacionados &#224; cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>A mieloperoxidase (MPO) &#233; uma enzima liberada pela ativa&#231;&#227;o e pela degranula&#231;&#227;o de polimorfonucleares na microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas<sup>7</sup>. Na aterosclerose, a MPO est&#225; envolvida na oxida&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o lipoprot&#233;ica de baixa densidade do colesterol (LDL-c)<sup>8,9</sup> e na ativa&#231;&#227;o de metaloproteinases, participando da instabiliza&#231;&#227;o e da ruptura da placa<sup>10</sup>, interferindo na biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico derivado do endot&#233;lio<sup>11</sup>, alterando, assim, o t&#244;nus vasomotor e certas propriedades antiinflamat&#243;rias. Em diferentes ensaios cl&#237;nicos envolvendo indiv&#237;duos sadios<sup>12</sup>, em pacientes com coronariopatia cr&#244;nica<sup>13</sup>, aguda<sup>14</sup> ou em investiga&#231;&#227;o por dor tor&#225;cica<sup>15</sup>, assim como naqueles com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>16</sup>, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da MPO tem sido estudada, observando-se elevada sensibilidade e especificidade, com boa acur&#225;cia para o diagn&#243;stico de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e grande valor progn&#243;stico para os principais eventos cardiovasculares adversos.</p>
    <p>Este estudo testou a hip&#243;tese de que a MPO agrega importante valor para o diagn&#243;stico das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas e para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de subgrupos de alto risco em pacientes atendidos por dor tor&#225;cica aguda e com ECG sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de 1&#186; de julho a 31 de dezembro de 2004, 140 pacientes consecutivos atendidos em setor de emerg&#234;ncia por dor tor&#225;cica foram inclu&#237;dos no protocolo. Como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o os pacientes deveriam apresentar queixa de dor tor&#225;cica aguda (at&#233; 24 horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o), idade maior que 21 anos e assinatura de termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido aprovado previamente pela Comiss&#227;o Cient&#237;fica e pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica institucional, consoante a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram presen&#231;a de eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no ECG de admiss&#227;o, presen&#231;a ou suspeita de s&#237;ndrome inflamat&#243;ria ou infecciosa, presen&#231;a de neoplasia ou uso de drogas com a&#231;&#227;o sabidamente relevante sobre o sistema imunol&#243;gico.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos a um protocolo assistencial sistematizado para investiga&#231;&#227;o de dor tor&#225;cica. De maneira resumida, esse protocolo prev&#234; a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ECG e mensura&#231;&#227;o de MNM admissionais repetidos a cada tr&#234;s a seis horas, ecocardiograma bidimensional e testes provocativos (teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira rolante ou cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica) nos pacientes em que foi afastada presen&#231;a de necrose ou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em repouso. A coronariografia (estrat&#233;gia n&#186; 1) foi realizada de forma precoce (primeiras 12 horas) ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o hospitalar em pacientes considerados pelo m&#233;dico assistente de maior risco para eventos adversos, a partir da an&#225;lise dos dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais. O n&#250;mero de ECGs assim como de dosagens de MNM varia na depend&#234;ncia das caracter&#237;sticas da dor, sendo recomendadas pelo menos tr&#234;s medidas para as apresenta&#231;&#245;es de dor provavelmente anginosa (estrat&#233;gia n&#186; 2) e de pelo menos duas medidas para os pacientes com dor provavelmente n&#227;o-anginosa (estrat&#233;gia n&#186; 3) ou definitivamente n&#227;o-anginosa (estrat&#233;gia n&#186; 4). As an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas do protocolo assistencial foram processadas imediatamente e seus resultados foram utilizados para a tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A troponina s&#233;rica foi avaliada pelo m&#233;todo de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia comercializado pela empresa Dade-Behring, com sensibilidade anal&#237;tica de 0,1 ng/ml e limite superior de normalidade para o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio de 1,0 ng/ml. A MPO foi colhida no momento da admiss&#227;o e as amostras foram congeladas e processadas ao final do per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o por um &#250;nico bi&#243;logo independente e cego quanto ao curso cl&#237;nico dos pacientes. A MPO foi quantificada pelo m&#233;todo ELISA, importado da empresa Oxis Research International, Inc. (Portland, Oregon, EUA), ap&#243;s autoriza&#231;&#227;o da Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria. Sua sensibilidade (limite inferior de detec&#231;&#227;o) &#233; de 0,7 ng/ml a 1,5 ng/ml e os valores normais para seres humanos situam-se na faixa de 40 ng/ml a 80 ng/ml.</p>
    <p><italic>Diagn&#243;stico final -</italic> Os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com os seguintes diagn&#243;sticos, por ocasi&#227;o da alta hospitalar:</p>
    <p><bold>&#150; Grupo 1</bold> &#150; <bold>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST:</bold> eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina-I (&gt; 1,0 ng/ml) em qualquer momento nas 12 horas iniciais com ou sem curva t&#237;pica de creatinofosfoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o MB (CK-MB), com ou sem modifica&#231;&#245;es de ST/T, na aus&#234;ncia de qualquer outra causa de dor tor&#225;cica demonstr&#225;vel;</p>
    <p><bold>&#150; Grupo 2</bold> &#150; <bold>Angina inst&#225;vel:</bold> dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica com mais de 20 minutos de dura&#231;&#227;o, sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina-I ou CK-MB associada a depress&#227;o de segmento ST (&gt; 0,1 mV) ou invers&#227;o de onda T no ECG, ou teste provocativo positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou doen&#231;a coronariana significativa em coronariografia realizada durante a interna&#231;&#227;o;</p>
    <p><bold>&#150; Grupo 3</bold> &#150; <bold>N&#227;o-s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda:</bold> dor tor&#225;cica sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina-I ou CK-MB, sem depress&#227;o de segmento ST (&gt; 0,1 mV) ou invers&#227;o de onda T no ECG, e aus&#234;ncia de teste provocativo positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou doen&#231;a coronariana significativa em coronariografia realizada durante a interna&#231;&#227;o;</p>
    <p><bold>&#150; Grupo 4</bold> &#150; <bold>Indeterminado n&#227;o-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio:</bold> dor tor&#225;cica sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina-I ou CK-MB, com aus&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o de segmento ST (&gt; 0,1 mV) ou invers&#227;o de onda T no ECG, mas sem realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste provocativo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou coronariografia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o;</p>
    <p><bold>&#150; Grupo 5 &#150; Indeterminado:</bold> dor tor&#225;cica com alta hospitalar sem completar rotina de investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica pela dosagem de MNM, ECG, teste provocativo de isquemia ou coronariografia.</p>
    <p>Os custos dos materiais e de seguimento n&#227;o previstos na pr&#225;tica assistencial receberam financiamento institucional.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - O teste de Kolmogorov Smirnov foi realizado para testar a distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra. A an&#225;lise univariada foi utilizada para a descri&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis estudadas, a partir das tabelas de freq&#252;&#234;ncias simples e porcentual para as vari&#225;veis discretas e m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. A an&#225;lise bivariada foi utilizada para as vari&#225;veis discretas, empregando tabelas de conting&#234;ncias e os testes qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher quando indicados. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram utilizados os testes <italic>t</italic> de Student, pareado ou n&#227;o, e de Mann-Whitney. Foi utilizada a curva ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>) para determinar o melhor ponto de corte da MPO e foram calculados os par&#226;metros desse teste estat&#237;stico. Foi realizada regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para determinar o valor preditivo da MPO para o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio intra-hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> descreve os dados demogr&#225;ficos, os fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e os sinais vitais na admiss&#227;o e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> descreve as investiga&#231;&#245;es realizadas e os diagn&#243;sticos finais da coorte. Pouco mais da metade dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino, com elevada preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco como hipertens&#227;o arterial (62,8%), diabetes melito (27,8%), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (27,1%), hipercolesterolemia (54,2%) e relato de coronariografia pr&#233;via (38,5%). Um n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes foi submetido a coronariografia precoce (rota n&#186; 1 = 7,1%) ou considerado de menor probabilidade de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (rota n&#186; 4 = 4,2%). Para a maioria dos pacientes foi proposta uma investiga&#231;&#227;o para dor tor&#225;cica mais extensa, com m&#250;ltiplos ECG e MNM (rota n&#186; 2 = 72,1%).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0377-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0377-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve nenhum &#243;bito durante a fase hospitalar. Ao final da investiga&#231;&#227;o, dos 140 pacientes avaliados, 13 pacientes (9,3%) receberam diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, segundo o crit&#233;rio de eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina s&#233;rica <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,0 ng/ml e 36 (25,7%), diagn&#243;stico de angina inst&#225;vel. Para a maioria da coorte foi poss&#237;vel afastar o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, embora em cerca de um quarto dos pacientes o diagn&#243;stico tenha sido classificado como indeterminado.</p>
    <p>Nessa pequena coorte, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer diferen&#231;as significativas nos valores m&#233;dios, medianos ou percentis dos diversos subgrupos ou mesmo na an&#225;lise comparativa entre os subgrupos caracterizados como s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (grupos 1 + 2) e os restantes, possivelmente determinado por alguns valores m&#225;ximos muito elevados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0377-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O ponto de corte da MPO que gerou a melhor &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (estat&#237;stica C) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>) para o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi o valor de 100 pM, sendo identificada uma &#225;rea de 0,662 (IC 95% = 0,532-0,793).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0377-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Analisando-se o subgrupo que recebeu o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, observa-se que 12 dos 13 pacientes apresentavam MPO e" 100 pM na admiss&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>), conferindo a esse par&#226;metro sensibilidade de 92,3% (IC 95% = 66,7%-99,6%), especificidade de 40,2% (IC 95% = 32,0%-48,9%), valor preditivo positivo de 13,6% (IC 95% = 8,0%-22,3%) e valor preditivo negativo de 98,1% (IC 95% = 89,9%-99,9%), raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva de 1,543 (IC 95% = 1,248-1,907) e raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa de 0,192 (IC 95% = 0,029-1,274). Dos 13 pacientes, apenas 6 apresentavam troponina positiva na admiss&#227;o, tendo os 7 restantes apresentado eleva&#231;&#227;o nas an&#225;lises subseq&#252;entes.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0377-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, foi analisado o valor preditivo da MPO e dos principais fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coronariana para a determina&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico final de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de MPO <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 pM na admiss&#227;o hospitalar mostrou-se preditor independente, com raz&#227;o de chance de 8,04 (p = 0,048). As demais vari&#225;veis, incluindo hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melito, dislipidemia, tabagismo, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, obesidade, e hist&#243;ria familiar de coronariopatia, n&#227;o foram identificadas como vari&#225;veis independentes.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o se encontrou diferen&#231;a entre os subgrupos de MPO em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diversas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dependendo da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, at&#233; 50% dos pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica podem ser internados, embora n&#227;o mais que 20% recebam diagn&#243;stico final compat&#237;vel com alguma forma de doen&#231;a coronariana<sup>1-4</sup>. Por outro lado, cerca de 4% a 5% dos pacientes s&#227;o liberados sem diagn&#243;stico correto, sendo posteriormente reconhecida a presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
    <p>A CK-MB e as troponinas s&#227;o os principais MNM e agregam importantes informa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas na avalia&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica e nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas. Entretanto, muitos pacientes com ECG e MNM normais s&#227;o, posteriormente, identificados como portadores de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou s&#237;ndrome coronariana de alto risco. A aloca&#231;&#227;o em rotas de investiga&#231;&#227;o, com n&#250;mero maior ou menor de ECG ou de aferi&#231;&#245;es de MNM, assim como a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes provocativos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica dependem da probabilidade do diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda determinada pelo examinador, coerente com a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da literatura<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O envolvimento de mediadores e rea&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias est&#225; demonstrado em todos os est&#225;gios de evolu&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, desde as fases iniciais de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, passando pela forma&#231;&#227;o do ateroma at&#233; sua ruptura<sup>5,6</sup>. A MPO pode trazer um novo significado no rastreamento das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas na medida em que possa expressar n&#227;o apenas a presen&#231;a de necrose ou isquemia, mas tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a de placas vulner&#225;veis, o que permitiria identificar pacientes em est&#225;gios iniciais do processo de instabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas. O envolvimento das rea&#231;&#245;es catalisadas pela MPO na inicia&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose <italic>in vivo</italic> tem sido proposto, com base na detec&#231;&#227;o de MPO<sup>17</sup> e de marcadores espec&#237;ficos da oxida&#231;&#227;o catalisada pela MPO<sup>18,19</sup> em les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas humanas, onde ela se co-localiza<sup>20</sup> nos macr&#243;fagos ricos em lip&#237;dios.</p>
    <p>Foi descrita a co-localiza&#231;&#227;o de MPO e de prote&#237;nas modificadas pelo &#225;cido hipocloroso (HClO) tamb&#233;m no subendot&#233;lio de placas culpadas em regi&#245;es de fissura ou ruptura ou mesmo de eros&#245;es superficiais<sup>10,21</sup>. N&#237;veis reduzidos de HClO gerados pela MPO liberada pelos macr&#243;fagos presentes na placa ateroscler&#243;tica ativam as c&#233;lulas endoteliais, levando &#224; express&#227;o e &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do fator tecidual. N&#237;veis mais elevados dos oxidantes gerados pela MPO promovem apoptose da c&#233;lula endotelial. A MPO parece tamb&#233;m estar envolvida na ativa&#231;&#227;o de metaloproteinases latentes em suas formas ativas<sup>10,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nossa coorte de pacientes consecutivos admitidos por dor tor&#225;cica sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, a MPO foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente para o diagn&#243;stico final de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Pacientes com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de MPO <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 pM na admiss&#227;o apresentaram grande probabilidade de eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina durante a investiga&#231;&#227;o (raz&#227;o de chance = 8,04; p = 0,048).</p>
    <p>O ponto de corte da MPO que gerou a melhor &#225;rea sob a curva ROC para o diagn&#243;stico final de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi o valor de 100 pM, com &#225;rea sob a curva igual a 0,662 (IC 95% = 0,532-0,793). N&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a quanto aos principais dados demogr&#225;ficos e fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coronariana entre os pacientes com MPO <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 pM ou &lt; 100 pM, semelhante ao observado em outros estudos<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Do total de 140 pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica e ECG sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, 13 (9,3%) apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o desse marcador (troponina &gt; 1,0 ng/ml) na admiss&#227;o (6 pacientes) ou em pelo menos uma das aferi&#231;&#245;es subseq&#252;entes, caracterizando o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Desses pacientes, 12 (92,3%) apresentavam MPO <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 pM (valor m&#233;dio = 233,8 &#177; 126,3 pM). Os valores de sensibilidade e de especificidade, o valor preditivo positivo e o valor preditivo negativo devem ser analisados com cautela, em decorr&#234;ncia do tamanho da coorte. Entretanto, deve ser salientada a elevada sensibilidade (92,3%) da MPO para eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina, pois demonstra seu potencial como novo marcador para o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, auxiliando sobremaneira na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica criteriosa e minimizando o risco de libera&#231;&#245;es hospitalares inadequadas. O alto valor preditivo negativo (98,1%) significa que poucos pacientes com MPO negativa dever&#227;o apresentar troponina positiva.</p>
    <p>Os resultados observados est&#227;o em concord&#226;ncia com as principais conclus&#245;es de diversos autores. Os n&#237;veis de MPO de nossa coorte variaram de zero a 3.485 pM (m&#233;dia = 219,73 &#177; 337,14 pM), semelhante a outras s&#233;ries (valor mediano = 198 pM, faixa de zero a 4.666 pM)<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em uma suban&#225;lise do estudo <italic>c7E3 Antiplatelet Therapy in Unstable Refractory Angina</italic> (CAPTURE), que testou a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do abciximab em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, a MPO foi detect&#225;vel em todos os pacientes, com valor mediano de 1980,3 pM (faixa de 10,3 pM a 7.672,8 pM)<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em outra importante s&#233;rie com 604 pacientes, Brennan e cols.<sup>15</sup> demonstraram haver rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre os valores de MPO admissional e o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, com raz&#227;o de chance de 3,7 (IC 95% = 1,6-8,5), comparando-se o primeiro e o quarto quartis da popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>15</sup>. Esses autores tamb&#233;m demonstraram o valor progn&#243;stico e o maior risco de eventos adversos em 30 dias e 6 meses, diretamente proporcional ao n&#237;vel admissional de MPO.</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de novos e m&#250;ltiplos marcadores tem se mostrado confi&#225;vel em v&#225;rias s&#233;ries e, de maneira geral, quanto maior o n&#250;mero de marcadores positivos, maior a probabilidade da presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e pior o progn&#243;stico<sup>23-27</sup>. No ensaio prospectivo <italic>Multicentre Biomarker Study</italic>, Blankenberg e cols.<sup>28</sup> analisaram o comportamento de diversos marcadores no rastreamento da dor tor&#225;cica incluindo a MPO, a mioglobina, a troponina-I, a CK-MB e o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP)<sup>28</sup>. A MPO foi o marcador que se elevou mais precocemente e, nos pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o entre zero e tr&#234;s horas, demonstrou a melhor &#225;rea sob a curva quando comparada &#224; de qualquer outro marcador isolado, tanto na identifica&#231;&#227;o da angina inst&#225;vel (AUC de 0,92 comparativamente a controles sadios; 0,77 comparativamente a dor n&#227;o-card&#237;aca), como para angina inst&#225;vel e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (AUC de 0,88 para controles; 0,71 para dor n&#227;o-card&#237;aca). Esse desempenho da MPO s&#243; foi inferior ao exibido pelo &#237;ndice de m&#250;ltiplos marcadores, com AUC de 0,94 (em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles) e de 0,81 (comparado com dor n&#227;o-card&#237;aca) para o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Na an&#225;lise prospectiva, o BNP foi o melhor preditor de risco para mortalidade tardia. Para tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, esses valores de &#225;rea sob a curva s&#227;o expressivamente mais significativos que os observados no presente estudo. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar rela&#231;&#227;o temporal da MPO devido ao tamanho reduzido da coorte.</p>
    <p>Mocatta e cols.<sup>29</sup> acompanharam 512 pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (81% com eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST) por um per&#237;odo de cinco anos e observaram risco ajustado de &#243;bito 1,8 vez maior em pacientes com MPO elevada (&gt; 380 pM)<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da MPO em pacientes portadores de coronariopatia est&#225;vel revela resultados controversos. Zhang e cols.<sup>13</sup> foram os primeiros a descrever a exist&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de MPO, n&#237;veis leucocit&#225;rios de MPO e presen&#231;a de coronariopatia<sup>13</sup>. Em outra s&#233;rie de pacientes submetidos a coronariografia, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de MPO n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos com ou sem coronariopatia, sugerindo seu uso restrito a pacientes com sintomas agudos<sup>30</sup>. Outros autores consideraram que a MPO est&#225; relacionada ao progn&#243;stico tardio de pacientes com angina est&#225;vel<sup>28</sup>. Mais recentemente foi descrito, em indiv&#237;duos sadios acompanhados por cerca de oito anos, que n&#237;veis elevados de MPO determinaram maior risco futuro de coronariopatia, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos considerados de menor risco (LDL-c &lt; 130 mg/dl,fra&#231;&#227;o lipoprot&#233;ica de alta densidade do colesterol [HDL-c]<bold>&gt;</bold> 50 mg/dl ou prote&#237;na C-reativa &lt; 2 mg/dl), o que sugere que a ativa&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria antecede a doen&#231;a arterial em muitos anos<bold><sup>12.</sup></bold></p>
    <p>Tanto a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica como o valor progn&#243;stico da MPO deve sofrer influ&#234;ncia e varia&#231;&#245;es de acordo com a intensidade de express&#227;o da MPO. O gen&#243;tipo GG para MPO, presente em 60% a 66% da popula&#231;&#227;o ocidental, est&#225; associado a maiores n&#237;veis de MPO que os gen&#243;tipos AG ou AA<sup>31</sup>. Estudos de polimorfismo gen&#233;tico identificaram diferentes capacidades individuais de express&#227;o, observando-se que pacientes com baixa express&#227;o apresentam menos eventos cardiovasculares e maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o a infec&#231;&#245;es graves<sup>32</sup>. Por outro lado, indiv&#237;duos homozig&#243;ticos GG para MPO submetidos a coronariografia eletiva s&#227;o expressores fortes e apresentam menor sobrevida<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo e seus resultados apresentam diversas limita&#231;&#245;es. A coorte foi obtida em sala de emerg&#234;ncia com caracter&#237;sticas peculiares, por tratar-se de hospital privado voltado principalmente para o atendimento de doen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas e cardiovasculares, sendo a conduta determinada com freq&#252;&#234;ncia pelo m&#233;dico assistente, independentemente do protocolo institucional. O n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes, o longo intervalo (at&#233; 24 horas) entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a admiss&#227;o, a baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos adversos intra-hospitalares e a aus&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico definitivo em parte da amostra (grupos "indeterminado n&#227;o-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio" e "indeterminado") por n&#227;o conclus&#227;o de investiga&#231;&#227;o, em especial de testes provocativos para isquemia, representam limita&#231;&#245;es adicionais ao estudo.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a MPO deve ser considerada novo marcador para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e troponina negativa, demonstrando importante valor preditivo para eventos adversos, com elevada sensibilidade. A MPO e" 100 pM na admiss&#227;o, aponta para risco oito vezes maior para o diagn&#243;stico final de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MPO de forma isolada ou associada a outros marcadores necessita ser analisada em novos ensaios envolvendo pacientes em avalia&#231;&#227;o para dor tor&#225;cica, assim como portadores de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Roberto Esporcatte pela Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Roberto Esporcatte </p>
        <p> Rua Baronesa de Pocon&#233;, 137/301 </p>
        <p> 22471-270 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="resporcatte@cardiol.br">resporcatte@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 17/09/07; revisado recebido em 05/10/07; aceito em 10/10/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Predictive value of myeloperoxidase to identify high risk patients admitted to the hospital with acute chest pain</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a highly expressed enzyme due to leukocyte activation, with multiple atherogenic actions, including LDL cholesterol oxidation, and is related to the instability of atherosclerotic plaque. It is a predictor of adverse events in healthy individuals, patients with heart disease or those undergoing chest pain investigations. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the contribution of MPO to identify patients with acute chest pain, non-ST elevation ECG and at high risk for in-hospital adverse events. METHODS: Patients presenting acute chest pain and a non-ST elevation ECG, were admitted to the hospital and submitted to serum MPO level measurements and a structured examination protocol. RESULTS: From a cohort of 140 patients, 49 (35%) were diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome, of which 13 patients (9.3%) were diagnosed with non-ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (troponin I &gt;1.0 ng/mL). The best MPO cut-off point for AMI was identified as &gt;100 pM using the ROC curve (AUC=0.662; CI 95%=0.532-0.793) revealing elevated sensitivity (92.3%) and negative predictive value (98.1%), however with low specificity (40.2%). In the multivariate analysis, MPO proved to be the only independent variable to diagnose AMI in evolution, with an odds ratio of 8.04 (p=0.048). CONCLUSION: In patients with acute chest pain and no ST elevation, high MPO levels upon admission to the hospital are an important tool to predict in-hospital adverse events, with an odds ratio of eight for the diagnosis of AMI.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Peroxidases</kwd>
        <kwd>inflammation mediators</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary disease</kwd>
        <kwd>chest pain</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Predictive value of myeloperoxidase to identify high risk patients admitted to the hospital with acute chest pain </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Roberto Esporcatte; Helena Cramer Veiga Rey; Fernando Oswaldo Dias Rangel; Ricardo Mourilhe Rocha; Hugo Tannus Furtado de Mendon&#231;a Filho; Hans Fernando Rocha Dohmann; Francisco Manes Albanesi Filho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a highly expressed enzyme due to leukocyte activation, with multiple atherogenic actions, including LDL cholesterol oxidation, and is related to the instability of atherosclerotic plaque. It is a predictor of adverse events in healthy individuals, patients with heart disease or those undergoing chest pain investigations.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To analyze the contribution of MPO to identify patients with acute chest pain, non-ST elevation ECG and at high risk for in-hospital adverse events.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Patients presenting acute chest pain and a non-ST elevation ECG, were admitted to the hospital and submitted to serum MPO level measurements and a structured examination protocol.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>From a cohort of 140 patients, 49 (35%) were diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome, of which 13 patients (9.3%) were diagnosed with non-ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (troponin I &gt;1.0 ng/mL). The best MPO cut-off point for AMI was identified as <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 pM using the ROC curve (AUC=0.662; CI 95%=0.532-0.793) revealing elevated sensitivity (92.3%) and negative predictive value (98.1%), however with low specificity (40.2%). In the multivariate analysis, MPO proved to be the only independent variable to diagnose AMI in evolution, with an odds ratio of 8.04 (p=0.048).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> In patients with acute chest pain and no ST elevation, high MPO levels upon admission to the hospital are an important tool to predict in-hospital adverse events, with an odds ratio of eight for the diagnosis of AMI.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Peroxidases/diagnostic use, inflammation mediators, coronary disease/blood, chest pain/diagnosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Acute myocardial ischemia is one of the main causes of chest pain and accurate identification through the use of structured protocols is of utmost importance to avoid unnecessary hospital admissions and inadequate hospital releases<sup>1-4</sup>. The correct final diagnosis is supported by the type of pain, electrocardiogram (ECG) and release pattern of myocardial necrosis markers (MNM); however, sometimes the use of methods to induce ischemia is required. When initially normal, MNMs should be reanalyzed during subsequent hours for a definite diagnosis. In addition to diagnostic criterium for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the elevation of these markers is directly related to the incidence of main adverse cardiovascular events, over both the short and long term.</p>
      <p>In the atherosclerotic plaque process of onset, progression and vulnerability, several steps are related to the actions of various cells and inflammatory mediators<sup>5,6</sup> which have demonstrated significant diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in various clinical trials related to ischemic heart disease.</p>
      <p>Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme released by the activation and degranulation of polymorphonuclears in the coronary microcirculation in acute coronary syndromes<sup>7</sup>. In atherosclerosis, MPO is involved in the oxidation of LDL cholesterol<sup>8,9</sup> and the activation of metalloproteinases, participating in the instability and rupture of plaque,<sup>10</sup> interfering in the bioavailability of nitric oxide derived from the endothelium<sup>11</sup>, therefore altering vasomotor tonus and certain anti-inflammatory properties. The elevation of MPO has been studied in various clinical trials involving healthy individuals<sup>12</sup>, as well as patients with chronic heart disease<sup>13</sup>, acute heart disease<sup>14</sup>, undergoing investigations for chest pain<sup>15</sup>, and heart failure<sup>16</sup>, revealing elevated sensitivity and specificity, good accuracy for myocardial necrosis diagnosis and significant prognostic value for main adverse cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>The present study tested the hypothesis that MPO is a significant value-added factor for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes and to identify high risk subgroups among patients treated for acute chest pain with non-ST elevation electrocardiograms.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between July 1 and December 31, 2004, one hundred and forty consecutive patients admitted to the emergency ward presenting chest pain were included in the protocol. Patient inclusion criteria comprised: complaint of acute chest pain (up to 24 hours of evolution), age over 21 years and signature of the free and informed consent form that had been previously approved by the Scientific Commission and the institution's Ethics Committee, in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. Exclusion criteria included ST elevation on the ECG performed at admission, presence or suspicion of inflammatory or infectious syndrome, presence of neoplasia or the use of drugs known to have relevant action on the immune system.</p>
      <p>The patients were submitted to a systematic examination protocol for chest pain investigations. Briefly, this protocol proposed an ECG and MNM measurements upon admission and every 3-6 hours thereafter, two-dimensional echocardiogram, and provocative tests for patients where the presence of necrosis or resting myocardial ischemia were eliminated (treadmill test or myocardial scintigraphy). A coronary angiography (strategy no. 1) was performed within 12 hours of hospital admission on patients who the assistant physician considered to be at greater risk for adverse events, based on analysis of clinical and laboratory data . The number of ECGs as well as MNM measurements varied depending on the pain characteristics, using the following recommendations: at least 3 measurements for presentations of probable angina (strategy no. 2) and at least 2 measurements for patients with improbable angina (strategy no. 3) or definitely not anginous (strategy no. 4). The biochemical analyses of the examination protocol were processed immediately and the results were used to make the clinical decision. Troponin serum level was evaluated using the immunofluorescence assay sold by Dade-Behring, with an analytic sensitivity of 0.1 ng/mL and upper normal limit for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction of 1.0 ng/mL. MPO was collected on admission and the samples were frozen and processed at the end of the inclusion period by a single independent biologist who was unaware of the clinical course of the patients. MPO was quantified using the ELISA assay, imported from Oxis Research International, Inc. (Portland, Oregon, USA) after authorization from the <italic>Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria(Brazilian Agency for Sanitation Vigilance)</italic>. The sensitivity of the assay (lowest detection level) is between 0.7 ng/mL and 1.5 ng/mL and the normal values for humans range from 40 ng/mL to 80 ng/mL.</p>
      <p><italic>Final Diagnosis</italic> - The patients were grouped according to the following diagnoses upon release from the hospital:</p>
      <p><bold>- Group 1 &#150; Non-ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (AMI):</bold> troponin I elevation (&gt;1.0 ng/mL) at any time during the first 12 hours, with or without a typical CK-MB curve, with or without ST/T modifications, and lack of any other apparent cause of chest pain;</p>
      <p><bold>- Group 2 - Unstable Angina:</bold> typical chest pain lasting longer than 20 minutes, without elevation of troponin I or CK-MB associated with ST segment depression (&gt;0.1 mV) or inversion of the T wave on the ECG, or positive provocative test for myocardial ischemia or significant coronary artery disease on the coronary angiography performed during hospital admission.</p>
      <p><bold>- Group 3 - Not acute coronary syndrome (ACS):</bold> chest pain without elevation of troponin I or CK-MB, no ST segment depression (&gt;0.1 mV) or T-wave inversion on the ECG, and no positive provocative test for myocardial ischemia or significant coronary artery disease on the coronary angiography performed during hospital stay.</p>
      <p><bold>- Group 4 - Undetermined not AMI:</bold> chest pain without elevation of troponin I or CK-MB, no ST segment depression (&gt;0.1 mV) or T-wave inversion on the electrocardiogram, but with no provocative test for myocardial ischemia or coronary angiography performed during hospital stay.</p>
      <p><bold>- Group 5 - Undetermined:</bold> chest pain with release from the hospital without completing the diagnostic investigation route of MNM measurements, ECG, provocative test for ischemia or coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>Material and follow-up costs not covered by the health care plan were paid for by the institution.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - The Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used to test the sample distribution. Univariate analysis was used to define the study variables, based on simple frequency tables, discrete variable percentages, mean and standard deviation values of the continuous variables. Bivariate analysis was used for the discrete variables using contingency tables, and when indicated, the chi-square and Fisher exact tests. The paired and unpaired Student's t-tests and Mann-Whitney tests were used for the continuous variables. The ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve was used to determine the best cut-off point for MPO and the parameters of this statistical test were calculated. Logistic regression was used to determine the predictive value of MPO for the diagnosis of in-hospital acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref> describes the demographic data, risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) and vital signs upon admission, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">table 2</xref> describes the investigations performed and the final diagnoses of the cohort. A little more than half of the patients were male, with elevated prevalence of risk factors such as hypertension (62.8%), diabetes mellitus (27.8%), prior myocardial infarction (27.1%), hypercholesterolemia (54.2%) and report of prior coronary angiography (38.5%). A small number of patients were submitted to coronary angiographies within the first 12 hours (strategy no. 1 = 7.1%) or considered to have a low possibility of ACS (strategy no. 4 = 4.2%). For most of the patients a more thorough chest pain investigation was proposed, with multiple ECGs and MNM measurements (strategy no. 2 =72.1%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0377-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0377-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>There were no deaths during the hospital phase. At the end of the investigation, thirteen (9.3%) of the one hundred and forty patients evaluated were diagnosed with AMI, in accordance with the criterium of elevated serum tropinin <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.0 ng/mL; and 36 (25.7%) were diagnosed with unstable angina. For most of the cohort it was possible to eliminate the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, even though the diagnosis for close to one quarter of the patients was classified as undetermined.</p>
      <p>In this small cohort, it was not possible to establish significant differences in the mean, median or percentile values of the various subgroups, or even in the comparative analysis between the ACS (groups 1 + 2) and the other groups, possibly due to some very elevated maximum values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0377-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The MPO cut-off point that generated the best area under the ROC curve (statistic C) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>) for the diagnosis of AMI was the value of 100pM; an area of 0.662 (CI 95% = 0.532-0.793) was identified.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0377-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Analyzing the subgroup diagnosed with AMI, it is observed that twelve of the thirteen patients presented MPO <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 pM on admission (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref>), resulting in sensitivity of 92.3% (CI 95% 66.7% - 99.6%), specificity of 40.2% (CI 95% 32.0% - 48.9%), positive predictive value of 13.6% (CI 95% 8.0% - 22.3%), negative predictive value of 98.1% (CI 95% 89.9% - 99.9%), positive verisimilitude ratio of 1.543 (CI 95% 1.248 &#150; 1.907) and negative verisimilitude ratio of 0.192 (CI 95% 0.029 &#150; 1.274) for this parameter. From the thirteen patients, only six presented positive troponin upon admission, and the other seven presented elevation during the subsequent analyses.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0377-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Logistic regression was used to analyze the predictive value of MPO and the main risk factors for coronary disease, so as to determine the final diagnosis of AMI. In the multivariate analysis, only the MPO serum level <underline>&gt;</underline>100 pM upon hospital admission proved to be an independent predictor, with an odds ratio of 8.04 (p=0.048). The other variables, including systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, prior history of acute myocardial infarction, obesity, and family history of coronary artery disease, were not identified as independent variables.</p>
      <p>No difference was found between the MPO subgroups in relation to the various clinical variables. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Depending on the study population, up to 50% of patients presenting chest pain can be admitted to the hospital; however, no more than 20% receive a final diagnosis compatible with some type of coronary disease<sup>1-4</sup>. On the other hand, roughly 4% to 5% of the patients are released without a correct diagnosis, and the presence of acute coronary syndrome is discovered later.</p>
      <p>The main MNMs are creatine kinase-MB fraction and troponins, and they add important diagnostic and prognostic information in the evaluation of chest pain and ACS. Nevertheless, many patients with normal ECG and MNM, are later identified as high risk patients for myocardial infarction or coronary syndrome. Allocation in investigation routes, with a higher or lower number of ECGs or MNM measurements, as well as the performance of provocative tests for myocardial ischemia depend on whether or not the examiner believes that an ACS diagnosis is probable, which is consistent with clinical practice and recommendations in medical literature<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The involvement of mediators and inflammatory reactions is demonstrated in all evolution stages of atherosclerotic plaque, from the initial phases of endothelial dysfunction, to the formation of the atheroma and its rupture<sup>5,6</sup>. MPO could introduce a new significance in the tracking of ACS, since it can express not only the presence of necrosis or ischemia, but also the presence of vulnerable plaque, which enables the identification of patients in the initial stages of the ACS clinical instability process. The involvement of reactions catalyzed by MPO in the early stages of atherosclerosis in vivo has been suggested, based on the detection of MPO<sup>17</sup> and specific markers of the oxidation catalyzed by MPO<sup>18,19</sup> in human atherosclerotic lesions, where it co-localizes<sup>20</sup> itself in the lipid rich macrophages.</p>
      <p>The co-localization of MPO and HOCI (hypochlorous acid) modified proteins has also been reported in the subendothelial of culprit plaque in sites of fissure or rupture or even superficial erosion<sup>10,21</sup>. Reduced levels of MPO-generated HOCl released by macrophages in the atherosclerotic plaque activate endothelial cells, leading to the expression and activation of the tissue factor. Higher levels of MPO-generated oxidants promote apoptosis of the endothelial cell. MPO also appears to be involved in the activation of latent metalloproteinases in their active forms<sup>10,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our cohort of consecutive patients admitted for chest pain with no ST segment elevation, MPO was the only independent variable for the final diagnosis of AMI. Patients with serum MPO levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 pM upon admission, presented a high probability of elevated troponin during the investigation (odds ratio = 8.04; p = 0.048).</p>
      <p>The myeloperoxidase cut-off point that generated the best area under the ROC curve for the final diagnosis of AMI was the value of 100 pM, with an area under the curve equal to 0.662 (CI 95% = 0.532-0.793). No difference was found in regard to the main demographic data and coronary disease risk factors among the patients with MPO <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 pM or &lt;100 pM, similar to that observed in other studies<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thirteen of the one hundred and forty patients (9.3%) with chest pain and non-ST elevation ECG presented elevation of this marker (troponin &gt;1.0 ng/mL) upon admission (six patients) or in at least one of the subsequent measurements, thus identifying the AMI diagnosis. From these, twelve patients (92.3%) presented MPO <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 pM (mean = 233.8 &#177; 126.3 pM). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value results should be analyzed carefully due to the size of the cohort. Nevertheless, the high sensitivity (92.3%) of MPO for troponin elevation should be emphasized, since it demonstrates its potential as a new AMI diagnosis marker, assisting particularly in the judicious clinical practice and minimizing the risk of inadequate hospital releases. The high negative predictive value (98.1%) indicates that few patients with negative MPO will present positive troponin.</p>
      <p>The results found are in agreement with the main conclusions of various authors. The MPO levels in our cohort vary from 0 to 3,485 pM (mean = 219.73 &#177; 337.14 pM) similar to other series (mean - 198 pM; range between 0 and 4,666 pM)<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Subanalysis of the CAPTURE study that tested the use of abciximab, a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, in patients with ACS, revealed that MPO was detected in all patients, with a median value of 1,980.3 pM (range between 10.3 pM and 7,672.8 pM)<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>In another important series with 604 patients, Brennan et al<sup>15</sup> demonstrated a direct relation between MPO values on admission and the AMI diagnosis, with an odds ratio of 3.7 (CI 95% = 1.6 &#150; 8.5) when comparing the first and fourth population quartiles<sup>15</sup>. These authors also demonstrated that the MPO level on admission is directly proportional to the prognostic value and degree of risk for adverse events within 30 days and 6 months.</p>
      <p>The use of new and multiple markers has proven to be reliable in various series and, generally speaking, the higher the number of positive markers the higher the probability of the presence of ACS and a worse prognosis<sup>23-27</sup>. In the prospective trial, Multicentre Biomarker Study, Blankenberg et al<sup>28</sup> analyzed the behavior of various markers in the tracking of chest pain including MPO, myoglobin, troponin I, creatine kinase-MB and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)<sup>28</sup>. MPO was the marker that had the earliest elevation and, in patients with presentation between 0 and 3 hours, it demonstrated the best area under the curve when compared with any other isolated marker to identify unstable angina (AUC of 0.92 compared to healthy controls; 0.77 compared with noncardiac pain), or unstable angina and ST-elevation AMI (AUC of 0.88 for controls; 0.71 for noncardiac pain). For the diagnosis of ACS, this MPO performance was only lower than that exhibited by the multiple marker index, with AUC of 0.94 (in comparison with the controls) and 0.81 (compared with noncardiac pain). In prospective analysis, BNP was the best risk predictor of late mortality. For clinical decision making, these values under the curve are much more significant than the values observed in the present study. In addition, it was not possible to demonstrate a temporal relation of MPO due to the reduced size of the cohort.</p>
      <p>Mocatta et al<sup>29</sup> followed 512 patients with AMI (81% with ST elevation) for a period of five years and observed an adjusted death risk 1.8 times higher in patients with elevated MPO (&gt;380 pM)<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>The analysis of MPO in patients with stable coronary artery disease revealed controversial results. Zhang et al<sup>13</sup> were the first to describe the correlation between serum MPO levels, leukocyte MPO levels and the presence of coronary artery disease<sup>13.</sup> In another series of patients submitted to coronary angiography, the serum MPO levels did not differ between the groups with and without coronary artery disease, suggesting its restricted use for patients with acute symptoms<sup>30.</sup> Other authors considered that MOP is related to the late prognosis of patients with stable angina<sup>28.</sup> More recently, in healthy individuals followed for close to eight years, it was reported that elevated levels of MPO indicate greater future risk of coronary artery disease, even in low risk individuals (LDL cholesterol &lt;130 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol &gt;50 mg/dL or C-reactive protein &lt;2 mg/dL), suggesting that inflammatory activation begins many years before the onset of artery disease<sup>12.</sup></p>
      <p>The intensity of the MPO expression influences and alters both the diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value of MPO. The genotype GG for MPO is present in 60% to 66% of the western population and is associated with higher levels of myeloperoxidase than the genotypes AG or AA<sup>31</sup>. Genetic polymorphism studies have identified different individual abilities of expression, observing that patients with low expression present fewer cardiovascular events and higher susceptibility for severe infections<sup>32</sup>. On the other hand, GG homozygotic individuals for MPO submitted to elective coronary angiographies present strong expression and lower survival rates<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our study and results present various limitations. The cohort was obtained in an emergency ward with specific characteristics as it is a private hospital directed mainly at treating clinical and cardiovascular diseases, and treatment therapies are frequently determined by the assistant physician, regardless of the institutional protocol. Additional study limitations include the reduced number of patients, long interval (up to 24 hours) between the onset of symptoms and admission, the low incidence of in-hospital adverse events and the lack of definite diagnosis for part of the sample (groups "undetermined not AMI" and "undetermined") since the investigation was not completed, particularly provocative tests for ischemia.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, myeloperoxidase should be regarded as a new marker to evaluate patients with chest pain without ST segment elevation and negative troponin. It has proven to have significant predictive value for adverse events, with elevated sensitivity. When MPO is <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 pM on admission, it presents a risk eight times higher for a final diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Further trials with patients undergoing chest pain investigations and/or with acute coronary syndromes are required to evaluate the isolated use of MPO as well as its use in association with other markers.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Roberto Esporcatte, from Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p>Roberto Esporcatte</p>
          <p> Rua Baronesa de Pocon&#233;, 137/301 - Lagoa</p>
          <p> 22471-270 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="resporcatte@cardiol.br">resporcatte@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received September 17, 2007; revised manuscript received October 05, 2007; accepted October 10, 2007.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
