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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ggqtDhfbgCz6YnH7FTQrXFy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001700004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900504</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001700004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aplica&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva em insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda ap&#243;s cirurgia cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coimbra</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Regina de Morais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lara</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Flores</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;riko Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nozawa</surname>
            <given-names>Em&#237;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Auler J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Oct&#225;vio Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feltrim</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ignez Zanetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>298</fpage>
      <lpage>305</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Verificar as respostas ventilat&#243;ria, de oxigena&#231;&#227;o e hemodin&#226;mica de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda (IResp) hipox&#234;mica submetidos a aplica&#231;&#227;o de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o-invasiva (VMNI) no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia cardiovascular, buscando vari&#225;veis preditoras de sucesso, e comparar as diferentes modalidades de VMNI. M&#201;TODOS: No total, 70 pacientes com IResp hipox&#234;mica foram randomizados em uma das tr&#234;s modalidades de VMNI: press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua em vias a&#233;reas (CPAP) e ventila&#231;&#227;o com dois n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos (PEEP + PS e BiPAP&#174;). Foram analisadas vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias, de oxigena&#231;&#227;o e hemodin&#226;micas nos per&#237;odos pr&#233;-aplica&#231;&#227;o, 3, 6 e 12 horas ap&#243;s iniciado o protocolo. RESULTADOS: Foram exclu&#237;dos 13 pacientes. Dos pacientes restantes, 31 evolu&#237;ram para independ&#234;ncia do suporte ventilat&#243;rio, constituindo o grupo sucesso, e 26 necessitaram de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal, sendo considerados insucesso. Idade e n&#237;veis iniciais de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e de freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR) apresentaram valores elevados no grupo insucesso (p = 0,042, 0,029 e 0,002, respectivamente). O grupo insucesso apresentou maior n&#250;mero de intercorr&#234;ncias intra-operat&#243;rias (p = 0,025). As vari&#225;veis de oxigena&#231;&#227;o elevaram-se somente no grupo sucesso. Dentre as modalidades de VMNI, evolu&#237;ram como sucesso 57,9% dos pacientes no grupo ventilador, 57,9% no bi-n&#237;vel e 47,3% no CPAP. Vari&#225;veis de oxigena&#231;&#227;o e FR apresentaram melhora somente nos grupos com dois n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos. CONCLUS&#195;O: Pacientes com IResp hipox&#234;mica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia cardiovascular apresentaram melhora da oxigena&#231;&#227;o, da FR e da FC durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de VMNI. Em pacientes mais idosos e com valores iniciais de FR e de FC mais elevados, a VMNI n&#227;o foi suficiente para reverter o quadro de IResp. Modalidades com dois n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos apresentaram resultados superiores.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Respira&#231;&#227;o artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>anoxemia</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia tor&#225;cica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aplica&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva em insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda ap&#243;s cirurgia cardiovascular </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vera Regina de Morais Coimbra; Rodrigo de Almeida Lara; &#201;riko Gon&#231;alves Flores; Em&#237;lia Nozawa; Jos&#233; Oct&#225;vio Costa Auler J&#250;nior; Maria Ignez Zanetti Feltrim </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS: </bold>Verificar as respostas ventilat&#243;ria, de oxigena&#231;&#227;o e hemodin&#226;mica de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda (IResp) hipox&#234;mica submetidos a aplica&#231;&#227;o de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o-invasiva (VMNI) no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia cardiovascular, buscando vari&#225;veis preditoras de sucesso, e comparar as diferentes modalidades de VMNI. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>No total, 70 pacientes com IResp hipox&#234;mica foram randomizados em uma das tr&#234;s modalidades de VMNI: press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua em vias a&#233;reas (CPAP) e ventila&#231;&#227;o com dois n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos (PEEP + PS e BiPAP&#174;). Foram analisadas vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias, de oxigena&#231;&#227;o e hemodin&#226;micas nos per&#237;odos pr&#233;-aplica&#231;&#227;o, 3, 6 e 12 horas ap&#243;s iniciado o protocolo. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Foram exclu&#237;dos 13 pacientes. Dos pacientes restantes, 31 evolu&#237;ram para independ&#234;ncia do suporte ventilat&#243;rio, constituindo o grupo sucesso, e 26 necessitaram de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal, sendo considerados insucesso. Idade e n&#237;veis iniciais de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e de freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR) apresentaram valores elevados no grupo insucesso (p = 0,042, 0,029 e 0,002, respectivamente). O grupo insucesso apresentou maior n&#250;mero de intercorr&#234;ncias intra-operat&#243;rias (p = 0,025). As vari&#225;veis de oxigena&#231;&#227;o elevaram-se somente no grupo sucesso. Dentre as modalidades de VMNI, evolu&#237;ram como sucesso 57,9% dos pacientes no grupo ventilador, 57,9% no bi-n&#237;vel e 47,3% no CPAP. Vari&#225;veis de oxigena&#231;&#227;o e FR apresentaram melhora somente nos grupos com dois n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Pacientes com IResp hipox&#234;mica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia cardiovascular apresentaram melhora da oxigena&#231;&#227;o, da FR e da FC durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de VMNI. Em pacientes mais idosos e com valores iniciais de FR e de FC mais elevados, a VMNI n&#227;o foi suficiente para reverter o quadro de IResp. Modalidades com dois n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos apresentaram resultados superiores.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Respira&#231;&#227;o artificial, insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, anoxemia, cirurgia tor&#225;cica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As cirurgias card&#237;acas est&#227;o associadas a altera&#231;&#245;es da troca gasosa e da mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria, que podem evoluir para quadros de insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda, sendo estes respons&#225;veis por altos &#237;ndices de morbidade e de mortalidade no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dentre as alternativas para seu tratamento, a assist&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria n&#227;o-invasiva tem sido utilizada como modalidade terap&#234;utica. Seus objetivos s&#227;o melhorar a ventila&#231;&#227;o alveolar e a troca gasosa, aumentar os volumes pulmonares, diminuir o trabalho respirat&#243;rio, diminuir o tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, evitando a reintuba&#231;&#227;o, e, como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, abreviar o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva<sup>1-8</sup>. Benef&#237;cios na hemodin&#226;mica tamb&#233;m s&#227;o observados, como a diminui&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga por redu&#231;&#227;o do retorno venoso e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por redu&#231;&#227;o de sua press&#227;o transmural, o que leva &#224; melhora do desempenho card&#237;aco e provoca aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existem dois m&#233;todos para aplica&#231;&#227;o da VMNI com press&#227;o positiva: press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua em vias a&#233;reas (CPAP) e ventila&#231;&#227;o com dois n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos (bi-n&#237;vel press&#243;rico). A VMNI est&#225; bem estabelecida no tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria secund&#225;ria a exacerba&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, na apn&#233;ia obstrutiva do sono e no edema pulmonar cardiog&#234;nico<sup>11-13</sup>. Contudo, na insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria hipox&#234;mica no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, a resposta cl&#237;nica ao uso da VMNI n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente estabelecida, necessitando maiores investiga&#231;&#245;es<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de: 1) verificar as respostas ventilat&#243;ria, de oxigena&#231;&#227;o e hemodin&#226;mica de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda hipox&#234;mica submetidos a aplica&#231;&#227;o de VMNI no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia cardiovascular, buscando poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis preditoras de sucesso da modalidade terap&#234;utica; e 2) comparar essa resposta &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o de diferentes modalidades e equipamentos de VMNI.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi realizado no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor/HC-FMUSP), no per&#237;odo de julho de 1999 a dezembro de 2002. A amostra constituiu-se de 70 pacientes submetidos a cirurgias cardiovasculares. O paciente era admitido na unidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o imediata p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica, sendo extubado conforme protocolo da institui&#231;&#227;o. Caso apresentasse insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda, conforme os crit&#233;rios previamente definidos, era inclu&#237;do no estudo, de forma randomizada, em um dos tr&#234;s grupos: grupo ventilador, grupo CPAP ou grupo bi-n&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>Para serem inclu&#237;dos no estudo, os pacientes tinham que apresentar pelo menos tr&#234;s dos cinco sinais e sintomas propostos: dispn&#233;ia, taquipn&#233;ia (freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria &gt; 25 rpm), uso de musculatura acess&#243;ria, hipoxemia com satura&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina no sangue arterial medida por oximetria de pulso (SpO<sub>2</sub>) &lt; 95% com cateter de O<sub>2</sub> a 5 l/min, e radiografia de t&#243;rax apresentando altera&#231;&#227;o em pelo menos dois quadrantes.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes que apresentassem agita&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o-coopera&#231;&#227;o, altera&#231;&#227;o do reflexo de degluti&#231;&#227;o, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, secre&#231;&#227;o de dif&#237;cil manipula&#231;&#227;o, arritmias card&#237;acas agudas, sangramento g&#225;strico ou de vias a&#233;reas superiores ativo ou que tivessem usado alguma modalidade de VMNI ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima extuba&#231;&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes inclu&#237;dos, foram coletados dados ventilat&#243;rios, de oxigena&#231;&#227;o e hemodin&#226;micos, com os indiv&#237;duos em dec&#250;bito dorsal elevado, previamente &#224; instala&#231;&#227;o da VMNI. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria era contada pela observa&#231;&#227;o do movimento toracoabdominal; a leitura da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia era obtida a partir do monitor (Hewllet Packard<sup>&#174;</sup>). Esses dados eram novamente coletados a cada 6 horas. Uma amostra de sangue arterial era colhida com o paciente respirando espontaneamente, em uso de cateter de oxigenoterapia a 5 l/min, por, no m&#237;nimo, 15 minutos (primeira medida). Essa coleta repetiu-se 3 horas (segunda medida) e 12 horas (terceira medida) ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da aplica&#231;&#227;o da VMNI, estando o paciente nas mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es de aporte de oxigenoterapia da primeira medida.</p>
    <p>A VMNI foi aplicada utilizando-se tr&#234;s m&#233;todos diferentes: 1) grupo ventilador (grupo A) &#150; uso de dois n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos por meio de Ventilador Mec&#226;nico Veolar ou Amadeus (Hamilton<sup>&#174;</sup>), na modalidade espont&#226;nea utilizando press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria final positiva (PEEP) e press&#227;o de suporte (PS); 2) grupo CPAP (grupo B) &#150; uso de press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua em vias a&#233;reas no aparelho Sullivan ou Solo (Respironics<sup>&#174;</sup>); 3) grupo BiPAP (grupo C) &#150; uso de dois n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos no BiPAP<sup>&#174;</sup> S/TD 30 (Respironics<sup>&#174;</sup>).</p>
    <p>Todos os grupos receberam aplica&#231;&#227;o inicial de VMNI por 3 horas, com intervalo de 30 minutos, se necess&#225;rio. As aplica&#231;&#245;es posteriores foram de, no m&#237;nimo, uma hora ao longo das primeiras 12 horas. O intervalo entre as aplica&#231;&#245;es foi sempre inferior a 3 horas.</p>
    <p>No grupo ventilador, utilizou-se PS m&#237;nima de 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, podendo ser aumentada de 1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O em 1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O com o objetivo de atingir volume corrente exalado de 5 ml/kg a 7 ml/kg. O valor inicial da PEEP foi de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, podendo tamb&#233;m ser aumentada de 1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O em 1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O at&#233; 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, visando &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o de uma SpO<sub>2</sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 95%, para uma fra&#231;&#227;o inspirada de oxig&#234;nio (FiO<sub>2</sub>) de 0,6. No grupo CPAP, a press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua m&#237;nima foi de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O e poderia ser aumentada de 1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O em 1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O at&#233; 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, sendo escolhido o n&#237;vel press&#243;rico que mantivesse a SpO<sub>2</sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 95% para uma FiO<sub>2</sub> de 0,6. No grupo BiPAP utilizou-se press&#227;o positiva inspirat&#243;ria (IPAP) m&#237;nima de 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, podendo ser aumentada de 1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O em 1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, com o objetivo de manter o volume corrente exalado entre 5 ml/kg e 7 ml/kg. A press&#227;o positiva expirat&#243;ria (EPAP) inicial foi de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, que poderia ser aumentada de 1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O em 1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O at&#233; 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, com o objetivo de manter a SpO<sub>2</sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 95%, para uma FiO<sub>2</sub> de 0,6. (A FiO<sub>2</sub> foi aferida por ox&#237;metro de linha do modelo Mini Oxi III &#150; MAS Medical Products<sup>&#174;</sup>.)</p>
    <p>O desmame da VMNI ocorreu de acordo com a observa&#231;&#227;o de melhora dos sinais e sintomas da insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda, sendo realizado pelo aumento progressivo dos intervalos entre as aplica&#231;&#245;es e pela diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de aplica&#231;&#227;o. A aplica&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica com VMNI foi considerada sucesso quando o paciente apresentava normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos sinais cl&#237;nicos e dos sintomas da insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda no per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de 72 horas. O insucesso foi definido como piora dos sinais e sintomas, com necessidade de reintuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal em qualquer momento ou continuidade da VMNI por mais de 72 horas.</p>
    <p>A interface ventilador-paciente foi realizada com o uso de m&#225;scara facial. No ventilador mec&#226;nico foram utilizadas m&#225;scaras do modelo Gibeck (Gibeck Dryden<sup>&#174;</sup>), enquanto nos aparelhos BiPAP S/TD 30 e Solo/Sullivan utilizou-se a m&#225;scara facial ou nasal da marca Respironics<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> As vari&#225;veis freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (com medidas pr&#233;-aplica&#231;&#227;o da VMNI, 6 e 12 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do estudo), pH, PaCO<sub>2</sub>, PaO<sub>2</sub> e SaO<sub>2</sub> (com medidas na pr&#233;-aplica&#231;&#227;o da VMNI, 3 e 12 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do estudo) foram analisadas em cada grupo e comparativamente entre os grupos utilizando o teste de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA com <italic>Kruskal-Walls one way Analysis of Variance on Ranks</italic> e <italic>Tukey test</italic> e o <italic>Two Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance</italic>). Para as demais vari&#225;veis analisadas utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> n&#227;o-pareado e o teste do qui-quadrado para analisar a ocorr&#234;ncias de eventos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entraram no protocolo de estudo 70 pacientes, sendo exclu&#237;dos 13 por diferentes causas, incluindo falta de gasometria arterial, n&#227;o cumprimento do protocolo, presen&#231;a de pneumot&#243;rax e altera&#231;&#227;o da modalidade ventilat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>Dos 57 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, 22 foram submetidos somente a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, 13 a cirurgias valvares (combinadas ou n&#227;o), 5 a corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma ou dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta, 3 a tromboendarterectomia pulmonar cr&#244;nica, e 15 pacientes foram submetidos a cirurgias combinadas.</p>
    <p><italic>Sucesso vs. Insucesso -</italic> Dos 57 pacientes que conclu&#237;ram o estudo, 31 (54,4%) evolu&#237;ram para independ&#234;ncia do suporte ventilat&#243;rio, constituindo o grupo sucesso, e 26 (45,6%) evolu&#237;ram necessitando de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal, sendo considerados como grupo insucesso para a estrat&#233;gia de VMNI. As causas para a intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal foram: a) piora da insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (n = 11); b) piora da insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria associada a instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica (n = 7); c) rebaixamento do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia (n = 6); e d) instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica (n = 2).</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise dos dados cl&#237;nico-cir&#250;rgicos, observou-se que o grupo insucesso apresentou maior n&#250;mero de pacientes com h&#225;bito tab&#225;gico, cirurgias cardiovasculares pr&#233;vias e maior n&#250;mero de intercorr&#234;ncias cir&#250;rgicas no intra-operat&#243;rio, conforme ilustra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref>. Os valores m&#233;dios de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pr&#233;via foram de 58% no grupo sucesso e de 56% no grupo insucesso, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a significante.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0298-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os dados antropom&#233;tricos de ambos os grupos encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela 2</xref>. Observa-se que os pacientes do grupo insucesso eram mais idosos que os do grupo sucesso.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0298-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os dados de oxigena&#231;&#227;o, ventilat&#243;rios e hemodin&#226;micos est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>, em m&#233;dia <underline>+</underline> desvio padr&#227;o, e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref> para ambos os grupos, nas tr&#234;s medidas obtidas ao longo do tempo. O grupo sucesso apresentou eleva&#231;&#245;es sangu&#237;neas da PaO<sub>2</sub> e da SaO<sub>2</sub>, atingindo valores mais altos 12 horas depois do in&#237;cio do estudo. O grupo insucesso n&#227;o apresentou melhora da oxigena&#231;&#227;o, mesmo com a instala&#231;&#227;o do suporte ventilat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0298-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0298-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria apresentou-se elevada em ambos os grupos no in&#237;cio do estudo, por&#233;m significantemente maior no grupo insucesso (p = 0,002). Ap&#243;s 6 e 12 horas, os valores m&#233;dios eram significantemente menores que na situa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-estudo, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>Os valores m&#233;dios de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no momento pr&#233;-estudo eram estatisticamente maiores no grupo insucesso, diminuindo significantemente 12 horas depois do in&#237;cio do estudo. Para o grupo sucesso, o comportamento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi semelhante ao longo do tempo.</p>
    <p>Modalidades: bi-n&#237;vel, CPAP e ventilador</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram reagrupados de acordo com a modalidade de VMNI aplicada, surgindo tr&#234;s grupos de 19 pacientes: bi-n&#237;vel, CPAP e ventilador. Evolu&#237;ram para supress&#227;o do suporte ventilat&#243;rio n&#227;o-invasivo 11 pacientes (57,9%) no grupo ventilador, 11 no grupo bi-n&#237;vel (57,9%) e 9 no grupo CPAP (47,3%).</p>
    <p>Os grupos eram homog&#234;neos quanto a idade, peso, altura e &#237;ndice de massa corporal, conforme ilustra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0298-00004-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados de oxigena&#231;&#227;o, ventilat&#243;rios e hemodin&#226;micos encontram-se descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 5</xref> e ilustrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de oxigena&#231;&#227;o (PaO<sub>2</sub> e SaO<sub>2</sub>), foram observados aumentos estatisticamente significantes somente nos grupos ventilador e bi-n&#237;vel ao longo do tempo, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a entre essas modalidades.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0298-00004-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0298-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os grupos, por&#233;m houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de seus valores nos grupos bi-n&#237;vel e ventilador ao longo do tempo quando comparada aos valores iniciais.</p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos, por&#233;m houve redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante na terceira medida quando comparada aos valores pr&#233; no grupo CPAP. A press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es significantes entre os grupos e ao longo do tempo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, a aplica&#231;&#227;o da VMNI em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria hipox&#234;mica p&#243;s-cirurgia cardiovascular evitou a reintuba&#231;&#227;o em 54,4% dos casos. V&#225;rios estudos j&#225; demonstraram a efic&#225;cia da VMNI em prevenir ou evitar a intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal em situa&#231;&#245;es de insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda hipox&#234;mica. Recentes estudos randomizados<sup>15-19</sup> envolvendo popula&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea de pacientes com hipoxemia t&#234;m relatado sucesso em evitar a intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal de 69% a 79%. A diferen&#231;a na porcentagem de sucesso entre os v&#225;rios estudos, inclusive este, decorre de diferentes causas que acarretam a insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria hipox&#234;mica. Antonelli e cols.<sup>20</sup> estudaram 354 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria hipox&#234;mica, observando taxa de sucesso de 51% em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome da ang&#250;stia respirat&#243;ria aguda (SARA), de 50% em pacientes com pneumonia nosocomial e de 69% em pacientes com atelectasia. Esses n&#250;meros assemelham-se aos deste estudo, o que pode ser explicado pelo fato de que a maioria dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria hipox&#234;mica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia cardiovascular tem como causas principais processos pulmonares de colapso e infiltrados. Embora os pacientes deste estudo apresentassem insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, a causa prim&#225;ria desse comprometimento, na maioria das vezes, estava correlacionada a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, uma vez que a maioria dos pacientes com insucesso apresentou maior n&#250;mero de intercorr&#234;ncias intra-operat&#243;rias, como parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica necessitando de assist&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica circulat&#243;ria e sangramento.</p>
    <p>Os preditores de insucesso para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da VMNI n&#227;o est&#227;o bem caracterizados. No estudo de Meduri e cols.<sup>5</sup>, a melhora gasom&#233;trica foi relacionada ao sucesso da VMNI, por&#233;m n&#227;o foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o preditora de sucesso para insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria hipox&#234;mica. Rana e cols.<sup>21</sup>, observando pacientes com les&#227;o pulmonar aguda, constataram que choque, acidose metab&#243;lica e hipoxemia grave foram preditores de insucesso para a estrat&#233;gia de VMNI. Antonelli e cols.<sup>20</sup> encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o com o insucesso da VMNI as vari&#225;veis de idade, freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria inicial e n&#227;o melhora da oxigena&#231;&#227;o em uma hora de aplica&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>Os dados deste estudo demonstram que, antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o da VMNI, h&#225; diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante quanto a idade, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, sendo os valores mais altos no grupo insucesso. Sabe-se que o envelhecimento provoca uma s&#233;rie de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiorrespirat&#243;rias, que se traduzem pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da reserva cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Tal condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; um fator predisponente &#224; insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria em casos de agress&#245;es infecciosas, traum&#225;ticas e cir&#250;rgicas. Os pacientes deste estudo que evolu&#237;ram para o insucesso eram mais idosos e apresentavam, no in&#237;cio do estudo, valores mais altos de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e de freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, o que pode ser sugestivo de maior sobrecarga tanto ventilat&#243;ria como hemodin&#226;mica, contribuindo para deteriora&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria mais dif&#237;cil de ser revertida com a VMNI.</p>
    <p>Observou-se que, ao longo das 12 primeiras horas do protocolo, as vari&#225;veis SaO<sub>2</sub> e PaO<sub>2</sub> apresentaram aumentos significantes no grupo sucesso, enquanto o grupo insucesso n&#227;o apresentou essa altera&#231;&#227;o. Esses resultados s&#227;o semelhantes aos encontrados por Antonelli e cols.<sup>20</sup> e Rana e cols.<sup>21</sup>, sugerindo que pacientes que apresentam melhora da oxigena&#231;&#227;o nas primeiras horas de terap&#234;utica t&#234;m melhor resultado em evitar a intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal.</p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria apresentou comportamento semelhante nos dois grupos, com redu&#231;&#227;o significante nas primeiras 12 horas dentro de cada grupo, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>Assim, a VMNI foi uma estrat&#233;gia ventilat&#243;ria eficaz na maioria dos casos, evitando a instala&#231;&#227;o de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva, por&#233;m fatores como idade, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria pr&#233;vias podem comprometer a efic&#225;cia do suporte ventilat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p><italic>Modalidades: bi-n&#237;vel, CPAP e ventilador -</italic> Comparando as tr&#234;s modalidades de VMNI quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de sucesso e insucesso, n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre elas (p = 0,531), embora tenha havido tend&#234;ncia ao melhor resultado com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o das modalidades com bi-n&#237;vel press&#243;rico, as quais contribu&#237;ram para evitar a reintuba&#231;&#227;o na maioria dos casos estudados em cada grupo (57,9%). Na modalidade CPAP houve maior n&#250;mero de reintuba&#231;&#245;es, com porcentagem de sucesso de 47,3%, embora a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos n&#227;o tenha sido significante.</p>
    <p>As modalidades ventilador e bi-n&#237;vel tamb&#233;m foram respons&#225;veis por melhoras significativas ao longo do tempo. Os grupos ventilador e bi-n&#237;vel apresentaram aumentos da oxigena&#231;&#227;o nas primeiras 12 horas de aplica&#231;&#227;o, enquanto no grupo CPAP essa altera&#231;&#227;o foi discreta. Matte e cols.<sup>22</sup> estudaram 96 pacientes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e compararam a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de inspir&#244;metro de incentivo, CPAP e bi-n&#237;vel press&#243;rico na preven&#231;&#227;o da deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e dos valores gasom&#233;tricos nesses pacientes sem sinais de insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria. O estudo demonstrou que tanto o grupo CPAP como o grupo bi-n&#237;vel proporcionaram melhora da PaO<sub>2</sub> ao longo de 24 horas de aplica&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a significante entre as modalidades. Park e cols.<sup>13</sup> compararam, no tratamento de 83 pacientes com edema pulmonar cardiog&#234;nico, o uso de oxigenoterapia (n = 27), CPAP (n = 27) e bi-n&#237;vel press&#243;rico (n = 29), verificando que, com 30 minutos de aplica&#231;&#227;o, ocorreu aumento significante da PaO<sub>2</sub> nos grupos bi-n&#237;vel e CPAP. Nesse estudo, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria dos pacientes dos grupos bi-n&#237;vel e CPAP era menor que a do grupo oxigenoterapia. O comportamento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria nos pacientes deste estudo foi semelhante ao verificado no estudo de Matte e cols.<sup>22</sup>, que demonstrou diminui&#231;&#227;o no grupo bi-n&#237;vel durante as primeiras 12 horas de aplica&#231;&#227;o, enquanto no grupo CPAP houve pequena eleva&#231;&#227;o no mesmo per&#237;odo, produzindo diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre as duas modalidades.</p>
    <p>MacIntyre<sup>23</sup>, por meio da mensura&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar e da press&#227;o nas vias a&#233;reas em pacientes internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva com quadros pulmonar e hemodin&#226;mico est&#225;veis, demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o do trabalho muscular respirat&#243;rio ao utilizar bi-n&#237;vel press&#243;rico, demonstrando que a modalidade reduz o esfor&#231;o inspirat&#243;rio e o trabalho respirat&#243;rio. O trabalho mec&#226;nico &#233; igual &#224; for&#231;a multiplicada pelo deslocamento. No sistema respirat&#243;rio, o trabalho gerado pelos m&#250;sculos inspirat&#243;rios cria uma press&#227;o, causando deslocamento do ar. Assim, quando se utiliza uma press&#227;o positiva adicional auxiliando a a&#231;&#227;o muscular durante a inspira&#231;&#227;o ocorre redu&#231;&#227;o do trabalho respirat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o se alteraram durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva, e seus valores m&#233;dios permaneceram dentro da normalidade na maior parte do protocolo. Observou-se altera&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ao longo do tempo somente no grupo CPAP. Philip-J&#246;et e cols.<sup>10</sup>, estudando as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas decorrentes do uso de CPAP e bi-n&#237;vel, n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as significantes em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal. Houve altera&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em pacientes que j&#225; apresentavam diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o m&#233;dia de art&#233;ria pulmonar (inferior a 12 mmHg). Neste estudo n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel correlacionar esse dado com a condi&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, pois n&#227;o foi avaliada a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria hipox&#234;mica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia cardiovascular apresentaram melhora da oxigena&#231;&#227;o, da freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de VMNI. Em pacientes mais idosos e com freq&#252;&#234;ncias respirat&#243;ria e card&#237;aca iniciais mais elevadas, a VMNI pode n&#227;o ser suficiente para reverter o quadro de insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria hipox&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>As modalidades com dois n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos demonstraram resultados superiores aos de CPAP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito de interesses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Maria Ignez Zanetti Feltrim </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44 &#150; 2&#186; andar </p>
        <p> 05403-900 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mi.feltrim@incor.usp.br">mi.feltrim@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 28/12/06; revisado recebido em 13/04/07; aceito em 03/05/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Application of noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure after cardiovascular surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To examine ventilatory response, oxygenation-related, and hemodynamics of patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure (ARF) submitted to noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) during the postoperative phase of cardiovascular surgery in order to identify predictive variables of success, and to compare the different types of NIV. METHODS: Seventy patients with hypoxemic ARF were randomized to one of three modalities of NIV - continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and ventilation with two pressure levels (PEEP + SP and BiPAP&#174;). Ventilation, oxygenation-related, and hemodynamics variables were analyzed at pre-application, and 3, 6, and 12 hours after the protocol began. RESULTS: Thirteen patients were excluded. Thirty-one patients progressed to independence from ventilatory support and comprised the success group, and 26 required orotracheal intubation and were considered the nonsuccess group. Age, initial heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR) showed elevated levels in the nonsuccess group (p=0.042, 0.029, and 0.002, respectively). A greater number of intraoperative complications were seen in the nonsuccess group (p=0.025). Oxygenation variables increased only in the success group. Among the NIV types, 57.9% of patients in the ventilator group, 57.9% in the two-pressure levels group, and 47.3% in the CPAP group progressed with success. Oxygenation and RR variables showed improvement only in the groups with two pressure levels. CONCLUSION: Patients with hypoxemic ARF in the postoperative stage after cardiovascular surgery showed better oxygenation, RR, and HR during NIV application. In older patients and those with higher baseline RR and HR values, NIV was not sufficient to reverse ARF. The two-pressure level modes showed better results.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Respiration, artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>anoxemia</kwd>
        <kwd>respiratory insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>thoracic surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Application of noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure after cardiovascular surgery </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vera Regina de Morais Coimbra; Rodrigo de Almeida Lara; &#201;riko Gon&#231;alves Flores; Em&#237;lia Nozawa; Jos&#233; Oct&#225;vio Costa Auler J&#250;nior; Maria Ignez Zanetti Feltrim</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To examine ventilatory response, oxygenation-related, and hemodynamics of patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure (ARF) submitted to noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) during the postoperative phase of cardiovascular surgery in order to identify predictive variables of success, and to compare the different types of NIV.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Seventy patients with hypoxemic ARF were randomized to one of three modalities of NIV - continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and ventilation with two pressure levels (PEEP + SP and BiPAP&#174;). Ventilation, oxygenation-related, and hemodynamics variables were analyzed at pre-application, and 3, 6, and 12 hours after the protocol began.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Thirteen patients were excluded. Thirty-one patients progressed to independence from ventilatory support and comprised the success group, and 26 required orotracheal intubation and were considered the nonsuccess group. Age, initial heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR) showed elevated levels in the nonsuccess group (p=0.042, 0.029, and 0.002, respectively). A greater number of intraoperative complications were seen in the nonsuccess group (p=0.025). Oxygenation variables increased only in the success group. Among the NIV types, 57.9% of patients in the ventilator group, 57.9% in the two-pressure levels group, and 47.3% in the CPAP group progressed with success. Oxygenation and RR variables showed improvement only in the groups with two pressure levels.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Patients with hypoxemic ARF in the postoperative stage after cardiovascular surgery showed better oxygenation, RR, and HR during NIV application. In older patients and those with higher baseline RR and HR values, NIV was not sufficient to reverse ARF. The two-pressure level modes showed better results.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Respiration, artificial; anoxemia; respiratory insufficiency; thoracic surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac operations are associated with modifications in gas exchange and respiratory mechanics that can progress to acute respiratory failure (ARF), responsible for high postoperative morbidity and mortality rates<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among treatment alternatives, noninvasive ventilatory assistance has been used and it aims to improve alveolar ventilation and gas exchange, increase lung volumes, decrease respiratory work, and decrease mechanical ventilation time, thus avoiding reintubation and, consequently, cutting duration of stay in the intensive care unit<sup>1-8</sup>. There are also benefits in hemodynamics, such as a decreased preload because of a reduction in venous return and decreased left ventricle postload due to reduced transmural pressure, leading to improved cardiac performance and increased cardiac output<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>There are two methods for noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) application with positive pressure: continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and ventilation with two levels of pressure (two-pressure level). NIV is well established in the treatment of respiratory failure secondary to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (CPOD), in obstructive sleep apnea, and in cardiogenic pulmonary edema<sup>11-13</sup>. However, in postoperative hypoxemic respiratory failure, the clinical response to the use of NIV has not been totally established and needs further investigation<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study was developed with the objective of: 1) examining the ventilatory response, oxygenation-related, and hemodynamics of patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure submitted to NIV application in the postoperative period of cardiovascular surgery, seeking possible predictive variables of success for this treatment modality; 2) comparing these results to those obtained with the application of different NIV modalities and equipment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was carried out at the <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</italic> [Heart Institute] of the <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> (InCorHC &#150; FMUSP) during the period from July 1999 to December 2002. The sample consisted of 70 patients undergoing cardiovascular operations. Patients were admitted to the immediate postoperative recovery unit and were extubated as per institute protocol. In the presence of acute respiratory failure, according to previously defined criteria, patients were randomized to one of three study groups: ventilator group, CPAP group, or two-pressure level group.</p>
      <p>For inclusion, patients had to present with at least three of the five proposed signs and symptoms: dyspnea, tachypnea (respiratory rate &gt; 25 rpm), use of accessory muscles, and hypoxemia with arterial blood hemoglobin saturation measured by pulse oxymetry (SpO<sub>2</sub>) &lt; 95% with O<sub>2</sub> catheter at 5l/min and chest X-ray showing abnormalities in at least two quadrants.</p>
      <p>Patients showing agitation or non-cooperation, swallowing reflex changes, hemodynamic instability,difficult to manage secretions, acute cardiac arrhythmias, active gastric or upper airway bleeding, or who had used some form of noninvasive ventilation after the last extubation were excluded from the study.</p>
      <p>Once included, ventilatory, oxygenation-related, and hemodynamics data were collected with the patients in elevated dorsal decubitus, before NIV installation. Respiratory rate was counted by observation of thoracoabdominal movements; heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) readings were obtained by a monitor (Hewlet Packard<sup>&#174;</sup>). These data were collected every 6 hours. A sample of arterial blood was collected with the patient breathing spontaneously while receiving 5L/min O2 by catheter for at least 15 minutes (1<sup>st</sup> measurement). This collection was repeated 3 hours (2<sup>nd</sup> measurement) and 12 hours (3<sup>rd</sup> measurement) after beginning NIV, with the patient in the same oxygen therapy conditions as for the 1<sup>st</sup> measurement.</p>
      <p>NIV was applied using three different methods: 1) Ventilator Group (Group A) &#150; use of two pressure levels by means of a Hamilton<sup>&#174;</sup> Veolar or Amadeus Mechanical Ventilator in the spontaneous mode, using PEEP and supporting pressure (SP); 2) CPAP Group (Group B) &#150; use of continuous positive airway pressure with the Sullivan or Solo (Respironics<sup>&#174;</sup>) apparatus; 3) BiPAP Group (Group C) &#150; use of two pressure levels in BiPAP<sup>&#174;</sup> S/TD 30 (Respironics<sup>&#174;</sup>).</p>
      <p>All groups received an initial NIV application for 3 hours, with a 30-minute interval if needed. Posterior applications were at least one hour long during the first 12 hours. The interval between applications was always less than three hours.</p>
      <p>In the Ventilator Group, a minimal 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O SP was used, which could be increased by 1 cm H<sub>2</sub>O increments with the objective of reaching an exhaled tidal volume of 5 to 7 ml/kg. The initial PEEP value was 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, which could also be increased by 1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O increments up to 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, seeking to maintain SpO<sub>2</sub><underline>&amp;gt</underline> 95% for an inhaled oxygen fraction (FiO<sub>2</sub>) of 0.6. In the CPAP Group, the minimal continuous positive pressure was 5 cmH2O, which could be increased by 1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O increments up to 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O; the pressure level of choice was the one that maintained SpO2 <underline>&amp;gt</underline> 95% for a FiO2 of 0.6. In the BiPAP Group, the minimal positive inhaled pressure (IPAP) used was 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, which could be increased in 1 by 1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O increments with the objective of maintaining the exhaled tidal volume between 5 and 7 ml/kg. Initial positive exhaled pressure (EPAP) was 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, which could be increased in 1 by 1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O increments up to 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O with the objective of maintaining SpO<sub>2</sub><underline>&amp;gt</underline> 95% for a FiO<sub>2</sub> of 0.6. [The FiO<sub>2</sub> was checked by a Mini Oxi III line oximeter (MAS Medical Products<sup>&#174;</sup>)]</p>
      <p>Weaning from the NIV was carried according to the observation of improvement in signs and symptoms of acute respiratory failure, and was performed by progressively increasing the intervals between applications and decreasing the application time. NIV treatment was considered successful when the patient presented normalization of clinical signs and symptoms of acute respiratory failure in a maximal period of 72 hours. Nonsuccess was defined as worsening of signs and symptoms requiring orotracheal reintubation at any time, or continuation of NIV for more than 72 hours.</p>
      <p>The ventilator-patient interface was produced by using a facial mask; with the mechanical ventilator Gibeck model (Gibeck Dryden<sup>&#174;</sup>), masks were used, whereas for BiPAP S/TD 30 and Solo/Sullivan devices, Respironics<sup>&#174;</sup> facial or nasal masks were used.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis -</italic> The variables of heart rate and respiratory rate (with NIV measurements made during preapplication, 6 hours, and 12 hours after study began), pH, PaCO<sub>2</sub>, PaO<sub>2,</sub> and SaO<sub>2</sub> (with NIV measurements at preapplication, 3 hours, and 12 hours after study began) were analyzed in each group and comparatively among the groups, using variance analysis testing (ANOVA with Kruskal &#150; Walls One-Way Analysis of Variance on Ranks, Tukey test, and the Two-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance). For the other variables analyzed, non-paired t test and chi-squared test were used to examine occurrences of events.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Seventy patients were enrolled in the study, and 13 of them were excluded for different reasons, including lack of arterial gasometry, noncompliance with the protocol, presence of pneumothorax, and modification of the ventilatory modality.</p>
      <p>Of the 57 patients included, 22 underwent only myocardial revascularization (MR), 13 underwent valvar operations (combined or not), 5 underwent correction of an aneurism or dissection of the aorta, 3 underwent thromboendarterectomy for chronic pulmonary embolism, and 15 patients underwent combination operations.</p>
      <p><italic>Success X Nonsuccess -</italic> Of the 57 patients who completed the study, 31 (54.4%) progressed to independence from ventilatory support and comprised the success group, and 26 (45.6%) progressed with a need for orotracheal intubation and were considered the nonsuccess group for NIV strategy. Causes for orotracheal intubation were: a) worsening of respiratory insufficiency (n=11); b) worsening of the ARF associated with hemodynamic instability (n=7); c) lowered level of consciousness (n=6); and d) hemodynamic instability (n=2).</p>
      <p>In analysing the clinical-surgical data, we observed that the nonsuccess group showed a larger number of patients who smoked, had undergone previous cardiovascular operations, and had experienced a greater number of intraoperative surgical complications, as is displayed on <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>. The mean values for the preceding left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were 58% in the success group and 56% in the nonsuccess group, with no significant difference between the groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0298-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The anthropometric data from both groups are shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>. Patients in the nonsuccess group were older than those in the success group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0298-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Oxygenation-related, ventilation, and hemodynamics data are shown for both the groups on <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_04t3-body2">Table 3</xref> in mean &#177; standard deviation, and in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_04f1-body2">Figure 1</xref> for the three measurements obtained over time. The success group presented blood elevations of PaO<sub>2</sub> and SaO<sub>2</sub>, reaching higher levels at the 12<sup>th</sup> hour of the study. Oxygenation in the nonsuccess group did not improve, even with installation of ventilatory support.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_04t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0298-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_04f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0298-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Respiratory rate was high in both groups at the beginning of the study, but proved significantly higher in the nonsuccess group (p= 0.002). After 6 hours and 12 hours, mean values were significantly lower than in the pre-study situation, although with no difference between the groups.</p>
      <p>Mean pre-study values of HR were statistically higher in the nonsuccess group, and were significantly lower at the 12<sup>th</sup> hour. For the success group, HR behavior was similar over time.</p>
      <p>Two-pressure level, CPAP, and Ventilator Treatment Modalities</p>
      <p>Patients were regrouped according to the modality of NIV applied, producing three groups of 19 patients each: two-pressure level, CPAP, and ventilator. Eleven (57.9%) patients progressed to suppression of the noninvasive ventilatory support in the ventilator group, 11 (57.9%) in the two-pressure level group, and 9 in the CPAP group (47.3%).</p>
      <p>Groups were homogenous as to age, weight, height, and BMI, as is displayed on <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_04t4-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_04t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0298-00004-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Oxygenation-related, ventilation, and hemodynamics data are shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_04t5-body2">Table 5</xref> and illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_04f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>. As to oxygenation values (PaO<sub>2</sub> and SaO<sub>2</sub>), statistically significant increases were observed only in the ventilator and two-pressure level groups over time, although with no difference between these two modalities.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_04t5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0298-00004-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_04f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0298-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Respiratory rate did not show a statistically significant difference among the groups, but there was a significant reduction of its values in the two-pressure level and ventilator groups over time when compared to the initial levels.</p>
      <p>The HR did not differ among the groups, but there was a statistically significant reduction in the 3<sup>rd</sup> measurement when compared to the pre-values in the CPAP group. MAP did not show any significant changes among the groups over time.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our results show that the application of NIV in patients with hypoxemic ARF post cardiovascular surgery avoided reintubation in 54.4% of the cases. Several studies have already demonstrated the efficacy of NIV in preventing or avoiding orotracheal intubation in situations of hypoxemic acute respiratory failure. Recent randomized studies<sup>15-19</sup> involving a heterogeneous population of patients with hypoxemia have reported success in avoiding orotracheal intubation in 69 to 79%. The difference in percentage of success among the various studies, including ours, is because of the different causes that lead to hypoxemic ARF. Antonelli et al<sup>20</sup> studied 354 patients with hypoxemic ARF, observing a 51% success rate in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 50% in patients with nosocomial pneumonia, and 69% in patients with atelectasia. These numbers are similar to our results, which can be explained by the fact that most of the patients with hypoxemic ARF in the postoperative phase after cardiovascular operations have lung collapse and infiltration processes as the main causes. Although our patients had ARF, in most cases the primary basis of this involvement was correlated to cardiac dysfunction, since most unsuccessful patients showed a greater number of intraoperative events such as cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) and hemodynamic instability requiring mechanical circulatory assistance, and bleeding.</p>
      <p>Predictors of nonsuccess for the use of NIV are not well characterized. In the study by Meduri et al<sup>5</sup> gasometry improvement was associated with the NIV success, but no predictive correlation for success was found for hypoxemic ARF. Rana et al<sup>21</sup> observed patients with acute pulmonary injury and noted that shock, metabolic acidosis, and serious hypoxemia were predictors of nonsuccess for NIV strategy. Antonelli et al<sup>20</sup> found the variables of age, initial respiratory rate, and lack of oxygenation improvement within one hour of the treatment application as correlated to nonsuccess of NIV.</p>
      <p>Our data show that before NIV application, there were statistically significant differences as to age, heart rate, and respiratory rate, with the highest values in the nonsuccess group. It is known that aging provokes a series of cardiorespiratory changes, translated as a decrease of cardiorespiratory reserve. This condition is a predisposing factor for respiratory failure in cases of infectious, traumatic, and surgical aggressions. Our patients who progressed to nonsuccess were older, and at the beginning of the study presented higher heart rates and respiratory rates, which could be suggestive of a greater ventilatory and hemodynamic overload, contributing to a respiratory deterioration more difficult to reverse with NIV.</p>
      <p>We observed that along the first 12 hours of the protocol, the variables SaO<sub>2</sub> and PaO<sub>2</sub> showed significant increases in the success group, whereas in the nonsuccess group there was no such change. These results are similar to those found by Antonelli et al<sup>20</sup>, and Rana et al<sup>21</sup>, suggesting that patients who showed an improvement in oxygenation during the first hours of treatment have better results in terms of avoiding orotracheal intubation.</p>
      <p>The respiratory rate showed a similar behavior between the two groups, with a significant reduction in the first 12 hours within each group, albeit with no difference between the groups.</p>
      <p>Thus, NIV was an effective ventilatory strategy in most cases, avoiding installation of invasive mechanical ventilation; nevertheless, factors such as age, and previous heart rate and respiratory rate can compromise the efficacy of the ventilatory support.</p>
      <p>Two-pressure level, CPAP, and Ventilator Treatment Modalities</p>
      <p>Comparing the three NIV modalities as to the occurrence of success and nonsuccess, we found no statistically significant difference among them (p=0.531), although there was a tendency towards better results with the use of two-pressure level modalities, which contributed to avoid reintubation in most of the cases studied in each group (57.9%). In the CPAP modality, there was a greater number of reintubations, with 47.3% success, even though the difference between the groups was not significant.</p>
      <p>Ventilator and two-pressure level modalities were also responsible for significant improvements over time. The ventilator and two-pressure level groups showed oxygenation rises in the first 12 hours of application, while in the CPAP group, this change was discreet. Matte et al<sup>22</sup> studied 96 patients in the postoperative phase of myocardial revascularization surgery and compared the use of an incentive inspirometer, CPAP, and two-pressure level in preventing deterioration of lung function and gasometry values in these patients with no signs of ARF. The study showed that both CPAP and two-pressure level afforded an improvement of PaO<sub>2</sub> over 24 hours of application, but there was no significant difference between the modalities<sup>13</sup>. In treating 83 patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema, Park et al<sup>13</sup> compared the use of oxygen therapy (n=27), CPAP (n=27), and two-pressure level (n=29), and noted that with 30 minutes of application, there was a significant increase of PaO<sub>2</sub> in the two-pressure level and CPAP groups. In this study, the respiratory rates of patients from the two-pressure level and CPAP groups were lower than those of the oxygen therapy group. The behavior of the respiratory rate in our patients was similar to that seen in the study by Matte et al<sup>21</sup>, who showed a decrease in the two-pressure level group during the first 12 hours of application, whereas in the CPAP group there was a small elevation in the same period, producing a statistically significant difference between the two methods.</p>
      <p>Macintyre et al<sup>23</sup>, using pulmonary complacency and airway pressure measurements in Intensive Care Unit patients with stable pulmonary and hemodynamic conditions, demonstrated a reduction in respiratory muscle work function when using two-pressure level, showing that this method reduces inspiratory effort and respiratory work. Mechanical work is equal to the force multiplied by the dislocation. In the respiratory system, the work generated by the inspiratory muscles creates a pressure that causes dislocation of the air. Therefore, when additional positive pressure is used helping muscular function during inspiration, there is a reduction in respiratory work.</p>
      <p>The heart rate and arterial blood pressure were not modified during application of positive pressure, and their mean values remained within normal limits during most of the protocol. A statistically significant change was noted in the HR over time only in the CPAP group. Philip-J&#246;et et al<sup>10</sup>, when studying hemodynamic modifications resulting from the use of CPAP and two-pressure level methods, found no significant differences in patients with normal left ventricular function. There was a modification of the cardiac output in patients who already presented a decrease in mean pulmonary artery pressure (less than 12 mmHg). In our study, it was not possible to correlate this information with the hemodynamic condition, since the left ventricular function was not assessed in these patients.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, patients with hypoxemic ARF in the postoperative phase after cardiovascular surgery improved oxygenation, respiratory rate, and heart rate during NIV application. In older patients and those with higher initial respiratory and heart rates, NIV may not be sufficient for reversing the hypoxemic respiratory failure condition.</p>
      <p>The methods with two pressure levels showed results superior to those of the CPAP method.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Maria Ignez Zanetti Feltrim</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44 &#150; 2o andar</p>
          <p> 05403-900 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mi.feltrim@incor.usp.br">mi.feltrim@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received December 28, 2006; revised manuscript received April 13, 2007; accepted May 3rd, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
