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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3L3tRRP8rDwbXBjcgrBSGZL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001800002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001800002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil de uso dos stents farmacol&#243;gicos no Brasil: dados da Central Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares (CENIC)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quadros</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre S. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottschall</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarmento-Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Central Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>356</fpage>
      <lpage>361</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Os stents farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) foram um grande avan&#231;o no tratamento da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, mas cr&#237;ticas t&#234;m sido feitas &#224; extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados favor&#225;veis de ensaios cl&#237;nicos para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o uso dos stents farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) no Brasil, entre os anos de 2000 e 2005. M&#201;TODOS: Por meio do banco de dados da Central Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares (CENIC), da Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, foram analisados todos os procedimentos com uso de SF entre os anos de 2000-2005. Os grupos foram divididos nos bi&#234;nios (2000-2001(A), 2002-2003 (B) e 2004-2005(C)), e as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas e os desfechos foram comparados. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com teste quiquadrado ou ANOVA, sendo significativo p&lt;0,05. RESULTADOS: No per&#237;odo estudado foram avaliados 154.406 procedimentos, e os SF foram utilizados em 10.426 interven&#231;&#245;es (7% do total). Observou-se progressivo e estatisticamente significativo aumento uso dos SF no per&#237;odo analisado: 0,14% em 2000-2001, 5% em 2002-2003, e 14% em 2004-2005 (p&lt;0,0001). Ap&#243;s 2001, observou-se aumento dos &#237;ndices de sucesso (96,58% em 2000-2001 (A), 99,69% em 2002-2003 (B) e 99,56 em 2004-2005 (C), A x B com p&lt;0,001; B x C com p=0,015) e redu&#231;&#227;o nas taxas de &#243;bito hospitalar (1,59% no grupo A, 0,38% no grupo B, 0,66% no grupo C, p=0,59 para A x B; e p&lt;0,0001 para B x C). CONCLUS&#195;O: O uso dos SF no Brasil cresceu significativamente nos &#250;ltimos anos, com melhora dos &#237;ndices de sucesso e diminui&#231;&#227;o do &#243;bito hospitalar.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Arteriosclerose coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>contenedores</kwd>
        <kwd>stents farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>reestenose coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Perfil de uso dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos no Brasil: dados da Central Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares (CENIC)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cristiano O. Cardoso; Alexandre S. de Quadros; Luiz A. Mattos; Carlos A. Gottschall; Rog&#233;rio E. Sarmento-Leite; Jos&#233; A. Marin-Neto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Central Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares (CENIC), Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> Os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) foram um grande avan&#231;o no tratamento da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, mas cr&#237;ticas t&#234;m sido feitas &#224; extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados favor&#225;veis de ensaios cl&#237;nicos para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar o uso dos stents farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) no Brasil, entre os anos de 2000 e 2005. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Por meio do banco de dados da Central Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares (CENIC), da Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, foram analisados todos os procedimentos com uso de SF entre os anos de 2000-2005. Os grupos foram divididos nos bi&#234;nios (2000-2001(A), 2002-2003 (B) e 2004-2005(C)), e as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas e os desfechos foram comparados. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com teste quiquadrado ou ANOVA, sendo significativo p&lt;0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> No per&#237;odo estudado foram avaliados 154.406 procedimentos, e os SF foram utilizados em 10.426 interven&#231;&#245;es (7% do total). Observou-se progressivo e estatisticamente significativo aumento uso dos SF no per&#237;odo analisado: 0,14% em 2000-2001, 5% em 2002-2003, e 14% em 2004-2005 (p&lt;0,0001). Ap&#243;s 2001, observou-se aumento dos &#237;ndices de sucesso (96,58% em 2000-2001 (A), 99,69% em 2002-2003 (B) e 99,56 em 2004-2005 (C), A x B com p&lt;0,001; B x C com p=0,015) e redu&#231;&#227;o nas taxas de &#243;bito hospitalar (1,59% no grupo A, 0,38% no grupo B, 0,66% no grupo C, p=0,59 para A x B; e p&lt;0,0001 para B x C). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O uso dos SF no Brasil cresceu significativamente nos &#250;ltimos anos, com melhora dos &#237;ndices de sucesso e diminui&#231;&#227;o do &#243;bito hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Arteriosclerose coronariana, contenedores, <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, reestenose coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) revolucionaram o cen&#225;rio da cardiologia intervencionista nos &#250;ltimos anos. Em virtude da inibi&#231;&#227;o da hiperplasia neointimal por libera&#231;&#227;o local de agentes antiproliferativos, os SF t&#234;m demonstrado redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na taxa de reestenose e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o alvo no seguimento de longo prazo<sup>1</sup>. Quando s&#227;o analisados pacientes de mais alto risco para reestenose, como diab&#233;ticos com vasos finos e les&#245;es longas, esses benef&#237;cios s&#227;o ainda mais expressivos<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>O perfil dos pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas (ICP) tem mudado nos &#250;ltimos anos, com inclus&#227;o de casos de maior complexidade, o que &#233; bem ilustrado pelo aumento do risco daqueles com apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de angina inst&#225;vel<sup>4</sup>. Dados da literatura internacional demonstram que nesses pacientes t&#234;m sido implantados mais SF<sup>5</sup>; entretanto, existe uma car&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#227;o na literatura nacional. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o padr&#227;o de utiliza&#231;&#227;o e a evolu&#231;&#227;o do uso de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos em pacientes submetidos a ICP entre os anos de 2000 e 2005.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>O Registro CENIC</italic> - Os dados relacionados aos procedimentos analisados neste estudo foram obtidos a partir do banco de dados da Central Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares (CENIC), mantido pela Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista. Nesse registro s&#227;o inclu&#237;dos casos voluntariamente enviados pelos membros da Sociedade, que estimula todos seus s&#243;cios a responderem e enviarem &#224; CENIC question&#225;rios com detalhes t&#233;cnicos sobre todas as interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas, sejam coronarianas, sejam valvulares. O formul&#225;rio do registro CENIC para ICP cont&#233;m informa&#231;&#245;es referentes a fatores de risco para cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes, detalhes t&#233;cnicos do procedimento realizado e evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes em n&#237;vel hospitalar. Os dados s&#227;o encaminhados em formul&#225;rios-padr&#227;o, enviados pela internet e atualizados periodicamente.</p>
    <p><italic>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes -</italic> Os dados relacionados aos procedimentos de ICP com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de SF inclu&#237;dos neste estudo foram obtidos do banco de dados CENIC entre os anos de 2000 e 2005. Para evitar qualquer vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foram aplicados crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o e todas as interven&#231;&#245;es cadastradas com SF foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas conforme o ano em que o procedimento foi realizado: 2000-2001 (Grupo A), 2002-2003 (Grupo B) e 2004-2005 (Grupo C).</p>
    <p><italic>Caracter&#237;sticas analisadas</italic> - De acordo com as informa&#231;&#245;es registradas na CENIC, foram coletadas e analisadas informa&#231;&#245;es contidas nas telefichas referentes a idade, sexo, fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular (diabete, hipertens&#227;o arterial, tabagismo, dislipidemia, hist&#243;ria familiar), apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e indica&#231;&#227;o da ICP, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, n&#250;mero de vasos comprometidos, vaso intervido, caracter&#237;sticas da les&#227;o, &#237;ndice de sucesso, e complica&#231;&#245;es (&#243;bito, complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares, infarto e insufici&#234;ncia renal p&#243;s-ICP).</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> Os dados s&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o e porcentual. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi utilizado o teste de qui-quadrado, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas por ANOVA, considerando n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &lt;0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre os anos de 2000 e 2005, foram reportados ao registro CENIC 154.406 procedimentos para tratamento de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos foram utilizados em 10.426 ICP, representando cerca de 7% do total de pr&#243;teses implantadas nesse per&#237;odo. Desde 2000 at&#233; 2005, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos SF cresceu significativamente, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>. No bi&#234;nio 2004-2005, aproximadamente 14% das ICP inclu&#237;ram o implante de um SF.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0356-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil dos pacientes, observou-se um padr&#227;o heterog&#234;neo de complexidade, considerando-se as caracter&#237;sticas estudadas. O perfil de risco dos doentes apresentou uma significativa piora nos bi&#234;nios 2002-2003 e 2004-2005, quando comparado ao bi&#234;nio 2000-2001, n&#227;o s&#243; em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco, mas tamb&#233;m de acordo com estratifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica quando aplicados os crit&#233;rios "<italic>TIMI risk score</italic>"<sup>6</sup>. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes submetidas &#224; ICP s&#227;o detalhadamente apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0356-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Embora com perfil cl&#237;nico de risco mais grave, o padr&#227;o angiogr&#225;fico n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nos tr&#234;s bi&#234;nios estudados. No entanto, o n&#250;mero de les&#245;es em &#250;nico vaso e ICP em enxertos venosos/arteriais cresceu significativamente nos &#250;ltimos anos. Outro dado relevante &#233; o significativo n&#250;mero de les&#245;es com extens&#227;o maior de 20 mm e a presen&#231;a de ramos envolvidos nas interven&#231;&#245;es. As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0356-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos, os dados revelaram um aumento nos &#237;ndices de sucesso e redu&#231;&#227;o nas complica&#231;&#245;es. Observou-se menor mortalidade e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) p&#243;s ICP ao longo dos anos. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref> s&#227;o descritos os desfechos dos procedimentos entre os anos de 2000 e 2005.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0356-00002-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o do uso de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos entre os anos 2000 e 2005 por meio dos dados registrados na Central Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares. O Registro CENIC tem resultado em pr&#233;vias publica&#231;&#245;es, que divulgaram os resultados das ICP em n&#237;vel nacional<sup>7-12</sup>. Tanto dados de procedimentos eletivos quanto casos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foram anteriormente reportados, fato importante para a divulga&#231;&#227;o do que tem sido realizado pelos membros desse registro. Entretanto, existe uma car&#234;ncia sobre o estado atual das ICP utilizando SF, sendo esses n&#250;meros desconhecidos. Resultados do registro CRUSADE<sup>5</sup> demonstram que, ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o dos SF nos Estados Unidos, o n&#250;mero de ICP cresceu significativamente e reduziu os &#237;ndices de tratamento cl&#237;nico e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica nos pacientes com les&#245;es trivasculares. De acordo com os dados da CENIC, fato semelhante tamb&#233;m foi observado no nosso pa&#237;s. O uso de SF implantados apresentou um aumento progressivo em nosso meio e, no bi&#234;nio 2004-2005, chegou a ser utilizado em 14% das interven&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Embora reduza significativamente a reestenose em pacientes de alto risco, o uso crescente dos SF t&#234;m extrapolado as indica&#231;&#245;es "<italic>on-label</italic>" para aquelas "<italic>off-label</italic>" e at&#233; mesmo outras indica&#231;&#245;es consideradas n&#227;o-testadas<sup>13,14</sup>. O elevado custo financeiro que essa conduta acarreta &#233; expressivo, e cada vez mais a custo-efetividade dos SF tem sido questionada<sup>15</sup>. Mesmo em pa&#237;ses de Primeiro Mundo, como no caso da Espanha, o uso de SF est&#225; associado com aumento significativo dos custos do sistema de sa&#250;de<sup>16</sup>. No Brasil, os mesmos questionamentos s&#227;o feitos. Modelos de impacto t&#234;m demonstrado que o custo ao Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de pode aumentar entre 12,8% - 24,4%, tornando-se uma estrat&#233;gia cara para a realidade brasileira<sup>17,18</sup>. Se considerarmos vasos de grande calibre (&gt;3,5 mm), por exemplo, pouco benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico &#233; adicionado com o uso sistem&#225;tico de SF, e o custo seria significativamente elevado<sup>19,20</sup>. Assim, enquanto a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos SF no Brasil &#233; crescente, a quest&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio ainda deve ser mais bem avaliada.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco modificou-se ap&#243;s o bi&#234;nio 2000-2001. Observou-se aumento na presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, dislipidemia e tamb&#233;m IAM, ICP e CRM pr&#233;vias. Houve ainda significativa mudan&#231;a no perfil de risco dos pacientes tratados por s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda. Quando avaliados pelo perfil de risco "<italic>TIMI risk</italic>", ocorreu progressivo aumento dos pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel de m&#233;dio e alto riscos. Essa piora do perfil cl&#237;nico dos pacientes pode ter justificado o aumento na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de SF, uma vez que no grupo de alta complexidade o uso de stents eluidores de agentes mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o nos &#237;ndices de reestenose cl&#237;nica e angiogr&#225;fica<sup>21-23</sup>.</p>
    <p>A mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes submetidos a ICP pode ser estimada com base em caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas de mais alto risco<sup>24</sup>. Embora com perfil cl&#237;nico mais grave, observamos um pequeno e significativo aumento nos &#237;ndices de sucesso. Por sua vez, as complicac&#245;es diminu&#237;ram e, ap&#243;s o bi&#234;nio 2000-2001, ocorreu significativa redu&#231;&#227;o nos &#243;bitos hospitalares, complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares e IAM p&#243;s ICP. Esse achados n&#227;o podem ser explicados exclusivamente pelo uso de SF, e podem estar relacionados a uma melhora global da t&#233;cnica de realiza&#231;&#227;o de ICP e melhora dos materiais utilizados, al&#233;m da qualidade na forma&#231;&#227;o de novos intervencionistas e na promo&#231;&#227;o da educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</italic> - O presente estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser consideradas. O Registro CENIC recebe as informa&#231;&#245;es dos membros da SBHCI de maneira espont&#226;nea; portanto, um grande n&#250;mero de procedimentos realizados no Brasil n&#227;o &#233; reportado &#224; central. Isso poderia indicar uma falta de representatividade das interven&#231;&#245;es em nosso pa&#237;s. Entretanto, podemos observar que o n&#250;mero de ICP estudado &#233; expressivo e, provavelmente, representa uma amostra significativa das interven&#231;&#245;es nacionais. Os SF n&#227;o s&#227;o custeados pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, e tal fato n&#227;o permite um amplo uso das pr&#243;teses. Somente aos pacientes com planos de sa&#250;de h&#225; acesso a essa tecnologia, o que representa a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse dispositivo em uma parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. A falta de seguimento de longo prazo limita qualquer conclus&#227;o com respeito &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia nos pacientes tratados com SF. Tal fato &#233; relevante uma vez que um poss&#237;vel aumento de mortalidade tem sido relacionado com o uso de SF nas indica&#231;&#245;es &#168;<italic>off-label</italic><sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos no Brasil cresceu significativamente nos &#250;ltimos anos, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com condi&#231;&#245;es heterog&#234;neas de complexidade, melhora dos &#237;ndices de sucesso e diminui&#231;&#227;o do &#243;bito hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agradecemos a todos os s&#243;cios da SBHCI que contribu&#237;ram com o Registro CENIC durante o per&#237;odo estudado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;sgradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Alexandre Schaan de Quadros </p>
        <p> Avenida Ganzo, 677/602, Menino Deus </p>
        <p> 90150-071, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="aquadros@cardiol.br">aquadros@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 03/06/07; revisado recebido em 03/06/07; aceito em 28/06/07.</p>
    <p>O arquivo dispon&#237;vel sofreu corre&#231;&#245;es conforme ERRATA publicada no Volume 90 N&#250;mero 1 da revista.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Use of drug-eluting stents in Brazil: the CENIC (National Registry of Cardiovascular Interventions) registry</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Drug-eluting stents (DES) represent a major advance in the management of ischemic heart disease, but the extrapolation of favorable results from clinical trials to the real-world practice has been criticized. OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of DES in Brazil between 2000 and 2005. METHODS: Using the database of the National Registry of Cardiovascular Interventions (CENIC - Central Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares) of the Brazilian Society of Hemodynamics and Interventional Cardiology (SBHCI - Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista), all PCI procedures with DES implantation performed between 2000 and 2005 were analyzed. The groups were divided into the following biennia: 2000-2001(A), 2002-2003 (B), and 2004-2005 (C), and patient's clinical and angiographic characteristics were compared, as well as their short-term clinical outcome. Statistical analyses were performed using the chi-square test or ANOVA, and p values of less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 154,406 PCI procedures were studied, and DES was used in 10,426 (7%) interventions. A progressive and statistically significant increase was found in the use of DES during the period studied: 0.14% from 2000 to 2001, 5% from 2002 to 2003, and 14% from 2004 to 2005 (p &lt; 0.0001). After 2001, there was an increase in success rates (96.58% in 2000-2001 (A), 99.69% in 2002-2003 (B), and 99.56% in 2004-2005 (C), A x B with p &lt; 0.001; B x C with p = 0.015) and a decrease in hospital mortality rates (1.59% in group A, 0.38% in group B, and 0.66% in group C, with p = 0.59 for A x B and p &lt; 0.0001 for B x C). CONCLUSION: In Brazil, the use of drug-eluting stents increased significantly during recent years, resulting in higher success rates and lower hospital mortality.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary arteriosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>stents</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary restenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>drug-eluting stents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Use of drug-eluting stents in Brazil: the CENIC (National Registry of Cardiovascular Interventions) registry </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cristiano O. Cardoso; Alexandre S. Quadros; Luiz A. Mattos; Carlos A. Gottschall; Rog&#233;rio E. Sarmento-Leite; Jos&#233; A. Marin-Neto</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Central Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares (CENIC), Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Drug-eluting stents (DES) represent a major advance in the management of ischemic heart disease, but the extrapolation of favorable results from clinical trials to the real-world practice has been criticized.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the use of DES in Brazil between 2000 and 2005.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Using the database of the National Registry of Cardiovascular Interventions (CENIC - Central Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares) of the Brazilian Society of Hemodynamics and Interventional Cardiology (SBHCI - Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista), all PCI procedures with DES implantation performed between 2000 and 2005 were analyzed. The groups were divided into the following biennia: 2000-2001(A), 2002-2003 (B), and 2004-2005 (C), and patient's clinical and angiographic characteristics were compared, as well as their short-term clinical outcome. Statistical analyses were performed using the chi-square test or ANOVA, and p values of less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>A total of 154,406 PCI procedures were studied, and DES was used in 10,426 (7%) interventions. A progressive and statistically significant increase was found in the use of DES during the period studied: 0.14% from 2000 to 2001, 5% from 2002 to 2003, and 14% from 2004 to 2005 (p &lt; 0.0001). After 2001, there was an increase in success rates (96.58% in 2000-2001 (A), 99.69% in 2002-2003 (B), and 99.56% in 2004-2005 (C), A x B with p &lt; 0.001; B x C with p = 0.015) and a decrease in hospital mortality rates (1.59% in group A, 0.38% in group B, and 0.66% in group C, with p = 0.59 for A x B and p &lt; 0.0001 for B x C).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> In Brazil, the use of drug-eluting stents increased significantly during recent years, resulting in higher success rates and lower hospital mortality.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Coronary arteriosclerosis; stents; coronary restenosis; drug-eluting stents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Over the past few years, drug-eluting stents (DES) have revolutionized the field of interventional cardiology. Thanks to the inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia by local delivery of antiproliferative drugs, these stents have proven to significantly decrease restenosis and target-lesion revascularization rates in the long-term follow-up<sup>1</sup>. When patients at higher risk of restenosis are evaluated, such as diabetics with smaller vessels and long lesions, these benefits are even more impressive<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The profile of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) has changed in recent years, including more complex cases, as clearly illustrated by the greater risk of those with unstable angina<sup>4</sup>. Data from international literature show that DES<sup>5</sup> implantation is more common in these patients; however, little information exists in Brazilian literature concerning this topic. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the patterns of use of drug-eluting stents in patients who underwent PCI between 2000 and 2005.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>CENIC registry</italic> &#150; Data related to the procedures analyzed in this study were obtained from the National Registry of Cardiovascular Interventions (CENIC), maintained by the Brazilian Society of Hemodynamics and Interventional Cardiology. This registry contains cases sent voluntarily by members of the Society, which encourages its associates to complete and send to CENIC questionnaires providing detailed information about all coronary or valvular interventions they have performed. The CENIC registry form for PCI includes information regarding risk factors for ischemic heart disease, patients' clinical features, technical details about the intervention, and in-hospital clinical outcome. These data are sent in standard forms via the internet and regularly updated.</p>
      <p><italic>Patient selection &#150;</italic> All data related to the PCI with DES implantation included in this study were retrieved from the CENIC database between 2000 and 2005. In order to prevent any selection bias, no exclusion criteria was applied and all interventions using DES entered into the database were included in the study. The analyses were performed according to the year in which the procedure was performed: 2000-2001 (Group A), 2002-2003 (Group B), and 2004-2005 (Group C).</p>
      <p><italic>Characteristics analyzed &#150;</italic> The following data collected from CENIC electronic forms were analyzed: age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, and family history), clinical presentation, indication for PCI, ventricular function, number of vessels affected, treated vessel, type of lesion, success rate, and complications (death, vascular complications, myocardial infarction, and post-PCI renal failure).</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis -</italic> Data are expressed as mean, standard deviation and percentage. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test, and continuous variables were analyzed using ANOVA. The significance level was set at &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between 2000 and 2005, a total of 154,406 percutaneous coronary interventions for coronary artery disease (CAD) were reported to the CENIC registry. Drug-eluting stents were used in 10,425 of them, accounting for about 7% of all stents implanted in this period. From 2000 to 2005, the use of DES increased significantly, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>. In the 2004-2005 biennium, approximately 14% of the PCI procedures included implantation of a drug-eluting stent.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0356-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>As for the patients' profile, a complex heterogeneous pattern was found, considering the characteristics studied. The risk profile worsened significantly in the 2002-2003 and 2004-2005 biennia, when compared to the 2000-2001 biennium, not only regarding risk factor prevalence, but also clinical stratification when the TIMI risk score was applied<sup>6</sup>. Clinical characteristics of the patients who underwent PCI are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_01t1-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_01t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0356-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the higher-risk clinical profile, angiographic patterns did not change significantly in the three biennia studied. Nevertheless, the number of single-vessel diseases and PCIs in venous/arterial grafts increased significantly over the last few years. Also noteworthy is the significant number of lesions longer than 20 mm and the presence of branches involved in the interventions. Angiographic characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_01t2-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_01t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0356-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As far as clinical endpoints are concerned, our data revealed an increase in success rates and a decrease in complications. Mortality rate and post-PCI AMI have declined over the years. Procedural outcomes between 2000 and 2005 are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_01t3-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_01t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-06-0356-00002-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to assess the changing patterns in drug-eluting stenting between 2000 and 2005 using data from the National Registry of Cardiovascular Interventions (CENIC). Other studies based on the CENIC registry have been published previously<sup>7-12</sup>. Data on both elective procedures and cases of acute myocardial infarction have been reported earlier, which is important to disseminate what has been done by associate members of the SBHCI. However, information about the current status of PCI using DES is still lacking, and these figures are unknown. The results from the CRUSADE registry<sup>5</sup> show that after DES was approved in the United States the number of PCI increased significantly, while the rates of clinical treatment and surgical revascularization decreased in patients with three-vessel disease. According to CENIC data, a similar finding was found in our country. The number of implanted DES increased progressively in Brazil, and in the 2004-2005 biennium, it was used in 14% of the interventions.</p>
      <p>Even though drug-eluting stents significantly reduce restenosis in high-risk patients, their growing use has extrapolated the on-label indications to off-label and even untested indications<sup>13,14</sup>. This has a high financial burden, and the cost-effectiveness of these devices is currently a matter of debate<sup>15</sup>. Even in first-world countries, such as Spain, the use of DES is associated with a significant increase in healthcare system costs<sup>16</sup>. In Brazil, the same concerns have been raised. Impact models have demonstrated that the cost for the public health system (SUS) is likely to increase between 12.8% and 24.4%, making this an expensive strategy for the Brazilian reality<sup>17,18</sup>. If large vessels (&gt; 3.5 mm) were taken into account, for example, little clinical benefit would be added with the systematic use of DES, and costs would be significantly elevated<sup>19</sup>. Therefore, although DES is becoming increasingly used in Brazil, its cost-benefit ratio should be better evaluated.</p>
      <p>Risk factor prevalence has changed after the 2000-2001 biennium, with an increase in hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia, as well as in previous AMI, PCI, and CABG. The risk profile of patients treated for acute ischemic syndrome also changed significantly. When the TIMI risk was applied, the number of patients with moderate-to-high risk unstable angina rose progressively. This worsening clinical profile might have justified the increased use of drug-eluting stents, since these stents have been shown to reduce clinical and angiographic restenosis in patients with complex coronary artery disease<sup>20-22</sup>.</p>
      <p>In-hospital mortality among patients undergoing PCI can be estimated based on clinical and angiographic characteristics of greater risk<sup>23</sup>. Despite the worst clinical profile, a small yet significant increase was found in the success rate. Conversely, the incidence of complications declined and, after the 2000-2001 biennium, there was a significant reduction in hospital deaths, vascular complications and post-PCI AMI. These findings cannot be attributed solely to the use of drug-eluting stents, and may be related to overall improvement in PCI technique and the material employed, as well as to higher quality training of new interventionists and the promotion of continued medical education.</p>
      <p><italic>Study limitations &#150;</italic> Some limitations of this study must be acknowledged. CENIC data are submitted voluntarily by SBHCI associate members; therefore a great number of procedures are not reported to the database. Therefore, these interventions might have been underrepresented. On the other hand, it must be noted that a considerable number of PCI procedures were studied, probably accounting for a significant sample of the interventions performed in Brazil. Drug-eluting stents are not covered by the public health system, which precludes their widespread use. This technology is available only for patients with private health insurance plans, meaning that drug-eluting stents are available to only part of the Brazilian population. The lack of long-term follow-up limits any conclusion regarding late outcome in DES-treated patients. This fact is relevant, since an increase in mortality rates has been related to DES implantation for off-label indications<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In Brazil, the use of drug-eluting stents increased significantly over the last years. These devices have been used in patients with conditions of varying complexities, resulting in increased success rates and reduced hospital deaths.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank all SBHCI associate members who contributed to the CENIC registry during the period studied.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ghiu Wen Shian, Sandro Gon&#231;alves de Lima, Brivaldo Markman Filho, from Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es e Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - UFPE.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p>Alexandre Schaan de Quadros</p>
          <p> Avenida Ganzo, 677/602, Menino Deus - 90150-071 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="alesq@terra.com.br">alesq@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received June 3, 2007; revised manuscript received June 3, 2007; accepted June 28, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
