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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Wc9yMFv569KGJWDWY5Tn7wB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001800004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900604</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001800004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Angina pr&#233;-infarto na evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar de pacientes idosos com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shian</surname>
            <given-names>Chiu Wen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Sandro Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markman Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Brivaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>370</fpage>
      <lpage>376</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A angina pr&#233;-infarto (API) pode ser um marcador de pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico. Foi demonstrada redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea infartada, do remodelamento ventricular, da incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, choque cardiog&#234;nico ou morte, quando a API estava presente. Esses resultados foram mais evidentes em adultos, por&#233;m, n&#227;o em idosos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre API e a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes idosos com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). M&#201;TODOS: Estudo tipo s&#233;rie de casos com grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o. Foram inclu&#237;dos 36 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAM com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. Os pacientes foram distribu&#237;dos em grupo A (21 pacientes com API) e grupo B (15 pacientes sem API). RESULTADOS: A idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi 70,5 anos. A maioria (73%) dos pacientes era do sexo masculino. O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea m&#233;dio foi 25,3 kg/m2. A amostra era constitu&#237;da por 77,8% de hipertensos, 27,8% de diab&#233;ticos e 32,4% de dislipid&#234;micos. Dor tor&#225;cica tipo A foi relatada por 71,4% dos estudados. A maioria (72,2%) dos idosos foi classificada em Killip I. Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos nos grupos A e B foram: angina p&#243;s-infarto 9,5% versus 20%, p=0,630; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 23,8% versus 13,3%, p=0,674; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia 4,8% versus 6,7%, p=1; arritmia card&#237;aca 0% versus 6,7%, p=0,417. N&#227;o foi constatado nenhum caso de reinfarto, choque cardiog&#234;nico e morte at&#233; 30 dias em ambos os grupos. CONCLUS&#195;O: A presen&#231;a da angina pr&#233;-infarto n&#227;o se associou com uma melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em idosos acometidos por IAM nesta s&#233;rie de casos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Angina inst&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>idoso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Angina pr&#233;-infarto na evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar de pacientes idosos com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Chiu Wen Shian; Sandro Gon&#231;alves de Lima; Brivaldo Markman Filho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (UFPE), Recife, PE - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>A angina pr&#233;-infarto (API) pode ser um marcador de pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico. Foi demonstrada redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea infartada, do remodelamento ventricular, da incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, choque cardiog&#234;nico ou morte, quando a API estava presente. Esses resultados foram mais evidentes em adultos, por&#233;m, n&#227;o em idosos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre API e a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes idosos com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo tipo s&#233;rie de casos com grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o. Foram inclu&#237;dos 36 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAM com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. Os pacientes foram distribu&#237;dos em grupo A (21 pacientes com API) e grupo B (15 pacientes sem API). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi 70,5 anos. A maioria (73%) dos pacientes era do sexo masculino. O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea m&#233;dio foi 25,3 kg/m2. A amostra era constitu&#237;da por 77,8% de hipertensos, 27,8% de diab&#233;ticos e 32,4% de dislipid&#234;micos. Dor tor&#225;cica tipo A foi relatada por 71,4% dos estudados. A maioria (72,2%) dos idosos foi classificada em Killip I. Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos nos grupos A e B foram: angina p&#243;s-infarto 9,5% versus 20%, p=0,630; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 23,8% versus 13,3%, p=0,674; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia 4,8% versus 6,7%, p=1; arritmia card&#237;aca 0% versus 6,7%, p=0,417. N&#227;o foi constatado nenhum caso de reinfarto, choque cardiog&#234;nico e morte at&#233; 30 dias em ambos os grupos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A presen&#231;a da angina pr&#233;-infarto n&#227;o se associou com uma melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em idosos acometidos por IAM nesta s&#233;rie de casos. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Angina inst&#225;vel, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, idoso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coronariana depende, principalmente, da vulnerabilidade do mioc&#225;rdio. Murry e cols.<sup>1</sup> descreveram que per&#237;odos breves de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica tornavam o cora&#231;&#227;o mais resistente a uma isquemia subseq&#252;ente e mais prolongada, limitando a &#225;rea infartada. Tal fen&#244;meno foi denominado pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico (PCI) e tem sido considerado um poderoso mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o end&#243;geno contra a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>O fen&#244;meno de aquecimento que ocorre em mais de 50% dos portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) representa um importante ind&#237;cio da exist&#234;ncia do PCI em humanos. Tais pacientes queixam-se de sintomas anginosos mais intensos pela manh&#227; que melhoram no decorrer do dia, fornecendo evid&#234;ncias de aumento da efici&#234;ncia do metabolismo mioc&#225;rdico durante esfor&#231;os subseq&#252;entes<sup>2</sup>. A angina de peito quando ocorre antes do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), denominada angina pr&#233;-infarto (API), pode ser marcador de PCI<sup>3-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de API foi associada a uma melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica p&#243;s-IAM e redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea infartada, avaliada indiretamente por dosagem de marcadores de necrose card&#237;aca<sup>3</sup> ou utilizando a quantifica&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da tomografia por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (SPECT)<sup>4</sup>. Outros autores observaram redu&#231;&#245;es no remodelamento ventricular<sup>5</sup>, na incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares, de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC), de choque cardiog&#234;nico e de morte<sup>6-8</sup>. A reperfus&#227;o da art&#233;ria relacionada ao IAM tamb&#233;m ocorreu mais rapidamente ap&#243;s a terapia trombol&#237;tica, quando o IAM estava associado &#224; API<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ainda existem diverg&#234;ncias quanto ao efeito protetor do PCI em indiv&#237;duos idosos. Ishihara e cols.<sup>10</sup> constataram que a API foi associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do IAM, bem como a uma melhor sobrevida em curto e longo prazos. Os mesmos benef&#237;cios n&#227;o foram observados nos pacientes acima de 70 anos<sup>10</sup>. Abete e cols.<sup>11</sup> tamb&#233;m encontraram resultados favor&#225;veis da API em adultos que n&#227;o foram t&#227;o evidentes em idosos<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre API e a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (angina p&#243;s-infarto, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea de urg&#234;ncia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmias complexas, choque cardiog&#234;nico e morte) em pacientes idosos acometidos por IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo do tipo s&#233;rie de casos com grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o. Trinta e seis pacientes idosos (60 anos ou mais, conforme defini&#231;&#227;o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de para pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento<sup>12</sup>) recrutados na Unidade Coronariana do Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es, no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o a outubro de 2005, foram divididos em dois grupos (21 pacientes com API constitu&#237;ram o grupo A, e 15 sem API constitu&#237;ram o grupo B) e avaliados prospectivamente quanto aos desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de IAM, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica, os que n&#227;o foram capazes de fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es seguras e aqueles que tiveram o seguimento interrompido. Considerou-se como vari&#225;vel independente a presen&#231;a de API, e como vari&#225;veis dependentes os seguintes desfechos cl&#237;nicos: angina p&#243;s-infarto, reinfarto, necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia (percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica), arritmias ventriculares malignas, ICC, choque cardiog&#234;nico e morte at&#233; o 30&#186; dia p&#243;s-IAM.</p>
    <p>Os dados referentes &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o pessoal, hist&#243;ria da doen&#231;a atual, interrogat&#243;rio sintomatol&#243;gico, antecedentes patol&#243;gicos e exame f&#237;sico foram coletados por um &#250;nico investigador, utilizando-se, para tal, um formul&#225;rio padr&#227;o. Os pacientes foram tratados conforme o protocolo do servi&#231;o, n&#227;o tendo havido interfer&#234;ncia dos investigadores. Informa&#231;&#245;es acerca do tratamento institu&#237;do, desfechos cl&#237;nicos e resultados de exames complementares foram obtidas a partir do registro nos prontu&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>Os dados foram processados em planilha do Excel 2000 e as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas realizadas no <italic>software</italic> Minitab 14.1. A an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados foi realizada por meio da m&#233;dia e do desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e por meio das freq&#252;&#234;ncias absoluta e relativa para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O teste exato de Fisher-Freeman-Halton foi utilizado para realizar compara&#231;&#245;es entre as freq&#252;&#234;ncias dos dois grupos quando as vari&#225;veis eram categ&#243;ricas e o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student quando as vari&#225;veis eram cont&#237;nuas. O n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a considerado para a estimativa intervalar foi 95% e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia dos testes foi 5% (p<underline>&lt;</underline>0,05).</p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es, conforme normas para pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos (resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96). Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o de a coleta dos dados n&#227;o ter sido realizada de forma ininterrupta, nas 24 horas do dia, pode ter havido vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de informa&#231;&#245;es fornecidas pelos pr&#243;prios pacientes, o que pode ter acarretado vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria, particularmente quando os dados n&#227;o foram coletados no primeiro dia da admiss&#227;o ao hospital. O pesquisador n&#227;o esteve "cego" quanto &#224; presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de API, podendo ter resultado em vi&#233;s de aferi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas em ambos os grupos foram semelhantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>). Apesar de uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia maior do sexo masculino no grupo B, esses valores n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p=0,096). A idade da popula&#231;&#227;o geral variou de 60 a 92 anos, com m&#233;dia de 70,5 anos. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas nos dois grupos. Dor tor&#225;cica, qualificada como tipo C e D, n&#227;o esteve presente na amostra estudada. Os sintomas mais freq&#252;entemente associados &#224; dor anginosa est&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>. No grupo com API, 19% dos pacientes chegaram &#224; emerg&#234;ncia com mais de 12 horas de in&#237;cio dos sintomas, comparado a 26% dos pacientes do grupo sem API. Os principais fatores de risco cardiovasculares, na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, encontram-se listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>. Apenas 25% dos hipertensos dessa popula&#231;&#227;o faziam uso de anti-hipertensivos. Entre os diab&#233;ticos, 8,3% usavam hipoglicemiantes e nenhum dos pacientes dislipid&#234;micos utilizavam hipolipemiantes.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0370-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0370-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0370-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Apresentaram supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em parede anterior 15 (71,4%) pacientes do grupo A <italic>versus</italic> 8 (53,3%) pacientes do grupo B e em parede inferior 6 (28,6%) <italic>versus</italic> 7(46,7%) pacientes dos referidos grupos, p=0,310. Na amostra estudada, n&#227;o foi registrada eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST nas demais paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O tratamento do IAM ao qual os pacientes foram submetidos &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>. Nenhum dos pacientes, em ambos os grupos, foi submetido &#224; angioplastia prim&#225;ria como primeira op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento, visto que o Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es n&#227;o dispunha de laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica habilitado a realizar interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea na vig&#234;ncia de IAM. O tempo de perman&#234;ncia no hospital foi 31,0<underline>+</underline>21,1 dias para pacientes do grupo A, e 31,1<underline>+</underline>35,5 dias para pacientes do grupo B, com p=0,983. Os dados dos exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos realizados durante o internamento est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref>. Os pacientes do grupo A apresentavam, em m&#233;dia, 1,8<underline>+</underline>1 art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias com estenose &gt;50%, e aqueles do grupo B, 2,0<underline>+</underline>1,3 art&#233;rias com les&#245;es maiores que 50%, p=0,728.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0370-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0370-00004-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos intra-hospitalares est&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 5</xref>. N&#227;o houve ocorr&#234;ncia de choque cardiog&#234;nico, reinfarto ou morte em ambos os grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0370-00004-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo avaliou pacientes com 60 anos ou mais, conforme defini&#231;&#227;o de idosos para pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento<sup>12</sup>. A idade m&#233;dia foi 70,5&#177;7,4 anos. Outros estudos que avaliaram a API em idosos adotaram defini&#231;&#245;es de idade distintas, com inclus&#227;o de pacientes em uma faixa et&#225;ria mais avan&#231;ada; por&#233;m, obtiveram resultados semelhantes no que diz respeito &#224; aus&#234;ncia de efeito protetor da API, nesse subgrupo de pacientes<sup>10,11</sup>. Os pacientes desse estudo foram predominantemente do sexo masculino, concordante com os dados da literatura, que descrevem uma maior preval&#234;ncia de IAM nessa popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>6,10,11,13</sup>, bem como associa&#231;&#227;o a um maior risco para desenvolver IAM<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O intervalo de tempo m&#233;dio entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o momento do diagn&#243;stico do IAM foi elevado em ambos os grupos, extrapolando o tempo ideal para a terapia trombol&#237;tica. Al&#233;m de alguns pacientes terem sido inclu&#237;dos no estudo em fase subaguda do IAM, outros fatos podem explicar esse achado: neglig&#234;ncia dos sintomas por parte dos pacientes, atrasando a procura de assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica e as caracter&#237;sticas log&#237;sticas do atendimento, principalmente quando os pacientes eram provenientes de cidades do interior do estado com servi&#231;os de baixa complexidade. A maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, internados com mais de 12 horas de in&#237;cio dos sintomas no grupo sem API, sugere que a presen&#231;a de sintomas dolorosos previamente ao IAM poderia ter influenciado a procura mais r&#225;pida de assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica.</p>
    <p>Embora a DAC seja uma doen&#231;a de alta preval&#234;ncia, o seu diagn&#243;stico em idosos n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o simples<sup>15</sup>. A popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, freq&#252;entemente, apresenta dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica em vig&#234;ncia de IAM. Algumas hip&#243;teses para explicar esse achado s&#227;o diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva, maior circula&#231;&#227;o colateral e diminui&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade &#224; dor em virtude de comorbidades ou disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica localizada<sup>16</sup>. No estudo de Framingham, mais de 40% dos casos de IAM eram desconhecidos, ou seja, eram clinicamente silenciosos nos pacientes com 75 anos ou mais, principalmente em mulheres<sup>14</sup>. Todos os pacientes deste estudo apresentaram precordialgia como parte da manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do IAM. Dor tor&#225;cica do tipo A foi relatada por 71,4% dos idosos, e 28,6% deles apresentaram dor tipo B. Essa discord&#226;ncia com a literatura poderia ser decorrente da metodologia aplicada neste estudo, bem como por ser o hospital, no qual o estudo foi realizado, refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia e de n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio; assim, muitos pacientes, antes de serem atendidos nesse hospital, passaram por outros servi&#231;os de assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica.</p>
    <p>Na amostra estudada, uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de pacientes com API do que sem API foram recrutados. A presen&#231;a de API relatada na literatura &#233; bastante vari&#225;vel podendo at&#233; mesmo inverter a propor&#231;&#227;o<sup>5-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos pacientes foi classificada como Killip I (72,2%) e Killip II (19,4%), A classifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de Killip<sup>17</sup>, descrita originalmente em 1967, estratificou o risco atrav&#233;s da avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da ICC e presen&#231;a de choque cardiog&#234;nico em pacientes internados em unidade coronariana. Na ocasi&#227;o, o estudo observou que 67% dos pacientes encontravam-se entre as classe II e IV. Vinte anos ap&#243;s, o estudo GISSI (Grupo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico) encontrou 71% dos pacientes em Killip I e 23% em Killip II, no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, tanto os pacientes submetidos &#224; terapia de reperfus&#227;o como os submetidos &#224; terapia conservadora foram inclu&#237;dos. Entretanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre essas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento. Todos os pacientes que tiveram indica&#231;&#227;o para terapia de reperfus&#227;o (58,3%) foram submetidos ao tratamento com tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica (estreptoquinase ou tenecteplase). Quando os dois grupos foram comparados, observou-se que mais pacientes do grupo A (61,9%) receberam terapia trombol&#237;tica do que aqueles do grupo B (53,3%), sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>O tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar (31,1<underline>+</underline>27,6 dias) foi muito superior &#224; m&#233;dia divulgada no Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares do SUS (SIH/SUS) para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no mesmo per&#237;odo, que se situava em torno de 10 dias<sup>18</sup>. A dificuldade de agendamento dos exames de imagem em raz&#227;o da grande demanda de pacientes internados e ambulatoriais, bem como a perman&#234;ncia de alguns pacientes no hospital at&#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, ante a gravidade do quadro angiogr&#225;fico, podem explicar esse achado.</p>
    <p>O estudo n&#227;o conseguiu estabelecer uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a angina pr&#233;-infarto e os resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre as dimens&#245;es cavit&#225;rias do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE e DSVE), quando se compararam os dois grupos. Em contrapartida, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi inesperadamente maior no grupo B, com p=0,04. Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados por mais de um ecocardiografista, podendo ter ocorrido varia&#231;&#227;o interobservador no momento da aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos cortes para determina&#231;&#227;o da FEVE. Para o c&#225;lculo da FEVE, na maioria dos casos, foi utilizado o m&#233;todo de Teichholz, que na sua f&#243;rmula considera que exista uma rela&#231;&#227;o constante entre o di&#226;metro longitudinal e o transversal da cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Por&#233;m, quando as regi&#245;es basais da parede inferior ou do septo interventricular est&#227;o hipocin&#233;ticas, e o restante do VE contrai normalmente, ocorre uma subestima&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<sup>19</sup>. O m&#233;todo de Simpson raramente foi utilizado pelos ecocardiografistas envolvidos neste estudo. Quando grandes &#225;reas acin&#233;ticas do VE estavam presentes, foi utilizada a estimativa visual.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) foi mais freq&#252;ente no grupo com API (44% <italic>versus</italic> 35,7; p=0,725), mas n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel discriminar se a presen&#231;a de IM ocorreu antes ou ap&#243;s o IAM, por n&#227;o haver exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;vios ao evento, para fins de compara&#231;&#227;o. A IM, mesmo de leve intensidade, detectada pela ecocardiografia Doppler, tem sido associada a uma maior morbidade e mortalidade<sup>20</sup>. A sua ocorr&#234;ncia, previamente ao IAM, tamb&#233;m foi associada a uma pior evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>O supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, no ECG, foi mais freq&#252;entemente encontrado em deriva&#231;&#245;es da parede anterior nos pacientes que relatavam API e em deriva&#231;&#245;es de parede inferior nos pacientes que n&#227;o relataram API. Os infartos do mioc&#225;rdio localizados em parede anterior envolvem maior &#225;rea mioc&#225;rdica em sofrimento e est&#227;o associados a uma maior morbidade e mortalidade. De fato, o grupo de pacientes com API apresentou ocorr&#234;ncia maior de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem API, apesar de n&#227;o ter alcan&#231;ado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. A possibilidade que o efeito protetor da API tenha sido "mascarado" pela presen&#231;a de uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de pacientes com IAM de parede anterior no grupo A &#233; apenas uma especula&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o pode ser ignorada. Entretanto, Kosuge e cols.<sup>22</sup> relataram que os efeitos ben&#233;ficos da API foram mais evidentes em infartos de parede anterior do que naqueles em que outras paredes do VE foram acometidas<sup>22</sup> .</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos cl&#237;nicos, observou-se que um menor n&#250;mero de pacientes do grupo com API apresentou angina p&#243;s-infarto, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem API (9,5% <italic>versus</italic> 20%), com raz&#227;o de <italic>odds</italic> (OR) = 0,4 [IC 95%: 0,03-4,35]. O mesmo ocorreu com a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia (4,8% <italic>versus</italic> 6,7%), OR=0,7 [IC 95% : 0,01-58,8], e arritmias complexas (0% <italic>versus</italic> 2,8%), OR =0 [IC 95% : 0-27,9]. N&#227;o houve ocorr&#234;ncia de reinfarto, choque ou morte em ambos os grupos. A exist&#234;ncia de OR menor que 1, para angina p&#243;s-infarto, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia e arritmias complexas levaria &#224; especula&#231;&#227;o que uma melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica teria ocorrido pela presen&#231;a de API. Por&#233;m, como o intervalo de confian&#231;a continha a unidade (valor 1), n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel fazer esse tipo de infer&#234;ncia. Os resultados n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, provavelmente pelo pequeno tamanho amostral.</p>
    <p>Abete e cols<italic>.</italic><sup>23</sup> demonstraram que indiv&#237;duos adultos, v&#237;timas de IAM, quando apresentavam API, evolu&#237;am com menor incid&#234;ncia de ICC ou choque cardiog&#234;nico (3,3% <italic>versus</italic> 10,7%, p&lt;0,05), morte intra-hospitalar (2,6% <italic>versus</italic> 10%, p&lt;0,01) e eventos combinados de morte e ICC (5,9% <italic>versus</italic> 20,7%, p&lt;0,0003). Por&#233;m, em idosos, o mesmo benef&#237;cio n&#227;o foi observado. O resultado foi independente da terapia trombol&#237;tica, mesmo que o grupo com API tivesse realizado mais terapia l&#237;tica que o grupo sem API. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para os poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o, os resultados n&#227;o se modificaram<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A partir de estudos em modelos animais que mostraram que a restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica restaurava o PCI, os mesmos autores avaliaram a influ&#234;ncia do IMC no efeito protetor da API em idosos e conclu&#237;ram que apenas no subgrupo de idosos com os mais baixos valores de IMC, o efeito protetor da API foi preservado<sup>23</sup>. Aus&#234;ncia de efeito protetor da API em idosos tamb&#233;m foi relatada por Ishihara e cols.<sup>10</sup>. Contrariamente, Kloner e cols.<sup>24</sup> estudaram retrospectivamente os pacientes do estudo TIMI 4 e verificaram que os idosos com API apresentaram as menores taxas de desfechos combinados: morte, ICC / choque e/ou re-infarto, comparado aos idosos sem API<sup>24</sup>. Jimenez-Navarro e cols.<sup>25</sup> observaram que a ocorr&#234;ncia de API conferiu prote&#231;&#227;o contra desfechos adversos intra-hospitalares e preservou a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE em idosos<sup>25</sup>. Kosuge e cols.<sup>26</sup> relataram que tanto em idosos como em n&#227;o idosos a API foi associada a menor &#225;rea de infarto e melhor sobrevida intra-hospitalar<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Rezkalla e Kloner<sup>27</sup> ressaltaram que o efeito protetor do PCI em humanos &#233; caracterizado por marcada varia&#231;&#227;o individual e parece ser atenuada em mulheres, diab&#233;ticos e idosos<sup>27</sup>. A alta mortalidade observada em pacientes idosos, v&#237;timas de IAM, poderia ser explicada em parte pela redu&#231;&#227;o de PCI relacionada com a idade. As seguintes especula&#231;&#245;es poderiam explicar essa redu&#231;&#227;o: perda da capacidade de liberar mediadores que ativam o mecanismo end&#243;geno de prote&#231;&#227;o<sup>28</sup> e menor probabilidade de reperfus&#227;o<sup>11</sup>. Abete e cols.<sup>29</sup> descreveram que o PCI em idosos pode ser preservado quando existe uma pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico de alta intensidade<sup>29</sup>. Nesse sentido, cabe ressaltar que a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada por Kosuge e cols.<sup>26</sup>, relatada acima, era composta por idosos com n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica mais elevada.</p>
    <p>Uma poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo poderia ter sido a omiss&#227;o em diagnosticar isquemia silenciosa, previamente ao IAM, como poss&#237;vel equival&#234;ncia &#224; API. O ECG din&#226;mico (sistema Holter) poderia detectar a isquemia silenciosa, por&#233;m n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel selecionar os pacientes antes do IAM, o que tornou essa pr&#225;tica inexeq&#252;&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>A compreens&#227;o do fen&#244;meno de PCI, principalmente em humanos, descortina um novo horizonte para o progresso do tratamento da DAC e estudos experimentais e cl&#237;nicos prospectivos podem oferecer suporte para a amplia&#231;&#227;o dos conhecimentos que se traduzir&#227;o em benef&#237;cios para a popula&#231;&#227;o de idosos.</p>
    <p>Na amostra estudada conclu&#237;mos que, em idosos acometidos por IAM, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre API e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos avaliados: angina p&#243;s-infarto, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia (cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmias complexas, reinfarto, choque cardiog&#234;nico ou morte nos primeiros 30 dias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Ghiu Wen Shian, Sandro Gon&#231;alves de Lima, Brivaldo Markman Filho pelo Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es e Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - UFPE.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Sandro Gon&#231;alves de Lima </p>
        <p> Rua Andr&#233; Cavalcanti, 45/1702 - Parnamirim </p>
        <p> 52060-090 - Recife, PE - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="sandrolima@cardiol.br">sandrolima@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 09/02/07; revisado recebido em 10/04/07, aceito em 14/06/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <surname>Korsatz</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>29. Abete P, Ferrara    N, Cacciatore F, Sagnelli E, Manzi M, Carnovale V, et al. High level of physical    activity preserves the cardioprotective effect of preinfarction angina in elderly    patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 28: 1357-65.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>High level of physical activity preserves the cardioprotective effect of preinfarction angina in elderly patients</article-title>
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              <surname>Abete</surname>
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              <surname>Ferrara</surname>
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              <surname>Sagnelli</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Manzi</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Preinfarction angina and in-hospital outcome of elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Preinfarction angina (PIA) may be a marker of ischemic preconditioning. A decrease in infarct size, ventricular remodeling, congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock or death was demonstrated in the presence of preinfarction angina. These findings were more evident in adults, but not in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between PIA and the clinical course of elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: This was a case-series study with a comparison group. A total of 36 patients with ST-segment elevation AMI were included in the study and divided into two groups: group A (21 patients with PIA) and group B (15 patients without PIA). RESULTS: Mean age of the study population was 70.5 years, and there was a predominance of males (73%). Mean body mass index was 25.3 Kg/m2. Hypertension was present in 77.8%, diabetes in 27.8% and dyslipidemia in 32.4%. Type-A chest pain was reported by 71.4% of patients, and the majority of them (72.2%) were in Killip class I. Clinical endpoints for groups A and B were as follows: postinfarction angina 9.5% versus 20%, p = 0.630; heart failure 23.8% versus 13.3%, p = 0.674; urgent revascularization 4.8% versus 6.7%, p = 1; and cardiac arrhythmia 0% versus 6.7%, p = 0.417. There was no case of reinfarction, cardiogenic shock or death within 30 days of follow up in either group. CONCLUSION: In this case series, preinfarction angina was not associated with better clinical course in elderly patients with AMI.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Angina unstable</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>aged</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Preinfarction angina and in-hospital outcome of elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Chiu Wen Shian; Sandro Gon&#231;alves de Lima; Brivaldo Markman Filho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (UFPE), Recife, PE - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Preinfarction angina (PIA) may be a marker of ischemic preconditioning. A decrease in infarct size, ventricular remodeling, congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock or death was demonstrated in the presence of preinfarction angina. These findings were more evident in adults, but not in the elderly.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the relationship between PIA and the clinical course of elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>This was a case-series study with a comparison group. A total of 36 patients with ST-segment elevation AMI were included in the study and divided into two groups: group A (21 patients with PIA) and group B (15 patients without PIA).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Mean age of the study population was 70.5 years, and there was a predominance of males (73%). Mean body mass index was 25.3 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Hypertension was present in 77.8%, diabetes in 27.8% and dyslipidemia in 32.4%. Type-A chest pain was reported by 71.4% of patients, and the majority of them (72.2%) were in Killip class I. Clinical endpoints for groups A and B were as follows: postinfarction angina 9.5% versus 20%, p = 0.630; heart failure 23.8% versus 13.3%, p = 0.674; urgent revascularization 4.8% versus 6.7%, p = 1; and cardiac arrhythmia 0% versus 6.7%, p = 0.417. There was no case of reinfarction, cardiogenic shock or death within 30 days of follow up in either group.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>In this case series, preinfarction angina was not associated with better clinical course in elderly patients with AMI.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Angina unstable; myocardial infarction; aged.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical course after coronary occlusion depends mostly on myocardial vulnerability. Murry et al<sup>1</sup>, reported that short periods of myocardial ischemia rendered the heart more resistant to subsequent, longer ischemic insults, thereby limiting infarct size. This phenomenon, called ischemic preconditioning (IPC), is considered a powerful endogenous protective mechanism against myocardial ischemia<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The warm-up phenomenon that occurs in more than 50% of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) strongly suggests that IPC exists in humans. These patients report angina symptoms that are more severe in the morning and subside during the course of the day, providing evidence that myocardial metabolism becomes more efficient during subsequent efforts<sup>2</sup>. Angina pectoris prior to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), called preinfarction angina (PIA), is likely to be a marker of IPC<sup>3-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The presence of PIA was associated with better clinical course after AMI and reduction in infarct size, as assessed indirectly by measurement of myocardial necrosis markers<sup>3</sup> or quantitative SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography)<sup>4</sup>. Other authors have found a decrease in ventricular remodeling<sup>5</sup>, as well as in the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias, congestive heart failure (CHF), cardiogenic shock, and death<sup>6-8</sup>. Reperfusion of the infarct-related artery was also found to be faster after thrombolytic therapy when AMI was preceded by PIA<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The protective effect of IPC in elderly patients is still a matter of debate. Ishihara et al<sup>10</sup> have found that PIA was associated with smaller infarct size and improved short- and long-term survival. The same benefits were not demonstrated in patients older than 70 years of age<sup>10</sup>. Abete et al<sup>11</sup> also found favorable effects of preinfarction angina in adults; these effects, however, were less obvious in elderly patients<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between PIA and the clinical course (postinfarction angina, urgent surgical or percutaneous revascularization, heart failure, complex arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, and death) of elderly patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a case-series study using a comparison group. From March to October 2005, a total of 36 elderly patients (60 years or older, according to the definition proposed by the World Health Organization for developing countries<sup>12</sup>) were recruited from the Coronary Care Unit of Agamenon Magalh&#227;es Hospital and prospectively evaluated for the study endpoints. These patients were divided into two groups: group A, comprising 21 patients with PIA; and group B, comprising 15 patients without PIA.</p>
      <p>Patients with previous history of AMI and myocardial revascularization, either surgical or percutaneous, were excluded from the study, as were those who failed to provide reliable information or were lost to follow-up. The presence of PIA was considered an independent variable, and the dependent variables were the following clinical endpoints: postinfarction angina, reinfarction, need for urgent revascularization (surgical or percutaneous), malignant ventricular arrhythmias, CHF, cardiogenic shock, and death within 30 days after AMI.</p>
      <p>Patient data, including personal identification, present history of disease, systems review, history of diseases, and physical examination, were collected by a single investigator using a standard form. Patients were treated according to the standard hospital protocol without interference from the investigators. Information about treatments used, clinical outcomes, and results of additional examinations was retrieved from medical records.</p>
      <p>Data were processed using Excel 2000 spreadsheet, and statistical analyses were performed using the Minitab 14.1 software. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation and categorical variables, as absolute and relative frequencies. The Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test was used to compare frequencies between both groups for categorical variables, and the Student's <italic>t</italic>-test was used for continuous variables. A 95% confidence interval was used, and the significance level was set at 5% (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05).</p>
      <p>The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Agamenon Magalh&#227;es Hospital in accordance with regulations for research involving human subjects (Resolution 196/96), and all patients signed an informed consent form.</p>
      <p>As data were not collected continuously 24 hours per day, there may have been selection bias. This research relied on information provided by the patients themselves; therefore, memory bias cannot be discarded, particularly when data were not collected on the first day of admission. The investigator was not blinded to the presence or absence of PIA, and this may have resulted in measurement bias.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Demographic features were similar in both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_03t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). There was a male preponderance in group B, but without statistic significance (p = 0.096). Patients' age ranged from 60 to 92 (mean age 70.5 years). There was no statistically significant difference between both groups regarding clinical characteristics. Chest pain, graded as type C and D, was not present in the study sample. Symptoms most frequently associated with anginal pain are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_03f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>. In the PIA group, 19% of the patients arrived at the emergency room more than 12 hours after symptoms onset, as compared with 26% in the non-PIA group. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref> summarizes the main cardiovascular risk factors of the study sample. Only 25% of the hypertensive patients were on antihypertensive medication. Among the diabetic, 8.3% were taking glucose-lowering drugs, and no dyslipidemic patient was taking lipid-lowering drugs.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_03t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0370-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_03f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0370-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0370-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Fifteen patients (71.4%) in group A and eight (53.3%) patients in group B had anterior ST-segment elevation, and six (28.6%) patients in group A and seven (46.7%) patients in group B had inferior ST-segment elevation, p = 0.310). There was no case of ST-segment elevation in the other left ventricular walls. Treatments given to the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_03t3-body2">Table 3</xref>. No patient in either group underwent primary angioplasty as first-choice treatment, because Agamenon Magalh&#227;es Hospital did not have a hemodynamic laboratory to perform percutaneous intervention for AMI patients. Length of hospital stay was 31.0 <underline>&#177;</underline> 21.1 days for patients in group A and 31.1 &#177; 35.5 days for patients in group B (p = 0.983). Echocardiographic findings during hospitalization are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_03t4-body2">Table 4</xref>. Patients in group A had, on average, 1.8 &#177; 1 coronary arteries with stenosis &gt; 50%, as compared to 2.0 &#177; 1.3 in group B (p = 0.728).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_03t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0370-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_03t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0370-00004-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In-hospital clinical outcomes are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5-body2">table 5</xref>. There was no case of cardiogenic shock, reinfarction or death in either group.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0370-00004-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study assessed patients aged 60 or older (mean age 70.5 &#177; 7.4), according to the WHO definition of elderly people for developing countries<sup>12</sup>. Other studies assessing PIA in the elderly used different definitions and included patients with more advanced age, but achieved results similar to those of this subset of patients regarding the absence of the protective effect of PIA<sup>10,11</sup>. Our sample was predominantly male, in agreement with literature data, which report higher prevalence of AMI in this population<sup>6,10,11,13</sup>, as well as greater risk for developing AMI<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Mean time interval between the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis of AMI was high in both groups, beyond the optimal time window for thrombolytic therapy. This may be explained by the fact that some patients were included in the study during the subacute phase of AMI. Other factors that may have contributed to this finding are: neglect of symptoms by the patients, which led them to delay seeking medical attention and the logistics of medical care, particularly for those from cities located in the interior of the state that provided low-complexity services. The higher number of patients admitted more than 12 hours after the onset of symptoms in the non-PIA group suggests that the presence of painful symptoms prior to AMI could have prompted them to seek medical attention more quickly.</p>
      <p>Even though CAD is a highly prevalent disease, its diagnosis in elderly people is not that simple<sup>15</sup>. This population often experiences atypical chest pain during AMI. Some hypotheses to explain this finding include diminished cognitive function, increased collateral circulation, and reduced pain perception due to comorbid conditions or localized autonomic dysfunction<sup>16</sup>. In the Framingham study, more than 40% of the AMI cases were unrecognized, that is, were clinically silent in patients aged 75 or older, especially in women<sup>14</sup>. In this study, all patients had chest pain as part of the clinical manifestation of acute myocardial infarction. Type-A chest pain was reported by 71.4% of the patients, and type-B chest pain, by 28.6%. This discrepancy with the literature may be explained by methodological differences, as well as by the fact that the hospital in which the study was conducted was a tertiary reference center for cardiology; therefore, many patients had been to other medical institutions before being admitted to this hospital.</p>
      <p>This sample included more PIA patients than non-PIA patients. The presence of PIA reported in the literature varies widely, with some studies even showing an inverse proportion<sup>5-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Most patients were in Killip classes I (72.2%) and II (19.4%). Killip's classification system<sup>17</sup>, originally described in 1967, stratified the risk of patients admitted to the coronary care unit according to the severity of CHF and the presence of cardiogenic shock. This author found that 67% of the patients were between classes II and IV. Twenty years later, the GISSI study (<italic>Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico</italic>) found that 71% of patients were in Killip class I and 23% were in Killip class II on admission<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study included patients who underwent reperfusion therapy and conservative therapy. However, no statistically significant difference was found between these therapeutic strategies. All patients with indication for reperfusion therapy (58.3%) underwent chemical thrombolysis with streptokinase or tenecteplase. When both groups were compared, a greater number of patients in group A (61.9%) had undergone thrombolytic therapy than in group B (53.3%), but this difference did not reach statistical significance.</p>
      <p>Length of hospital stay (31.1 + 27.6 days) far exceeded the average published by the Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares of the SUS (Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System [SIH/SUS]) for cardiovascular diseases in the same period, which was approximately 10 days<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>This may be explained by the difficulty in scheduling examinations due to the great number of inpatients and outpatients, as well as the fact that some patients had to stay in hospital before undergoing CABG surgery because of the severity of their angiographic findings.</p>
      <p>Our study failed to establish an association between preinfarction angina and echocardiographic results. No statistically significant difference was found between left ventricular diameters (LVDD and LVSD) when both groups were compared. In contrast, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was unexpectedly greater in group B (<italic>p</italic> = 0.04). Echocardiographic examinations were performed by more than one echocardiographer, and there may have been interobserver variability during image acquisition for LVEF measurement. In most cases, LVEF was calculated using the Teichholz formula, which considers the existence of a constant relationship between left ventricular (LV) major and minor axes. However, when the basal parts of the inferior wall or the interventricular septum are hypokinetic and the rest of the LV contracts normally, the systolic function is underestimated<sup>19</sup>. Simpson's rule was rarely used by the echocardiographers involved in this study. When large akinetic regions of the LV were present, estimation was done visually.</p>
      <p>In the present study, mitral regurgitation (MR) was more common in the PIA group (44% <italic>vs.</italic> 35.7; p=0,725), but without statistical significance. In addition, we could not determine whether MR occurred before or after the AMI, since echocardiographic examinations prior to the event were not available for comparative analysis. Mitral regurgitation, even of mild degree, detected by color Doppler echocardiography, has been associated with higher morbidity and mortality<sup>20</sup>. Pre-AMI mitral regurgitation was also associated with worse clinical outcome<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>ST-segment elevation, on ECG, was more frequent in anterior wall leads in patients who reported PIA and in inferior wall leads in those who did not. Anterior myocardial infarctions involve a larger mass of the myocardium and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In fact, heart failure was more prevalent in the PIA group than in the non-PIA group, although without statistical significance. The possibility that the protective effect of PIA has been "masked" by the greater number of patients with anterior AMI in group A, albeit speculative, cannot be excluded. Nevertheless, Kosuge et al<sup>22</sup> reported that the beneficial effects of PIA were more evident in patients with anterior infarction than in those with non-anterior infarction<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>As far as clinical endpoints are concerned, the number of patients who experienced postinfarction angina was lower in the PIA group than in the non-PIA group (9.5% <italic>vs</italic>. 20%), with odds ratio (OR) of 0.4 [95% CI: 0.03-4.35]. The same was true for urgent revascularization (4.8% <italic>vs.</italic> 6.7%), OR = 0.7 [95% CI: 0.01-58.8], and complex arrhythmias (0% <italic>vs.</italic> 2,8%), OR =0 [95% CI: 0-27.9]. There were no cases of cardiogenic shock, reinfarction or death in either group. An OR less than 1 for postinfarction angina, urgent revascularization, and complex arrhythmias would lead to the speculation that this better clinical course was due the presence of PIA. However, as the confidence interval included unity, such inference could not be made. Our results failed to reach statistical significance, probably because of the small sample size.</p>
      <p>Abete et al<sup>23</sup> have demonstrated that the incidence of CHF or cardiogenic shock (3.3% <italic>vs.</italic> 10.7%, p &lt; 0.05), in-hospital mortality (2.6% <italic>vs.</italic> 10%, p &lt; 0.01), and the combined events of death and CHF (5.9% <italic>vs.</italic> 20.7%, p &lt; 0.0003) was lower in adult AMI subjects with PIA. This beneficial effect, however, was not demonstrated in elderly patients. This result was independent of thrombolytic therapy, even with the PIA group receiving more lytic therapy than the non-PIA group. After logistic regression analysis for potential confounders, the results remained unchanged<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Based on animal model studies showing that caloric restriction restored IPC, the same authors assessed the influence of body mass index (BMI) on the protective effect of PIA in the elderly and concluded that such protection was preserved only in the subset of elderly patients with the lowest BMI<sup>23</sup>. Ishihara et al<sup>10</sup> also reported absence of the protective effect of PIA in elderly people<sup>10</sup>. On the other hand, Kloner et al<sup>24</sup> conducted a retrospective study of the patients of the TIMI-4 study and found that elderly patients with PIA had lower rates of the combined endpoints of death, CHF/cardiogenic shock and/or reinfarction, compared with those without PIA<sup>24</sup>. Jimenez-Navarro et al<sup>25</sup> found that PIA protected against in-hospital adverse outcomes and preserved LV function in older patients<sup>25</sup>. Kosuge et al<sup>26</sup> reported that PIA was associated with smaller myocardial infarct size and better in-hospital survival in both elderly and non-elderly patients<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>Rezkalla et al<sup>27</sup> pointed out that the protective effect of IPC in humans is characterized by marked individual variations and seems to be attenuated in women, people with diabetes and the elderly<sup>27</sup>. The high mortality rate found in elderly patients who have AMI may be partly explained by the age-related reduction in ischemic preconditioning. The following speculations might explain this reduction: decreased capacity to release mediators that activate the endogenous protective mechanism<sup>28</sup> and less probability of reperfusion<sup>11</sup>. According to Abete et al<sup>29</sup>, ischemic preconditioning may be preserved in elderly patients with high levels of physical activity<sup>29</sup>. In this respect, it is noteworthy that the population studied by Kosuge et al<sup>26</sup>, mentioned above, consisted of elderly patients with higher levels of physical activity.</p>
      <p>A potential limitation of this study was our failure to diagnose silent ischemia prior to AMI, as a possible equivalent of preinfarction angina. Ambulatory ECG (Holter monitoring) might have detected silent ischemia, but it was not possible to select patients prior to AMI, making this procedure impracticable.</p>
      <p>Understanding the IPC phenomenon, particularly in humans, opens up a new horizon in CAD management, and further prospective and experimental clinical trials may help to expand our knowledge on the subject, which will be translated into benefits for the elderly population.</p>
      <p>In this study sample, no association was found between PIA and the following clinical endpoints in elderly patients with AMI: postinfarction angina, urgent revascularization (surgical or percutaneous), heart failure, complex arrhythmias, reinfarction, cardiogenic shock, or death within the first 30 days.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ghiu Wen Shian, Sandro Gon&#231;alves de Lima, Brivaldo Markman Filho, from Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es e Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - UFPE.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailind address:</p>
          <p>Sandro Gon&#231;alves de Lima</p>
          <p> Rua Andr&#233; Cavalcanti, 45/1702 - Parnamirim</p>
          <p> 52060-090 - Recife, PE - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="sandrolima@cardiol.br">sandrolima@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received February 9, 2007; revised manuscript received April, 10, 2007, accepted June 14, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
