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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PS8FPd4jNJ5RHqjxtq655Tk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001700006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900506</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001700006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Isquemia silenciosa na doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel em vig&#234;ncia de tratamento medicamentoso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Fernando Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#233;sar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gruppi</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giorgi</surname>
            <given-names>Dante M. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Whady A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>312</fpage>
      <lpage>318</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Existem poucos dados sobre comportamento da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224;s atividades habituais na vig&#234;ncia da medica&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana. OBJETIVO: Estudar mecanismo gerador da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica avaliando-se o comportamento da press&#227;o arterial e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica est&#225;vel, medicados e com evid&#234;ncia de isquemia. M&#201;TODOS: Cinq&#252;enta pacientes (40 homens) realizaram ambulatorialmente por 24 horas a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica sincronizada com a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. RESULTADOS: Em 17 pacientes detectaram-se 35 epis&#243;dios de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, com dura&#231;&#227;o total de 146,3 minutos, ocorrendo relato de angina em cinco casos. Houve 29 epis&#243;dios (100,3 minutos) durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia, com 11 epis&#243;dios (35,3+3,7 min) no per&#237;odo das 11 &#224;s 15 horas. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos tr&#234;s intervalos de 10 minutos posteriores ao momento de isquemia mostrou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p&lt;0,05), o que n&#227;o ocorreu nos tr&#234;s intervalos anteriores. Entretanto, durante o momento isqu&#234;mico, percebeu-se eleva&#231;&#227;o maior que 10 mmHg da press&#227;o arterial e de cinco batimentos por minuto da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca quando comparado ao intervalo de tempo entre 20 e 10 minutos anterior. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia no in&#237;cio da isquemia durante teste ergom&#233;trico pr&#233;vio ao estudo foi de 118,2+14,0, e de 81,1+20,8 batimentos por minuto na eletrocardiografia de 24 horas (p&lt;0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: A incid&#234;ncia de isquemia silenciosa &#233; freq&#252;ente na doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel, relacionando-se com altera&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com diferentes limiares de isquemia para o mesmo paciente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Coronariopatia</kwd>
        <kwd>isquemia</kwd>
        <kwd>eletrocardiografia ambulatorial</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Isquemia silenciosa na doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel em vig&#234;ncia de tratamento medicamentoso </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jo&#227;o Fernando Monteiro Ferreira; Luiz Antonio Machado C&#233;sar; C&#233;sar J. Gruppi; Dante M. A. Giorgi; Whady A. Hueb; Antonio P. Mansur; Jos&#233; A. F. Ramires </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Existem poucos dados sobre comportamento da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224;s atividades habituais na vig&#234;ncia da medica&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estudar mecanismo gerador da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica avaliando-se o comportamento da press&#227;o arterial e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica est&#225;vel, medicados e com evid&#234;ncia de isquemia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Cinq&#252;enta pacientes (40 homens) realizaram ambulatorialmente por 24 horas a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica sincronizada com a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Em 17 pacientes detectaram-se 35 epis&#243;dios de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, com dura&#231;&#227;o total de 146,3 minutos, ocorrendo relato de angina em cinco casos. Houve 29 epis&#243;dios (100,3 minutos) durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia, com 11 epis&#243;dios (35,3+3,7 min) no per&#237;odo das 11 &#224;s 15 horas. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos tr&#234;s intervalos de 10 minutos posteriores ao momento de isquemia mostrou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p&lt;0,05), o que n&#227;o ocorreu nos tr&#234;s intervalos anteriores. Entretanto, durante o momento isqu&#234;mico, percebeu-se eleva&#231;&#227;o maior que 10 mmHg da press&#227;o arterial e de cinco batimentos por minuto da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca quando comparado ao intervalo de tempo entre 20 e 10 minutos anterior. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia no in&#237;cio da isquemia durante teste ergom&#233;trico pr&#233;vio ao estudo foi de 118,2+14,0, e de 81,1+20,8 batimentos por minuto na eletrocardiografia de 24 horas (p&lt;0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A incid&#234;ncia de isquemia silenciosa &#233; freq&#252;ente na doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel, relacionando-se com altera&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com diferentes limiares de isquemia para o mesmo paciente.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Coronariopatia, isquemia, eletrocardiografia ambulatorial, press&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A isquemia silenciosa &#233; considerada a apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais freq&#252;ente da doen&#231;a coronariana cr&#244;nica, tendo sido definida por Cohn em 1981 como a evid&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica na aus&#234;ncia de qualquer sintoma<sup>1</sup>. Sua presen&#231;a relaciona-se a maior risco de morte e eventos card&#237;acos<sup>2-4</sup>, chegando-se a se verificar mortalidade at&#233; tr&#234;s vezes maior (24% <italic>versus</italic> 8,0%) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem isquemia<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o, contudo, completamente estabelecidos o papel e o comportamento dos fatores que determinam a ocorr&#234;ncia da isquemia silenciosa, havendo influ&#234;ncia das obstru&#231;&#245;es dos vasos coronarianos, altera&#231;&#245;es do endot&#233;lio e dos fatores de consumo de oxig&#234;nio, principalmente nos pacientes em uso de medica&#231;&#245;es antianginosas, hipolipemiantes e anti-hipertensivas<sup>6-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para esclarecer o comportamento dos epis&#243;dios de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224;s atividades habituais e seus aspectos determinantes, avaliamos pacientes com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel e documenta&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ativa mesmo na vig&#234;ncia de medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica do hospital, estudamos 50 pacientes com idade de 40 a 81 anos (m&#233;dia de 61,9<underline>+</underline>10,7 anos), sendo 40 (80%) do sexo masculino, e doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria comprovada por cinecoronariografia (com pelo menos uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal com obstru&#231;&#227;o &gt; 50%), al&#233;m dos seguintes crit&#233;rios:</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o -</italic> evid&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica cl&#237;nica (angina ao esfor&#231;o) ou funcional (teste ergom&#233;trico com infradesnivelamento do segmento ST <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,0 mm para homens e <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,0 mm para mulheres e/ou cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com defeito perfusional transit&#243;rio considerado pelo menos moderado).</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</italic> - doen&#231;a valvar; hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-controlada, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classes funcionais III e IV da NYHA, insufici&#234;ncia renal e hep&#225;tica; diabete melito descompensado; hipertiroidismo, anemia, gesta&#231;&#227;o, idade inferior a 18 anos; eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos &#150; bloqueios do ramo direito ou esquerdo do feixe de Hiss; bloqueio AV de 2&#186; grau tipo Mobitz II e de 3&#186; grau; intervalo PR <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,10s, presen&#231;a de feixe de condu&#231;&#227;o an&#244;malo, fibrila&#231;&#227;o e <italic>flutter</italic> atrial, taquicardias, marcapasso artificial, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda ou demais altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular que prejudicasse a an&#225;lise do segmento ST.</p>
    <p>Durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo, os pacientes permaneceram medicados com os f&#225;rmacos antianginosos que vinham utilizando, sendo submetidos a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e da press&#227;o arterial durante 24 horas cont&#237;nuas utilizando o equipamento CardioTens da Meditech Ltda. &#150; Medical Electronics (Budapest, Hungary). Esse sistema permite obter informa&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas da press&#227;o arterial e dos epis&#243;dios isqu&#234;micos.</p>
    <p>O sistema foi programado para gravar o eletrocardiograma automaticamente em dois canais (CM5 e CM1), considerando-se o padr&#227;o b&#225;sico do ECG e do segmento ST. Orientou-se o paciente a relatar no di&#225;rio anexo qualquer tipo de sintoma.</p>
    <p>Para o diagn&#243;stico dos eventos isqu&#234;micos ajustou-se manualmente um ponto isoel&#233;trico (intervalo PQ e um ponto a 60 ms do ponto J) para determinar a linha de base do segmento ST, a partir da qual as presen&#231;as de supradesnivelamento e infradesnivelamento foram consideradas. A linha de base do segmento ST foi definida como a m&#233;dia obtida durante os 30 minutos anteriores aos epis&#243;dios isqu&#234;micos.</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos dos eventos isqu&#234;micos</italic> - consideramos uma eleva&#231;&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 mm ou depress&#227;o horizontal ou descendente <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 mm do segmento ST a partir da linha de base, persistindo por pelo menos 1 min., e revertendo &#224; linha de base por pelo menos 1 min.<sup>10</sup>. Produziu-se relat&#243;rio com o tempo de isquemia de cada evento, bem como os hor&#225;rios do dia das suas ocorr&#234;ncias. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos conforme o achado de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica na eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica &#150; isqu&#234;micos e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos, procedendo-se a compara&#231;&#227;o de diferentes vari&#225;veis entre esses.</p>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos eventos isqu&#234;micos</italic> - nos pacientes com isquemia, foram considerados o n&#250;mero total de epis&#243;dios e a soma do tempo em minutos (min) de todos os epis&#243;dios durante as 24 horas de observa&#231;&#227;o, o n&#250;mero total de eventos e o tempo total de isquemia em minutos em cada per&#237;odo de 4 horas nas 24 horas, respectivamente das 23h00 &#224;s 2h59, das 3h00 &#224;s 6h59, das 7h00hs &#224;s 10h59, das 11h00 &#224;s 14h59, das 15h00 &#224;s 18h59, e das 19h00 &#224;s 22h59. Consideramos ativo o per&#237;odo das 7h00 &#224;s 22h59 horas, e passivo, das 23h00 &#224;s 6h59.</p>
    <p><italic>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial -</italic> permitiu 24 horas consecutivas de medidas, programado para realizar seis medidas/h da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) em mmHg e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) em batimentos por min (bpm). Uma medi&#231;&#227;o era iniciada quando o n&#237;vel do segmento ST ou a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca excedia os limites programados. Medi&#231;&#245;es extras podiam ocorrer manualmente a qualquer momento. Depois de identificado cada evento isqu&#234;mico, definimos como momentos (-30-21), (-20-11) e (-10-0) as medidas que ocorreram respectivamente 30 a 20 min., 20 a 10 min., e at&#233; 10 min. antes do in&#237;cio do epis&#243;dio isqu&#234;mico. Os mesmos intervalos (0+10) (+11+20) (+21+30) foram considerados at&#233; 30 minutos ap&#243;s o epis&#243;dio isqu&#234;mico. Foram desprezadas as medidas nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que a medida (-30-21) estava a n&#227;o mais que 20 min do &#250;ltimo epis&#243;dio isqu&#234;mico, e/ou a medida (21+30) estava a n&#227;o menos que 20 min. do pr&#243;ximo epis&#243;dio. Assim obteve-se a m&#233;dia em cada momento da PAS, PAD, FC e do duplo produto (DP).</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - as vari&#225;veis foram analisadas descritivamente. Para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas (idade, FC, PAS e PAD) foi feita a observa&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#237;nimos, m&#225;ximos, m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. Para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas, calcularam-se as freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Para a an&#225;lise da hip&#243;tese de igualdade de m&#233;dias entre os dois grupos, utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. Quando a suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade dos dados foi rejeitada, utilizou-se o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o de propor&#231;&#245;es entre os dois grupos utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher. Para averiguar o comportamento do grupo considerando as condi&#231;&#245;es de isquemia estudadas, fez-se uso da t&#233;cnica An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas, a qual consiste no ajuste de um modelo linear multivariado. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado para os testes foi de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da casu&#237;stica -</italic> Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, encontramos 36,0% com diabete melito; 72,0% com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; 32,0% com tabagismo corrente; 82,0% com hipercolesterolemia; 36,0% com hipertrigliceridemia; e 24,0% com hist&#243;ria familiar para doen&#231;a coronariana. Os pacientes mantiveram o uso de suas medica&#231;&#245;es habituais prescritas pelo seu m&#233;dico assistente durante o estudo com a seguinte distribui&#231;&#227;o: 78,0% betabloqueadores; 40,0% bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio; 76,0% nitratos; 96,0% &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; 34,0% inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o; e 19 (38,0%) hipolipemiantes. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico e glicemia demonstrou as seguintes m&#233;dias de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos: colesterol total 209,1<underline>+</underline>41,3 mg/dl; HDL-colesterol 39,1<underline>+</underline>7,9 mg/dl; LDL-colesterol 138,2<underline>+</underline>34,8 mg/dl; Triglic&#233;rides 166,6<underline>+</underline>96,6 mg/dl; e Glicemia 140,0<underline>+</underline>66,8 mg/dl.</p>
    <p><italic>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos eventos isqu&#234;micos -</italic> Foram gravadas 1112,4 horas pelo registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, com a m&#233;dia geral de 22,7 horas por paciente. Em 17 (34,0%) detectou-se isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, sendo 35 epis&#243;dios com dura&#231;&#227;o de 146,3 minutos. No per&#237;odo ativo tivemos a maioria dos epis&#243;dios isqu&#234;micos com o total de 29 (82,8%), enquanto no per&#237;odo passivo ocorreram seis (17,2%). O tempo total de isquemia no per&#237;odo ativo foi de 100,3 min e, no per&#237;odo passivo, de 44,5 minutos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero e dura&#231;&#227;o dos epis&#243;dios isqu&#234;micos por per&#237;odo de quatro horas est&#227;o no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="g1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0312-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Dos 17 pacientes com isquemia, cinco (29,4%) relataram angina durante o tempo de estudo, enquanto quatro (12,1%) relataram angina sem isquemia &#224; eletrocardiografia. No <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g2">gr&#225;fico 2</xref> est&#227;o os achados da PAS, PAD e FC nos epis&#243;dios isqu&#234;micos por intervalos de tempo.</p>
    <fig id="g2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0312-00006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis PAS, FC e DP entre os momentos anteriores &#224; isquemia (-30-21), (-20-11) e (-10-0) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao momento da isquemia (0) n&#227;o se mostrou significante. J&#225; as mesmas medidas posteriores &#224; isquemia (0+10), (+11+20) e (+21+30) mostraram-se diferentes com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0312-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos: isqu&#234;micos e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos -</italic> Uma vez determinadas as caracter&#237;sticas da FC e press&#227;o arterial no momento da isquemia &#224; eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica, foi poss&#237;vel comparar essas vari&#225;veis entre o grupo isqu&#234;mico e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mico.</p>
    <p>O estudo das vari&#225;veis do teste ergom&#233;trico encontrou as seguintes m&#233;dias para isqu&#234;micos e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos, respectivamente: tempo de esfor&#231;o para aparecimento de isquemia de 3,6&#177;1,7 min <italic>versus</italic> 4,0&#177;1,8 min (p=0,077), FC no in&#237;cio da isquemia eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de 111,0&#177;12,9 bpm <italic>versus</italic> 121,3&#177;13,6 bpm (p=0,085), infradesnivelamento m&#225;ximo do segmento ST de 2,7&#177;0,9 mm <italic>versus</italic> 2,5&#177;0,7 mm (p=0,760), PAS de pico 179,4&#177;30,1 mmHg <italic>versus</italic> 190,6&#177;28,8 mmHg (p=0,277), PAD de pico 87,0&#177;14,7 mmHg <italic>versus</italic> 96,5&#177;20,0 mmHg (p=0,248). Determinamos a FC no in&#237;cio da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica do protocolo e no teste ergom&#233;trico realizado &#224; inclus&#227;o no estudo, encontrando-se diferen&#231;a significativa com p&lt;0,001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g3">gr&#225;fico 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="g3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0312-00006-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os pacientes isqu&#234;micos e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos quanto &#224; idade dos pacientes (p=0,098), assim como nos diferentes fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria como diabete melito (p=0,584), hipertens&#227;o arterial (p=0,746), tabagismo (p=0,357), hipercolesterolemia (p=0,467), hipertrigliceridemia (p=0,584) e hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria (p=0,181).</p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o das medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas nos isqu&#234;micos e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos: betabloqueadores (p=1,000); bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio (p=0,273); nitratos (p=0,728); &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (p=1,000); inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (p=0,442); e hipolipemiantes (p=0,344).</p>
    <p>Os valores dos l&#237;pides e da glicemia mostraram semelhantes entre os pacientes com e sem isquemia: colesterol total (p=0,186); HDL-colesterol (p=0,258); LDL-colesterol (p=0,072); Triglic&#233;rides (p=0,743); e glicemia (p=0,327).</p>
    <p>Quanto ao resultado da coronariografia, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a no padr&#227;o de obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria (igual ou maior do que 70%) entre pacientes isqu&#234;micos e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos: uniarteriais isqu&#234;micos 17,7% &#150; uniarteriais n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos: 27,3%; biarteriais isqu&#234;micos 58,8% &#150; biarteriais n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos: 51,5% e triarteriais isqu&#234;micos 23,5% &#150; triarteriais n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos: 21,2%.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> est&#227;o os resultados da Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o Arterial conforme a presen&#231;a de isquemia &#224; eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0312-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados mostram taxas de pacientes com isquemia (34%) inferiores &#224;s de outros pesquisadores (43% a 89%)<sup>3,4,11</sup>. &#201; poss&#237;vel que essa menor incid&#234;ncia de isquemia possa ser explicada por termos mantido medica&#231;&#227;o durante o estudo e pelo menor tempo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o (24 horas e n&#227;o 48 horas).</p>
    <p>A maioria dos epis&#243;dios cursou na aus&#234;ncia de sintomas, caracterizando o diagn&#243;stico de isquemia silenciosa, resultado concordante com demais estudos<sup>7,11-13</sup>. Os mecanismos prov&#225;veis para a n&#227;o-percep&#231;&#227;o do fen&#244;meno isqu&#234;mico ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente esclarecidos. Maseri e cols.<sup>14</sup> consideram defeitos no sistema de percep&#231;&#227;o da dor, maior libera&#231;&#227;o de endorfinas, degenera&#231;&#227;o das vias nociceptivas e altera&#231;&#227;o de baroceptores, como algumas das explica&#231;&#245;es para se tentar justificar a aus&#234;ncia de angina. Mesmo considerando o maior n&#250;mero de pacientes com diabete melito, n&#227;o ocorreu maior incid&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, o que tamb&#233;m foi descrito por Solimene &amp; Oliveira<sup>15</sup> e Batlouni<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis do teste ergom&#233;trico, realizado previamente &#224; inclus&#227;o no estudo, demonstrou que esse m&#233;todo n&#227;o foi capaz de prever quais pacientes desenvolveriam isquemia &#224;s atividades habituais. Paul e cols.<sup>17</sup> tamb&#233;m demonstraram que o tempo de aparecimento de isquemia, infradesnivelamento do segmento ST e o tempo total de exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o se relacionaram com a presen&#231;a de isquemia ao teste ergom&#233;trico. Carboni e cols.<sup>18</sup>, Borzac e cols.<sup>19</sup> e outros pesquisadores tamb&#233;m conclu&#237;ram que o teste ergom&#233;trico n&#227;o &#233; preditor do aparecimento de isquemia &#224; eletrocardiografia em atividades habituais, e que a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os seus &#237;ndices de gravidade &#233; baixa, exceto nos casos onde havia sinais progn&#243;sticos de alto risco.</p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m demonstramos diferen&#231;a significativa entre a FC medida no in&#237;cio do epis&#243;dio isqu&#234;mico pelo teste ergom&#233;trico e na eletrocardiografia. Deedwania &amp; Nelson<sup>13</sup> demonstraram varia&#231;&#227;o dos valores da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da press&#227;o arterial na origem do episodio isqu&#234;mico, e que os valores num&#233;ricos desses par&#226;metros ao teste ergom&#233;trico eram maiores que os da eletrocardiografia (110,6 <italic>versus</italic> 91,7 batimentos por minuto). Rehman e cols.<sup>20</sup> encontraram resultados semelhantes, para a FC, PAS e DP. Carboni e cols.<sup>18</sup> tamb&#233;m encontraram esses resultados, por&#233;m s&#243; para os pacientes que haviam apresentado epis&#243;dio sintom&#225;tico de isquemia. Deanfield e cols.<sup>21</sup> avaliaram, com a eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica, trinta pacientes com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel e teste ergom&#233;trico positivo, tamb&#233;m encontrando FC menor no aparecimento da isquemia na eletrocardiografia (98,0&#177;20,5 <italic>versus</italic> 124,0&#177;17,0 bpm). Embora haja a influ&#234;ncia dos fatores determinantes do consumo de oxig&#234;nio na g&#234;nese dos epis&#243;dios isqu&#234;micos &#224;s atividades habituais, como se depreende do que ocorre durante o teste de esfor&#231;o, tamb&#233;m a sua varia&#231;&#227;o, e n&#227;o apenas seu valor absoluto, pode determinar isquemia, como se observa na eletrocardiografia de 24 horas. Ou seja, mesmo com uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca menor, ocorreu isquemia, conforme demonstramos, evidenciando a exist&#234;ncia de diferentes limiares de isquemia na determina&#231;&#227;o dessa.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero e dura&#231;&#227;o dos epis&#243;dios de isquemia por per&#237;odos e nas 24 horas, observamos predomin&#226;ncia no per&#237;odo ativo com um pico no per&#237;odo das 11h00 &#224;s 14h59, e outro menor das 19h00 &#224;s 22h59. Essa tend&#234;ncia de evolu&#231;&#227;o circadiana da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foi relatada em v&#225;rios estudos, que demonstraram de forma repetida um maior n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios e tempo de isquemia durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia, principalmente no hor&#225;rio da manh&#227;. Alguns pesquisadores relatam ainda um comportamento bimodal, com a presen&#231;a de outro pico de isquemia no in&#237;cio da noite, concordante com nossos resultados<sup>8,13,22-24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da PA, verificamos que tanto os pacientes isqu&#234;micos quanto os n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos mantiveram controladas a PAS, PAD e PAM nas 24 horas e nos per&#237;odos ativo e passivo, o mesmo encontrado por Rehman e cols.<sup>20</sup> em popula&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224; nossa. Portanto, a carga press&#243;rica <italic>per se</italic> n&#227;o interferiu no surgimento dos epis&#243;dios de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica na nossa amostra, sugerindo que outros motivos devem interferir na g&#234;nese da isquemia silenciosa.</p>
    <p>Apesar de n&#227;o termos detectado rela&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (FC e PAS) com os epis&#243;dios isqu&#234;micos, com a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica escolhida, percebemos que no momento epis&#243;dio isqu&#234;mico as m&#233;dias da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram 5 bpm maiores, e as m&#233;dias da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica 10 mmHg mais altas do que nas medidas precedendo a isquemia. Deanfield e cols.<sup>21</sup>, na avalia&#231;&#227;o com a eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica de pacientes com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel e teste ergom&#233;trico positivo, encontraram apenas 23,0% de epis&#243;dios isqu&#234;micos precedidos de um aumento de 10 batimentos por minuto da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Esse outro crit&#233;rio de avalia&#231;&#227;o, aceitando-se discretas varia&#231;&#245;es da FC e PAS, foi tamb&#233;m aplicado por outros pesquisadores.</p>
    <p>J&#225; Panza e cols.<sup>25</sup>, avaliando 48 pacientes com o mesmo perfil, mostraram que 89,0% dos epis&#243;dios isqu&#234;micos foram precedidos por um aumento maior ou igual a 10 bpm, e que essa varia&#231;&#227;o da FC ocorreu at&#233; 10 minutos antes do in&#237;cio da isquemia. Lupi e cols.<sup>26</sup> realizaram interessante estudo em 14 pacientes com doen&#231;a est&#225;vel, que tinham teste ergom&#233;trico positivo. Um segundo teste ergom&#233;trico foi realizado ap&#243;s 10 minutos do primeiro, observando-se que a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e o tempo de exerc&#237;cio foram significativamente diferentes, sugerindo que o fen&#244;meno de pr&#233;-condicionamento interfere na g&#234;nese da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica nesses pacientes.</p>
    <p>Rehman e cols.<sup>20</sup> estudaram 38 pacientes com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria e teste ergom&#233;trico positivo para isquemia, procedendo a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o combinada da eletrocardiografia com a press&#227;o arterial por at&#233; 48 horas em pacientes n&#227;o-medicados. N&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a significativa das medidas da press&#227;o arterial e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos 10 minutos anteriores ao evento isqu&#234;mico quando comparado com as medidas das quatro horas anteriores. Entretanto, as medidas do DP, FC e PAS durante o episodio isqu&#234;mico foram significativamente maiores que nos demais momentos, mostrando que as altera&#231;&#245;es dessas vari&#225;veis relacionam-se &#224; g&#234;nese da isquemia, por&#233;m ocorrendo muito pr&#243;ximas ao in&#237;cio da isquemia.</p>
    <p>Esse resultado foi tamb&#233;m encontrado no nosso estudo, j&#225; que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre as medidas da FC, PAS e DP precedendo os 30 minutos do epis&#243;dio isqu&#234;mico; mas quando comparadas &#224;s medidas posteriores ao t&#233;rmino da isquemia, demonstrou-se que o aumento dessas vari&#225;veis participou na origem da isquemia. Deedwania &amp; Nelson<sup>13</sup> avaliaram 25 pacientes medicados com documenta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de isquemia silenciosa por 24 horas com a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o combinada da eletrocardiografia e da press&#227;o arterial, concluindo que ocorre aumento da PAS, FC e DP precedendo o evento isqu&#234;mico, atingindo seu pico durante o momento de isquemia. Por&#233;m, a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica n&#227;o foi feita de forma a buscar diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dias, mas considerou significativo um aumento de cinco batimentos por minuto para a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e de 10 mmHg para a press&#227;o arterial, varia&#231;&#245;es que tamb&#233;m foram encontradas no nosso estudo.</p>
    <p>Soma-se a essa an&#225;lise o padr&#227;o repetitivo na grande maioria dos estudos, visibilizando-se um aumento progressivo da FC, PAS e DP at&#233; atingir seu pico durante o epis&#243;dio isqu&#234;mico, declinando ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino desse. Portanto, pacientes com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel apresentam varia&#231;&#227;o da FC e PAS precedendo o epis&#243;dio de isquemia, mostrando que altera&#231;&#245;es do consumo de oxig&#234;nio participam da g&#234;nese da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Por&#233;m, as varia&#231;&#245;es da FC e PAS, apesar de presentes, geralmente n&#227;o s&#227;o de grande magnitude, sugerindo a necessidade da associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores de demanda do fluxo coron&#225;rio para o desencadeamento do epis&#243;dio isqu&#234;mico, talvez at&#233; tendo um mesmo deflagrador comum.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Considera&#231;&#245;es finais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica silenciosa mant&#233;m-se presente e freq&#252;ente mesmo em pacientes medicados com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel durante as atividades habituais di&#225;rias. Paradoxalmente ocorre com FC menor que a observada no teste ergom&#233;trico, sendo precedida de pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es da FC.</p>
    <p>Ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es da PAS e FC nos momentos anteriores e posteriores ao epis&#243;dio de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, confirmando que os fatores determinantes do consumo de oxig&#234;nio interferem na g&#234;nese da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, mesmo na vig&#234;ncia de medica&#231;&#227;o antianginosa. Entretanto, existem diferentes limiares para isquemia para um mesmo paciente, demonstrando que o consumo de oxig&#234;nio n&#227;o &#233; o &#250;nico determinante da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Jo&#227;o Fernando Monteiro Ferreira pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jo&#227;o Fernando Monteiro Ferreira </p>
        <p> Rua Madre Rita Amada de Jesus, 72 / 222B &#150; Granja Julieta </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jfmf@cardiol.br">jfmf@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 21/11/06; revisado recebido em 15/04/07; aceito em 11/06/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Silent myocardial ischemia in patients with stable coronary artery disease receiving conventional antianginal drug therapy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Few data are available on the behavior of myocardial ischemia during daily activities in patients with coronary artery disease receiving antianginal drug therapy. OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanism generating myocardial ischemia by evaluating blood pressure and heart rate changes in patients with stable atherosclerotic disease receiving drug therapy and with evidence of myocardial ischemia. METHODS: Fifty non-hospitalized patients (40 males) underwent 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring synchronized with blood pressured monitoring. RESULTS: Thirty five episodes of myocardial ischemia were detected in 17 patients, with a total duration of 146.3 minutes; angina was reported in five cases. Twenty nine episodes (100.3 minutes) occurred during wakefulness, with 11 episodes (35.3 + 3.7 min) in the period from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. Blood pressure and heart rate evaluation in the three ten-minute intervals following the ischemic episodes showed a statistically significant difference (p&lt; 0.05), unlike that shown for the three intervals preceding the episodes. However, during the ischemic episode, a higher than 10-mmHg elevation in blood pressure and 5 beats per minute in heart rate were observed when compared with the time interval between 20 and 10 minutes before the episode. The mean heart rate at the onset of ischemia during the exercise test performed before the study was 118.2 + 14.0, and 81.1 + 20.8 beats per minute on the 24-hour electrocardiogram (p &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSION: The incidence of silent myocardial ischemia is high in stable coronary artery disease and is related to alterations in blood pressure and heart rate, with different thresholds for ischemia for the same patient.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary disease</kwd>
        <kwd>ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>electrocardiography, ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Silent myocardial ischemia in patients with stable coronary artery disease receiving conventional antianginal drug therapy </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jo&#227;o Fernando Monteiro Ferreira; Luiz Antonio Machado C&#233;sar; C&#233;sar J. Gruppi; Dante M. A. Giorgi; Whady A. Hueb; Antonio P. Mansur; Jos&#233; A. F. Ramires </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Few data are available on the behavior of myocardial ischemia during daily activities in patients with coronary artery disease receiving antianginal drug therapy.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To study the mechanism generating myocardial ischemia by evaluating blood pressure and heart rate changes in patients with stable atherosclerotic disease receiving drug therapy and with evidence of myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Fifty non-hospitalized patients (40 males) underwent 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring synchronized with blood pressured monitoring.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Thirty five episodes of myocardial ischemia were detected in 17 patients, with a total duration of 146.3 minutes; angina was reported in five cases. Twenty nine episodes (100.3 minutes) occurred during wakefulness, with 11 episodes (35.3 + 3.7 min) in the period from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. Blood pressure and heart rate evaluation in the three ten-minute intervals following the ischemic episodes showed a statistically significant difference (p&lt; 0.05), unlike that shown for the three intervals preceding the episodes. However, during the ischemic episode, a higher than 10-mmHg elevation in blood pressure and 5 beats per minute in heart rate were observed when compared with the time interval between 20 and 10 minutes before the episode. The mean heart rate at the onset of ischemia during the exercise test performed before the study was 118.2 + 14.0, and 81.1 + 20.8 beats per minute on the 24-hour electrocardiogram (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> The incidence of silent myocardial ischemia is high in stable coronary artery disease and is related to alterations in blood pressure and heart rate, with different thresholds for ischemia for the same patient. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Coronary disease; ischemia; electrocardiography, ambulatory; blood pressure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Silent myocardial ischemia is considered the most frequent presentation of chronic coronary artery disease and was defined by Cohn et al, in 1981, as the evidence of myocardial ischemia in the absence of symptoms<sup>1</sup>. Its presence is related to a higher risk of death and cardiac events<sup>2-4</sup>, and up to three-fold higher mortality rates are observed in relation to individuals without ischemia<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, the role and behavior of the factors determining the occurrence of silent myocardial ischemia have not been fully established. Coronary artery obstruction, endothelial alterations, alterations in oxygen consumption factors, mainly in patients receiving antianginal, lipid-lowering and antihypertensive drugs, are known to participate in the process<sup>6-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>To explain the behavior of the episodes of myocardial ischemia during daily activities and their determining aspects, we evaluated patients with stable coronary artery disease and proven active myocardial ischemia even when receiving drug therapy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After approval by the Hospital's Ethics Commission, 50 patients aged from 40 to 81 years (mean of 61.9 &#177; 10.7years) were studied. Forty (80%) were males with coronary artery disease confirmed by coronary angiography (with &gt; 50% stenosis in at least one major coronary artery), in addition to the following criteria:</p>
      <p><italic>Inclusion criteria -</italic> evidence of clinical myocardial ischemia (effort angina) or functional myocardial ischemia (exercise test with <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.0-mm ST-segment depression for males and <underline>&gt;</underline> 2.0 mm for females and/or myocardial perfusion scintigraphy showing transient perfusion defects considered at least moderate).</p>
      <p><italic>Exclusion criteria</italic> - valvular heart disease; uncontrolled hypertension; NYHA functional classes III and IV heart failure; renal and hepatic failure; uncontrolled diabetes mellitus; hyperthyroidism; anemia; pregnancy; age under 18 years; electrocardiographic criteria: right or left bundle branch block, Mobitz II second-degree AV block, third-degree AV block, <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.10s PR interval, presence of anomalous conduction bundle, atrial flutter and fibrillation, tachycardias, artificial pacemaker, left ventricular overload, or other ventricular repolarization abnormalities that affected the analysis of the ST-segment.</p>
      <p>During the study, the patients continued receiving the antianginal drugs they had been using and underwent continuous 24-hour electrocardiographic and blood pressure monitoring with the Meditech CardioTens equipment (Medical Electronics, Budapest, Hungary). This system allows retrieval of simultaneous information on blood pressure and ischemic episodes.</p>
      <p>The system was programmed to record the electrocardiogram automatically in two channels (CM5 and CM1), considering the basic ECG and ST-segment patterns. Patients were advised to report any type of symptom in an attached diary.</p>
      <p>For the diagnosis of ischemic events, an isoelectric point was manually set (PQ interval and a point 60 ms from the J point) to determine the ST-segment baseline from which the presence of elevation or depression were considered. The ST-segment baseline was defined as the mean obtained during the 30 minutes preceding the ischemic episodes.</p>
      <p><italic>Diagnostic criteria of ischemic events -</italic> a <underline>&gt;</underline> 2-mm elevation or a <underline>&gt;</underline> 1-mm horizontal or downsloping ST-segment depression from the baseline that persisted for at least 1 min and reverted to baseline for at least one minute were considered diagnostic criteria of ischemic events<sup>10</sup>. A report on the ischemia time of each event, as well as the time of the day when the events occurred, was prepared.</p>
      <p>Patients were divided into two groups &#150; ischemic and non-ischemic, according to the findings of myocardial ischemia on dynamic electrocardiography, and comparisons of different variables were made between the groups.</p>
      <p><italic>Assessment of the ischemic events</italic> - in the patients with ischemia, the total number of episodes and the total time in minutes (min) of all episodes during the 24 hours of observation, the total number of events, and the total ischemia time in minutes for each 4-hour period in the 24 hours, from 11:00p.m. to 2:59a.m., from 3:00a.m. to 6:59p.m., from 7:00a.m. to 10:59a.m., from 11:00a.m. to 2:59p.m., from 3:00p.m. to 6:59p.m., and from 7:00p.m. to 10:59p.m., respectively, were considered. The period from 7a.m. to 10:59p.m. was considered active, and that from 11p.m. to 6:59 a.m. was considered passive.</p>
      <p><italic>Blood pressure monitoring</italic> - this granted 24 consecutive hours of measurements, programmed to perform six systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measurements/hour in mmHg, and heart rate (HR) in beats per minute (bpm). A measurement was started whenever the ST-segment level or the heart rate exceeded the limits set. Additional measurements could be taken manually at any time.</p>
      <p>After each ischemic event was identified, we defined as (-30-21), (-20-11) and (-10-0) time points the measurements that occurred 30 to 20 min, 20 to 10 min, and up to 10 min before the onset of the ischemic episode, respectively. The same intervals [(0+10), (+11+20), and (+21+30)] were considered up to 30 minutes after the ischemic episode. Measurements taken when the (-30-21) time point was not more than 20 min from the last ischemic episode, and/or the (+21+30) time point was not less than 20 min from the next episode were disregarded. Thus, the mean SBP, DBP, HR and double product (DP) at each time point were obtained.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - the variables were analyzed descriptively. For quantitative variables (age, HR, SBP and DBP), the minimum, maximum, mean values and standard deviations were analyzed. For qualitative variables, absolute and relative frequencies were calculated.</p>
      <p>The Student's t test was used to analyze the hypothesis of equality of means between the two groups. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used when the hypothesis of normality of data was rejected. The chi-square test or the Fisher's exact test was used to compare the proportions between the two groups. To assess the behavior of the group considering the ischemic conditions studied, the Analysis of Variance was used with repetitive measurements, which consists of the adjustment of a multivariate linear model. The significance level used for the tests was 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Characterization of patients</italic> - The analysis of risk factors for coronary artery disease showed 36.0% of patients with diabetes mellitus, 72.0% with hypertension, 32.0% currently smoking, 82.0% with hypercholesterolemia, 36.0% with hypertriglyceridemia, and 24.0% with a positive family history for coronary artery disease. During the study, patients were kept on the usual medications as prescribed by their physicians, with the following distribution: 78.0% beta-blockers, 40.0% calcium channel blockers, 76.0% nitrates, 96.0% acetylsalicylic acid, 34.0% angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and 38.0% lipid-lowering drugs. The evaluation of the lipid profile and blood glucose showed the following mean serum levels: total cholesterol 209.1 <underline>+</underline> 41.3 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol 39.1 <underline>+</underline> 7.9 mg/dL, LDL-cholesterol 138.2 <underline>+</underline> 34.8 mg/dL, triglycerides 166.6 <underline>+</underline> 96.6 mg/dL, and blood glucose 140.0 <underline>+</underline> 66.8 mg/dL.</p>
      <p><italic>Characterization of the ischemic events -</italic> A total of 1112.4 hours of electrocardiographic monitoring was recorded, with an overall mean of 22.7 hours per patient. Thirty five episodes of myocardial ischemia with the duration of 146.3 minutes were detected in 17 patients (34.0%). Most of the ischemic episodes occurred during the active period, in a total of 29 (82.8%), whereas six (17.2%) episodes occurred during the passive period. Total ischemia time was 100.3 min in the active period, and 44.5 minutes in the passive period. The distribution of number and duration of ischemic episodes by 4-hour periods is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1-body2">Graphic 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="g1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0312-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Of the 17 patients with ischemia, five (29.4%) reported angina during the study period, whereas four (12.1%) reported angina without ischemia on electrocardiography. Findings on SBP, DBP and HR during the ischemic episodes by time intervals are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g2-body2">Graphic 2</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="g2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0312-00006-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The analysis of SBP, HR and DP variables between the time points prior to ischemia (-30-21), (-20-11) and (-10-0) in relation to the time point of ischemia (0) did not show any significant difference. The same variables following ischemia (0+10), (+11+20) and (+21+30), in turn, showed statistically significant differences (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_06t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_06t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0312-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Comparison between the ischemic and non-ischemic groups</italic> - Once the characteristics of HR and blood pressure were determined at the time point of ischemia on dynamic electrocardiography, these variables could be compared between the ischemic and non-ischemic groups.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the exercise test variables showed the following means for the ischemic and non-ischemic groups, respectively: exercise time to ischemia of 3.6 <underline>+</underline> 1.7 min vs. 4.0 <underline>+</underline> 1.8 min (p=0.077), HR at the onset of electrocardiographic ischemia of 111.0 <underline>+</underline> 12.9 bpm vs. 121.3 <underline>+</underline> 13.6 bpm (p=0.085), maximum ST-segment depression of 2.7 <underline>+</underline> 0.9 mm vs. 2.5 <underline>+</underline> 0.7 mm (p=0.760), peak SBP of 179.4 <underline>+</underline> 30.1 mmHg vs. 190.6 <underline>+</underline> 28.8 mmHg (p=0.277), peak DBP of 87.0 <underline>+</underline> 14.7 mmHg vs. 96.5 <underline>+</underline> 20.0 mmHg (p=0.248). The HR was determined both at the onset of myocardial ischemia on dynamic electrocardiography performed during the study, and on the exercise test performed at study admission: a significant difference was found with p&lt;0.001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g3-body2">Graphic 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="g3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0312-00006-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>No statistical difference was found between ischemic and non-ischemic patients as regards age (p = 0.098), as well as regards the different risk factors for coronary artery disease such as diabetes mellitus (p = 0.584), hypertension (p=0.746), smoking (p=0.357), hypercholesterolemia (p=0.467), hypertriglyceridemia (p=0.584) and positive family history for coronary artery disease (p=0.181).</p>
      <p>Also, no difference was found in relation to the distribution of medication used by ischemic and non-ischemic patients: beta-blockers (p=1.000), calcium channel blockers (p=0.273), nitrates (p=0.728), acetylsalicylic acid (p=1.000), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (p=0.442) and lipid lowering drugs (p=0.344).</p>
      <p>Lipid and blood glucose values were similar between ischemic and non-ischemic patients: total cholesterol (p=0.186), HDL-cholesterol (p=0.258), LDL-cholesterol (p=0.072), triglycerides (p=0.743) and blood glucose (p=0.327).</p>
      <p>As regards the results of coronary angiography, no difference was found in the pattern of coronary stenosis (equal to or higher than 70%) between ischemic and non-ischemic patients: ischemic single vessel 17.7% - non-ischemic single vessel: 27.3%; ischemic two-vessel 58.8% - non-ischemic two-vessel: 51.5% and ischemic three-vessel 23.5% - non-ischemic three-vessel: 21.2%.</p>
      <p>Results of blood pressure monitoring according to the presence of ischemia on dynamic electrocardiography are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_06t2-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_06t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0312-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our results show rates of patients with ischemia (34%) lower than those found by other researchers (43 to 89%)<sup>3,4,11</sup>. This lower incidence of ischemia may possibly be explained by the fact that the medication was kept during the study and that the monitoring time was shorter (24 instead of 48 hours).</p>
      <p>Most of the episodes occurred in the absence of symptoms, thus characterizing the diagnosis of silent ischemia, a result that is consistent with other studies<sup>7,11-13</sup>. The probable mechanisms for the lack of perception of the ischemic phenomenon remain not fully understood. Maseri et al<sup>14</sup> consider defects in the system of pain perception, higher endorphin release, degeneration of nociceptive pathways, and baroceptor alterations as some of the mechanisms that explain the absence of angina. Even considering the greater number of patients with diabetes mellitus, a higher incidence of myocardial ischemia was not observed, which is consistent with Solimene and Oliveira's<sup>15</sup> as well as with Battlouni's<sup>16</sup> findings.</p>
      <p>The evaluation of the variables of the exercise test performed before study admission showed that this method was not able to predict which patients would develop ischemia on daily activities. Paul et al<sup>17</sup> also demonstrated that the time for onset of ischemia, ST-segment depression, and total exercise time did not correlate with the presence of ischemia on the exercise test. Carboni et al<sup>18</sup>, Borzac et al<sup>19</sup> and other investigators also concluded that the exercise test is not predictive of the development of ischemia during daily activities on electrocardiography and that the correlation between its severity indexes is low, except for the cases where prognostic signs of high risk were present. We also demonstrated a significant difference between the HR at the onset of the ischemic episode as measured by the exercise test and electrocardiography. Deedwania and Nelson<sup>13</sup> demonstrated a variation in heart rate and blood pressure values at the onset of the ischemic episode, and that the numeric values of these parameters on the exercise test were higher than those of the electrocardiography (110.6 vs. 91.7 beats per minute). Rehman et al<sup>20</sup> found similar results for HR, SBP and DP. Carboni et al<sup>18</sup> also found similar results, although only for patients who had presented a symptomatic ischemic episode. Deanfield et al<sup>21</sup> used dynamic electrocardiography to evaluate thirty patients with stable coronary artery disease and positive exercise test and also found a lower HR at the onset of ischemia on electrocardiography (98.0<underline>+</underline>20.5 vs. 124.0<underline>+</underline>17.0 bpm). Although factors determining oxygen consumption have an influence on the genesis of ischemic episodes during daily activities as presumed from the results of exercise test, their variation, and not only their absolute value, may determine ischemia, as observed on the 24-hour electrocardiography. That is, as we demonstrated, ischemia occurred even at a lower heart rate, thus showing the existence of different thresholds for ischemia.</p>
      <p>As regards the distribution of the number and duration of ischemic episodes by periods and in the 24 hours, we observed predominance in the active period with a peak in the period going from 11a.m. to 2:59p.m., and a lower peak from 7p.m. to 10:59p.m. This circadian tendency of myocardial ischemia was reported in several studies that repeatedly demonstrated a higher number of episodes and longer time of ischemia during wakefulness, especially in the morning. Some investigators also reported a bimodal behavior with the presence of another ischemic peak at the beginning of the night, which is consistent with our findings<sup>8,13,22-24</sup>.</p>
      <p>In relation to BP monitoring, we verified that both ischemic and non-ischemic patients maintained their SBP, DBP and MBP controlled in the 24 hours and in the active and passive periods, like in Rehman et al's study<sup>20</sup> in a population similar to ours. Therefore, the pressure load per se did not interfere with the occurrence of episodes of myocardial ischemia in our sample, thus suggesting that other mechanisms should participate in the genesis of silent ischemia.</p>
      <p>Although we did not detect a relation between oxygen consumption factors (HR and SBP) and the ischemic episodes with the analysis chosen, heart rate means were observed to be 5 bpm higher at the moment of the ischemic episode, and systolic blood pressure means to be 10 mmHg higher than the measurements preceding ischemia. Deanfield et al<sup>21</sup> evaluated dynamic electrocardiography of patients with stable coronary artery disease and a positive exercise test and found only 23% of ischemic episodes preceded by a 10-beats-per-minute increase in heart rate. This additional assessment criterion, admitting slight variations of HR and SBP, was also used by other researchers. Panza et at<sup>25</sup>, in turn, evaluated 48 patients with a similar profile and showed that 89.0% of the ischemic episodes were preceded by an increase equal to or higher than 10 bpm, and that this HR variation occurred up to 10 minutes before the onset of ischemia. Lupi et al<sup>26</sup> conducted an interesting study with 14 patients with stable coronary disease who had positive exercise tests. A second exercise test was performed 10 minutes after the first one, showing that heart rate and exercise time were significantly different, thus suggesting that the preconditioning phenomenon interferes with the genesis of myocardial ischemia in these patients. Rehman et al<sup>20</sup> studied 38 patients with coronary artery disease and positive exercise test for ischemia and performed combined electrocardiography and blood pressure monitoring for up to 48 hours in patients not taking medication. The authors did not find any significant difference in blood pressure and heart rate measurements in the 10 minutes before the ischemic event when compared to the measurements taken in the period of four hours before the ischemic event. However, DP, HR and SBP measurements during the ischemic episode were significantly higher than those in the other time points, thus showing that the changes in these variables are related to the genesis of ischemia, although occurring very close to the onset of ischemia. This result was also found in our study, since no statistically significant differences were observed between HR, SBP and DP measurements in the 30 minutes preceding the ischemic episode. However, when compared to the measurements obtained after the end of ischemia, the increase in these variables was demonstrated to participate in the onset of ischemia. Deedwania and Nelson<sup>13</sup> evaluated 25 patients receiving medication and with proven silent ischemia for 24 hours with simultaneous electrocardiography and blood pressure monitoring and concluded that increases in SBP, HR and DP precede the ischemic event, reaching a peak at the moment of ischemia. However, the statistical analysis was not performed so as to identify differences in the means, but considered increases of 5 beats per minute for heart rate and of 10 mmHg for blood pressure as significant; these variations were also found in our study. In addition to this analysis, a repetitive pattern is observed in the great majority of the studies, with progressive increases in HR, SBP and DP until their peak is reached during the ischemic episodes, followed by a decrease after the episodes. Therefore, patients with stable coronary artery disease had variations of HR and SBP preceding the ischemic episodes, thus showing that alterations in oxygen consumption participate in the genesis of myocardial ischemia. However, although variations in HR and SBP are present, they are not usually great, thus suggesting that an association of factors related to the coronary flow demand is necessary to the development of ischemic episodes, perhaps even with a common triggering factor.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Final considerations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During daily activities silent myocardial ischemia is present and frequent, even in patients with stable coronary artery disease receiving medication.. Paradoxically, it occurs at a lower HR than that observed in the exercise test, and is preceded by slight variations of HR.</p>
      <p>Alterations in SBP and HR occur in the moments before and after the episodes of myocardial ischemia, thus confirming that the factors that determine oxygen consumption interfere with the genesis of myocardial ischemia even in patients receiving antianginal medication. Nevertheless, there are different thresholds for ischemia for a given patient, thus demonstrating that oxygen consumption is not the only determinant of myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Jo&#227;o Fernando Monteiro Ferreira, from Faculdade de Medicina da universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jo&#227;o Fernando Monteiro Ferreira</p>
          <p> Rua Madre Rita Amada de Jesus, 72 / 222B - Granja Julieta</p>
          <p> 04721-050 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jfmf@cardiol.br">jfmf@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received November 21, 2006; revised manuscript received April 15, 2007; accepted June 11, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
