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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7DKXTzRrbWnFsqbgnV5xQ8F</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001700011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900511</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001700011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aplica&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica em casos de fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda irrecuper&#225;vel</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Colafranceschi</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Siciliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Andrey Jos&#233; de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Minati</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#244;rtes</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Castro de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correa</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Musa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Canale</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Secchin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ramalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Botelho</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">CardioSuporte-Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Rio Mar</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>343</fpage>
      <lpage>345</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>COMUNICA&#199;&#195;O BREVE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aplica&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica em casos de fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda irrecuper&#225;vel</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi; Andrey Jos&#233; de Oliveira Monteiro; Rodrigo Minati Barbosa; Denise Castro de Souza C&#244;rtes; Celso Musa Correa; Leonardo Secchin Canale; Marcelo Ramalho Fernandes; Eduardo Botelho; Luiz Antonio de Almeida Campos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>CardioSuporte-Cirurgia Card&#237;aca, Hospital Rio Mar, Hospital Pr&#243;Card&#237;aco - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cirurgia tor&#225;cica, choque cardiog&#234;nico, circula&#231;&#227;o assistida, transplante de cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O choque cardiog&#234;nico ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) tem incid&#234;ncia de 7,5%, com letalidade de 60% a 80%<sup>1</sup>. E a mortalidade desses pacientes continua elevada mesmo quando a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria culpada &#233; prontamente realizada<sup>1,2</sup>. Nesse contexto, o uso adicional da assist&#234;ncia ventricular mec&#226;nica parece melhorar o resultado operat&#243;rio e a sobrevida a longo prazo<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; relatar a experi&#234;ncia inicial com o dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda (DAV-E) EXCOR<sup>&#174;</sup> (Berlin Heart).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Relato de caso dos dois primeiros pacientes submetidos a implante do DAV-E EXCOR<sup>&#174;</sup> no Brasil, no ano de 2006.</p>
    <p><italic>Paciente 1 -</italic> Paciente do sexo masculino, 44 anos de idade, 80 kg, 1,79 m, hipertenso, tabagista, com hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para doen&#231;a coronariana, sofreu IAM de parede anterior ap&#243;s intensa atividade f&#237;sica recreacional. Quinze horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da dor foi levado ao Laborat&#243;rio de Hemodin&#226;mica e a cinecoronariografia evidenciou oclus&#227;o proximal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior (DA). Foi realizada angioplastia coronariana com implante de <italic>stent</italic> convencional em DA proximal, mas houve emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal com fluxo final TIMI II. O paciente evoluiu com piora hemodin&#226;mica progressiva, entuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal, implante de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (BIA), acidose metab&#243;lica e rabdomi&#243;lise. Pela indisponibilidade do DAV-E EXCOR<sup>&#174;</sup> naquele momento, e pela piora da fun&#231;&#227;o tanto pulmonar como hep&#225;tica, optou-se pelo implante de suporte cardiopulmonar com bomba centr&#237;fuga e oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea (ECMO, do ingl&#234;s <italic>extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</italic>), por meio da canula&#231;&#227;o dos vasos femorais. O paciente evoluiu com pneumonia nosocomial, insufici&#234;ncia renal e necessidade de hemodi&#225;lise. No oitavo dia de assist&#234;ncia tempor&#225;ria com ECMO, o paciente foi levado ao centro cir&#250;rgico para implante do DAV-E EXCOR<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Paciente 2 -</italic> Paciente do sexo masculino, 53 anos de idade, hipertenso, portador de diabetes do tipo II, tabagista, obeso, com hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, foi transferido uma semana ap&#243;s IAM n&#227;o-tratado, em choque cardiog&#234;nico e edema pulmonar, tendo sido instalado BIA. O paciente evoluiu com piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, al&#233;m de dist&#250;rbio de coagula&#231;&#227;o. Foi levado &#224; cineangiocoronariografia, que evidenciou oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria circunflexa (CX) em seu &#243;stio, oclus&#227;o de DA em ter&#231;o distal, coron&#225;ria direita com les&#227;o de 60% em ter&#231;o m&#233;dio e ventricular posterior com les&#227;o de 90% em &#243;stio. Foi realizada angioplastia com implante de <italic>stent</italic> em DA e CX. Foram necess&#225;rias m&#250;ltiplas cardiovers&#245;es el&#233;tricas em decorr&#234;ncia da taquicardia ventricular e da fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Optou-se pela instala&#231;&#227;o de ECMO (f&#234;moro-femoral), ap&#243;s o que foi registrado o restabelecimento do <italic>status</italic> hemodin&#226;mico. O paciente evoluiu com insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda olig&#250;rica e necessitou de hemodi&#225;lise. Ap&#243;s estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, implantou-se o DAV-E EXCOR<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Implante do DAV-E EXCOR<sup>&#174;</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ambos os pacientes foram submetidos a esternotomia mediana e tiveram o &#225;trio direito e a aorta ascendente canulados para o estabelecimento de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) convencional. No primeiro caso, o implante do DAV-E foi realizado com o cora&#231;&#227;o batendo (sem pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico), enquanto no segundo paciente foi utilizada parada cardiopl&#233;gica.</p>
    <p><italic>C&#226;nula apical -</italic> Uma pequena ventriculotomia foi realizada de forma a permitir a canula&#231;&#227;o do &#225;pex do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com c&#226;nula apical pr&#243;pria. Essa c&#226;nula foi fixada &#224; parede ventricular por meio de pontos separados de prolene 3-0 com barretes de teflon em U (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s a fixa&#231;&#227;o, um retalho de peric&#225;rdio bovino foi fixado ao epic&#225;rdio ao redor da &#225;rea de canula&#231;&#227;o (sutura cont&#237;nua de prolene 4-0) para prevenir sangramento.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0343-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>C&#226;nula a&#243;rtica -</italic> Para a canula&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica foi utilizado o mesmo princ&#237;pio, com fixa&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;nula &#224; aortotomia por meio de pontos separados de prolene 4-0 em forma de U acolchoados com barretes de teflon (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0343-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a passagem por meio de aponeurose, ambas as c&#226;nulas foram exteriorizadas no andar superior do abdome. Em seguida &#224;s manobras para retirada do ar do sistema, as c&#226;nulas foram conectadas ao dispositivo EXCOR<sup>&#174;</sup> paracorp&#243;reo de 80 ml, da Berlin Heart (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figs. 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0343-00011-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="f4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0343-00011-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a institui&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica houve melhora dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e redu&#231;&#227;o da necessidade de drogas vasopressoras.</p>
    <p>Os tempos de manuten&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o com ECMO foram de 176 horas e de 89 horas, respectivamente, para os pacientes 1 e 2.</p>
    <p>Os tempos de CEC para o implante do DAV-E EXCOR<sup>&#174;</sup> foram de 90 minutos e de 150 minutos e o tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, no segundo caso, foi de 65 minutos.</p>
    <p>O primeiro paciente teve recupera&#231;&#227;o parcial da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e ficou em tratamento conservador at&#233; o transplante card&#237;aco, realizado ap&#243;s quase cinco meses de assist&#234;ncia ventricular. O segundo paciente manteve-se em assist&#234;ncia ventricular por 32 dias e faleceu em decorr&#234;ncia de infarto &#234;ntero-mesent&#233;rico ap&#243;s grave hemorragia digestiva e hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A superioridade dos DAV sobre o tratamento do choque cardiog&#234;nico com drogas endovenosas foi confirmado por diversos autores<sup>4-6</sup>. Sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea) nos pacientes que se apresentam em choque cardiog&#234;nico ap&#243;s IAM n&#227;o somente diminui a mortalidade hospitalar como melhora a sobrevida em cinco anos desse grupo de pacientes<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, onde a terapia de assist&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica ventricular ainda n&#227;o &#233; uma realidade e os pacientes s&#227;o mantidos em tratamento cl&#237;nico, a mortalidade do subgrupo de pacientes na lista de espera por um &#243;rg&#227;o &#233; superior a 50% em pouco mais de dois meses<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ambos os pacientes apresentaram-se tardiamente na evolu&#231;&#227;o do IAM e a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria culpada foi realizada com retardo temporal. Esses s&#227;o fatores que apontam para uma possibilidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica remota, e, conseq&#252;entemente, o DAV-E foi utilizado como ponte para o transplante card&#237;aco. A precocidade da indica&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica, capaz de gerar alto fluxo e descompress&#227;o ventricular, est&#225; diretamente relacionada aos resultados favor&#225;veis de sobrevida obtidos com esse procedimento<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A mortalidade hospitalar de pacientes submetidos a assist&#234;ncia ventricular ainda &#233; superior a 35%, dependendo da etiologia da agress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, da precocidade de indica&#231;&#227;o e da sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, bem como do grau de experi&#234;ncia da institui&#231;&#227;o implantadora<sup>3,9</sup>. As principais causas que levam esses pacientes a falecer incluem disfun&#231;&#227;o multiorg&#226;nica irrevers&#237;vel, s&#233;psis, acidente cerebrovascular, sangramento e disfun&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo<sup>3,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda prolongada pode reverter a disfun&#231;&#227;o multiorg&#226;nica secund&#225;ria ao choque cardiog&#234;nico ap&#243;s IAM de pacientes selecionados, permitindo sua sobreviv&#234;ncia ao transplante card&#237;aco. A precocidade da interven&#231;&#227;o, a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e o treinamento de equipe multiprofissional, entretanto, ser&#227;o essenciais para a obten&#231;&#227;o de melhores resultados e minimiza&#231;&#227;o de custos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Godfrey E, McKinlay SM, Sanborn T, Col J, et al. Should we emergently revascularize occluded coronaries for cardiogenic shock: an international randomized trial of emergency PTCA/CABG-trial design. The SHOCK Trial Study Group. Am Heart J. 1999;137 (2): 313-21.</p>
    <p>2. Tayara W, Starling RC, Yamani MH, Wazni O, Jubran F, Smedira N. Improved survival after acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock with circulatory support and transplantation: comparing aggressive intervention with conservative treatment. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006; 25 (5): 504-9.</p>
    <p>3. Morgan JA, John RJ, Rao V, Weinberg AD, Lee BJ, Mazzeo PA, et al. Bridging to transplant with the HeartMate left ventricular assist device: the Columbia Presbyterian 12-year experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004; 127: 1309-16.</p>
    <p>4. Stevenson LW, Miller LW, Desvigne-Nickens P, Ascheim DD, Parides MK, Renlund DG, et al., REMATCH Investigators. Left ventricular assist device as destination for patients undergoing intravenous inotropic therapy: a subset analysis from REMATCH (Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance in Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure). Circulation. 2004; 110 (8): 975-81.</p>
    <p>5. Reedy JE, Pennington DG, Miller LW, McBride LR, Lohmann DP, Noedel NR, et al. Status I heart transplant patients: conventional versus ventricular assist support. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1992; 11: 246-52.</p>
    <p>6. Jaski BE, Kim JC, Naftel DC, Jarcho J, Costanzo MR, Eisen HJ, et al. Cardiac transplant outcome of patients supported on left ventricular assist device vs. intravenous inotropic therapy. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2001; 20: 449-56.</p>
    <p>7. Moreira LFP, Galantier J, Ben&#237;cio A, Leirner AA, Fiorelli AI, Stolf NAG, et al. Clinical perspectives of patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy listed as high priority for heart transplantation. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2005; 20 (3): 261-9.</p>
    <p>8. Samuels LE, Holmes EC, Thomas MP, Entwistle JC, Morris RJ, Narula J, et al. Management of acute cardiac failure with mechanical assist: experience with the ABIOMED BVS 5000. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001; 71: S67-S72.</p>
    <p>9. Pagani FD, Lynch W, Swaniker F, Dyke DB, Bartlett R, Koelling T, et al. Extracorporeal life support to left ventricular assist device bridge to heart transplant: a strategy to optimize survival and resource utilization. Circulation. 1999; 100 (Suppl II): II-206&#150;II-210.</p>
    <p>10. Smedira NG, Moazami N, Golding CM, McCarthy PM, Apperson-Hansen C, Blackstone EH, et al. Clinical experience with 202 adults receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac failure: survival at five years. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001; 122 (1): 92-102.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi </p>
        <p> Rua Dona Mariana 143 S/A 12 </p>
        <p> 22280-020 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="asiciliano@cardiosuporte.com.br">asiciliano@cardiosuporte.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 15/11/06; revisado recebido em 01/03/07; aceito em 05/04/07.</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Comments</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Use of mechanical circulatory support in cases of end-stage acute heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>BRIEF COMMENTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Use of mechanical circulatory support in cases of end-stage acute heart failure </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi; Andrey Jos&#233; de Oliveira Monteiro; Rodrigo Minati Barbosa; Denise Castro de Souza C&#244;rtes; Celso Musa Correa; Leonardo Secchin Canale; Marcelo Ramalho Fernandes; Eduardo Botelho; Luiz Antonio de Almeida Campos </bold>
      </p>
      <p>CardioSuporte-Cirurgia Card&#237;aca, Hospital Rio Mar, Hospital Pr&#243;Card&#237;aco &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Thoracic surgery; shock, cardiogenic; assisted circulation; heart transplantation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The incidence of cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is 7.5%, with a lethality of 60% to 80%<sup>1</sup>. Mortality among these patients remains high even when revascularization of the responsible artery is performed immediately<sup>1,2</sup>. Within this context, the use of mechanical ventricular support seems to improve the surgical results and long-term survival<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study is to report the initial experiences with the left ventricular assist device (VAD) EXCOR<sup>&#174;</sup> (Berlin Heart).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Case reports of the first two patients who had EXCOR<sup>&#174;</sup> VAD devices implanted in Brazil, in 2006.</p>
      <p><italic>Patient 1 -</italic> A male patient, 44 years of age, 80 kg, 1.79 cm, hypertensive, smoker, with a family history of coronary artery disease, suffered an anterior-wall AMI after intense recreational physical activity. Fifteen hours after the pain had begun, the patient was taken to the hemodynamics laboratory for coronary angiography which showed proximal occlusion of the anterior descending artery (LAD). Coronary angioplasty was performed and a conventional stent was implanted in the proximal LAD, but there was distal embolization with final TIMI-II flow. The patient progressed with worsening of his hemodynamic status, orotracheal intubation, intra-aortic balloon (IAB) implantation, metabolic acidosis, and rhabdomyolysis. Due to unavailability of the EXCOR<sup>&#174;</sup> VAD device at that moment, and also due to the worsening of both pulmonary and liver function, the treatment of choice was cardiopulmonary support using a centrifugal pump and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) through cannulation of femoral vessels. The patient developed nosocomial pneumonia and renal failure, and required hemodialysis. On the eighth day of short-term ECMO support, the patient was taken to the operating room to have an EXCOR<sup>&#174;</sup> device implanted.</p>
      <p><italic>Patient 2 -</italic> A male patient, 53 years of age, obese, hypertensive, with type II diabetes, smoker and with a family history of coronary artery disease, was transferred one week after an untreated AMI presenting with cardiogenic shock and pulmonary edema, and received an IAB. The patient progressed to worsening of renal function, hepatic dysfunction, and a coagulation disorder. Coronary angiography showed occlusion of the ostium of the circumflex artery (Cx), occlusion in the distal third of the LAD, a 60% lesion in the middle third of the right coronary artery, and a 90% lesion in the ostium of the posterior ventricular artery. Angioplasty was performed with stent implantation in the LAD and Cx arteries. Multiple electrical cardioversions were required due to ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. A femoral-femoral ECMO bypass was installed restoring the patient's hemodynamic status. The patient progressed to oliguric acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis. After clinical stabilization, the EXCOR<sup>&#174;</sup> VAD device was implanted.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Implantation of the EXCOR<sup>&#174;</sup> VAD device</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Both patients underwent median sternotomy with cannulation of the right atrium and the ascending aorta artery to establish conventional extracorporeal circulation (ECC). In the first case, the VAD device was implanted with the heart beating (without aortic clamping), whereas in the second patient, implantation was performed under cardioplegic arrest.</p>
      <p><italic>Apical cannula -</italic> A small ventriculotomy was performed to allow left ventricular apex cannulation with an individual apical cannula. The cannula was attached to the ventricular wall using interrupted U-shaped Prolene 3-0 sutures with Teflon pledgets (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">fig. 1</xref>). After fixation, a bovine pericardial flap was fixed to the epicardium around the cannulation area (continuous Prolene 4-0 suture) to prevent bleeding.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0343-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Aortic cannula - The same principle was applied for aortic cannulation. The cannula was attached to the aortotomy using interrupted U-shaped Prolene 4-0 sutures with Teflon pledgets (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0343-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After passing through the aponeurosis, both cannulas exited the body through the upper abdominal wall. Following maneuvers to withdraw air from the system, the cannulas were connected to the 80 ml paracorporeal Berlin Heart EXCOR<sup>&#174;</sup> assist device (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f3-body2">figs. 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4-body2">4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_11f3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0343-00011-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="f4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0343-00011-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After implantation of mechanical circulatory support, the hemodynamic parameters improved and the need for vasopressor drugs was reduced.</p>
      <p>Perfusion times with ECMO were 176 hours and 89 hours, respectively, for patients 1 and 2.</p>
      <p>The ECC times for EXCOR<sup>&#174;</sup> device implantation were 90 minutes and 150 minutes, and the clamping time in the second case was 65 minutes.</p>
      <p>The first patient partially recovered his renal function and remained under conservative treatment while awaiting cardiac transplantation which was performed almost five months after ventricular support had been instituted. The second patient remained under ventricular support for 32 days and died of mesenteric infarction following severe digestive hemorrhage and tissue hypoperfusion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The superiority of VADs over cardiogenic shock treatment with venous drugs has been confirmed by many authors<sup>4-6</sup>. The use of these devices, combined with myocardial revascularization therapy (surgical or percutaneous) in patients experiencing cardiogenic shock following AMI, not only diminishes hospital mortality, but also improves five-year survival in this group of patients<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, where mechanical ventricular support therapy has not yet been widely adopted and patients are maintained on clinical treatment, the mortality rate in the subgroup of patients on the waiting list for cardiac transplantation is more than 50% in a period of slightly more than 2 months<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Both patients presented late in the progression of the AMI, and revascularization of the responsible artery was also performed late. These factors point to the remote chance of myocardial recovery, and consequently, VAD was used as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. Early indication for the use of mechanical assist devices capable of generating a high blood flow and ventricular decompression is directly related to the favorable survival results obtained with this procedure<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Hospital mortality rates among patients who received ventricular support are still greater than 35%, depending on the etiology of the myocardial aggression, how soon the procedure is indicated, and the patients selected, in addition to the level of experience of the institution where the implant is performed<sup>3,9</sup>. The main factors that lead to the death of these patients are irreversible multiorgan dysfunction, sepsis, cerebrovascular accidents, bleeding, and malfunction of the device<sup>3,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Long-term left ventricular support can revert multiorgan dysfunction secondary to cardiogenic shock following AIM in selected patients, allowing their survival after cardiac transplantation. However, early intervention, selection of patients, and level of training of the multiprofessional team are vital for achieving better results and minimizing costs.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Godfrey E, McKinlay SM, Sanborn T, Col J, et al. Should we emergently revascularize occluded coronaries for cardiogenic shock: an international randomized trial of emergency PTCA/CABG-trial design. The SHOCK Trial Study Group. Am Heart J. 1999;137 (2): 313-21.</p>
      <p>2. Tayara W, Starling RC, Yamani MH, Wazni O, Jubran F, Smedira N. Improved survival after acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock with circulatory support and transplantation: comparing aggressive intervention with conservative treatment. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006; 25 (5): 504-9.</p>
      <p>3. Morgan JA, John RJ, Rao V, Weinberg AD, Lee BJ, Mazzeo PA, et al. Bridging to transplant with the HeartMate left ventricular assist device: the Columbia Presbyterian 12-year experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004; 127: 1309-16.</p>
      <p>4. Stevenson LW, Miller LW, Desvigne-Nickens P, Ascheim DD, Parides MK, Renlund DG, et al., REMATCH Investigators. Left ventricular assist device as destination for patients undergoing intravenous inotropic therapy: a subset analysis from REMATCH (Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance in Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure). Circulation. 2004; 110 (8): 975-81.</p>
      <p>5. Reedy JE, Pennington DG, Miller LW, McBride LR, Lohmann DP, Noedel NR, et al. Status I heart transplant patients: conventional versus ventricular assist support. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1992; 11: 246-52.</p>
      <p>6. Jaski BE, Kim JC, Naftel DC, Jarcho J, Costanzo MR, Eisen HJ, et al. Cardiac transplant outcome of patients supported on left ventricular assist device vs. intravenous inotropic therapy. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2001; 20: 449-56.</p>
      <p>7. Moreira LFP, Galantier J, Ben&#237;cio A, Leirner AA, Fiorelli AI, Stolf NAG, et al. Clinical perspectives of patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy listed as high priority for heart transplantation. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2005; 20 (3): 261-9.</p>
      <p>8. Samuels LE, Holmes EC, Thomas MP, Entwistle JC, Morris RJ, Narula J, et al. Management of acute cardiac failure with mechanical assist: experience with the ABIOMED BVS 5000. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001; 71: S67-S72.</p>
      <p>9. Pagani FD, Lynch W, Swaniker F, Dyke DB, Bartlett R, Koelling T, et al. Extracorporeal life support to left ventricular assist device bridge to heart transplant: a strategy to optimize survival and resource utilization. Circulation. 1999; 100 (Suppl II): II-206&#150;II-210.</p>
      <p>10. Smedira NG, Moazami N, Golding CM, McCarthy PM, Apperson-Hansen C, Blackstone EH, et al. Clinical experience with 202 adults receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac failure: survival at five years. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001; 122 (1): 92-102.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi</p>
          <p> Rua Dona Mariana 143 S/A 12</p>
          <p> 22280-020 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="asiciliano@cardiosuporte.com.br">asiciliano@cardiosuporte.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received November 15, 2006; revised manuscript received March 1, 2007; accepted April 5, 2007.</p>
      <p>7. Moreira LFP, Galantier J, Ben&#237;cio A, Leirner AA, Fiorelli AI, Stolf NAG, et al. Clinical perspectives of patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy listed as high priority for heart transplantation. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2005; 20 (3): 261-9.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
