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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">99PqQY3QvDfFS8prXfFyk3m</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001800003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900603</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001800003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da adequa&#231;&#227;o do controle de fatores de risco cardiovascular ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Cristina Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Wanewman Lins Guedes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Rapold</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bahia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Portugu&#234;s </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>362</fpage>
      <lpage>369</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Os fatores de risco cardiovascular (FR) s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Estimar o porcentual de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM) que conseguem controle adequado de fatores de risco (FR) modific&#225;veis, pelo menos seis meses ap&#243;s o procedimento. M&#201;TODOS: O estudo incluiu 88 pacientes, no qual se realizaram an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rios e entrevista cl&#237;nica, entre seis e 12 meses ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de RM em hospital de refer&#234;ncia para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, no per&#237;odo de janeiro a dezembro de 2004. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia de idade foi 63,1&#177;9,9 anos: 51 (58%) eram do sexo masculino, 86 (97,7%), hipertensos, 38 (43,2%), diab&#233;ticos, 85 (96,6%), dislipid&#234;micos e 10 (11,4%), tabagistas. O controle da hipertens&#227;o (PA &lt; 140x90 mmHg) foi atingido em 24,4% dos pacientes. Para o colesterol (colesterol LDL &lt; 100 mg/dl) e para o diabete melito (glicemia &lt; 110), os n&#237;veis de controle foram, respectivamente, 30,6% e 31,6%. O uso de anti-hipertensivos, agentes hipoglicemiantes (orais ou insulina) e estatinas, quando indicado, foi, respectivamente, 96,5%, 92,1%, 78,8%. Entretanto, analisando-se a tr&#237;ade hipertens&#227;o, diabete e hipercolesterolemia, apenas 14,8% do total de pacientes apresentavam n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial, glicemia e colesterol LDL dentro dos limites aceit&#225;veis. CONCLUS&#195;O: Apesar do uso freq&#252;ente de medica&#231;&#245;es para controle da hipertens&#227;o, diabete e hipercolesterolemia, o controle de fatores de risco ainda &#233; realizado de forma insuficiente nos pacientes revascularizados, o que sugere grande potencial para a melhoria da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as</kwd>
        <kwd>controle</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da adequa&#231;&#227;o do controle de fatores de risco cardiovascular ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Andrea Cristina Costa Barbosa; Luiz Carlos Santana Passos; Ant&#244;nio Alberto Lopes; Wanewman Lins Guedes de Andrade; Luciano Rapold Souza; Maur&#237;cio Batista Nunes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal da Bahia, Hospital Portugu&#234;s, Bahia, BA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>Os fatores de risco cardiovascular (FR) s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Estimar o porcentual de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM) que conseguem controle adequado de fatores de risco (FR) modific&#225;veis, pelo menos seis meses ap&#243;s o procedimento. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>O estudo incluiu 88 pacientes, no qual se realizaram an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rios e entrevista cl&#237;nica, entre seis e 12 meses ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de RM em hospital de refer&#234;ncia para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, no per&#237;odo de janeiro a dezembro de 2004. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A m&#233;dia de idade foi 63,1&#177;9,9 anos: 51 (58%) eram do sexo masculino, 86 (97,7%), hipertensos, 38 (43,2%), diab&#233;ticos, 85 (96,6%), dislipid&#234;micos e 10 (11,4%), tabagistas. O controle da hipertens&#227;o (PA &lt; 140x90 mmHg) foi atingido em 24,4% dos pacientes. Para o colesterol (colesterol LDL &lt; 100 mg/dl) e para o diabete melito (glicemia &lt; 110), os n&#237;veis de controle foram, respectivamente, 30,6% e 31,6%. O uso de anti-hipertensivos, agentes hipoglicemiantes (orais ou insulina) e estatinas, quando indicado, foi, respectivamente, 96,5%, 92,1%, 78,8%. Entretanto, analisando-se a tr&#237;ade hipertens&#227;o, diabete e hipercolesterolemia, apenas 14,8% do total de pacientes apresentavam n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial, glicemia e colesterol LDL dentro dos limites aceit&#225;veis. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Apesar do uso freq&#252;ente de medica&#231;&#245;es para controle da hipertens&#227;o, diabete e hipercolesterolemia, o controle de fatores de risco ainda &#233; realizado de forma insuficiente nos pacientes revascularizados, o que sugere grande potencial para a melhoria da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Medi&#231;&#227;o de risco, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as, controle.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM), procedimento invasivo de elevada complexidade para o tratamento da aterosclerose coronariana, promove o al&#237;vio dos sintomas, melhora a toler&#226;ncia aos esfor&#231;os f&#237;sicos e aumenta a sobrevida nos casos mais graves da doen&#231;a<sup>1</sup>. Com o tempo, contudo, esses pacientes podem apresentar progress&#227;o da aterosclerose tanto nas art&#233;rias nativas quanto nos enxertos, dado que a cirurgia exerce apenas a&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica de <italic>bypass</italic> sobre as placas de aterosclerose, n&#227;o atuando nos fatores etiopatog&#234;nicos da doen&#231;a. Portanto, a implementa&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#245;es preventivas dirigidas para o controle de fatores de risco (FR) relacionados ao desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) pode n&#227;o somente evitar novos eventos isqu&#234;micos agudos, como promover a regress&#227;o de placas de aterosclerose j&#225; existentes<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entre 1995 e 1996, a Sociedade Europ&#233;ia de Cardiologia realizou um estudo denominado EUROASPIRE<sup>5</sup>, que avaliou o controle de FR modific&#225;veis entre pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a coronariana estabelecida. Ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o de nova diretriz em 1998 para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria em pacientes coronarianos, com pontos de corte menores para o controle da dislipidemia, diabete e hipertens&#227;o<sup>6</sup>, nova avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada. No EUROASPIRE II<sup>7</sup>, todavia, n&#227;o foram observadas melhorias na pr&#225;tica de medidas preventivas ap&#243;s cirurgia de RM. No Brasil, n&#227;o existem estudos recentes avaliando o controle da tr&#237;ade maligna hipertens&#227;o, diabete e dislipidemia ap&#243;s cirurgia de RM depois da publica&#231;&#227;o das &#250;ltimas diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, com recomenda&#231;&#245;es mais atuais para o controle de FR<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar a adequa&#231;&#227;o do controle dos principais FR &#224; luz das mais recentes recomenda&#231;&#245;es pelas diretrizes entre pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de RM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de estudo observacional ambispectivo envolvendo pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de RM em hospital filantr&#243;pico da cidade de Salvador, o Hospital Portugu&#234;s. Esse hospital possui oito leitos de terapia intensiva exclusivos para o cuidado p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de pacientes submetidos a cirurgias cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de RM no ano de 2004 e que receberam alta hospitalar foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para o estudo. Dos 142 pacientes revascularizados entre janeiro e dezembro de 2004, 12 faleceram na fase intra-hospitalar. Dos 130 pacientes que receberam alta, quatro (3,1%) faleceram antes do contato telef&#244;nico, 19 n&#227;o foram localizados por inconsist&#234;ncias no n&#250;mero de telefone e endere&#231;o constantes do cadastro hospitalar (14,6%), 17 n&#227;o participaram do estudo pela impossibilidade de comparecer &#224; entrevista cl&#237;nica por problemas financeiros (13,1%), e apenas dois se recusaram a participar do estudo (1,5%). Portanto, 88 pacientes foram contatados e aceitaram participar da pesquisa (82,2% de taxa de participa&#231;&#227;o ajustada, ou seja, porcentagem de participa&#231;&#227;o entre os sobreviventes que foram contatados). Ap&#243;s contato telef&#244;nico, foram agendadas entrevistas cl&#237;nicas para obten&#231;&#227;o de consentimento informado por escrito e informa&#231;&#245;es complementares.</p>
    <p>Dados referentes &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o foram coletados de forma retrospectiva a partir da an&#225;lise dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos, de forma sistem&#225;tica, por meio de formul&#225;rio padr&#227;o contendo informa&#231;&#245;es relativas a vari&#225;veis de identifica&#231;&#227;o, como peso, diagn&#243;stico que levou ao procedimento, seguro de sa&#250;de, uso pr&#233;vio de medica&#231;&#245;es, presen&#231;a de FR declarados na admiss&#227;o (hipertens&#227;o, diabete melito, hipercolesterolemia, tabagismo e antecedentes familiares de coronariopatia), n&#250;mero de enxertos realizados, uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), tempo de CEC e n&#250;mero de dias de interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI.</p>
    <p>Foram considerados hipertensos todos os pacientes que se declaravam com esse diagn&#243;stico ou que fizessem uso de medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas. De forma id&#234;ntica, foi considerada para o diagn&#243;stico de diabete a declara&#231;&#227;o desse diagn&#243;stico pelo paciente ou o uso de antidiab&#233;ticos orais ou insulina; e para o diagn&#243;stico de dislipidemia, a sua refer&#234;ncia ou o uso de medica&#231;&#227;o redutora do colesterol.</p>
    <p>O per&#237;odo decorrido entre a cirurgia e a entrevista cl&#237;nica variou entre seis meses e um ano. Na entrevista foram confirmadas informa&#231;&#245;es referentes &#224; presen&#231;a de FR, al&#233;m de grau de escolaridade, renda familiar em n&#250;mero de sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos, n&#250;mero de avalia&#231;&#245;es com os respectivos m&#233;dicos assistentes ap&#243;s a cirurgia, e uso de medica&#231;&#245;es de forma regular no momento da entrevista. Os pacientes tamb&#233;m foram questionados quanto ao h&#225;bito de fumar, se praticavam atividade f&#237;sica (considerado positivo se o paciente fizesse no m&#237;nimo 30 minutos de atividade aer&#243;bica cont&#237;nua tr&#234;s vezes por semana) e sobre o seu peso atual. No momento da entrevista foi aferida a press&#227;o arterial de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da V Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial. Definiu-se como hipertens&#227;o controlada quando n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos inferiores a 140x90 mmHg (ou 130x80 mmHg se diab&#233;tico) eram atingidos<sup>8</sup>. A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal foi obtida conforme preconizado pala I Diretriz Brasileira de Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica<sup>9</sup>, sendo considerada ideal circunfer&#234;ncia inferior a 90 cm para homens e 80 cm para mulheres, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de obesidade abdominal para a Am&#233;rica do Sul preconizados pela International Diabetes Federation (IDF)<sup>11</sup>. O c&#225;lculo do &#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) foi feito baseando-se no peso e na altura referidos pelos pacientes, sendo considerado sobrepeso um IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, e obesidade um IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico (colesterol total, colesterol LDL, colesterol HDL, triglic&#233;rides) e do diabete (glicemia de jejum) foram considerados os resultados de exames realizados nos &#250;ltimos quatro meses precedentes &#224; entrevista. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle da hipercolesterolemia foram consideradas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das III Diretrizes Brasileiras Sobre Dislipidemias (colesterol total &lt; 200, LDL &lt; 100 mg/dl, HDL &gt; 40 mg/dl ou &gt; 45 mg/dl para diab&#233;ticos, e triglic&#233;rides &lt; 150 mg/dl)<sup>10</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diabete, foi considerado controle adequado quando o seu valor era inferior a 110 mg/dl, de acordo com o n&#237;vel de cuidados m&#237;nimos das diretrizes da IDF<sup>11</sup>. Para o diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, foram utilizados os crit&#233;rios da I Diretriz Brasileira de Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esse trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Portugu&#234;s, e os procedimentos de coleta de dados e entrevistas foram conduzidos de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas por meio de m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o e mediana, e comparadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney, exceto para idade entre homens e mulheres, e n&#250;mero de consultas m&#233;dicas entre pacientes usu&#225;rios de conv&#234;nios privados de sa&#250;de e pacientes atendidos pelo SUS, que foram considerados apresentando distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e comparados por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras n&#227;o-pareadas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas pelas distribui&#231;&#245;es de freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, sendo utilizado o teste do c<sup>2</sup> ou teste exato de Fisher para compara&#231;&#227;o das propor&#231;&#245;es entre amostras n&#227;o-pareadas, ou o teste de McNemar para amostras pareadas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para todas as associa&#231;&#245;es em qualquer n&#237;vel de an&#225;lise foi definido em 5%, bicaudal. A an&#225;lise dos dados foi realizada pelo programa Epi Info, vers&#227;o 3.3.2.</p>
    <p>O estudo foi financiado pela bolsa da Capes e por recursos pr&#243;prios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 88 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 63,1&#177;9,9 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>). Houve maior porcentual de homens, de 58% (n=51), com idade m&#233;dia de 62,4&#177;10,5 anos, e 42% de mulheres (n=37), com 64,1&#177;9,0 anos; 48,8% do total de pacientes apresentaram eventos isqu&#234;micos recentes (48,8%), e 63,6% eram usu&#225;rios do SUS. As demais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o expressas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0362-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A entrevista de seguimento foi realizada em m&#233;dia ap&#243;s 8,8 meses (4,8 - 14,2 meses), mediana 8,4 meses. O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de avalia&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes em consult&#243;rio ap&#243;s a alta foi de 4,1&#177;2,4 (0 &#150; 10) mediana de quatro avalia&#231;&#245;es. No seguimento, todos os pacientes apresentavam pelo menos um fator de risco cardiovascular entre hipertens&#227;o, diabete, dislipidemia, antecedentes familiares de coronariopatia, IMC acima de 25, ou obesidade abdominal. Sessenta e nove pacientes (89,6%) apresentavam s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; 82 (93,2%) utilizavam antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios; 61 (69,3%), betabloqueadores; 48 (54,5%), inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA); 13 (14,8%), antagonistas dos receptores AT1 da Angiotensina II (antagonistas AII); e 83 (96,5%) faziam uso de pelo menos um anti-hipertensivo.</p>
    <p>Dentre os dislipid&#234;micos, 67 (78,8%) faziam uso de estatinas; e dentre os diab&#233;ticos, 35 (92,1%) utilizavam antidiab&#233;ticos orais ou insulina. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, foi observado um acr&#233;scimo no uso de estatinas de 60% (de 47,7% para 76,1%, P&lt; 0,001), e de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios de 24% (de 75,0% para 93,2%, P&lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre o per&#237;odo pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio para as demais medica&#231;&#245;es. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas relacionadas aos FR est&#225; evidenciada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>. A meta de controle da hipertens&#227;o foi atingida para 21 pacientes (24,4%); do colesterol LDL, para 26 pacientes (30,6%); da glicemia, para 12 pacientes (31,6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>). Trinta pacientes (36,1%) encontravam-se na faixa de peso ideal; 38 (43,2%) relatavam pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos aer&#243;bicos regulares; e entre os tabagistas, 70% deixaram de fumar. Apenas 14,8% dos pacientes apresentavam simultaneamente n&#237;veis adequados de glicemia, colesterol LDL e press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0362-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0362-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <fig id="g1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0362-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre homens e mulheres em rela&#231;&#227;o a caracter&#237;sticas basais, por&#233;m houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o g&#234;nero feminino e menor grau de escolaridade (escolaridade igual ou superior ao segundo grau completo de 27% <italic>versus</italic> 47,1%, P = 0,057). Entre os homens, foi evidenciado maior porcentual de pacientes controlados para obesidade abdominal (59,5% <italic>versus</italic> 9,7%, P &lt; 0,001) e para sedentarismo (52,9% <italic>versus</italic> 29,7%, P &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>Pacientes que possu&#237;am conv&#234;nios privados de sa&#250;de apresentaram renda significativamente maior (mediana de 7,0 <italic>versus</italic> 2,5, P &lt; 0,001), maior grau de escolaridade (escolaridade igual ou superior ao segundo grau completo 62,5% <italic>versus</italic> 25,0%, P = 0,001) e maior controle do colesterol LDL (48,4% <italic>versus</italic> 20,4%, P = 0,025) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes do SUS. Obesidade foi mais freq&#252;ente entre pacientes usu&#225;rios de conv&#234;nios privados (27,6% <italic>versus</italic> 7,4%, P = 0,025), por&#233;m pacientes atendidos pelo SUS apresentaram maior porcentual de sobrepeso (57,4% <italic>versus</italic> 34,5%, P = 0,025) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>). A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com peso controlado n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos. Houve uso mais freq&#252;ente de IECA entre os pacientes atendidos pelo SUS (66,1% <italic>versus</italic> 34,4%, P = 0,004). Os pacientes que possu&#237;am conv&#234;nio privado fizeram uso mais freq&#252;ente de estatinas (87,5% <italic>versus</italic> 69,6%, P = 0,059) e de antagonistas A II (25,0% <italic>versus</italic> 8,9%, P = 0,06), embora essas diferen&#231;as n&#227;o atinjam signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor de p definido pelo estudo.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0362-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo envolveu pacientes com elevado risco de novos eventos cardiovasculares, pois al&#233;m de submetidos &#224; cirurgia de RM, 48,8% j&#225; haviam apresentado eventos isqu&#234;micos recentes, e 11,3% apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca esquerda. Apesar disso, um elevado porcentual de pacientes n&#227;o atingiu um controle adequado de FR modific&#225;veis, como hipertens&#227;o, diabete e hipercolesterolemia, ap&#243;s pelo menos seis meses da realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de RM. Nesse estudo, apenas 24,4% dos hipertensos estavam controlados a despeito do uso regular de pelo menos um agente anti-hipertensivo. Para diabete e dislipidemia, os n&#237;veis de controle foram de 31,6% e 30,6%, respectivamente. Isso &#233; especialmente relevante quando consideramos a elevada preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, diabete e dislipidemia nesse estudo, que foi 97,7%, 43,2% e 96,6%, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante salientar que nesse estudo houve elevada utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#245;es quando comparado a outros estudos, chegando a 96,5%, 92,1% e 78,8% de tratamento com anti-hipertensivos, hipoglicemiantes e estatinas, respectivamente. Curiosamente, apesar do uso de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico considerado eficaz para o controle dos principais FR (hipertens&#227;o, diabete e dislipidemia), isso ocorreu em apenas um pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes. Em estudo realizado na Turquia envolvendo pacientes revascularizados, apenas 24,2% dos pacientes fizeram uso de agentes redutores do colesterol, e 62,6% fizeram tratamento anti-hipertensivo<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes estudados, na sua maioria, apresentavam baixos n&#237;veis de escolaridade, com mais de 50% declarando-se analfabetos ou com primeiro grau incompleto, e cuja mediana de renda foi de quatro sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos. Aproximadamente 36% dos pacientes possu&#237;am seguro privado de sa&#250;de. Esses pacientes apresentavam maior renda familiar e maior grau de escolaridade, o que propicia maiores condi&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;micas para adquirir medica&#231;&#245;es mais caras, como as estatinas e os antagonistas AII, al&#233;m de maior esclarecimento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua doen&#231;a e quanto &#224; necessidade de medidas preventivas. Esses mesmos fatores podem estar influenciando no maior controle de obesidade abdominal e sedentarismo entre os homens, dado que esses apresentavam maior grau de escolaridade. A diferen&#231;a observada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de IECA pode ser explicada pelo fato de essa medica&#231;&#227;o ser fornecida gratuitamente aos usu&#225;rios do SUS nos postos de sa&#250;de. Outro ponto interessante &#233; que pacientes conveniados fizeram uso mais freq&#252;ente de outras classes de anti-hipertensivos como os antagonistas A II.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes realizaram, em m&#233;dia, quatro consultas no per&#237;odo de seguimento, isto &#233;, em m&#233;dia uma consulta a cada dois meses, n&#250;mero superior ao preconizado pelas diretrizes brasileiras de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o<sup>13</sup>. A realiza&#231;&#227;o desse n&#250;mero de consultas, associada &#224; elevada freq&#252;&#234;ncia do uso de f&#225;rmacos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio sem um controle satisfat&#243;rio, pode sugerir que medidas de abordagem mais qualitativas sejam necess&#225;rias para entender e corrigir os eventos que est&#227;o de fato ocorrendo.</p>
    <p>Apesar de realizar reduzido n&#250;mero de cirurgias, bem abaixo da sua necessidade, o Estado da Bahia representa o 14&#186; colocado em todo o Brasil e o quarto colocado na Regi&#227;o Nordeste em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de cirurgias realizadas pelo SUS<sup>14</sup>. Os procedimentos que foram objeto desse estudo corresponderam a 42,1% do total de cirurgias de RM realizadas nos pacientes do SUS na Bahia, no ano de 2004 (133 procedimentos). Portanto, apesar de o estudo ter sido realizado em apenas um hospital da Bahia, o n&#250;mero de pacientes operados correspondeu &#224; expressiva parcela de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de RM em nosso Estado. Os resultados encontrados muito provavelmente podem ser generalizados, uma vez que as condi&#231;&#245;es de acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de para a realiza&#231;&#227;o desse tipo de procedimento s&#227;o bastante semelhantes em todos os Estados do Nordeste, e qui&#231;&#225;, em v&#225;rios Estados do Brasil, al&#233;m do fato de que os resultados encontrados est&#227;o em conformidade com estudos pr&#233;vios realizados na Bahia e em outras partes do mundo<sup>5,7,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em estudo realizado em Salvador envolvendo 104 pacientes com DAC, foi observada menor preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o (67,3%) e diabete (20,2%), mas n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de colesterol total (222,9 mg/dl) e de colesterol LDL (144,9 mg/dl) bastante acima dos limites considerados aceit&#225;veis<sup>15</sup>. Foi evidenciado controle de hipertens&#227;o arterial (PA &lt; 140x90 mmHg) em 42,2% dos pacientes, do excesso de peso (IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) em 37,6%, de hipercolesterolemia (CT &lt; 200 mg/dl) em 31,8% e do colesterol LDL (inferior a 100 mg/dl) em 8,1%. Contudo, esses dados foram coletados antes da publica&#231;&#227;o das &#250;ltimas recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o controle do colesterol, em que os limites considerados aceit&#225;veis para o seu controle foram reduzidos<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente foi realizado grande estudo multic&#234;ntrico, o EUROASPIRE II, com o intuito de verificar se houve melhora na pr&#225;tica de medidas preventivas ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes que preconizavam pontos de corte menores para o controle de FR<sup>7</sup>. Segundo esse estudo, que envolveu 5.556 pacientes portadores de DAC (isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, ou ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de angioplastia ou cirurgia de RM) em 15 pa&#237;ses europeus, tamb&#233;m se p&#244;de observar elevada preval&#234;ncia de FR n&#227;o-controlados ap&#243;s 1,4 ano de seguimento. Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, observou-se elevada taxa de obesidade (31,3%) e obesidade abdominal (79,8%); 49,5% dos pacientes apresentavam n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos controlados (&lt; 140 x 90 mmHg); 41,7% apresentavam n&#237;veis de colesterol total abaixo de 200 mg/dl; e 13% n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos abaixo de 110 mg/dl. Entre os pacientes tabagistas, 34,4% deixaram de fumar. Tamb&#233;m foi evidenciado baixo uso de agentes profil&#225;ticos, com 86% de uso de AAS, 63% de betabloqueadores, 38% de IECA e 55,3% de estatinas.</p>
    <p>Outro estudo realizado em centro de cirurgia card&#237;aca do Reino Unido envolvendo 214 pacientes revascularizados tamb&#233;m evidenciou controle inadequado de FR ap&#243;s um ano de seguimento, inclusive com piora do controle press&#243;rico quando comparado ao per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, com n&#237;veis de PAS e" 140 mmHg passando de 40,1% para 60%, e de PAD e" 90 mmHg de 30% para 43%, com significativa diminui&#231;&#227;o do uso de importantes medica&#231;&#245;es, como AAS, que passou de 80,2% para 69,2%, e betabloqueadores, de 58,5% para 17%<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, tem-se observado grande esfor&#231;o por parte das sociedades m&#233;dicas no sentido de melhorar o controle de FR<sup>17-20</sup>. Apesar da normatiza&#231;&#227;o, as dificuldades para alcan&#231;ar adequado controle desses FR persistem. Alguns estudos sugerem que a&#231;&#245;es coordenadas em forma de programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, com &#234;nfase em a&#231;&#245;es que envolvem aspectos psicol&#243;gicos e sociais, podem ser mais eficientes que a&#231;&#245;es isoladas<sup>21-22</sup>. Essa percep&#231;&#227;o mais abrangente no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio da cirurgia de RM pode ser vista nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da World Health Organization, que recomenda programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca definidos como "a soma de atividades necess&#225;rias para assegurar as melhores condi&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas, mentais e sociais poss&#237;veis, de forma a que o paciente card&#237;aco possa retornar, o tanto quanto poss&#237;vel, ao seu lugar na vida da comunidade"<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outro ponto a ser salientado &#233; que, em paralelo ao baixo controle de FR, constatou-se um n&#250;mero apreci&#225;vel de pacientes sem exames recentes para avalia&#231;&#227;o do controle do colesterol LDL (35,4% do total) e da glicemia (13,2%), o que sugere que os pacientes podem estar encontrando dificuldades para ter acesso a orienta&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas e para realizar exames. Ou seja, pouco apoio para implementar mudan&#231;as de h&#225;bitos t&#227;o importantes, como alterar a dieta, fazer atividade f&#237;sica, abandonar o tabagismo e etilismo, e principalmente se dedicar a h&#225;bitos de vida mais saud&#225;veis. Esses dados sugerem que pacientes graves est&#227;o conseguindo ter acesso a servi&#231;os complexos da rede hospitalar em tempo h&#225;bil, o que permite a execu&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia e a sobreviv&#234;ncia, por&#233;m a continuidade desses cuidados na fase de acompanhamento ambulatorial &#233; insuficiente, como pode ser visto pelos baixos &#237;ndices de controle de FR mostrados nesse estudo.</p>
    <p>Algumas medidas poderiam ser tomadas com o intuito de melhorar o controle de FR, como o fornecimento regular e mais amplo das medica&#231;&#245;es de forma gratuita nos postos de sa&#250;de, particularmente aquelas de custo mais elevado, como as estatinas, al&#233;m da realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares, como avalia&#231;&#227;o de perfil lip&#237;dico, glicemia e hemoglobina glicosilada nos pr&#243;prios postos de sa&#250;de. O acompanhamento multidisciplinar por meio de programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o implantados pelo governo, seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es preconizadas pelas diretrizes, tamb&#233;m poderia ser de grande aux&#237;lio para atingir esse objetivo.</p>
    <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo consiste no fato de envolver apenas pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de RM em um &#250;nico hospital da Bahia. Por&#233;m, isso &#233; amenizado quando observamos que o n&#250;mero de pacientes operados correspondeu a uma parcela expressiva dos pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de RM em nosso Estado, como j&#225; referido. Al&#233;m disso, naquele ano apenas dois outros hospitais da cidade atendiam pacientes do SUS que necessitassem realizar procedimentos de RM. Outra poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o seria o uso da glicemia de jejum para avaliar controle do diabete, em vez da glicemia p&#243;s-prandial ou da Hb glicosilada. Contudo, de acordo com as diretrizes da IDF, essa &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia poss&#237;vel em estruturas que s&#243; disponham de cuidados m&#237;nimos, como parece ser nossa situa&#231;&#227;o atual.</p>
    <p>Alguns pacientes revascularizados n&#227;o puderam comparecer &#224; entrevista, seja por falta de recursos seja por dificuldades para a sua localiza&#231;&#227;o por conta de informa&#231;&#245;es insuficientes e registros errados de telefone e endere&#231;o. Contudo, a maioria desses pacientes era residente no interior, usu&#225;rios do SUS, o que torna improv&#225;vel que estivessem recebendo cuidados melhores que os pacientes do estudo. No momento da entrevista os pacientes foram questionados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medica&#231;&#245;es que vinham em uso, mas n&#227;o foi utilizado nenhum m&#233;todo sistematizado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o ao tratamento, como a contagem das embalagens vazias. N&#227;o foi feito o registro das doses das medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas, de forma que n&#227;o podemos avaliar se os objetivos de controle n&#227;o foram atingidos por causa do uso de doses inadequadas das medica&#231;&#245;es. Os pacientes n&#227;o foram avaliados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle de FR antes do procedimento cir&#250;rgico, haja vista que o estudo come&#231;a no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O controle de fatores de risco cardiovascular tem sido realizado de forma insuficiente entre pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana que foram submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>Apesar do uso freq&#252;ente de medica&#231;&#245;es para o controle de hipertens&#227;o, diabete e hipercolesterolemia pela maioria dos pacientes, isso n&#227;o resultou diretamente em adequado controle dos principais fatores de risco cardiovascular, sugerindo que existe grande espa&#231;o para a melhoria da aten&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica preventiva dirigida a esse grupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Bolsa de Mestrado da CAPES .</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Andrea Cristina Costa Barbosa, Luiz Carlos Santana Passos, Ant&#244;nio Alberto Lopes, Wanewman Lins Guedes de Andrade, Luciano Rapold Souza, Maur&#237;cio Batista Nunes pela Universidade Federal da Bahia e Hospital Portugu&#234;s.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Andrea Cristina Costa Barbosa </p>
        <p> Rua S&#227;o Paulo, 218/203 &#150; Pituba </p>
        <p> 41830-181 Salvador, BA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="andreabarbosa@cardiol.br">andreabarbosa@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 03/03/07; revisado recebido em 05/07/07; aceito em 16/08/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluating the adequacy of cardiovascular risk factor control after myocardial revascularization surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular risk factors (RF) for coronary artery disease (CAD) are responsible for the occurrence of cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the percentage of patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) that attains adequate control of modifiable RF at least six months after the surgery. METHODS: Data collection was based on the review of medical records and a clinical interview of 88 patients submitted to MRS between January and December of 2004 at a reference hospital for cardiovascular diseases. The patients were interviewed in the follow-up period, between six and twelve months after the surgical revascularization. RESULTS: Mean age was 63.1 &#177; 9.9 years; 51 patients (58%) were males, 86 (97.7%) were hypertensive, 38 (43.2%) were diabetic, 85 (96.6%) had hypercholesterolemia and 10 (11.4%) were smokers. Hypertension control (PA &lt; 140 x 90 mmHg) was attained by 24.4% of the patients; cholesterol (LDL cholesterol &lt; 100 mg/dl) and diabetes control (blood glucose levels &lt; 110 mg/dl) levels were 30.6% and 31.6%, respectively. The use of antihypertensive drugs, hypoglycemic agents and statins, when indicated, were 96.5%, 92.1% and 78.8%, respectively. However, only 14.8% patients had their blood pressure, glucose and cholesterol levels within the limits accepted as adequate control. CONCLUSION: Despite the frequent use of drugs to control hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, a high proportion of patients still do not achieve the target levels of risk factor control recommended by current guidelines at least six months after revascularization surgery, which suggests there is a great potential for improvement in clinical practice.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Risk assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>disease prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>control</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Evaluating the adequacy of cardiovascular risk factor control after myocardial revascularization surgery </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Andrea Cristina Costa Barbosa; Luiz Carlos Santana Passos; Ant&#244;nio Alberto Lopes; Wanewman Lins Guedes de Andrade; Luciano Rapold Souza; Maur&#237;cio Batista Nunes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal da Bahia, Hospital Portugu&#234;s, Bahia, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Cardiovascular risk factors (RF) for coronary artery disease (CAD) are responsible for the occurrence of cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To estimate the percentage of patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) that attains adequate control of modifiable RF at least six months after the surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Data collection was based on the review of medical records and a clinical interview of 88 patients submitted to MRS between January and December of 2004 at a reference hospital for cardiovascular diseases. The patients were interviewed in the follow-up period, between six and twelve months after the surgical revascularization.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Mean age was 63.1 &#177; 9.9 years; 51 patients (58%) were males, 86 (97.7%) were hypertensive, 38 (43.2%) were diabetic, 85 (96.6%) had hypercholesterolemia and 10 (11.4%) were smokers. Hypertension control (PA &lt; 140 x 90 mmHg) was attained by 24.4% of the patients; cholesterol (LDL cholesterol &lt; 100 mg/dl) and diabetes control (blood glucose levels &lt; 110 mg/dl) levels were 30.6% and 31.6%, respectively. The use of antihypertensive drugs, hypoglycemic agents and statins, when indicated, were 96.5%, 92.1% and 78.8%, respectively. However, only 14.8% patients had their blood pressure, glucose and cholesterol levels within the limits accepted as adequate control.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS: </bold>Despite the frequent use of drugs to control hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, a high proportion of patients still do not achieve the target levels of risk factor control recommended by current guidelines at least six months after revascularization surgery, which suggests there is a great potential for improvement in clinical practice.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Risk assessment; myocardial revascularization; disease prevention; control.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS), an invasive and highly complex procedure for the treatment of coronary atherosclerosis, promotes symptom relief, improves the tolerance to physical exercises and increases survival in the more severe cases of the disease<sup>1</sup>. After a while, however, these patients can present progression of the atherosclerosis in the native arteries as well as in the grafts, considering that the surgery exercises only a mechanical bypass action on the atherosclerosis plaques and does not act on the etiopathogenic factors of the disease. Hence, the implementation of preventive actions directed at the control of the risk factors (RF) related to the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) can prevent new acute ischemic events as well as promote the regression of the existing atherosclerotic plaques<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Between 1995 and 1996, the European Society of Cardiology carried out a study called EUROASPIRE<sup>5</sup>, which evaluated the control of modifiable RF in patients that presented established coronary disease. After the publication of the new directives in 1998 for the secondary prevention in coronary patients, with lower cutoffs for the control of dyslipidemia, diabetes and hypertension<sup>6</sup>, a new assessment was carried out, called EUROASPIRE II<sup>7</sup>; however, no improvements were observed regarding the practice of preventive measures after the MRS. In Brazil there have been no recent studies that evaluated the control of the malignant triad - hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia - following MRS after the publication of the last directives of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, with more current recommendations for the control of RF<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study is to evaluate the adequacy of the control of the main RF considering the most recent directive recommendations for patients submitted to MRS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is an ambispective observational study involving patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery in Hospital Portugues, a philanthropic hospital in the city of Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil. This hospital has 8 beds that are exclusively reserved for the postoperative care of patients submitted to cardiovascular surgeries.</p>
      <p>All of the patients submitted to the MRS in the year 2004 and were discharged from the hospital were considered eligible for the study. Of the 142 patients that were revascularized between January and December 2004, 12 died during the intra-hospital period. Of the 130 patients that were discharged from the hospital, 4 (3.1%) died before the telephone contact was established, 19 (14.6%) could not be contacted due to wrong telephone numbers and addresses in patients' files, 17 (13.1%) did not participate in the study due to the impossibility of attending the clinical interview caused by financial problems and only 2 (1.5%) refused to participate in the study. Therefore, 88 patients were contacted and accepted to participate in the study (82.2% of the adjusted participation rate, i.e., the percentage of participation among the survivors that were contacted). After the telephone contact, clinical interviews were scheduled to obtain the patients' written informed consent and provide complementary information.</p>
      <p>Data regarding the hospital stay were collected retrospectively based on the systematical analysis of patients' files, using a standard form that contained information related to identification variables such as weight, diagnosis that led to the procedure, medical insurance, previous use of medications, presence of RF that were declared during hospital admission (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, cigarette smoking and family history of coronary disease), number of grafts performed, use of intra-aortic balloon pump, extracorporeal circulation (ECC), ECC time and number of days at the ICU.</p>
      <p>All patients who declared having had a hypertension diagnosis or who used anti-hypertensive drugs were considered to be hypertensive. Similarly, patients who declared having had a diagnosis of diabetes or used oral antidiabetic drugs or insulin were considered diabetics; additionally, for the diagnosis of dyslipidemia, its diagnosis or the use of cholesterol-reducing drugs were taken into account.</p>
      <p>The period between the surgery and the clinical interview varied from 6 months and 1 year. At the interview, some information regarding the presence of RF, as well as level of schooling, family income represented by the number of minimum wages, the number of assessments with the respective assistant physicians after the surgery and regular use of medications at the moment of the interview were confirmed. The patients were also asked questions regarding the habit of smoking, whether they practiced any physical activity (considered positive if the patient practiced at least 30 minutes of continuous aerobic activity 3 times a week) and their current weight. At the moment of the interview, the blood pressure was measured according to the recommendations of the V Brazilian Directives of Arterial Hypertension. Hypertension was considered to be controlled when pressure levels &lt; 140 x 90 mmHg (or 130 x 80 mmHg for diabetics) were attained<sup>8</sup>. The abdominal circumference was measured as established by the I Brazilian Directives for the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome<sup>9</sup>, with the ideal circumference being &lt; 90 cm for males and &lt; 80 cm for females, according to the criteria of abdominal obesity for South America, as established by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF)<sup>11</sup>. The calculation of the body mass index (BMI) was made based on the weight and height provided by the patients, with a BMI e" 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> being considered as overweight and BMI e" 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> being considered obesity. The assessment of the lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides) and diabetes status (fasting glycemia) was made based on laboratory tests carried out in the 4 months prior to the interview. Regarding the control of hypercholesterolemia, the recommendations of the III Brazilian Directives of Dyslipidemia were considered (total cholesterol &lt; 200, LDL &lt; 100 mg/dl, HDL &gt; 40 mg/dl or &gt; 45 mg/dl for diabetics and triglycerides &lt; 150 mg/dl)<sup>10</sup>. Regarding the diabetes status, an adequate control was considered when the glycemia was &lt; 110 mg/dl, according to the directives of the International Diabetes Federation<sup>11</sup>. The diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome was attained using the criteria established by the I Brazilian Directives for the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethical Committee in Research of Hospital Portugues and the data collection and interviews were conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      <p>The continuous variables were described as means, standard deviations (SD) and medians and compared by Mann-Whitney test, except for age between males and females and the number of medical consultations between patients using private health insurance or the Brazilian public health system (SUS), which were considered as presenting a normal distribution and compared by Student's <italic>t</italic> test for non-paired samples. The categorical variables were described by the distribution of absolute and relative frequencies, using the <sup>2</sup> test or Fisher's exact test to compare the proportions between non-paired samples, or the McNemar's test for paired samples. The level of statistical significance for all the associations at any level of analysis was set at 5%, two-tailed. Data analysis was carried out using the Epi Info software, version 3.3.2.</p>
      <p>The study was supported by CAPES funds and the authors' personal resources.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Eighty-eight patients with a mean age of 63.1 &#177; 9.9 years (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_02t1-body2">Table 1</xref>) were studied. There was a male predominance of 58% (n=51), with a mean age of 62.4 &#177; 10.5 years and 42% of females (n=37), with a mean age of 64.1 &#177; 9.0 years. A total of 48.8% of the patients presented recent ischemic events and 63.6% of them were treated by the Brazilian public health system (SUS). The other clinical and demographic characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_02t1-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_02t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0362-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The follow-up interview was carried out, on average, after 8.8 months (range 4.8-14.2 months), with a median of 8.4 months.</p>
      <p>The mean number of patients' assessments at the office after the hospital discharge was 4.1 &#177; 2.4 (range 0 &#150; 10) with a median of 4 assessments. At the follow-up, all patients presented at least one cardiovascular risk factor, among hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, family history of coronary disease, BMI&gt;25 or abdominal obesity. Sixty-nine patients (89.6%) presented metabolic syndrome; 82 patients (93.2%) used platelet antiaggregant drugs, 61 patients (69.3%) used beta-blockers, 48 (54.5%) used angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), 13 (14.8%) used angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonists (AII antagonists) and 83 patients (96.5%) used at least one anti-hypertensive drug.</p>
      <p>Among the dyslipidemic patients, 67 (78.8%) used statins and among the diabetic ones, 35 (92.1%) used oral antidiabetic drugs or insulin. In comparison to the pre-operative period, there was an increase in the use of statins of 60% (from 47.7% to 76.1%, P&lt; 0.001) as well as of platelet antiaggregant drugs of 24% (from 75.0% to 93.2%, P&lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qua1-body2">Chart 1</xref>). There was no significant difference between the pre and the postoperative periods for the other types of medications. The quantification of the continuous variables related to the RF is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_02t2-body2">Table 2</xref>. The intended control of hypertension was achieved by 21 patients (24.4%); of LDL cholesterol, by 26 patients (30.6%) and of glycemia, by 12 patients (31.6%), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_02t3-body2">Table 3</xref>. Thirty patients (36.1%) were within the ideal weight range, 38 (43.2%) reported the regular practice of aerobic exercises and 70% of the smokers stopped smoking. Only 14.8% of the patients presented adequate levels of glycemia, LDL-cholesterol and BP, simultaneously.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_02t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0362-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_02t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0362-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="qua1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0362-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>There was no significant difference between males and females regarding the basal characteristics; however, there was an association between the female gender and a lower level of schooling (level of schooling e" complete High School of 27% <italic>vs</italic>. 47.1%, P=0.057). Among the men, a higher percentage of patients controlled for abdominal obesity was observed (59.5% <italic>versus</italic> 9.7%, P&lt; 0.001) as well as for sedentarism (52.9% <italic>versus</italic> 29.7%, P&lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>The patients who had private health insurance presented a significantly higher income (median of 7.0 <italic>versus</italic> 2.5, P&lt;0.001), higher level of schooling (level of schooling e" complete High School of 62.5% <italic>versus</italic> 25.0%, P = 0.001) and higher percentage of LDL-cholesterol control (48.4% <italic>versus</italic> 20.4%, P = 0.025) when compared to SUS patients. Obesity was more frequent among the patients with private health insurance (27.6% <italic>versus</italic> 7.4%, P = 0.025); however, SUS patients presented a higher percentage of overweight (57.4% <italic>versus</italic> 34.5%, P = 0.025) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_02t4-body2">Table 4</xref>). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the proportion of patients with controlled weight. ACEI use was more frequent among SUS patients (66.1% <italic>versus</italic> 34.4%, P = 0.004). The patients who had private health insurance used statins more frequently than SUS patients (87.5% <italic>versus</italic> 69.6%, P = 0.059) as well as AII antagonists (25.0% <italic>versus</italic> 8.9%, P = 0.06), although these differences are not statistically significant in relation to the <italic>p</italic> value defined by the study.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_02t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0362-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study involved patients with elevated risk of new cardiovascular events, as in addition to the fact that they had undergone MRS, 48.8% of them had presented recent ischemic events and 11.3% presented left heart failure.</p>
      <p>In spite of that, an elevated percentage of patients did not attain an adequate control of modifiable RF, such as hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, after at least 6 months postoperatively. In this study, only 24.4% of the hypertensive patients were controlled, despite the regular use of at least one anti-hypertensive agent. For diabetes and dyslipidemia, the control levels were 31.6% and 30.6%, respectively. This fact is especially relevant when one considers the elevated prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia in this study, which were 97.7%, 43.2% and 96.6%, respectively. It is worth mentioning that there was a high incidence of medication use in the present study, when compared to other studies, reaching 96.5%, 92.1% and 78.8% of treatment with anti-hypertensive drugs, hypoglycemiant drugs and statins, respectively. It is also noteworthy that, despite the pharmacological treatment considered to be effective for the control of the main RF (hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia), this control was attained by only a small number of patients. A study carried out in Turkey involving revascularized patients showed that only 24.2% of the patients used cholesterol-reducing drugs and 62.6% of them received anti-hypertensive treatment<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The majority of the studied patients presented low levels of schooling, with more than 50% of them having declared they were illiterate or had not completed Elementary School and whose median income was 4 minimum wages. Around 36% of the patients had private health insurance. These patients presented higher family income and higher level of schooling, which provided better financial resources to acquire the more expensive medications, such as statins and AII antagonists, as well as better knowledge regarding the disease and the need for preventive measures. These same factors might have influenced the better control of abdominal obesity and sedentarism among the male individuals, considering they had better levels of schooling. The difference observed regarding the use of ACEI can be explained by the fact that this type of medication is provided free of charge to SUS patients at the Basic Health Units. Another interesting point is that patients with private health insurance used other anti-hypertensive drugs, such as AII antagonists, more frequently than SUS patients.</p>
      <p>The patients had, on average, four medical appointments during the follow-up period, i.e., on average one visit each two months, which is a higher number of visits than that indicated by the Brazilian directives for revascularization surgery<sup>13</sup>. This number of medical appointments, associated to the elevated frequency of drug use in the postoperative period without a satisfactory control might indicate that more qualitative approach measures are necessary to understand and correct the events that are in fact taking place.</p>
      <p>Although the number of surgeries performed in the state of Bahia is small, much lower than the necessary one, the state is in the 14<sup>th</sup> place in Brazil and the 4<sup>th</sup> in the northeast region regarding the number of surgeries performed through SUS<sup>14</sup>. The procedures described in this study corresponded to 42.1% of the total number of MRS performed in SUS patients in the state of Bahia in the year 2004 (133 procedures). Hence, although the study was carried out in only one hospital in the state of Bahia, the number of patients who underwent surgery corresponded to a significant proportion of patients submitted to revascularization surgery in our state. The results obtained can very likely be generalized, as the healthcare access conditions to undergo this type of procedure are quite similar in all the northeastern states of Brazil, and perhaps, in several states of our country, in addition to the fact that the results obtained are in agreement with previous studies carried out in the state of Bahia and other countries worldwide<sup>5,7,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a study carried out in the city of Salvador, involving 104 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), a lower prevalence of hypertension (67.3%) and diabetes (20.2%) was observed, but total mean cholesterol levels (222.9 mg/dl) and LDL-cholesterol (144.9 mg/dl) were noticeably above the limits considered to be acceptable<sup>15</sup>. Arterial hypertension control (BP &lt; 140 x 90 mmHg) was demonstrated in 42.2% of the patients as well as of overweight (BMI &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) in 37.6% of them, of hypercholesterolemia (TC&lt; 200 mg/dl) in 31.8% and of LDL-cholesterol (LDL&lt; 100 mg/dl) in 8.1% of the patients. However, these data were collected before the publication of the last recommendations for the control of cholesterol, in which the limits considered acceptable for the control were reduced<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recently, a large multicenter study, the EUROASPIRE II, was carried out with the objective of verifying whether there was an improvement in the practice of preventive measures after the publication of directives that supported lower cutoffs for the control of RF<sup>7</sup>. According to this study, which involved 5,556 patients with CAD (myocardial ischemia, acute myocardial infarction or after undergoing angioplasty or MRS) in 15 European countries, a high prevalence of non-controlled RF could also be observed after 1.4 years of follow-up. After this period, a high rate of obesity (31.3%) and abdominal obesity (79.8%) was observed, 49.5% of the patients presented controlled BP levels (BP &lt; 140 x 90 mmHg), 42.7% of them presented total cholesterol &lt; 200 mg/dl and 13% of them presented glycemia levels &lt; 110 mg/dl. Among the smokers, 34.4% stopped smoking. The low use of prophylactic drugs was also observed, with 86% of them using acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), 63% of beta-blockers, 38% of ACE inhibitors and 55.3% of statins.</p>
      <p>Another study carried out in a cardiac surgical center in the UK, involving 214 revascularized patients, also showed the inadequate control of RF after one year of follow-up, including a worsening of BP control when compared to the preoperative period, with SAP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg increasing from 40.1% to 60% and DAP <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg from 30% to 43%, with significant decrease in the use of important medications such as ASA, which decreased from 80.2% to 69.2% and beta-blockers, from 58.5% to 17%<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>In recent years, a large effort has been made by the medical societies to improve the control of RF<sup>17-20</sup>. Despite the standardization, the difficulties to reach adequate control of RF still persist. Some studies suggest that coordinated actions, such as rehabilitation programs with emphasis on actions that involve psychological and social aspects, can be more efficient than isolated actions<sup>21,22</sup>. This more comprehensive perception in the postoperative period of MRS can be seen in the recommendations of the World Health Organization, which recommends cardiac rehabilitations programs defined as "the sum of necessary activities to assure the best possible physical, mental and social conditions so that the cardiac patient can resume, as much as possible, his or her place in the community life (apud HEDB&#196;CK, 2001)<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another noteworthy point is that, in parallel with the low control of RF, an important number of patients did not undergo recent tests to evaluate LDL cholesterol (35.4% of the total) and glycemia control (13.2%), which suggests that the patients can be facing difficulties to have access to medical supervision and tests. This means there is little support to implement the change of important habits such as dietary alterations, practice of physical activities, stop smoking and alcohol consumption, and mainly, to adopt healthier lifestyles. These data suggest that more severe patients have access to complex hospital healthcare services within the necessary timeframe, which allows performing the surgery and survival; however, the continuity of these healthcare services at the level of outpatient follow-up is insufficient, as shown by the low frequency of RF control demonstrated by this study.</p>
      <p>Some measures could be implemented aiming at improving the control of RF, such as the regular and broader supply of medications, free of charge, at the Basic Health Units (BHU), particularly the more expensive ones, such as statins, in addition to performing complementary assessments such as the evaluation of the lipid profile, glycemia and glycosylated hemoglobin at the BHU. The multidisciplinary follow-up through rehabilitation programs implemented by the government, following the recommendations established by the directives, could also be of great help in attaining this objective.</p>
      <p>The main limitation of the present study consists in the fact that it involves only patients submitted to MRS in only hospital in the city of Salvador, Bahia. However, this is attenuated by the fact that the number of patients who underwent surgery corresponds to a significant percentage of patients who underwent MRS in our state, as mentioned before. Additionally, only two other hospitals in the city of Salvador offered MRS to patients from the public health system (SUS) during that year.</p>
      <p>Another possible limitation would be the use of fasting glycemia to assess the diabetes control, instead of post-prandial glycemia or glycosylated hemoglobin. However, according to the IDF directives, this strategy is possible in settings that can provide only minimal care, as observed in our current situation. Some revascularized patients could not attend the interview, either due to lack of resources or to the difficulty to locate them, caused by insufficient information and wrong address and telephone number records. However, most of these patients lived in the countryside and were SUS patients, and thus it is unlikely that they were receiving better care than the patients in the study.</p>
      <p>During the interview, the patients were asked about the medications they had been using, but no systematized method was used to evaluate treatment adherence, such as counting the remaining drugs. There was no record of the doses used and therefore, we cannot evaluate whether the control objectives were not attained due to the inadequate use of medication doses. The patients were not evaluated regarding the control of RF before the surgical procedure, considering that the start of the study corresponds to the moment of hospital admission for the surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The control of cardiovascular risk factors has been carried out poorly in patients with coronary atherosclerotic disease that underwent myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
      <p>Despite the frequent use of medications for the control of hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia by most of the patients, this has not directly resulted in adequate control of the main cardiovascular risk factors, which suggests that there is a large space for improvement regarding preventive medical care directed at this group of patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by CAPES.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Andrea Cristina Costa Barbosa, Luiz Carlos Santana Passos, Ant&#244;nio Alberto Lopes, Wanewman Lins Guedes de Andrade, Luciano Rapold Souza, Maur&#237;cio Batista Nunes, from Universidade Federal da Bahia and Hospital Portugu&#234;s.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p>Andrea Cristina Costa Barbosa</p>
          <p>Rua S&#227;o Paulo, 218/203 &#150; Pituba</p>
          <p>41830-181 - Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
          <p>E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="andreabarbosa@cardiol.br">andreabarbosa@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received March 3, 2007; Revised manuscript received 03/03/07; revised article received on 07/05/07; accepted on 08/16/07</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
