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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">k6Khm96tRdg38BX7yt5j49S</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001700005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900505</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001700005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco coronarianos e altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#224; cintilografia em pacientes diab&#233;ticos assintom&#225;ticos ambulatoriais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco das Chagas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Fhabyula da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salgado Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Natalino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Bonif&#225;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Ant&#244;nio Muniz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nina</surname>
            <given-names>Vin&#237;cius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lages</surname>
            <given-names>Joyce</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Nilton</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>306</fpage>
      <lpage>311</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco (FR) para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em uma amostra de diab&#233;ticos assintom&#225;ticos atendidos ambulatorialmente. M&#201;TODOS: De 80 diab&#233;ticos tipo 2 inicialmente recrutados no ambulat&#243;rio de endocrinologia do nosso Hospital Universit&#225;rio, sem sintomas e/ou diagn&#243;stico de DAC, apenas 61 completaram o protocolo da pesquisa, sendo 52,5% do sexo feminino, com uma m&#233;dia de idade de 56,3&#177;10,9anos. Os pacientes foram submetidos a entrevista procurando-se identificar os FR e &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma e cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica perfusional (CMP), em repouso e sob estresse. De acordo com o resultado da CMP, foram distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos: um isqu&#234;mico e outro normal. RESULTADOS: Os FR identificados foram: sexo masculino (48%), idade &gt; 55 anos (51%), hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica precoce (16%), passado de tabagismo (46%), hipertens&#227;o arterial (44%), sedentarismo (62%), sobrepeso / obesidade (67%), HDL-colesterol &lt; 45 mg/dl (69%), LDL-colesterol &gt; 100 mg/dl (85%) e triglic&#233;rides &gt; 150 mg/dl (54%). A CMP foi positiva para isquemia em 15% dos pacientes. As vari&#225;veis associadas a esse diagn&#243;stico foram sexo masculino (p=0,007), HDL baixo (p=0,046), hist&#243;ria de tabagismo (p=0,038), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) (p=0,043) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 60% (p=0,01). CONCLUS&#195;O: Observou-se uma alta preval&#234;ncia de FR associados, bem como uma expressiva preval&#234;ncia, de 15%, de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Sexo masculino, HDL-colesterol baixo, passado de tabagismo, HVE e FEVE &lt; 60% foram as vari&#225;veis identificadas como preditoras do diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Diabete melito</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco coronarianos</kwd>
        <kwd>isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco coronarianos e altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#224; cintilografia em pacientes diab&#233;ticos assintom&#225;ticos ambulatoriais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Francisco das Chagas Monteiro J&#250;nior; Fhabyula da Silva Cunha; Natalino Salgado Filho; Jos&#233; Bonif&#225;cio Barbosa; Jo&#227;o Ribeiro Furtado; Pedro Ant&#244;nio Muniz Ferreira; Vin&#237;cius Nina; Joyce Lages; Nilton Santana</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco (FR) para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em uma amostra de diab&#233;ticos assintom&#225;ticos atendidos ambulatorialmente. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> De 80 diab&#233;ticos tipo 2 inicialmente recrutados no ambulat&#243;rio de endocrinologia do nosso Hospital Universit&#225;rio, sem sintomas e/ou diagn&#243;stico de DAC, apenas 61 completaram o protocolo da pesquisa, sendo 52,5% do sexo feminino, com uma m&#233;dia de idade de 56,3&#177;10,9anos. Os pacientes foram submetidos a entrevista procurando-se identificar os FR e &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma e cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica perfusional (CMP), em repouso e sob estresse. De acordo com o resultado da CMP, foram distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos: um isqu&#234;mico e outro normal. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os FR identificados foram: sexo masculino (48%), idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 anos (51%), hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica precoce (16%), passado de tabagismo (46%), hipertens&#227;o arterial (44%), sedentarismo (62%), sobrepeso / obesidade (67%), HDL-colesterol &lt; 45 mg/dl (69%), LDL-colesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 mg/dl (85%) e triglic&#233;rides <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl (54%). A CMP foi positiva para isquemia em 15% dos pacientes. As vari&#225;veis associadas a esse diagn&#243;stico foram sexo masculino (p=0,007), HDL baixo (p=0,046), hist&#243;ria de tabagismo (p=0,038), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) (p=0,043) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 60% (p=0,01). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Observou-se uma alta preval&#234;ncia de FR associados, bem como uma expressiva preval&#234;ncia, de 15%, de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Sexo masculino, HDL-colesterol baixo, passado de tabagismo, HVE e FEVE &lt; 60% foram as vari&#225;veis identificadas como preditoras do diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Diabete melito, fatores de risco coronarianos, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O diabete melito (DM) &#233; um dos mais importantes fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Em praticamente todas as popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas, as taxas de doen&#231;a cardiovascular entre homens e mulheres com DM s&#227;o duas e tr&#234;s vezes mais elevadas, respectivamente, que em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos<sup>1</sup>. A doen&#231;a cardiovascular, contudo, representa a maior causa de morbidade e mortalidade em diab&#233;ticos, decorrendo tanto do estado diab&#233;tico per se como de diversos fatores de risco associados, tais como hipertens&#227;o, sobrepeso e dislipidemias. Na verdade, hoje se sabe que o diabete melito tipo 2 freq&#252;entemente representa uma das manifesta&#231;&#245;es de uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais ampla conhecida como s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, que tem como causa b&#225;sica a resist&#234;ncia a insulina e se comp&#245;e de v&#225;rias anormalidades hemodin&#226;micas e metab&#243;licas, incluindo hipertens&#227;o arterial, altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas, estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico e pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio, todas associadas a aumento de risco cardiovascular. A doen&#231;a cardiovascular, particularmente a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), &#233; respons&#225;vel por cerca de 80% das mortes em portadores de diabete melito tipo 2. De fato, o risco relativo de morte por eventos cardiovasculares, ajustado para a idade, em diab&#233;ticos, &#233; tr&#234;s vezes maior do que o da popula&#231;&#227;o geral<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por causa do risco elevado reconhecido para eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes diab&#233;ticos, a American Heart Association (AHA) atualmente recomenda que eles sejam enquadrados na mesma categoria de alto risco previamente reservada para pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular conhecida<sup>3</sup>, devendo assim ser submetidos a cuidados preventivos de forma igualmente intensiva. Essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o foi posteriormente endossada pelo 3&#186; Relat&#243;rio do National Cholesterol Education Program &#150; NCEP (2001) sobre detec&#231;&#227;o, avalia&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da hipercolesterolemia em adultos<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes diab&#233;ticos s&#227;o mais propensos a apresentar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em sua forma silenciosa e dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica, o que dificulta a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) nesses indiv&#237;duos. Em um estudo, verificou-se que 75% dos pacientes diab&#233;ticos com DAC diagnosticada n&#227;o apresentavam sintomatologia t&#237;pica<sup>5</sup>. No entanto, diversos trabalhos t&#234;m demonstrado que as taxas de morte por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e DAC severa s&#227;o as mesmas em pacientes com isquemia silenciosa e em pacientes com isquemia sintom&#225;tica<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existem muitos m&#233;todos de rastreamento de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria aplic&#225;veis a popula&#231;&#245;es sob risco de DAC. Particularmente em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos assintom&#225;ticos, embora se acredite haver uma maior preval&#234;ncia de DAC do que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre a necessidade de pesquisa sistem&#225;tica de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, bem como o momento de sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o e que exames devem ser empregados para tal fim. Contudo, o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento precoces da DAC melhoram o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Em nosso meio, n&#227;o existem estudos que avaliem os pacientes diab&#233;ticos quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de fatores de risco associados e de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica silenciosa, havendo necessidade de se estabelecer o custo-benef&#237;cio da realiza&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos para pesquisa da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, particularmente em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, de forma a se adotar uma rotina diagn&#243;stica no manuseio destes pacientes no dia-a-dia.</p>
    <p>Neste trabalho, procurou-se analisar uma amostra de uma popula&#231;&#227;o diab&#233;tica atendida em um ambulat&#243;rio de endocrinologia de um hospital universit&#225;rio, aparentemente saud&#225;vel sob o aspecto cardiovascular e que, em princ&#237;pio, n&#227;o seria submetida a avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica de forma rotineira, quanto &#224; exist&#234;ncia de outros fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para DAC e de isquemia silenciosa, procurando-se identificar as vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; sua presen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal, descritivo e anal&#237;tico, cuja amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 80 pacientes diab&#233;ticos atendidos ambulatorialmente, de forma consecutiva, no Servi&#231;o de Endocrinologia de nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2003. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: diagn&#243;stico estabelecido de diabete melito tipo 2 e aus&#234;ncia de sintomas e/ou diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC). Todos os participantes assinaram termo de consentimento, ap&#243;s o devido esclarecimento sobre os objetivos e m&#233;todos da pesquisa, e o projeto teve a aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o. Considerando tratar-se de um grupo de pacientes assistidos em um servi&#231;o endocrinol&#243;gico, tendo sido obtida a permiss&#227;o, por&#233;m n&#227;o a participa&#231;&#227;o direta dos seus m&#233;dicos assistentes na pesquisa, aquele Comit&#234; recomendou que os pesquisadores n&#227;o solicitassem a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cinecoronariografia nos casos indicados, por seu car&#225;ter invasivo, mas apenas reencaminhassem tais pacientes aos seus m&#233;dicos assistentes sugerindo a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame. Constitu&#237;ram crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o a incapacidade intelectual e a n&#227;o-aceita&#231;&#227;o em participar da pesquisa.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes selecionados foram inicialmente submetidos a anamnese e exame cl&#237;nico. Foram pesquisados os seguintes fatores de risco para DAC: idade maior ou igual a 55 anos para ambos os sexos; hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica em parentes de 1&#186; grau com idade inferior a 55 anos (homens) e 65 anos (mulheres); hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (documenta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de press&#227;o arterial <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 x 90 mmHg em duas ou mais ocasi&#245;es e/ou hist&#243;ria de uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos); dislipidemia (LDL-colesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 mg/dl, taxa de triglic&#233;rides <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl e/ou HDL-colesterol &lt;45 mg/dl); tabagismo (atual ou passado); sobrepeso/ obesidade (&#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea igual ou superior a 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e sedentarismo (atividade f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica menor que 30 minutos tr&#234;s vezes por semana).</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram, a seguir, encaminhados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos seguintes exames complementares: eletrocardiograma de repouso (ECG), ecocardiograma Doppler e cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o (CMP) utilizando-se o 99mTc-SESTAMIBI, em repouso e sob estresse (f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico), sendo esta considerada o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o para o diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica neste estudo. Os crit&#233;rios para interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos exames complementares est&#227;o expostos a seguir.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma de repouso foi categorizado inicialmente como normal ou alterado. A presen&#231;a de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas foi considerada indicativa de infarto antigo do mioc&#225;rdio. As altera&#231;&#245;es na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram consideradas sugestivas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Foram anotadas ainda outras anormalidades significativas, como sobrecargas cavit&#225;rias, arritmias e dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular e atrioventricular.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma foi classificado como normal ou alterado. Foram analisadas as seguintes medidas: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico da cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, espessura do septo interventricular e da parede posterior e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FE). Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) foi diagnosticada quando a espessura do septo interventricular e da parede posterior estivessem acima de 11 mm, na aus&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o cavit&#225;ria. A FE foi considerada diminu&#237;da quando abaixo de 60% pelo m&#233;todo de Teichholz. A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi avaliada por meio da an&#225;lise do fluxograma mitral ao Doppler puls&#225;til, sendo classificada como normal ou alterada (d&#233;ficit do relaxamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, padr&#227;o pseudonormal ou padr&#227;o restritivo). A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi analisada quanto ao aspecto global e segmentar.</p>
    <p>A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o foi realizada por t&#233;cnica tomogr&#225;fica de emiss&#227;o de fot&#243;ns (SPECT), em que foram obtidas imagens tridimensionais e tomogr&#225;ficas do cora&#231;&#227;o (nos eixos longo horizontal, longo vertical e curto) ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio isot&#244;nico em esteira ergom&#233;trica, ou estresse farmacol&#243;gico com dipiridamol em caso de pacientes incapazes de realizar exerc&#237;cio, e em repouso, 60 minutos ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o endovenosa do radiotra&#231;ador 99mTc-SESTAMIBI. Defeitos transit&#243;rios ou persistentes de perfus&#227;o foram considerados crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>7,8</sup>, e a presen&#231;a desses defeitos categorizava a cintilografia como positiva.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas analisadas foram: idade, tempo de diagn&#243;stico de diabetes, n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de HDL-colesterol, n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de LDL-colesterol, n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de triglic&#233;rides, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis qualitativas (categ&#243;ricas) analisadas foram: idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 anos, sexo, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de HDL-colesterol &lt;45 mg/dl, LDL-colesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 mg/dl e triglic&#233;rides <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl, hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC precoce, tabagismo, sedentarismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt;60%, presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar de contratilidade do VE, d&#233;ficit de relaxamento do VE ao Doppler, presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (ECG) e n&#250;mero de fatores de risco adicionais para DAC.</p>
    <p>Os dados coletados foram submetidos a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizando-se o programa SPSS vers&#227;o 10.0. As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram representadas por freq&#252;&#234;ncia absoluta (n) e relativa (%) e as vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. As diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram calculadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>. As diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram calculadas atrav&#233;s do teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher quando indicado. Foi adotado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p&lt;0,05 (5%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 80 pacientes inicialmente inclu&#237;dos no estudo, apenas 61 completaram o protocolo, constituindo portanto a amostra objeto desta pesquisa.</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 56,3&#177;10,9 anos, e 32 eram do sexo feminino (52,5%). Todos os pacientes eram diab&#233;ticos tipo 2, com tempo de diagn&#243;stico de 9,1&#177;7,7 anos.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para DAC, verificou-se que 29 pacientes eram do sexo masculino (48%); 10 referiam hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular precoce na fam&#237;lia (16%); 28 tinham passado de tabagismo (46%); 27 eram hipertensos (44%); 38 eram sedent&#225;rios (62%) e 41 apresentavam sobrepeso ou eram obesos (67%). Desvios dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol e triglic&#233;rides foram observados em, respectivamente, 69%, 85% e 54% dos pacientes. Cinq&#252;enta e cinco pacientes (90%) apresentavam dois ou mais fatores de risco para DAC, al&#233;m do diabete melito (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0306-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O ECG foi considerado normal em 48 pacientes (79%). Altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular sugestivas de isquemia foram encontradas em sete pacientes (11%), e outros seis pacientes (10%) apresentavam outras altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Foram as seguintes as anormalidades observadas ao ecocardiograma Doppler (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>): hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), em 12 pacientes (20%); fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo menor que 60%, em seis pacientes (10%); altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica tipo d&#233;ficit de relaxamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em 43 pacientes (70%); e d&#233;ficit segmentar da contratilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em quatro pacientes (7%).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0306-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica perfusional (CMP) demonstrou altera&#231;&#245;es indicativas da presen&#231;a de DAC (hipocapta&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria e/ou persistente do radiotra&#231;ador) em nove pacientes (15%).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> apresenta as vari&#225;veis quantitativas analisadas conforme sua distribui&#231;&#227;o nos dois grupos, com os respectivos n&#237;veis de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para as diferen&#231;as entre os mesmos (CMP normal e CMP positiva)</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0306-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Como pode ser observado, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a nenhuma dessas vari&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis qualitativas (categ&#243;ricas) analisadas podem ser visualizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>, conforme sua distribui&#231;&#227;o nos dois grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0306-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Como pode ser observado, houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos (p&lt;0,05) para as vari&#225;veis sexo masculino, passado de tabagismo, HDL-colesterol &lt;45 mg/dl, hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt;60%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, escolheu-se a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por radiois&#243;topo como m&#233;todo padr&#227;o para pesquisa de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica por tratar-se de um exame n&#227;o-invasivo e de elevados &#237;ndices de sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagn&#243;stico de DAC significativa<sup>9,10</sup>, al&#233;m do seu j&#225; bem estabelecido valor progn&#243;stico<sup>11</sup>, sendo a presen&#231;a e a extens&#227;o das anormalidades de perfus&#227;o consideradas preditoras independentes de eventos card&#237;acos adversos<sup>12</sup>. Encontrou-se uma preval&#234;ncia de d&#233;ficit de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de cerca de 15%, uma taxa considerada expressiva, principalmente em se tratando de indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos que, pela rotina do Servi&#231;o onde o estudo foi realizado, n&#227;o teriam sido submetidos a investiga&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica complementar. Esse &#237;ndice &#233; semelhante ao verificado em outros estudos que realizaram rastreamento de isquemia em diab&#233;ticos assintom&#225;ticos utilizando-se tamb&#233;m a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica como teste padr&#227;o<sup>13</sup>. J&#225; Wackers<sup>8</sup>, em seu estudo <italic>Detection of Silent Myocardial Ischemia in Assimptomatic Diabetics Subjects</italic> (DIAD), demonstraram um rastreamento positivo em 22% dos casos, sendo, no entanto, categorizados como tal n&#227;o apenas os portadores de defeitos de perfus&#227;o &#224; cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, mas tamb&#233;m aqueles em que foram evidenciadas outras altera&#231;&#245;es, mesmo com a perfus&#227;o normal, tais como depress&#227;o do segmento ST induzida pela adenosina, dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em repouso; caso fossem considerados apenas os portadores de defeitos de perfus&#227;o, a taxa de rastreamento positivo teria sido de 15,9%, achado semelhante ao do presente trabalho. Considerando-se a limita&#231;&#227;o de um m&#233;todo de pesquisa de isquemia, que habitualmente detecta apenas os casos de les&#245;es obstrutivas importantes, &#233; f&#225;cil supor-se que a preval&#234;ncia total de DAC nessa popula&#231;&#227;o seja ainda bem maior.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de outros fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para DAC neste estudo, como hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemias, sobrepeso e sedentarismo, tal como observado por outros autores<sup>2,14,15,16</sup>, foi elevada, fato de grande relev&#226;ncia, considerando-se o efeito aditivo desses em uma popula&#231;&#227;o j&#225; exposta a um risco cardiovascular significativamente maior que o da popula&#231;&#227;o geral pela simples presen&#231;a do DM. A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes satisfazendo o crit&#233;rio da American Diabetes Association (1998) para indica&#231;&#227;o de rastreamento de DAC, ou seja, a presen&#231;a de dois ou mais fatores de risco al&#233;m do DM, foi elevada e similar nos dois grupos (em torno de 90% em ambos), sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre eles, invalidando a aplica&#231;&#227;o desse crit&#233;rio nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Assim, a elevada taxa de associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco nessa popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo tornaria irrelevante na pr&#225;tica a aplica&#231;&#227;o do crit&#233;rio da ADA. Por sua vez, o j&#225; referido estudo DIAD, que analisou uma popula&#231;&#227;o bem maior, demonstrou que, selecionando-se apenas os pacientes que satisfaziam esse crit&#233;rio, ter-se-ia deixado de detectar 41% dos pacientes portadores de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Na verdade, sabe-se que as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ADA s&#227;o mais baseadas no julgamento cl&#237;nico de um grupo de experts que na evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica, havendo, pois, necessidade de estudos delineados especialmente para esclarecer esta quest&#227;o, como frisado por Wackers &amp; Zaret<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ao pesquisar-se que fatores de risco teriam um valor preditivo maior para o diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de diab&#233;ticos assintom&#225;ticos, foi demonstrado que apenas sexo masculino, passado de tabagismo, HDL &lt;45 mg/dl, hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 60% estiveram associados de forma significante &#224; positividade do exame cintilogr&#225;fico do mioc&#225;rdio. Por sua vez, alguns dos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para DAC, tais como LDL-colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos elevados, hipertens&#227;o arterial, sobrepeso e obesidade, sedentarismo e idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 anos n&#227;o se revelaram &#250;teis na predi&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de isquemia nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de assintom&#225;ticos.</p>
    <p>Outros autores, como Janand-Delenne e cols.<sup>13</sup> e Wackers<sup>8</sup>, tamb&#233;m observaram que fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para DAC n&#227;o foram preditores estatisticamente significantes para detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia, exceto hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC precoce e sexo masculino. H&#225; que se destacar o achado das vari&#225;veis hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo menor que 60% como preditores de cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica positiva neste estudo, fato n&#227;o observado por outros autores.</p>
    <p>O tamanho relativamente pequeno da presente amostra, devendo-se frisar ainda a perda de mais de 20% dos pacientes inicialmente inclu&#237;dos, e o fato de o trabalho ter sido realizado em uma institui&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia n&#227;o permitem evidentemente extrapolar esses resultados para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral de diab&#233;ticos assintom&#225;ticos para DAC. O estudo, entretanto, poderia ter sido enriquecido com a confirma&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica de DAC obstrutiva por meio da cinecoronariografia, caso n&#227;o tivesse havido obje&#231;&#227;o por parte do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica, ou da angiotomografia computadorizada das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (angio-CT), n&#227;o-dispon&#237;vel na institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os resultados deste trabalho, portanto, considerando-se as suas limita&#231;&#245;es j&#225; comentadas e o n&#250;mero limitado de outros estudos publicados sobre o tema em debate, n&#227;o permitem recomenda&#231;&#245;es definitivas sobre o papel do rastreamento sistem&#225;tico de diab&#233;ticos assintom&#225;ticos para DAC ou mesmo daqueles selecionados com base na presen&#231;a de alguns fatores associados. Por&#233;m, apontam claramente para a necessidade de estudos adicionais sobre o assunto e de diretrizes baseadas em evid&#234;ncias para detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da DAC nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Francisco das Chagas Monteiro Junior </p>
        <p> Rua Santa Luzia, 27 QD.17 - Calhau </p>
        <p> 65067-460 - S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="francchagas@cardiol.br">francchagas@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 19/11/06; revisado recebido em 18/04/07; aceito em 31/05/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of coronary risk factors and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy abnormalities in asymptomatic diabetic outpatients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors (RF) and myocardial ischemia in a sample of asymptomatic diabetic patients treated on an outpatient basis. METHODS: From 80 type 2 diabetic patients initially recruited at an university outpatient endocrinology clinic, with no symptoms and/or CAD diagnosis, only 61 patients completed the study protocol, being 52,5% females, with a mean age of 56.3 &#177; 10.9 years. The patients were interviewed searching for RF and underwent electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and perfusional myocardial scintigraphy (PMS) at rest and under stress. According to the PMS results they were divided into two groups: an ischemic and a normal one. RESULTS: The RF identified were: male gender (48%), age &gt; 55 years (51%), family history of premature atherosclerotic disease (16%), history of smoking (46%), hypertension (44%), sedentary lifestyle (62%), overweight / obesity (67%), HDL- cholesterol &lt; 45 mg/dl (69%), LDL- cholesterol &gt; 100 mg/dl (85%) and triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dl (54%). Ischemic MPS were diagnosed in 15% of the patients. The variables associated with this diagnosis were: male gender (p=0.007), low HDL levels (p=0.046), history of smoking (p=0.038), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (p=0.043) and left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 60% (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of associated RF was observed, as well as a significant prevalence of 15% for myocardial ischemia. The variables identified as predictors of a myocardial ischemia diagnosis were: male gender, low HDL-cholesterol, past smoking, LVH and LVEF &lt; 60%.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Diabetes mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial ischemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Prevalence of coronary risk factors and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy abnormalities in asymptomatic diabetic outpatients </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Francisco das Chagas Monteiro J&#250;nior; Fhabyula da Silva Cunha; Natalino Salgado Filho; Jos&#233; Bonif&#225;cio Barbosa; Jo&#227;o Ribeiro Furtado; Pedro Ant&#244;nio Muniz Ferreira; Vin&#237;cius Nina; Joyce Lages; Nilton Santana </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors (RF) and myocardial ischemia in a sample of asymptomatic diabetic patients treated on an outpatient basis.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> From 80 type 2 diabetic patients initially recruited at an university outpatient endocrinology clinic, with no symptoms and/or CAD diagnosis, only 61 patients completed the study protocol, being 52,5% females, with a mean age of 56.3 &#177; 10.9 years. The patients were interviewed searching for RF and underwent electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and perfusional myocardial scintigraphy (PMS) at rest and under stress. According to the PMS results they were divided into two groups: an ischemic and a normal one .</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The RF identified were: male gender (48%), age e <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 years (51%), family history of premature atherosclerotic disease (16%), history of smoking (46%), hypertension (44%), sedentary lifestyle (62%), overweight / obesity (67%), HDL- cholesterol &lt; 45 mg/dl (69%), LDL- cholesterol e <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 mg/dl (85%) and triglycerides e <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl (54%). Ischemic MPS were diagnosed in 15% of the patients. The variables associated with this diagnosis were: male gender (p=0.007), low HDL levels (p=0.046), history of smoking (p=0.038), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (p=0.043) and left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 60% (p=0.01).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> A high prevalence of associated RF was observed, as well as a significant prevalence of 15% for myocardial ischemia. The variables identified as predictors of a myocardial ischemia diagnosis were: male gender, low HDL-cholesterol, past smoking, LVH and LVEF &lt; 60%.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Diabetes mellitus, coronary risk factors, myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most significant cardiovascular risk factors. In most study populations, cardiovascular disease rates among men and women with DM are two and three times higher, respectively, than in non-diabetic individuals.<sup>1</sup> Nevertheless, cardiovascular disease represents the greatest cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetics, as a result of both the diabetic state per se and the various associated risk factors, such as hypertension, overweight and dyslipidemia. In fact, it is currently known that type 2 diabetes mellitus is often one of the signs of a wider clinical condition commonly known as metabolic syndrome, that is primarily caused by insulin resistance and comprises various hemodynamic and metabolic abnormalities, including hypertension, lipid alterations, pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory state, which are all associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Cardiovascular disease, and more specifically coronary artery disease (CAD), accounts for roughly 80% of the deaths in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. In fact, the relative age-adjusted risk for diabetics to die as a result of cardiovascular events is three times greater than that of the general population.<sup>2</sup></p>
      <p>Owing to recognized high risk of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients, the American Heart Association (AHA) currently recommends classifying these patients in the high risk category, which was previously reserved for patients with known cardiovascular disease,<sup>3</sup> and submitting them to equally intensive preventive treatments. This recommendation was later endorsed by the 3<sup>rd</sup> Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program &#150; NCEP (2001) on detection, evaluation and treatment of hypercholesterolemia in adults.<sup>4</sup></p>
      <p>Diabetic patients are more likely to present silent myocardial ischemia and atypical chest pain, making early detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) more difficult in these individuals. In one study, it was confirmed that 75% of the diabetic patients with diagnosed CAD did not present typical symptomatology.<sup>5</sup> Nevertheless, various studies have demonstrated that death rates by myocardial infarction and severe CAD are the same in patients with silent ischemia and those with symptomatic ischemia.<sup>6</sup></p>
      <p>There are many methods that can be used to track coronary artery disease in populations at risk for CAD. For asymptomatic diabetic individuals in particular, even though it is believed that these patients have a greater prevalence of CAD than the general population, there is no consensus on whether or not systematic investigation of myocardial ischemia is needed, when it should be conducted or which tests should be used. Nevertheless, early diagnosis and treatment of CAD improve patient prognosis.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, there are no studies that assess diabetic patients in relation to the presence of associated risk factors and silent myocardial ischemia. An established cost-benefit ratio of the systematic performance of diagnostic methods to investigate myocardial ischemic disease in this population is required, particularly for asymptomatic patients in order to adopt a routine diagnosis to treat these patients on a daily basis.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to analyze a diabetic population sample treated at an endocrinology outpatient clinic at a university hospital, who did not appear to have any cardiovascular health problems and would not normally be submitted to routine cardiology assessments to determine the presence of other classic CAD risk factors or silent ischemia, in an attempt to identify the variables associated with these conditions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This observational, cross sectional, descriptive and analytical study included a sample of 80 consecutive diabetic patients treated on an outpatient basis at the Endocrinology Clinic of our Institution between January and December 2003. The inclusion criteria were: established diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the absence of symptoms and/or prior diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). All participants were informed of the study objectives and methods and signed the consent form. The study was approved by the Institution's Ethics Committee. Since the study involved a group of patients treated at an endocrinology clinic and while the attending physicians agreed to the participation of their patients, but not with their own direct involvement in the study, the Committee recommend that the researchers not request cinecardiographies in the cases indicated, due to the invasive nature, but just refer these patients back to their attending physicians, suggesting that they be submitted to the test. Exclusion criteria included intellectual incapacity and refusal to participate in the study.</p>
      <p>Initially, a medical history was taken on the selected patients and they were given a clinical examination. The following CAD risk factors were studied: age greater than or equal to 55 years for both genders; family history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in first degree relatives under the age of 55 (men) and 65 (women); systemic hypertension (prior record of blood pressure e <underline>&gt;</underline>140 per 90 mmHg on two or more occasions and/or history of anti-hypertensive medication); dyslipidemia (LDL cholesterol e <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 mg/dl, triglyceride levels e <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl and/or HDL cholesterol &lt;45 mg/dl); smoking (current or past); overweight/obesity (body mass index greater than or equal to 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and sedentary life style (less than 30 minutes of physical aerobic activity three times per week).</p>
      <p>Next, the patients were sent for the following complementary tests: electrocardiogram at rest (EKG), Doppler echocardiogram and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) using Tc-99m- SESTAMIBI, at rest and under stress (physical or pharmacological), which was the standard method adopted in this study to diagnose myocardial ischemia. Interpretation criteria for the complementary tests are described below.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram at rest was initially classified as normal or altered. The presence of pathological Q waves was considered indicative of a prior myocardial infarction. Alterations in ventricular repolarization were considered as suggestive of myocardial ischemia. Other significant abnormalities were also noted, such as cavity overloads, arrhythmia and intraventricular and atrioventricular conduction disturbances.</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram was classified as normal or altered. The following measurements were analyzed: diastolic diameter of the left ventricle cavity, thickness of the interventricular septum and posterior wall, and left ventricle ejection fraction (EF). Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was diagnosed when the thickness of the interventricular septum and the posterior wall were over 11mm without cavity dilation. EF was considered diminished when it was lower than 60% using the Teichholz method. Diastolic function was assessed by analyzing the mitral flow diagram on the pulsated Doppler which was classified as normal or altered (impaired left ventricle relaxation, pseudonormal or restrictive pattern). Left ventricle systolic function was analyzed in relation to overall and wall motion aspects.</p>
      <p>The myocardial perfusion scintigraphy was performed using the single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technique, to obtain three dimensional and tomographic images of the heart (horizontal long axis, vertical long axis and short axis) after isotonic exercise on a treadmill or pharmacological stress with dipyridamole for patients who were unable to perform the exercise, and at rest, 60 minutes after the intravenous injection of radiotracer Tc-99m- SESTAMIBI. Transitory or persistent perfusion defects were considered criteria for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia,<sup>7,8</sup> and the scintigraphy was classified as positive in the presence of these defects.</p>
      <p>The quantitative variables analyzed were: age, diabetes diagnosis period, HDL cholesterol serum levels, LDL cholesterol serum levels, triglyceride serum levels, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure.</p>
      <p>The qualitative (categorical) study variables analyzed were: age <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 years, gender, HDL cholesterol serum levels &lt;45 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol serum levels <underline>&gt;</underline>100 mg/dl and triglyceride serum levels <underline>&gt;</underline>150 mg/dl, family history of early onset CAD, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, systemic hypertension, BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricle ejection fraction &lt;60%, LV wall motion contractility abnormalities, impaired LV relaxation on the Doppler, ventricular repolarization abnormalities (EKG) and number of additional CAD risk factors.</p>
      <p>The data collected were submitted to statistical analysis using the program SPSS version 10.0. The qualitative variables were represented by absolute (n) and relative (%) frequency and the quantitative variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Differences between the quantitative variables were calculated using the Student's t-test. Differences between the qualitative variables were calculated using the chi-square or Fisher exact test, when indicated. The level of significance adopted was p&lt;0.05 (5%).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From the 80 patients initially included in the study, only 61 completed the protocol and therefore comprised the sample for this study.</p>
      <p>Mean patient age was 56.3 &#177; 10.9 years, and 32 were female (52.5%). All the patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus, with a diagnosis period of 9.1&#177;7.7 years.</p>
      <p>In regard to the prevalence of CAD risk factors, it was verified that 29 patients were male (48%); 10 had a family history of early onset cardiovascular disease (16%); 28 had a history of smoking (46%); 27 were hypertensive (44%); 38 were sedentary (62%) and 41 were either overweight or obese (67%). Deviations in the serum levels of HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were observed in, respectively, 69%, 85% and 54% of the patients. Fifty-five patients (90%) presented two or more CAD risk factors in addition to diabetes mellitus (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Tab. 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0306-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The EKG was considered normal in 48 patients (79%). Ventricular repolarization alterations suggestive of ischemia were found in seven patients (11%), and another six patients (10%) presented other abnormalities.</p>
      <p>The following abnormalities were observed on the Doppler echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">fig. 1</xref>): left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in 12 patients (20%); left ventricle ejection fraction less than 60% in six patients (10%); impaired left ventricular relaxation associated with diastolic abnormalities in 43 patients (70%); and impaired left ventricle wall motion contractibility in four patients (7%).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0306-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) demonstrated alterations indicative of CAD (transitory and/or persistent low uptake of the radiotracer) in nine patients (15%).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_05t2-body2">Table 2</xref> presents the quantitative variables analyzed according to their distribution in the two groups, complete with the respective statistical significance levels for the differences between the groups (MPS normal and MPS positive).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_05t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0306-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As demonstrated, there was no significant statistical difference between the groups in relation to any of these variables.</p>
      <p>The qualitative (categorical) variables analyzed are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_05t3-body2">table 3</xref>, according to their distribution in the two groups.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_05t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0306-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As demonstrated there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p&lt;0.05) for the variables male gender, history of smoking, HDL cholesterol &lt;45 mg/dl, left ventricle hypertrophy and left ventricular ejection fraction &lt;60%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, radioisotope myocardial perfusion was chosen as the standard method to investigate myocardial ischemia since it is a non-invasive test with high sensitivity and specificity rates for diagnosing significant CAD,<sup>9,10</sup> in addition to its well established prognostic value,<sup>11</sup> and the fact that the presence and extension of perfusion abnormalities are regarded as independent predictors for adverse cardiac events.<sup>12</sup> A prevalence rate of roughly 15% was found for impaired myocardial perfusion, which is regarded as expressive, particularly when dealing with asymptomatic individuals that in accordance with the conventional practices of the Clinic where the study was conducted would not normally be submitted to complementary cardiology investigations. This rate is similar to that confirmed in other studies that tracked ischemia in asymptomatic diabetics, also using the myocardial scintigraphy as the standard test.<sup>13</sup> Wackers,<sup>8</sup> in his study Detection of Silent Myocardial Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetic Subjects (DIAD), demonstrated positive tracking in 22% of the cases. However, in this study, patients with perfusion defects found on the myocardial scintigraphy and those with other abnormalities, even with normal perfusion, such as depression of the ST segment induced by adenosine, ventricular dilatation and ventricular dysfunction at rest were placed in the silent ischemia classification. If only the patients with perfusion defects had been considered, the positive tracking rate would have been 15.9%, which is similar to the findings of the present study. Considering the limitations of the ischemia research method that normally only detects significant obstructive lesions, it is easy to assume that the total CAD prevalence in this population is even greater.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of other classic CAD risk factors in this study such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, overweight and sedentary lifestyle, as observed by other authors,<sup>2,14,15,16</sup> was elevated. This fact is very relevant, considering the additional effect of these factors for a population that already has significantly greater cardiovascular risk due to the presence of DM when compared to the population as a whole. The percentage of patients satisfying the American Diabetes Association (1998) criteria to be indicated for CAD tracking, that is, the presence of two or more risk factors in addition to DM, was elevated and similar for both groups (roughly 90%), however, no significant statistical difference was found between them, indicating that this criteria is not valid for this population. Therefore, the elevated risk factor association rate for this study population as per the ADA criteria is irrelevant. In turn, the abovementioned DIAD study, that analyzed a much larger population, demonstrated that if only the patients satisfying these criteria were selected, 41% of the patients with myocardial ischemia would go undetected. In fact, it is known that the ADA recommendations are based more on the clinical opinion of a group of experts than scientific evidence, and therefore further studies targeted at this issue raised by Wackers &amp; Zaret<sup>17</sup> are required.</p>
      <p>By researching the risk factors with the greatest predictive values in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia in this population of asymptomatic diabetics, it was demonstrated that only male gender, history of smoking, HDL &lt;45 mg/dl, left ventricular hypertrophy and ejection fraction lower than 60% had a significant association with a positive myocardial scintigraphy test. On the other hand, it was revealed that some classic CAD risk factors such as elevated LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, hypertension, overweight and obesity, sedentary lifestyle and age <underline>&gt;</underline>55 years were ineffective predictors of an ischemia diagnosis in this asymptomatic population.</p>
      <p>Other authors such as Janand-Delenne and associates<sup>13</sup> and Wackers,<sup>8</sup> also observed that a family history of early onset CAD and male gender were the only statistically significant classic CAD risk factor predictors to detect ischemia. A significant finding in this study, which was not observed by the other authors, is that the variables, left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular ejection fraction less than 60% are predictors of a positive myocardial scintigraphy.</p>
      <p>The relatively small sample in the present study, noting that more than 20% of the patients initially included did not complete the study and the fact that the study was conducted at a referral center, made it impossible to extrapolate these CAD results for the entire asymptomatic diabetic population. Nevertheless, the study could have been enhanced by the anatomic confirmation of obstructive CAD by means of a cinecardiography, if it had been approved by the Ethics Committee, or a computerized angiotomography (angio-CT) of the coronary arteries, which was not available at the institution.</p>
      <p>Therefore, in view of the abovementioned limitations and the limited number of other studies published on the subject, it is not possible to define recommendations based on the results of this study on the role of systematic tracking of asymptomatic diabetics for CAD or even diabetics who present some associated risk factors. However, the results clearly indicate the need for further studies on the subject and evidence based guidelines for the early detection of CAD in this high risk population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Francisco das Chagas Monteiro Junior</p>
          <p> Rua Santa Luzia, 27 QD.17 &#150; Calhau</p>
          <p> 65067-460 &#150; S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="francchagas@cardiol.br">francchagas@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received November 19, 2006; revised manuscript received April 18, 2007; accepted May 31, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
