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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NJXkZTFw9zKQHG7ZYxbbWdD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001700008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900508</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001700008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efic&#225;cia da atorvastatina sem administra&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghattas</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Edmond</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimenta</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual Francisco Morato de Oliveira</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>325</fpage>
      <lpage>332</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: As estatinas t&#234;m larga utiliza&#231;&#227;o por reduzirem eventos card&#237;acos. Indicadas para uso di&#225;rio, no entanto alguns a utilizam em dias alternados, principalmente visando diminui&#231;&#227;o de custos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efic&#225;cia da atorvastatina sem administra&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria sobre os n&#237;veis de LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) e a redu&#231;&#227;o dos custos. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 100 pacientes (P) hipercolesterol&#234;micos em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (PP) e secund&#225;ria (PS). Ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de dieta de 12 semanas iniciou-se atorvastatina 10 mg por dia. Ap&#243;s seis semanas foi dosado o LDL-C, e se n&#237;veis &lt;80 ou &lt;104 mg/dl conforme PS e PP, respectivamente, foi feita subtra&#231;&#227;o de duas tomadas de atorvastatina da semana. Caso LDL-C continuasse &lt;80 ou &lt;104 mg/dl permitiria novo ajuste para tr&#234;s vezes na semana, sendo feita &#250;ltima dosagem ap&#243;s seis semanas. A varia&#231;&#227;o porcentual de custos foi a forma de apreciar a economia. RESULTADOS: Em 47 P, dos 52 desse grupo, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C de 32%, permanecendo com atorvastatina di&#225;ria. Quarenta e um ficaram at&#233; o final do estudo e tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o da posologia semanal. Em 25 P, a medica&#231;&#227;o foi administrada tr&#234;s vezes por semana e, em 16, cinco vezes por semana, exibindo redu&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C de 42,4% e 46,1%, respectivamente. Sobre custos, um dos grupos teve despesa mensal de R$ 106,65 reduzido para R$ 74,65, e outro grupo, o gasto de R$ 106,65 foi reduzido a R$ 53,33. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados sugerem que &#233; poss&#237;vel administrar a atorvastatina de forma n&#227;o-di&#225;ria e observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o dos custos entre 30% e 50%.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>atorvastatina</kwd>
        <kwd>estatinas</kwd>
        <kwd>colesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efic&#225;cia da atorvastatina sem administra&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Antonio Edmond Ghattas; Jo&#227;o Pimenta</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> As estatinas t&#234;m larga utiliza&#231;&#227;o por reduzirem eventos card&#237;acos. Indicadas para uso di&#225;rio, no entanto alguns a utilizam em dias alternados, principalmente visando diminui&#231;&#227;o de custos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a efic&#225;cia da atorvastatina sem administra&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria sobre os n&#237;veis de LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) e a redu&#231;&#227;o dos custos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram avaliados 100 pacientes (P) hipercolesterol&#234;micos em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (PP) e secund&#225;ria (PS). Ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de dieta de 12 semanas iniciou-se atorvastatina 10 mg por dia. Ap&#243;s seis semanas foi dosado o LDL-C, e se n&#237;veis &lt;80 ou &lt;104 mg/dl conforme PS e PP, respectivamente, foi feita subtra&#231;&#227;o de duas tomadas de atorvastatina da semana. Caso LDL-C continuasse &lt;80 ou &lt;104 mg/dl permitiria novo ajuste para tr&#234;s vezes na semana, sendo feita &#250;ltima dosagem ap&#243;s seis semanas. A varia&#231;&#227;o porcentual de custos foi a forma de apreciar a economia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Em 47 P, dos 52 desse grupo, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C de 32%, permanecendo com atorvastatina di&#225;ria. Quarenta e um ficaram at&#233; o final do estudo e tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o da posologia semanal. Em 25 P, a medica&#231;&#227;o foi administrada tr&#234;s vezes por semana e, em 16, cinco vezes por semana, exibindo redu&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C de 42,4% e 46,1%, respectivamente. Sobre custos, um dos grupos teve despesa mensal de R$ 106,65 reduzido para R$ 74,65, e outro grupo, o gasto de R$ 106,65 foi reduzido a R$ 53,33. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os resultados sugerem que &#233; poss&#237;vel administrar a atorvastatina de forma n&#227;o-di&#225;ria e observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o dos custos entre 30% e 50%.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipercolesterolemia, atorvastatina, estatinas, colesterol.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade no Brasil<sup>1</sup> e no mundo<sup>2</sup> entre homens e mulheres, sendo a aterosclerose um dos mais importantes fatores de risco<sup>3-4</sup>. Est&#225; bem demonstrado que os n&#237;veis de colesterol total e suas fra&#231;&#245;es de lipoprote&#237;nas (as de baixa densidade - LDL-C - e de alta densidade - HDL-C) exibem estreita correla&#231;&#227;o com incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares<sup>5-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O primeiro inibidor de 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzima A (HMG-CoA) redutase, lovastatina, introduzido em 1987, permitiu o desenvolvimento de compostos similares, e assim a estatina tornou-se uma das classes terap&#234;uticas mais utilizadas atualmente<sup>9</sup>. &#201; eficaz em reduzir o colesterol e os eventos card&#237;acos<sup>10</sup>, comprovada em diversos estudos<sup>11-16</sup> e metan&#225;lise<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos dez anos, apenas cinco estudos tentaram avaliar a efic&#225;cia da estatina quando utilizada em dias alternados<sup>18-22</sup>, havendo apenas uma publica&#231;&#227;o avaliando a atorvastatina<sup>23</sup>. A varia&#231;&#227;o de metodologia e as diferentes estatinas utilizadas nesses estudos dificultaram um consenso sobre o assunto, muito bem avaliado em recente revis&#227;o<sup>24</sup>. Entretanto, os custos desse tratamento cont&#237;nuo, cr&#244;nico foram pouco considerados.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efic&#225;cia da atorvastatina n&#227;o-administrada de forma di&#225;ria sobre os n&#237;veis de colesterol em indiv&#237;duos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, utilizando-se de uma metodologia mais adequada, bem como o impacto que a diminui&#231;&#227;o de custos pode trazer em longo prazo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Delineamento do estudo</italic> - Tratou-se de estudo prospectivo aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o. Foram estudados inicialmente 100 pacientes de ambos os sexos, <underline>&amp;gt</underline>20 anos de idade, que possu&#237;am n&#237;veis de LDL-C <underline>&amp;gt</underline>160 mg/dl em caso de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (PP), ou <underline>&amp;gt</underline>130 mg/dl nos pacientes de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria (PS) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>). N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo aqueles que estivessem utilizando qualquer medicamento antilip&#234;mico na &#233;poca dos exames, mulheres gestantes e em casos de triglic&#233;rides <underline>&amp;gt</underline>400 mg/dl. Exclu&#237;ram-se os pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es das dosagens de creatinoquinase e aminotransferases pr&#233;vias ou detectadas durante o estudo e os portadores de hepatite cr&#244;nica. A intoler&#226;ncia pr&#233;via a uma estatina, assim como portadores de neoplasias e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC), diabete melito ou hipotireoidismo descompensados, baseados nos valores de glicemia de jejum <underline>&amp;gt</underline>140 mg/dl ou de TSH<underline>&amp;gt</underline>4,2 microUI/ml, e quadros inst&#225;veis de cardiopatia pr&#233;via tais como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica tamb&#233;m foram fatores de exclus&#227;o do estudo. Antes de iniciar a atorvastatina os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; dieta da American Heart Association<sup>25</sup>. Sua manuten&#231;&#227;o foi indicada por todo o per&#237;odo do estudo e a resposta a um question&#225;rio a cada consulta confirmava a execu&#231;&#227;o da mesma. Foi adaptado um card&#225;pio com a dieta prescrita e que correspondia &#224;s seguintes propor&#231;&#245;es: teor lip&#237;dico &lt;30%, poliinsaturados &gt;10%, saturados &lt; 7%, monoinsaturados &gt;10% e colesterol &lt;200 mg/dia.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0325-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Desenvolvimento do estudo</italic> - As metas de LDL-C eram diferentes em cada indiv&#237;duo, objetivando-se n&#237;veis <underline>&amp;lt</underline>130 mg/dl para aqueles considerados de baixo risco, que incluem PP, e <underline>&amp;lt</underline>100 mg/dl para aqueles de alto risco, PS ou equivalentes, como os portadores de diabetes<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de doze semanas exclusivamente sob dieta, foi feita a primeira coleta de sangue (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figs. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref> - P1) e iniciada em todos os pacientes a terapia com atorvastatina, 10 mg diariamente ap&#243;s jantar (total de 70 mg por semana). Passadas seis semanas, nova amostra (P2) foi coletada e se o LDL-C estivesse &lt;80 ou &lt;104 mg/dl conforme PS e PP, respectivamente, era feita subtra&#231;&#227;o da dose de 20 mg de atorvastatina da semana, mantendo-se 50 mg/semana. Se na pr&#243;xima coleta seis semanas mais tarde (P3) os n&#237;veis de LDL-C permanecessem &lt;80 ou &lt;104 mg/dl, PP e PS, respectivamente, o novo ajuste foi para 30 mg/semana, ou seja, 10 mg em dias alternados e fixos, &#224;s segundas, quartas e sextas-feiras. N&#227;o seria feita uma redu&#231;&#227;o das tomadas semanais se os valores de LDL-C n&#227;o fossem &lt;80 ou &lt;104mg/dl, PP e PS, respectivamente, permanecendo no esquema anterior de cinco vezes por semana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figs. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>). Ap&#243;s seis semanas, foi colhida a &#250;ltima amostra (P4) para observar se os n&#237;veis objetivados de LDL-C foram alcan&#231;ados.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0325-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0325-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Assim, foram constitu&#237;dos tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes, sempre utilizando 10 mg no dia da tomada: grupo I, com uso di&#225;rio, com 70 mg de atorvastatina por semana, onde LDL-C foi entre 80 e 100 em PS, ou 104 e 130 em PP; grupo II, pacientes que receberam a medica&#231;&#227;o cinco vezes por semana (de segunda &#224; sexta-feira) e o grupo III, pacientes que receberam a medica&#231;&#227;o tr&#234;s vezes por semana (segundas, quartas e sextas-feiras).</p>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial</italic> - Foram coletadas amostras de sangue no per&#237;odo matinal ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas e 72 horas de abstin&#234;ncia alco&#243;lica. Os n&#237;veis de colesterol total (CT) e LDL-C foram quantificados pelo m&#233;todo CHOD-POD e analisados em equipamento ADVIA 1650 Bayer. Para a an&#225;lise dos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides foi utilizado o m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico GPO-POD. A coleta das amostras foi realizada sempre no dia em que se seguiu a um maior intervalo entre uma tomada da medica&#231;&#227;o e outra. Como as tomadas da medica&#231;&#227;o foram mantidas em dias fixos (segundas, quartas e sextas-feiras ou de segunda-feira &#224; sexta-feira), a segunda-feira correspondeu teoricamente &#224; data de menor n&#237;vel da atorvastatina. Foram mensurados os n&#237;veis de aminotransferases para se ter conhecimento de efeitos adversos sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica provocados pela atorvastatina assim como os de creatinoquinase.</p>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de custos</italic> - O c&#225;lculo foi feito baseando-se no m&#234;s de tratamento cont&#237;nuo comparando-se os grupos que utilizaram tr&#234;s ou cinco vezes por semana. Sabe-se que a atorvastatina de 10 mg, que n&#227;o tem gen&#233;rico &#224; venda no mercado brasileiro, em caixas de 30 comprimidos, tem pre&#231;o m&#225;ximo ao consumidor de R$ 106,65<sup>27</sup> (sem incluir descontos de farm&#225;cia). Para que a economia atingida seja de f&#225;cil entendimento e n&#227;o fique desatualizada, foram adotados os c&#225;lculos porcentuais em cada um dos grupos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes constitu&#237;dos foram: o grupo I, considerado resposta padr&#227;o, com redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de LDL-C de 32%, em que a m&#233;dia de idade foi 58 (39 a 90) anos, e 28 eram mulheres, com uso di&#225;rio, no qual as metas foram atingidas sem a possibilidade de redu&#231;&#227;o da posologia, ou seja, LDL-C &lt;130 e &gt;104 mg/dl em PP e LDL-C &lt;100 e &gt;80 mg/dl em PS. Composto inicialmente de 52 pacientes ocorrendo &#224; perda de <italic>follow-up</italic> em dois pacientes e abandono de tr&#234;s desse grupo, restando para serem analisados os dados de 47 pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>). Em quatro pacientes desse grupo, apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 32% dos n&#237;veis de LDL-C, a meta n&#227;o foi atingida, em raz&#227;o dos altos n&#237;veis basais de colesterol total e LDL-C.</p>
    <p>Os grupos II e III (48 pacientes) formaram uma sele&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos em que houve a possibilidade de mudan&#231;a na dosagem de atorvastatina da semana, sendo ent&#227;o analisados conjuntamente, mas em separado do grupo I. Sete pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo, sendo tr&#234;s por perda de <italic>follow-up</italic> e quatro por abandono (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Nesses 41pacientes restantes, a m&#233;dia de idade foi 60 (34 a 80) anos, e 29 eram mulheres e 8 estavam em terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nica, embora quatro tenham iniciado durante o estudo. Trinta e cinco pacientes estavam em PP e apenas seis faziam PS. Foi tamb&#233;m observado que a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica estava presente em 45% dos pacientes estudados. Desses quarenta e um pacientes que permaneceram at&#233; o final estudo, 25 (61%) puderam receber a medica&#231;&#227;o tr&#234;s vezes por semana (segunda, quarta e sexta-feira) e 16 (39%) receberam a medica&#231;&#227;o cinco vezes por semana. Em dois casos retornou-se a posologia de cinco vezes por semana.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> encontram-se os valores do grupo I onde se observa redu&#231;&#227;o usual de CT e LDL-C de 34,62 % e 31,95 % , respectivamente.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0325-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> encontram-se os valores dos grupos II e III onde se observa redu&#231;&#227;o significante de CT e LDL-C, com redu&#231;&#227;o de 31% e at&#233; 44,6%, respectivamente.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0325-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref> encontram-se os valores m&#233;dios do grupo II iniciais e finais e o percentual de redu&#231;&#227;o de CT, LDL-C, HDL-C e TG dos 16 pacientes que usaram atorvastatina 50 mg/semana (cinco vezes por semana) .</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0325-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Por fim, na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref> encontra-se o resumo do grupo III onde os n&#237;veis de colesterol e triglic&#233;rides de 25 pacientes em que o LDL-C m&#233;dio inicial foi 177 mg/dl e final 95 mg/dl com a surpreendente redu&#231;&#227;o de 46,1%, apesar de estarem recebendo atorvastatina 30 mg/semana (tr&#234;s vezes por semana). N&#227;o foi observado nenhum efeito adverso, cardiol&#243;gico ou metab&#243;lico, que interferisse na avalia&#231;&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo estudado.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0325-00008-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos custos, o grupo II com atorvastatina cinco vezes por semana teve despesa mensal de R$ 106,65 reduzido para R$ 74,65, gerando economia de 30% m&#234;s. No grupo III o gasto de R$ 106,65 foi reduzido a R$ 53,33, o que correspondeu a uma economia de 50%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao se tentar utilizar estatinas em dias alternados, &#233; fundamental o conhecimento de pot&#234;ncia e de suas meias-vidas: lovastatina 2 horas, pravastatina 1-3 horas, fluvastatina e sinvastatina 1-2 horas e atorvastatina 14 horas<sup>28</sup>, sendo esta &#250;ltima escolhida pela maior meia-vida, assim como a mais potente<sup>9</sup>, at&#233; o momento do in&#237;cio do estudo.</p>
    <p>O terceiro ponto &#233; o conhecimento da farmacocin&#233;tica da atorvastatina, observando redu&#231;&#245;es de LDL-C e CT num prazo de 24 a 72 horas<sup>29</sup>, e sua descontinuidade ir&#225; promover aumento de colesterol total em m&#233;dia 48 horas ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o e de LDL-C e apo-B dentro de 72 horas; assim a n&#227;o-tomada di&#225;ria dela foi capaz de manter resultados ainda eficazes<sup>29</sup>. Esse &#233; um dado que se reveste de real import&#226;ncia e que justifica o insucesso ou os resultados desanimadores dos outros estudos que n&#227;o a utilizaram.</p>
    <p>O trabalho de Metz &amp; Lucas<sup>24</sup>, que concluiu a necessidade de estudos mais profundos para responder sobre a efic&#225;cia das estatinas em dias alternados, tamb&#233;m resumiu os principais relatos sobre essa estrat&#233;gia<sup>18-22</sup>. Lovastatina, fluvastatina, meias-vidas curtas, baixa pot&#234;ncia na redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol, pequenos grupos estudados, falta de protocolo, estudo retrospectivo e aus&#234;ncia da observa&#231;&#227;o da economia de gastos foram as principais limita&#231;&#245;es desses protocolos e talvez n&#227;o estimulassem outras pesquisas.</p>
    <p>O diferencial no atual estudo foi avaliar a efic&#225;cia da atorvastatina administrada n&#227;o-di&#225;ria, naqueles indiv&#237;duos em que a resposta &#224; dose inicial demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C acima do padr&#227;o esperado. Tal fato &#233; imprevis&#237;vel e corresponde a resposta individual, pois outros m&#233;todos de avaliar a resposta da estatina em dias alternados chegavam a ser um m&#233;todo de descobrir ao acaso, ou seja, quantos pacientes independentemente de qualquer perfil ou protocolo que ao acaso se beneficiariam desse tipo de terap&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>Os valores utilizados neste estudo, como base para permitir a redu&#231;&#227;o de 20 mg de atorvastatina da semana, basearam-se no c&#225;lculo de que, em se reduzindo a medica&#231;&#227;o pela metade, o resultado corresponderia &#224; metade da efic&#225;cia da atorvastatina. Assim sendo, como a efic&#225;cia m&#233;dia da atorvastatina 10 mg &#233; de 37% de redu&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C, utilizou-se 15% de margem para os n&#237;veis de LDL-C, da&#237; os valores de &lt;80 ou &lt;104 mg/dl conforme PS e PP, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>At&#233; o presente momento n&#227;o h&#225; um m&#233;todo f&#225;cil de identificar qual ser&#225; o individuo que ter&#225; melhor ou pior resposta com essa classe de medicamentos. Desse modo, &#233; esperado que os estudos que n&#227;o utilizaram protocolo para fazer a redu&#231;&#227;o da dose da estatina possuam um resultado baixo e desanimador, diferentemente do que foi feito nesta pesquisa e que pode ser chamado de ajuste posol&#243;gico.</p>
    <p>Observou-se que todos os participantes do estudo s&#227;o iguais &#224; primeira dosagem e os indiv&#237;duos tornam-se diferentes ap&#243;s o resultado da primeira amostra. Nesse momento inicia-se o grupo do melhor respondedor <italic>versus</italic> grupo resposta padr&#227;o, que tamb&#233;m possuiu uma boa resposta, por&#233;m n&#227;o o suficiente para permitir a redu&#231;&#227;o da dose semanal. Esse ponto pode ser colocado como o grande diferencial da resposta positiva desta pesquisa.</p>
    <p>O estudo mais recente real&#231;a a possibilidade de usar em dias alternados a atorvastatina ou rosuvastatina, gra&#231;as &#224;s suas pot&#234;ncias e meias-vidas<sup>30</sup>, onde se cita o problema do custo, por&#233;m foi feita a avalia&#231;&#227;o de maneira aleat&#243;ria e utilizaram-se doses de atorvastatina de 20 mg, que n&#227;o contribuem com o problema dos custos. Outra avalia&#231;&#227;o usando apenas atorvastatina preocupou-se com os custos e testou a efic&#225;cia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o em dias alternados<sup>31</sup>. Faltaram detalhamentos dos custos e os resultados colocaram o uso di&#225;rio e alternado como equivalentes, o que se sabe n&#227;o ser a realidade para todos os pacientes. Outros relatos<sup>21,32</sup> que buscaram respostas ao uso da atorvastatina em dias alternados refinaram suas metodologias, por&#233;m n&#227;o avaliaram a economia das diferentes formas de tratamento quando foi usada dose de 10 mg/dia, 10 mg em dias alternados e 20 mg em dias alternados<sup>32</sup>, como realizado no presente estudo.</p>
    <p>Tentativa mais recente que as primeiras com lovastatina e fluvastatina, utilizando-se de outra estatina de meia-vida curta como a pravastatina<sup>33</sup>, observou a impossibilidade da redu&#231;&#227;o das tomadas semanais basicamente pela meia-vida, apesar de usar at&#233; 80 mg de pravastatina por dia. Como se v&#234;, h&#225; inten&#231;&#227;o de mudar a posologia das estatinas, por&#233;m a metodologia varia muito em cada estudo.</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da sinvastatina<sup>34</sup>, o grupo pequeno os valores alvo de LDL-C n&#227;o bem estabelecidos e a duplica&#231;&#227;o da dose quando em dias alternados n&#227;o levaram a diminui&#231;&#227;o de gastos e potencializaram os efeitos adversos. Assim como, o estudo que avaliou um grupo de 35 pacientes em uso de atorvastatina 10 mg dia ou em dias alternados na segunda etapa do estudo dobrou a dose avaliando a efic&#225;cia, sem, por&#233;m, favorecer a economia com os custos e a efic&#225;cia em doses semanais menores<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo, que possuiu a maior popula&#231;&#227;o j&#225; avaliada, identificaram os indiv&#237;duos de resposta padr&#227;o (grupo I ) e os considerados <italic>&#243;timos respondedores</italic>, grupos II e III. Alguns pacientes, apesar de possu&#237;rem hipercolesterolemia, ao serem submetidos ao tratamento medicamentoso exibiram respostas diferentes e que aqui foram valorizadas.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi o &#250;nico que utilizou a atitude mais racional de avaliar a tomada n&#227;o-di&#225;ria. Diferentemente de todos os outros que procuraram o acaso para descobrir qual seria o paciente permitido a ficar sem medica&#231;&#227;o algum dia como terap&#234;utica de base. Nessa avalia&#231;&#227;o todos recebem a dose inicial padr&#227;o e ap&#243;s a primeira dosagem se faz a pondera&#231;&#227;o do ajuste posol&#243;gico. N&#227;o parece racional aumentar ou dobrar a dose como o que ocorreu em outras pesquisas.</p>
    <p>As estatinas s&#227;o reconhecidas por nosso sistema de sa&#250;de e fazem parte de uma rela&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#245;es de alto custo. As doses eficazes das estatinas t&#234;m um custo girando em torno de R$ 25,00, chegando &#224;s vezes ao redor de R$ 150,00 m&#234;s de tratamento, quando se deve considerar que n&#227;o s&#227;o tratamentos transit&#243;rios e sim por tempo indefinido.</p>
    <p>A atorvastatina possui custo de R$ 106,65 m&#234;s na dose de 10 mg. O custo do tratamento anual seria de R$ 1.279,80 (baseado no pre&#231;o m&#225;ximo ao consumidor e sem incluir descontos de farm&#225;cia).</p>
    <p>A menor dose dispon&#237;vel de atorvastatina &#233; de 10 mg. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da dose de 5 mg dia, ou seja, meio comprimido, pode ser muito dif&#237;cil porque os comprimidos n&#227;o s&#227;o sulcados e parece pouco pr&#225;tico aos pacientes, principalmente se forem idosos. Dessa forma, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um comprimido inteiro em dias alternados parece mais pr&#225;tica que tentar dividir um comprimido pela metade; diferentemente de alguns estudos que faziam o contr&#225;rio, usavam a dose dobrada em dias alternados, o que elimina a possibilidade da economia do tratamento.</p>
    <p>Assim sendo, a possibilidade de reduzir a dose da medica&#231;&#227;o sem d&#250;vida trouxe uma economia na renda do paciente, lembrando-se que na maioria das vezes h&#225; outros medicamentos sendo utilizados para o controle de outras enfermidades, como diabetes e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>Nessa avalia&#231;&#227;o, os custos do grupo II foram reduzidos em 30%, equivalentes a R$ 32,00 por m&#234;s, e no grupo III, em 50%, ou seja, R$ 53,32 por m&#234;s, levando a uma economia anual de R$ 384,00 e R$ 639,90 ano, respectivamente, cifras que n&#227;o podem deixar de ser consideradas.</p>
    <p>Quando &#233; feita uma an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade tem-se que o investimento por vida salva vale mais quanto maior &#233; o risco card&#237;aco do individuo em quest&#227;o. Dessa forma, ao se adotar esse padr&#227;o de tratamento, al&#233;m de justificar-se a medica&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; indiscutivelmente uma redu&#231;&#227;o nesses valores<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante observar a seguran&#231;a na utiliza&#231;&#227;o da atorvastatina e notar que a incid&#234;ncia de efeitos colaterais maiores ou menores foi bastante reduzida.</p>
    <p>Assim, foi poss&#237;vel comprovar a efic&#225;cia da atorvastatina em dias alternados sobre os n&#237;veis de colesterol em indiv&#237;duos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, e que preconiza um ajuste individualizado a cada seis semanas no per&#237;odo inicial do tratamento.</p>
    <p>Com essa freq&#252;&#234;ncia na administra&#231;&#227;o da atorvastatina da semana os custos foram reduzidos em 30% a 50% de acordo com o n&#250;mero de tomadas da semana, possibilitando uma economia relevante aos que necessitam desse tratamento e gerando um impacto econ&#244;mico na popula&#231;&#227;o e nos &#243;rg&#227;os p&#250;blicos fornecedores de medicamentos.</p>
    <p><italic>Fatores limitantes -</italic> P&#244;de-se observar uma taxa moderada de abandono do tratamento. Em nenhum dos casos o fator desencadeante foi efeito colateral. A hipercolesterolemia assintom&#225;tica antes da ocorr&#234;ncia de um evento cardiovascular, o custo da medica&#231;&#227;o e a id&#233;ia de tratamento por tempo indeterminado foram fatores que dificultaram o presente estudo. H&#225; por parte dos pacientes uma id&#233;ia de que ap&#243;s a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de colesterol a suspens&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o afetaria os resultados. A redu&#231;&#227;o das tomadas semanais, para aqueles que a resposta ao tratamento permite, poderia parecer ao paciente uma bonifica&#231;&#227;o em seu tratamento e uma maneira de aumentar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento em longo prazo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Antonio Edmond Ghattas pelo Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual - IAMSPE</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Antonio Edmond Ghattas </p>
        <p> Rua Adolfo Casais Monteiro, 345 - Jardim Los Angeles </p>
        <p> 04648-040, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="tghattas@cardiol.br">tghattas@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 09/05/07; revisado recebido em 13/07/07; aceito em 13/07/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
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      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Efficacy of atorvastatin when not administered daily</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Statins are widely used because they reduce cardiac events. Although they are indicated for daily use, some doctorsgive prescriptions for every other day, mainly with the purpose of reducing costs. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of atorvastatin, when not administered everyday, on LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, and also to evaluate cost reduction. METHODS: A total of 100 patients with hypercholesterolemia in primary (PP) and secondary prevention (SP) were assessed. After a 12-week diet period, atorvastatin was initiated at a dose of 10 mg per day. After six weeks, LDL-C was determined, and if the levels were &lt;80 or &lt;104 mg/dL for SP and PP, respectively, two atorvastatin doses were subtracted per week. If LDL-C remained &lt;80 or &lt;104 mg/dL, a further reduction to three times a week was allowed, and the last determination was performed after six more weeks. The percentage variation in costs was the parameter to evaluate the saving. RESULTS: In 47 out of the 52 patients of this group, a reduction by 32% in LDL-C was observed, and daily atorvastatin was maintained. Forty one patients remained throughout the study and had their weekly dosage reduced. In 25 patients the medication was administered three times a week, and in 16, five times a week, with reductions of 42.4% and 46.1% in LDL-C, respectively. As regards costs, one of the groups had their monthly expense reduced from R$ 106.65 to R$ 74.65, and the other group from R$ 106.65 to R$ 53.33. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that atorvastatin may be administered on a non-daily basis. A cost reduction between 30% and 50% was also observed.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypercholesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>atorvastatin</kwd>
        <kwd>statins</kwd>
        <kwd>cholesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Efficacy of atorvastatin when not administered daily </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Antonio Edmond Ghattas; Jo&#227;o Pimenta</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Statins are widely used because they reduce cardiac events. Although they are indicated for daily use, some doctorsgive prescriptions for every other day, mainly with the purpose of reducing costs.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the efficacy of atorvastatin, when not administered everyday, on LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, and also to evaluate cost reduction.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 100 patients with hypercholesterolemia in primary (PP) and secondary prevention (SP) were assessed. After a 12-week diet period, atorvastatin was initiated at a dose of 10 mg per day. After six weeks, LDL-C was determined, and if the levels were &lt;80 or &lt;104 mg/dL for SP and PP, respectively, two atorvastatin doses were subtracted per week. If LDL-C remained &lt;80 or &lt;104 mg/dL, a further reduction to three times a week was allowed, and the last determination was performed after six more weeks. The percentage variation in costs was the parameter to evaluate the saving.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In 47 out of the 52 patients of this group, a reduction by 32% in LDL-C was observed, and daily atorvastatin was maintained. Forty one patients remained throughout the study and had their weekly dosage reduced. In 25 patients the medication was administered three times a week, and in 16, five times a week, with reductions of 42.4% and 46.1% in LDL-C, respectively. As regards costs, one of the groups had their monthly expense reduced from R$ 106.65 to R$ 74.65, and the other group from R$ 106.65 to R$ 53.33.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The results suggest that atorvastatin may be administered on a non-daily basis. A cost reduction between 30% and 50% was also observed.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypercholesterolemia; atorvastatin; statins; cholesterol.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Brazil<sup>1</sup> and worldwide<sup>2</sup> among men and women, and atherosclerosis is one of the major risk factors<sup>3-4</sup>. It has been well demonstrated that levels of total cholesterol and lipoproteins (low-density &#150; LDL-C and high-density &#150; HDL-C lipoproteins) have a close correlation with the incidence of cardiovascular events<sup>5-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The first 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor &#150; lovastatin, introduced in 1987, enabled the development of similar compounds, and thus statins became one of the more widely used therapeutic classes today<sup>9</sup>. It is effective in reducing cholesterol and cardiac events<sup>10</sup>, as been confirmed in several studies<sup>11-16</sup> and in meta-analysis<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the past ten years, only five studies attempted to evaluate the efficacy of statins used every other day<sup>18-22</sup>, and only one publication assessed atorvastatin<sup>23</sup>. Differences in the methodology and statin used in these studies hindered a consensus on the subject, which was very well evaluated in a recent review<sup>24</sup>. On the other hand, the costs of this continuous, chronic treatment have been seldom considered.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of atorvastatin not used everyday on the cholesterol levels of hypercholesterolemic individuals - using a more appropriate methodology -, as well as the impact that cost reduction may bring in the long term.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Study design</italic> - This is a prospective study approved by the Institution's Research and Ethics Committee. Initially, 100 patients of both genders, age <underline>&gt;</underline>20 years, and LDL-C levels <underline>&gt;</underline>160 mg/dL for those in primary prevention (PP) or <underline>&gt;</underline>130 mg/dL for those in secondary prevention (SP) were studied (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). Individuals receiving any antilipemic agent by the time of the tests, pregnant women, and individuals with triglyceride levels <underline>&gt;</underline>40 mg/dL were not included in the study. Patients with abnormal levels of creatinine kinase and aminotransferases prior to or detected during the study, and those with chronic hepatitis were excluded. Previous intolerance to a statin, as well as patients with neoplasms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or hypothyroidism based on values of fasting plasma glucose <underline>&gt;</underline>140 mg/dL or TSH<underline>&gt;</underline>4.2 microIU/mL, and patients with unstable previous heart diseases such as heart failure or myocardial ischemia were also exclusion criteria. Before initiating atorvastatin, the patients followed the American Heart Association diet<sup>25</sup>. This diet was maintained during the whole study period and the response to a questionnaire at each visit confirmed the compliance to it. A menu was adapted to the diet prescribed, which corresponded to the following proportions: fat content &lt;30%, polyunsaturated fats &gt;10 %, saturated fats &lt; 7 %, monounsaturated fats &gt;10 % and cholesterol &lt;200 mg/day.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_08f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0325-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Methods -</italic> LDL-C goals were different for each individual, aiming at levels <underline>&lt;</underline>130 mg/dl for those considered at low risk, which includes PP, and <underline>&lt;</underline>110 mg/dL for those at high risk &#150; SP or equivalent, such as individuals with diabetes<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>After a twelve-week period on diet alone, the first blood sample was collected (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f2-body2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f3-body2">3</xref> &#150; P1), and therapy with atorvastatin was initiated for all patients at a daily dose of 10 mg after dinner (a total of 70 mg per week). Six weeks later, a second sample (P2) was collected, and if LDL-C levels were &lt; 80 or &lt; 104 mg/dL for SP and PP, respectively, 20mg of atorvastatin were subtracted from the weekly dosage, thus maintaining 50 mg/week. If in the following sample collected six weeks later (P3) LDL-C levels remained &lt; 80 or &lt; 104 mg/dL for PP and SP, respectively, another dosage adjustment was made for 30 mg/week, that is, 10 mg every other day, fixed on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. The weekly dosage was not reduced if LDL-C values were not &lt;80 or &lt; 104 mg/dL for PP and SP, respectively; in these casesthe previous regimen of five-times a week was maintained (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f2-body2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f3-body2">3</xref>). After six weeks, the last sample (P4) was collected to observe whether the LDL-C levels targeted had been achieved.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_08f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0325-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_08f3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0325-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Thus, three patient groups were formed, and 10 mg of atorvastatin were always used per dose: group I, with daily use in a total of 70mg of atorvastatin per week, for patients whose LDL-C was between 80 and 100 for SP or between 104 and 130 for PP; group II, of patients who received the medication five times a week (from Monday to Friday); and group III, of patients who received the medication three times a week (Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays).</p>
      <p><italic>Laboratory analysis -</italic> Blood samples were collected in the morning after a 12-hour fasting period and 72 hours off alcohol. Total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C levels were quantified by the CHOD-POD method and analyzed in the ADVIA 1650 Bayer equipment. For the analysis of triglyceride levels the GPO-POD enzymatic method was used. Samples were always collected in the day following a greater interval between one medication dose and the next one. Since the medication doses were kept on fixed days (Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays or from Monday to Wednesday), Monday corresponded, in theory, to the day with the lowest atorvastatin level. Aminotransferase and creatinine kinase levels were measured to verify the adverse effects of atorvastatin on liver function.</p>
      <p><italic>Cost assessment -</italic> Calculation was based on the month of continuous treatment comparing the groups that used the medication three or five times a week. The maximum consumer price of atorvastatin 10 mg 30-tablet pack, which has no generic equivalent on sale in the Brazilian market, is R$ 106.65<sup>27</sup> (pharmacy discounts not included). For the saving achieved to be easily understood and not be outdated, percentage calculations were used in each group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The three patient groups were: group I, considered standard response, with a mean LDL-C reduction of 32%, in which the mean age was 58 (39 to 90) years; 28 were females on daily use. In this group the goals were achieved without the possibility of a dose reduction, that is, LDL-C &lt;130 and &gt;104 mg/dL in PP and LDL-C &lt;100 and &gt;80 mg/dL in SP. Group I was initially comprised of 52 patients; two of them were lost to follow-up and three dropped; thus data on 47 patients were available for analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). Despite the mean reduction of 32% in LDL-C levels, the goal was not reached in four patients of this group due to high baseline levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C.</p>
      <p>Groups II and III (48 patients) were comprised of individuals for whom the weekly atorvastatin dosage could be reduced; they were analyzed together, but separately from group I. Seven patients were excluded from the study; three of them were lost to follow-up and four dropped (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>In the remaining 41 patients, the mean age was 60 (34 to 80) years; 29 were females and eight were receiving estrogen replacement therapy, although four of them had initiated this therapy during the study. Thirty five patients were in PP and only six in SP. Systemic hypertension was also observed in 45% of the patients studied. Of these 41 patients who remained throughout the study, 25 (61%) had permission to receive the medication three times a week (Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays), and 16 (39%) received the medication five times a week. In two cases the dosage was changed back to five times a week.</p>
      <p>Group I values are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08t1-body2">Table 1</xref>, where usual reductions of TC and LDL-C of 34.62 % and 31.95 %, respectively, can be observed.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_08t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0325-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Groups II and III values are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08t2-body2">Table 2</xref>, where significant TC and LDL-C reductions of 31% up to 44.6%, respectively, can be observed.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_08t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0325-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Initial and final mean values and percentage reduction of TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG of the 16 patients who received atorvastatin 50 mg/week (5 times a week) in group II are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08t3-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_08t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0325-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Finally, a summary of group III is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08t4-body2">Table 4</xref>, where cholesterol and triglyceride levels of 25 patients whose initial mean LDL-C was 177 mg/dL, and final was 95 mg/dL, with a remarkable 46.1% reduction, although they had received atorvastatin 30 mg per week (three times a week). No adverse effect, whether cardiologic or metabolic, that could interfere with the evaluation during the period studied was observed.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_08t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0325-00008-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As regards the cost assessment, group II, with atorvastatin five times a week, had the monthly expense of R$ 106.65 reduced to R$ 74.65, thus providing a 30% saving per month. In group III, the expense of R$ 106.65 was reduced to R$ 53.33, which corresponded to a 50% saving.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>When attempting to use statins in alternate days, the knowledge of their potency and half-lives is fundamental: lovastatin 2 hours, pravastatin 1-3h, fluvastatin and sinvastatin 1-2h, and atorvastatin 14h<sup>28</sup>, the latter being chosen for having the longest half-life and greatest potency<sup>9</sup> up to the beginning of the study.</p>
      <p>The third point is the knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin, which reduces LDL-C and TC within 24 to 72 hours<sup>29</sup>. After discontinuation, an increase in total cholesterol occurs on average 48 hours later and in LDL-C and apo-B within 72 hours. Thus, effective results were still obtained with non-daily use<sup>29</sup>. This information is really important and justifies the failure or discouraging results of other studies in which this statin was not used.</p>
      <p>Metz and Lucas' study<sup>24</sup> concluded that more in-depth studies are necessary to give answers on the efficacy of alternate-day statins and they also summarized the main reports on this strategy<sup>18-22</sup>. Lovastatin, fluvastatin, short half-lives, low potency to reduce cholesterol, small groups studied, lack of a protocol, retrospective study and failure to observe cost saving were the major limitations of these protocols and perhaps discouraged other studies.</p>
      <p>The differential of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of non-daily atorvastatin administration in individuals whose response to the initial dose demonstrated a reduction of LDL-C above the expected pattern. This fact is unpredictable and corresponds to an individual response because other methods for the assessment of the response to alternate-day statin were almost methods of discovery by chance; in other words, how many patients, regardless of any profile or protocol, would randomly benefit from this type of treatment.</p>
      <p>The values used in this study as a guideline to enable 20-mg reductions of atorvastatin per week were based on the calculation that by reducing the medication by half, the result would correspond to half the atorvastatin efficacy. Thus, since the mean efficacy of 10-mg atorvastatin is of 37% of LDL-C reduction, a 15% margin was used for LDL-C levels, resulting in the &lt; 80 or &lt; 104 mg/dL values for SP and PP, respectively.</p>
      <p>To date, there is no easy method to identify which individuals will have the best or worst response to this therapeutic class. Thus, studies which did not use a protocol to reduce statin doses are expected toshow poor and discouraging results, unlike what was done in this research, and can be called dosage adjustment.</p>
      <p>We observed that all participants in this study were alike at the first determination and became different after the results of the first sample. At this moment, the individuals are divided into a group with the best responses versus a group with standard responses, which also has a good response, although not enough to allow a reduction in the weekly dosage. This point can be put as the major differential for the positive responses obtained in this study.</p>
      <p>The most recent study emphasizes the possibility of using atorvastatin or rosuvastatin every other day, thanks to their potency and half-lives<sup>30</sup>; the cost issue is mentioned, however the evaluation was performed at random and 20- mg doses of atorvastatin were used, which does not contribute to the cost issue. Another study using only atorvastatin considered the costs and tested the efficacy of its use every other day<sup>31</sup>. Details on the costs were missing, and the results were equivalent for daily and alternate-day use, which is known not to be true for all patients. Other authors<sup>21,32</sup> that analyzed the responses to alternate-day atorvastatin refined their methodology; however they did not evaluate the saving provided by the different forms of treatment when doses of 10mg/day, 10mg every other day, and 20 mg every other day<sup>32</sup> were used, as we did in the present study.</p>
      <p>An attempt, more recent than those with lovastatin and fluvastatin, using another statin with a short half life like pravastatin<sup>33</sup> found that the weekly dosage could not be reduced, basically because of the half life, although doses of pravastatin of up to 80mg per day had been used. As can be seen, there is an intention of changing the statin dosage; however, there is a wide variation of methodologies used in each study.</p>
      <p>In the evaluation of sinvastatin<sup>34</sup>, a small group was studied and LDL-C target levels were not well established; also, sinvastatin doses were doubled when the drug was used every other day. This did not enable a cost reduction and increased the adverse effects. Similarly, in the study that evaluated a group of 35 patients receiving atorvastatin 10mg per day or every other day in the second phase of the study, the dose was doubled and efficacy was evaluated, however without providing cost reduction or efficacy with lower weekly doses<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>The results of the present study, in which the largest population ever was evaluated, identified standard responders (group I) and individuals considered <italic>optimal responders</italic> groups II and III. Despite presenting hypercholesterolemia, some patients show different responses to the lipid-lowering therapy, and these responses were considered in our study.</p>
      <p>This study was the only one to show a more rational attitude in the evaluation of the non-daily dose, unlike all the others that left to chance the finding out of the patients who could be treated in a non-daily basis. In this assessment, all individuals receive the initial standard dose, and after the first lipid profile determination a dose adjustment is considered. It does not seem rational to increase or double the dose, as occurred in other studies.</p>
      <p>Statins are recognized by our health system and are part of a list of expensive medications. Effective statin doses cost approximately R$ 25.00, the total treatment sometimes reaching approximately R$ 150.00 per month; it should also be considered that these treatments are not temporary but are maintained indefinitely.</p>
      <p>The monthly cost of atorvastatin is R$ 106.65 at the dose of 10mg. The annual treatment cost would be of R$ 1,279.80 (based on the maximum consumer price and not including pharmacy discounts).</p>
      <p>The lowest available dose of atorvastatin is 10mg. The use of a daily 5-mg dose, that is, half a tablet, may be very difficult because the tablets are not scored and it does not seem practical for patients, mainly for the elderly ones. Thus, the use of a whole tablet every other day seems more practical than trying to split a tablet in two halves, unlike some studies that did the opposite, that is, used double the dose every other day, which eliminates the possibility of a less expensive treatment.</p>
      <p>Thus, the possibility of reducing the medication dose undoubtedly provided patients with a cost reduction, not to mention that most of the times there are other medications being used for the control of other diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension.</p>
      <p>In this study, group II costs were reduced by 30%, which is equivalent to R$ 32.00 per month, and in group three costs were reduced by 50%, that is, R$ 53.32 per month, in a total of a R$ 384.00 and R$639.90 yearly saving, respectively; these amounts cannot be disregarded.</p>
      <p>When a cost-effectiveness analysis is made, the investment per life saved is considered to be worthier the higher the cardiac risk of that individual is. Thus, when this type of treatment is adopted there is undoubtedly a cost reduction, as well as a justification for the use of the medication<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is important to observe that the use of atorvastatin was safe and that the incidence of major or minor side effects was quite low.</p>
      <p>Thus, the efficacy of atorvastin used every other day on cholesterol levels of hypercholesterolemic individuals could be confirmed, based on a customized adjustment every six weeks in the initial period of treatment.</p>
      <p>With this frequency of atorvastatin administration per week, costs were reduced by 30% to 50% according to the number of doses per week, thus providing those who need this treatment with a significant saving, and generating an economic impact for the population and public agencies that supply medications.</p>
      <p><italic>Study limitations</italic> - A moderate treatment drop-out rate could be observed. In none of the cases the reason was a side effect. Asymptomatic hypercholesterolemia before the occurrence of a cardiovascular event, medication cost, and the idea of a treatment for an indefinite time were study limitations. Patients believe that if the medication is discontinued after reduction of cholesterol levels the results will not be affected. A reduction in the weekly dosage, for those whose response to treatment thus permits, could be perceived as a treatment bonus by the patients and a means to increase compliance to long-term treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Antonio Edmond Ghattas, from Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual - IAMSPE.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Antonio Edmond Ghattas</p>
          <p> Rua Adolfo Casais Monteiro, 345 - Jardim Los Angeles</p>
          <p> 04648-040, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="tghattas@cardiol.br">tghattas@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received May 09, 2007; revised manuscript received July 13, 2007; accepted July 13, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
