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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4wXjLkP4DnPPGtpZ4cdBbzp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001700002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001700002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no Brasil: resultados do registro da Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Card&#237;acas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fenelon</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ati&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Jacob</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lorga Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Adalberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>285</fpage>
      <lpage>289</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Buscando delinear o perfil da abla&#231;&#227;o curativa de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) no Brasil, a Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Card&#237;acas (SOBRAC) idealizou o Registro Brasileiro de Abla&#231;&#227;o da FA. OBJETIVO: Descrever os resultados desse registro. M&#201;TODOS: Foi enviado um formul&#225;rio aos s&#243;cios da SOBRAC, inquirindo sobre os dados de pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA entre setembro de 2005 e novembro de 2006. RESULTADOS: No total, 29 grupos, de 13 Estados, responderam ao formul&#225;rio. Desses, 22 (76%) realizaram abla&#231;&#245;es de FA. Entre 1998 e 2001, 7 grupos (32%) iniciaram abla&#231;&#245;es de FA e entre 2002 e 2006, 15 grupos (68%). De 1998 a 2006, 2.374 pacientes foram submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o, sendo 755 (32%) no per&#237;odo do registro. A maioria (70%) era do sexo masculino e 89% apresentavam FA parox&#237;stica ou persistente. M&#233;todos auxiliares de imagem (ecocardiografia intracard&#237;aca e mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico) foram utilizados por 9 grupos (41%). Durante seguimento m&#233;dio de cinco meses, o sucesso total foi de 82% e o sucesso sem uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos foi de 57%. Contudo, 35% dos pacientes necessitaram de dois ou mais procedimentos. Houve 111 complica&#231;&#245;es (14,7%) e 2 &#243;bitos (0,26%). CONCLUS&#195;O: A abla&#231;&#227;o curativa de FA vem crescendo significativamente em nosso Pa&#237;s, com taxas de sucesso compar&#225;veis &#224;s internacionais, mas comumente h&#225; necessidade de mais de um procedimento. Apesar dos resultados promissores, a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA ainda acarreta morbidade significativa. M&#233;todos auxiliares de imagem t&#234;m sido cada vez mais utilizados, visando a aumentar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a do procedimento. Esses achados devem ser considerados pelos &#243;rg&#227;os pagadores p&#250;blicos e privados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>arritmia</kwd>
        <kwd>sociedades m&#233;dicas</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no Brasil: resultados do registro da Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Card&#237;acas </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Guilherme Fenelon; Maur&#237;cio Scanavacca; Jacob Ati&#233;; Leandro Zimerman; Luiz Pereira de Magalh&#227;es; Adalberto Lorga Filho; Henrique Maia; Martino Martinelli Filho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Escola Paulista de Medicina &#150; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Buscando delinear o perfil da abla&#231;&#227;o curativa de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) no Brasil, a Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Card&#237;acas (SOBRAC) idealizou o Registro Brasileiro de Abla&#231;&#227;o da FA. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever os resultados desse registro. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foi enviado um formul&#225;rio aos s&#243;cios da SOBRAC, inquirindo sobre os dados de pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA entre setembro de 2005 e novembro de 2006. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> No total, 29 grupos, de 13 Estados, responderam ao formul&#225;rio. Desses, 22 (76%) realizaram abla&#231;&#245;es de FA. Entre 1998 e 2001, 7 grupos (32%) iniciaram abla&#231;&#245;es de FA e entre 2002 e 2006, 15 grupos (68%). De 1998 a 2006, 2.374 pacientes foram submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o, sendo 755 (32%) no per&#237;odo do registro. A maioria (70%) era do sexo masculino e 89% apresentavam FA parox&#237;stica ou persistente. M&#233;todos auxiliares de imagem (ecocardiografia intracard&#237;aca e mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico) foram utilizados por 9 grupos (41%). Durante seguimento m&#233;dio de cinco meses, o sucesso total foi de 82% e o sucesso sem uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos foi de 57%. Contudo, 35% dos pacientes necessitaram de dois ou mais procedimentos. Houve 111 complica&#231;&#245;es (14,7%) e 2 &#243;bitos (0,26%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A abla&#231;&#227;o curativa de FA vem crescendo significativamente em nosso Pa&#237;s, com taxas de sucesso compar&#225;veis &#224;s internacionais, mas comumente h&#225; necessidade de mais de um procedimento. Apesar dos resultados promissores, a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA ainda acarreta morbidade significativa. M&#233;todos auxiliares de imagem t&#234;m sido cada vez mais utilizados, visando a aumentar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a do procedimento. Esses achados devem ser considerados pelos &#243;rg&#227;os pagadores p&#250;blicos e privados.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial/epidemiologia, abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, arritmia, sociedades m&#233;dicas, Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca sustentada mais freq&#252;ente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos demonstram que a FA est&#225; associada a morbidade e mortalidade expressivas, acarretando custos m&#233;dico-hospitalares elevados<sup>1</sup>. O desalento gerado pelo impacto modesto das drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas na hist&#243;ria natural da FA motivou o desenvolvimento de m&#233;todos n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicos, visando ao tratamento curativo dessa arritmia. Nesse contexto, na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com t&#233;cnicas percut&#226;neas evoluiu consideravelmente, consolidando-se como op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica em pacientes selecionados com FA<sup>2</sup>. Atualmente, s&#227;o empregadas v&#225;rias abordagens para a abla&#231;&#227;o curativa de FA <sup>3-16</sup>. As principais objetivam o isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;trio esquerdo<sup>3-11</sup>, associado ou n&#227;o a modifica&#231;&#245;es do substrato atrial por meio da cria&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es lineares no &#225;trio esquerdo<sup>10,16</sup>, da elimina&#231;&#227;o de potenciais fragmentados<sup>12</sup>, de ninhos de FA<sup>13</sup> ou de abla&#231;&#227;o de g&#226;nglios parassimp&#225;ticos<sup>14,15</sup>. Ademais, t&#233;cnicas auxiliares de imagem, tais como ecocardiografia intracard&#237;aca e mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico, t&#234;m sido cada vez mais incorporadas, com o fim de aumentar a efici&#234;ncia e a seguran&#231;a do m&#233;todo<sup>8,17</sup>. A despeito da abordagem e da t&#233;cnica utilizadas, a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, quando realizada por operadores experientes, tem se mostrado m&#233;todo seguro e com resultados bastante satisfat&#243;rios<sup>2-15</sup>. Entretanto, &#233; importante salientar que a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA &#233; um procedimento complexo, n&#227;o isento de riscos. V&#225;rias complica&#231;&#245;es graves t&#234;m sido relatadas, incluindo acidentes vasculares cerebrais, estenose de veias pulmonares e f&#237;stulas &#225;trio-esof&#225;gicas<sup>18,19</sup>. Esses aspectos acerca da efic&#225;cia e da seguran&#231;a da abla&#231;&#227;o de FA s&#227;o relevantes para a indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do procedimento.</p>
    <p>Apesar da crescente utiliza&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o curativa de FA, os dados sobre o emprego dessas t&#233;cnicas em nosso meio s&#227;o escassos<sup>20-24</sup>. Em virtude da complexidade desses procedimentos, &#233; mister identificar em que locais, com quais t&#233;cnicas e os resultados da abla&#231;&#227;o de FA em nosso Pa&#237;s. Com o intuito de obter essas informa&#231;&#245;es, a Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Card&#237;acas (SOBRAC) idealizou o Registro Brasileiro de Abla&#231;&#227;o da FA, que visa a delinear o perfil da abla&#231;&#227;o curativa da FA no Brasil. Este trabalho descreve os resultados desse levantamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Registro Brasileiro de Abla&#231;&#227;o da FA foi inteiramente organizado e executado pela SOBRAC. Em setembro de 2006, foi enviado a todos os 692 s&#243;cios cadastrados da SOBRAC, por meio de correio eletr&#244;nico, formul&#225;rio padronizado inquirindo acerca dos principais dados referentes aos pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA. O question&#225;rio era composto por 20 perguntas, abordando os seguintes aspectos: experi&#234;ncia do grupo; indica&#231;&#245;es e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA; exames pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento; t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o e cateteres utilizados; regimes de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o; e, por fim, resultados e complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento.</p>
    <p>Com o prop&#243;sito de incentivar a ades&#227;o ao registro, foram encaminhadas mais duas mensagens eletr&#244;nicas, dez e vinte dias ap&#243;s a primeira divulga&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de contatos telef&#244;nicos peri&#243;dicos. Foi solicitado um &#250;nico formul&#225;rio por grupo de eletrofisiologistas, n&#227;o sendo necess&#225;rio o preenchimento por todos os membros da equipe. Como o registro dever&#225; ser atualizado periodicamente, especial &#234;nfase foi dada aos resultados dos &#250;ltimos doze meses. O convite para participar do registro salientava que o mesmo era de propriedade da SOBRAC e que seria utilizado &#250;nica e exclusivamente por essa entidade. Al&#233;m disso, assegurava que todos os grupos que respondessem receberiam cr&#233;dito pelo trabalho e que n&#227;o haveria, em nenhuma hip&#243;tese, divulga&#231;&#227;o dos resultados individuais de qualquer paciente ou equipe. Como garantia adicional de sigilo, neste trabalho foram omitidos todos os dados que, direta ou indiretamente, pudessem levar &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os. Os formul&#225;rios deveriam ser devolvidos &#224; SOBRAC, preferencialmente por correio eletr&#244;nico, at&#233; a data limite de 20 de novembro de 2006. Os dados foram ent&#227;o analisados, compilados e posteriormente armazenados pela comiss&#227;o de registros da SOBRAC.</p>
    <p>Como este trabalho visa, &#250;nica e exclusivamente, a esbo&#231;ar um panorama da abla&#231;&#227;o de FA no Brasil, sem pretender elucidar as raz&#245;es para o desfecho do procedimento, n&#227;o foram feitas correla&#231;&#245;es entre os dados analisados. Os formul&#225;rios foram recebidos entre 22 de setembro e 20 de novembro de 2006. As informa&#231;&#245;es do registro, baseadas nos 12 meses precedentes, referem-se, portanto, &#224;s abla&#231;&#245;es realizadas entre setembro de 2005 e novembro de 2006. Esse intervalo, doravante, ser&#225; referido como per&#237;odo do registro.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e as categ&#243;ricas, em porcentagem.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um total de 29 grupos de 13 Estados, das cinco regi&#245;es do Pa&#237;s, responderam ao formul&#225;rio. A listagem completa dos participantes do registro encontra-se no ap&#234;ndice. A maioria (n = 16; 55%) era da regi&#227;o Sudeste (6 de S&#227;o Paulo, 4 do Rio de Janeiro, 4 de Minas Gerais e 2 do Esp&#237;rito Santo), 5 grupos (17%) eram do Nordeste (Bahia, Cear&#225;, Pernambuco, Piau&#237; e Rio Grande do Norte), 4 (14%) eram da regi&#227;o Sul (2 do Paran&#225; e 2 do Rio Grande do Sul), 3 (10%) eram do Centro-Oeste (todos do Distrito Federal), e um (4%) era da regi&#227;o Norte (Par&#225;). Todos esses grupos s&#227;o bastante representativos em suas regi&#245;es e realizam regularmente procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o, mas apenas 22/29 (76%) dessas equipes referiram fazer abla&#231;&#227;o curativa de FA. O relato desses 22 grupos comp&#245;e a base do registro.</p>
    <p>As abla&#231;&#245;es curativas de FA no Brasil tiveram in&#237;cio em 1998: entre esse ano e 2001, 7 grupos (32%) come&#231;aram a realizar esses procedimentos, e outros 15 grupos (68%) iniciaram as abla&#231;&#245;es entre 2002 e 2006. De 1998 a 2006, um total de 2.374 pacientes foi submetido a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, sendo 755 (32%) no per&#237;odo do registro (&#250;ltimos 12 meses). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; experi&#234;ncia dos grupos, o n&#250;mero de pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA no per&#237;odo do registro (n = 755) variou de 1 a 125. Nesse per&#237;odo, 8 grupos (36%) realizaram entre um e 10 casos, totalizando 36 pacientes (5%); 4 grupos (18%), entre 11 e 20 casos, totalizando 53 pacientes (7%); 1 grupo (5%) entre 21 e 30 casos, totalizando 26 pacientes (4%); 6 grupos (27%) entre 31 e 65 casos, totalizando 327 pacientes (43%); e apenas 3 grupos (14%) realizaram mais de 65 casos, totalizando 313 pacientes (41%).</p>
    <p>Como ilustrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>, dos 755 pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo do registro, a maioria (70%) era do sexo masculino e 89% apresentavam FA parox&#237;stica ou persistente. Quanto aos crit&#233;rios para indica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, 91% dos grupos referiram que os pacientes tinham que ser refrat&#225;rios a dois f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos (o nome da droga n&#227;o foi fornecido); 55% disseram admitir apenas pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal ou levemente deprimida; e 86% dos grupos afirmaram que o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo n&#227;o poderia ultrapassar 55 mm.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0285-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A faixa et&#225;ria dos 755 pacientes variou entre 18 e 85 anos (m&#233;dias n&#227;o fornecidas). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geri&#225;trica, 19 grupos (86%) realizaram abla&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com idade superior a 65 anos; 16 grupos (73%), em maiores de 70 anos; 10 grupos (45%), em maiores de 75 anos; e apenas 3 grupos (14%) admitiram pacientes acima de 80 anos.</p>
    <p>No que tange aos exames pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios para avaliar a presen&#231;a de trombos intracavit&#225;rios e/ou a anatomia do &#225;trio esquerdo, a maioria dos grupos (n = 20; 91%) adotou rotineiramente a ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica. A resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica foi utilizada por 12 grupos (55%) e apenas 2 grupos (9%) realizaram tomografia computadorizada. Todos os grupos utilizaram radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia como fonte de energia para abla&#231;&#227;o e um &#250;nico grupo tamb&#233;m fez uso de ultra-som. A maioria dos grupos (n = 17; 77%) utilizou cateteres de abla&#231;&#227;o com ponta de 8 mm, 4 grupos (18%) usaram cateteres irrigados e apenas 2 grupos (9%) empregaram cateteres com ponta de 4 mm. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, todos os 22 grupos (100%) adotaram anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com varfarina, 14 deles (64%) por dois a quatro meses e os 8 restantes (36%) por per&#237;odos superiores a quatro meses.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224;s abordagens de abla&#231;&#227;o, adotadas isoladamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>), 10 grupos (46%) utilizaram isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares guiado por fluoroscopia, tal como preconizado por Haissaguerre e cols.<sup>3</sup>, como tamb&#233;m por Takahashie e cols.<sup>5</sup> e 8 grupos (36%) fizeram o isolamento do antro das veias pulmonares orientado pela ecocardiografia intracard&#237;aca, como proposto por Themistoclakis e cols.<sup>6</sup>, Kang e cols.<sup>6</sup>, Wazni e cols.<sup>8</sup> e 3 grupos (14%) realizaram a abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial das veias pulmonares auxiliada por sistemas de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico, como descrita por Pappone e cols.<sup>9,10</sup> e Osil e cols.<sup>11</sup>. Outras abordagens, tais como a abla&#231;&#227;o de eletrogramas fragmentados, descrita por Nademanee e cols.<sup>12</sup>, a abla&#231;&#227;o de ninhos de FA, proposta por Pach&#243;n e cols.<sup>13</sup>, e a abla&#231;&#227;o de g&#226;nglios parassimp&#225;ticos, relatada pelo grupo de Oklahoma<sup>14</sup>, foram empregadas por menos grupos. A abla&#231;&#227;o do istmo cavotricusp&#237;deo foi realizada por 13 grupos (59%) e o isolamento el&#233;trico da veia cava superior foi feito por 4 grupos (18%). Digno de nota, 9 grupos (41%) referem ter utilizado m&#233;todos auxiliares de imagem (ecocardiografia intracard&#237;aca e mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico) para realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0285-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o sucesso da abla&#231;&#227;o foram fornecidas por 18 grupos (82%). Durante seguimento m&#233;dio de cinco meses (um a onze meses), o sucesso total do procedimento, definido como manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal, foi de 82% (66%-100%). J&#225; o sucesso sem necessidade do uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas foi de 57% (17%-100%). Para obter esses resultados, 65% dos pacientes necessitaram de um, 30% de dois e 5% de mais de dois procedimentos.</p>
    <p>No total, 111 complica&#231;&#245;es (14,3%) foram relatadas por 19 grupos (86%), descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>. As mais freq&#252;entes foram o tamponamento card&#237;aco e as taquicardias atriais iatrog&#234;nicas p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o (n = 29; 3,8%). Foram relatados 8 (1,0%) acidentes vasculares cerebrais com seq&#252;elas e 11 (1,4%) transit&#243;rios. Estenose significativa (&gt; 50%) e/ou oclus&#227;o de veia pulmonar foram detectadas em tr&#234;s pacientes (0,4%) e apenas uma (0,1%) f&#237;stula &#225;trio-esof&#225;gica foi observada. Foram relatados dois &#243;bitos (0,26%), que ocorreram nos primeiros 30 dias (f&#237;stula &#225;trio-esof&#225;gica) e tr&#234;s meses (sepse p&#243;s-tamponamento) ap&#243;s o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0285-00002-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse registro foi uma iniciativa pioneira da SOBRAC, com o prop&#243;sito de delinear o perfil da abla&#231;&#227;o curativa de FA no Brasil. Esse levantamento demonstra que, ao longo dos &#250;ltimos anos, esses procedimentos t&#234;m sido utilizados de maneira crescente em todas as regi&#245;es do Pa&#237;s. Corroborando essa observa&#231;&#227;o, entre 2002 e 2006, houve aumento acentuado do n&#250;mero de centros iniciando programas de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA (n = 15; 68%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo inicial de 1998 a 2001 (n = 7; 32%). Isso tamb&#233;m pode ser atestado pela experi&#234;ncia das equipes com a t&#233;cnica: 8 grupos (36%) realizaram menos de 11 casos no ano do registro, sugerindo programas em desenvolvimento, enquanto apenas 9 grupos (40%) com casu&#237;stica superior a 30 casos no ano poderiam ser considerados experientes. Al&#233;m disso, 755 (32%) dos 2.374 pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA entre 1998 e 2006 foram arrolados durante o per&#237;odo do registro, ou seja, nos 12 meses precedentes ao preenchimento do formul&#225;rio. Entretanto, entre os participantes do registro, 7 grupos (24%) ainda n&#227;o haviam iniciado programas de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, indicando que existe potencial para amplia&#231;&#227;o do emprego desses procedimentos em nosso meio.</p>
    <p>Durante a &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, tanto no exterior como no Brasil, as t&#233;cnicas utilizadas na abla&#231;&#227;o curativa da FA sofreram profundas transforma&#231;&#245;es, evoluindo da elimina&#231;&#227;o de focos ect&#243;picos no interior das veias pulmonares arritmog&#234;nicas para o isolamento el&#233;trico da totalidade desses vasos<sup>2-11</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, as abordagens modernas tamb&#233;m modificam o substrato atrial, principalmente na parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo<sup>16</sup>. Essa evolu&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica e seu impacto nos resultados do procedimento n&#227;o foram analisados por esse registro. Como a proposta foi documentar o estado atual da abla&#231;&#227;o de FA no Brasil, sem vieses introduzidos por t&#233;cnicas obsoletas, o per&#237;odo do registro se restringiu essencialmente a 2006. Dessa forma, os resultados desse registro poderiam ser diretamente aplicados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Em conson&#226;ncia com a atualidade desse registro, as t&#233;cnicas mais relatadas pelos grupos nessa investiga&#231;&#227;o, quais sejam o isolamento el&#233;trico segmentar das veias pulmonares (46%)<sup>4</sup>, a abla&#231;&#227;o do antro das veias pulmonares orientada pela ecocardiografia intracard&#237;aca (36%)<sup>8</sup> e a abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial das veias pulmonares guiada pelo mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico (14%)<sup>11</sup>, s&#227;o tamb&#233;m as mais utilizadas no exterior. Ademais, a exemplo do cen&#225;rio internacional, t&#233;cnicas recentes visando &#224; modifica&#231;&#227;o do substrato atrial (abla&#231;&#227;o de potenciais fragmentados e ninhos de FA)<sup>12,13</sup> e de moduladores auton&#244;micos (abla&#231;&#227;o de g&#226;nglios parassimp&#225;ticos)<sup>14,15</sup> tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido empregadas em nosso meio, por&#233;m em menor escala.</p>
    <p>A despeito do curto seguimento m&#233;dio (cinco meses) dos pacientes desse levantamento, os dados s&#227;o bastante compar&#225;veis aos do registro internacional conduzido por Cappato e cols.<sup>18</sup> Nesse importante trabalho, 90 centros, de v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses e com diversos n&#237;veis de experi&#234;ncia, forneceram informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as abla&#231;&#245;es curativas de FA realizadas em 8.745 pacientes entre 1995 e 2002. Tal como no registro da SOBRAC, a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (64%) e de faixa et&#225;ria semelhante (16-86 anos), tinha FA parox&#237;stica ou persistente, era refrat&#225;ria a drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, e possu&#237;a di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo de at&#233; 55 mm e, no m&#237;nimo, 40% de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Esses investigadores relataram 76% de sucesso total e 52% de sucesso sem drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, n&#250;meros pr&#243;ximos aos do levantamento da SOBRAC, respectivamente, de 82% e 57%. O porcentual de pacientes que necessitaram de dois ou mais de dois procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o no registro internacional (24% e 3%) e no registro nacional (30% e 5%) tamb&#233;m foi semelhante. J&#225; a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es do registro da SOBRAC (14,3%) foi superior &#224; do registro internacional (5,9%). Nesse &#250;ltimo, por&#233;m, as taquicardias atriais iatrog&#234;nicas p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o<sup>25</sup> observadas em 3,9% dos pacientes,<sup>18</sup> a ocorr&#234;ncia de hematomas e as complica&#231;&#245;es anest&#233;sicas n&#227;o foram computadas no total geral. No registro da SOBRAC, esses eventos responderam por 45% do total de complica&#231;&#245;es. N&#227;o obstante diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas, ambos os estudos demonstraram que a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA est&#225; associada a complica&#231;&#245;es graves, como acidentes vasculares cerebrais, tamponamento card&#237;aco, estenose de veias pulmonares e f&#237;stula &#225;trio-esof&#225;gica<sup>19</sup>. Essas intercorr&#234;ncias foram respons&#225;veis pelos &#243;bitos relatados nos registros nacional (n = 2; 0,26%) e internacional (n = 4; 0,05%). Tais aspectos indicam que a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, conforme orienta&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes brasileiras<sup>2</sup>, deve ser realizada por grupos experientes e em locais com adequada infra-estrutura e retaguarda cir&#250;rgica. Os cuidados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios tamb&#233;m s&#227;o importantes, principalmente a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o plena por alguns meses, recomenda&#231;&#227;o que foi seguida por todos os participantes do registro.</p>
    <p>Diante da complexidade e dos riscos da abla&#231;&#227;o curativa de FA, v&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas de imagem foram desenvolvidas com a finalidade de aumentar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a do procedimento. Dentre elas, as que tiveram maior aceita&#231;&#227;o internacional foram os sistemas de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico e a ecocardiografia intracard&#237;aca.<sup>8,17</sup> Os primeiros possibilitam a reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional do &#225;trio esquerdo e do &#243;stio das veias pulmonares, al&#233;m da identifica&#231;&#227;o precisa dos s&#237;tios de aplica&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es por radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia, enquanto a &#250;ltima permite monitorar em tempo real as pun&#231;&#245;es transeptais, o posicionamento de cateteres na regi&#227;o das veias pulmonares e a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos intracavit&#225;rios. Os dados do registro nacional demonstram que essas t&#233;cnicas t&#234;m sido incorporadas ao nosso meio, uma vez que 9 grupos (41%) relataram ter utilizado ao menos um desses m&#233;todos auxiliares no per&#237;odo do registro.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es -</italic> O registro &#233; volunt&#225;rio e reflete a experi&#234;ncia dos participantes e n&#227;o de todos os centros do Pa&#237;s. Contudo, os servi&#231;os que participaram s&#227;o altamente representativos em suas respectivas regi&#245;es e na SOBRAC. Limita&#231;&#227;o inerente aos registros, os dados n&#227;o s&#227;o controlados e a checagem das informa&#231;&#245;es &#233; dif&#237;cil. Entretanto, como os resultados e as complica&#231;&#245;es relatados s&#227;o similares aos da literatura<sup>18</sup>, acredita-se que os n&#250;meros do registro nacional sejam fidedignos. Como anteriormente mencionado, para assegurar o sigilo dos grupos, as taxas de sucesso e de complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram correlacionadas ao volume de casos de cada servi&#231;o. As t&#233;cnicas para abla&#231;&#227;o de FA evoluem rapidamente.<sup>2,16</sup> Dessa forma, as informa&#231;&#245;es coletadas no per&#237;odo do registro (2005-2006) podem n&#227;o espelhar integralmente as pr&#225;ticas atuais. Nesse sentido, o registro dever&#225; ser atualizado periodicamente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o curativa de FA vem crescendo significativamente em nosso meio, estando dispon&#237;vel em v&#225;rios Estados brasileiros. As taxas de sucesso relatadas s&#227;o compar&#225;veis &#224;s de registros internacionais, mas em aproximadamente 40% dos pacientes mais de um procedimento &#233; necess&#225;rio. Apesar dos resultados bastante promissores, a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA ainda acarreta morbidade significativa. M&#233;todos auxiliares de imagem t&#234;m sido cada vez mais utilizados no Brasil, com o objetivo de aumentar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a do procedimento. Esses achados devem ser considerados pelos &#243;rg&#227;os pagadores p&#250;blicos e privados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Obs.: Veja a lista de participantes do registro no link:</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arquivosonline.com.br/2007/8905/lista_de_participantes.asp">
        <bold>http://www.arquivosonline.com.br/2007/8905/lista_de_participantes.asp</bold>
      </ext-link>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Guilherme Fenelon </p>
        <p> Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781 - 10&#186; andar </p>
        <p> 04039-032 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="guilhermefenelon@uol.com.br">guilhermefenelon@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 06/03/07; revisado recebido em 28/03/07; aceito em 30/03/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Atrial fibrillation ablation in Brazil: results of the registry of the Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Aiming to define the profile of curative atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation in Brazil, the Brazilian Cardiac Arrhythmia Society [Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Card&#237;acas] (SOBRAC) created the Brazilian Registry of AF Ablation [Registro Brasileiro de Abla&#231;&#227;o da FA]. OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of this registry. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to SOBRAC members asking about data on patients submitted to AF ablation between September 2005 and November, 2006. RESULTS: A total of 29 groups from 13 states completed the forms. Of these, 22 (76%) had performed AF ablations. Between 1998 and 2001, 7 groups (32%) initiated AF ablations and between 2002 and 2006, 15 groups began to perform them (68%). From 1998 to 2006, 2,374 patients were submitted to ablation, 755 (32%) of them during the registry period. Most (70%) were males and 89% presented with paroxysmal or persistent AF. Ancillary imaging methods (intracardiac echocardiography and electroanatomic mapping) were used by 9 groups (41%). During an average five-month follow-up period, total success was 82% and success without use of antiarrhythmic agents was 57%. Nevertheless, 35% of the patients required two or more procedures. There were 111 complications (14.7%) and 2 deaths (0.26%). CONCLUSION: Curative AF ablation has been increasing significantly in our country, with success rates comparable to international indexes, but often more than one procedure is necessary. Despite promising results, AF ablation still results in significant morbidity. Supplementary imaging methods have been used more and more in an effort to increase efficacy and safety of the procedure. These findings should be considered by public and private funding agencies.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>arrhytmia</kwd>
        <kwd>societies medical</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Atrial fibrillation ablation in Brazil: Results of the Registry of the Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Guilherme Fenelon; Maur&#237;cio Scanavacca; Jacob Ati&#233;; Leandro Zimerman; Luiz Pereira de Magalh&#227;es; Adalberto Lorga Filho; Henrique Maia; Martino Martinelli Filho </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Escola Paulista de Medicina &#150; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Aiming to define the profile of curative atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation in Brazil, the Brazilian Cardiac Arrhythmia Society [Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Card&#237;acas] (SOBRAC) created the Brazilian Registry of AF Ablation [Registro Brasileiro de Abla&#231;&#227;o da FA].</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To describe the results of this registry.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A questionnaire was sent to SOBRAC members asking about data on patients submitted to AF ablation between September 2005 and November, 2006.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A total of 29 groups from 13 states completed the forms. Of these, 22 (76%) had performed AF ablations. Between 1998 and 2001, 7 groups (32%) initiated AF ablations and between 2002 and 2006, 15 groups began to perform them (68%). From 1998 to 2006, 2,374 patients were submitted to ablation, 755 (32%) of them during the registry period. Most (70%) were males and 89% presented with paroxysmal or persistent AF. Ancillary imaging methods (intracardiac echocardiography and electroanatomic mapping) were used by 9 groups (41%). During an average five-month follow-up period, total success was 82% and success without use of antiarrhythmic agents was 57%. Nevertheless, 35% of the patients required two or more procedures. There were 111 complications (14.7%) and 2 deaths (0.26%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Curative AF ablation has been increasing significantly in our country, with success rates comparable to international indexes, but often more than one procedure is necessary. Despite promising results, AF ablation still results in significant morbidity. Supplementary imaging methods have been used more and more in an effort to increase efficacy and safety of the procedure. These findings should be considered by public and private funding agencies.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Atrial fibrillation/ epidemiology; arrhytmia; societies medical; Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent sustained cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice. Epidemiological data show that AF is associated with expressive morbidity and mortality, leading to high medical and hospital costs<sup>1</sup>. The disappointment generated by the modest impact of antiarrhythmic drugs in the natural history of AF motivated the development of non-drug methods seeking curative treatment of this arrhythmia. In this context, over the last decade, catheter ablation with percutaneous techniques evolved considerably, and has been established as a treatment option in selected patients with AF<sup>2</sup>. Currently, several different approaches are used for curative AF ablation<sup>3-16</sup>. The most important of these have the objective of electrical isolation of pulmonary veins in regard to the left atrium<sup>3-11</sup>, associated or not with modifications of the atrial substrate by the creation of linear lesions in the left atrium,<sup>10,16</sup> elimination of fragmented potentials<sup>12</sup> and AF nests,<sup>13</sup> or the ablation of parasympathetic ganglia.<sup>14,15</sup> Additionally, auxiliary imaging techniques such as intracardiac echocardiography and electroanatomic mapping have been progressively more incorporated with the goal of increasing the efficiency and safety of the method<sup>8,17</sup>. Despite the approach and technique used, when performed by experienced operators, AF ablation has proved to be a safe method with very satisfactory results<sup>2-15</sup>. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that AF ablation is a complex procedure not without risks. Several serious complications have been reported including cerebrovascular accidents, stenosis of pulmonary veins, and atrioesophageal fistulae<sup>18,19</sup>. These aspects of the efficacy and safety of AF ablation are relevant for the clinical indication of the procedure.</p>
      <p>In spite of the growing use of curative AF ablation, data on the use of these techniques in our area are scarce<sup>20-24</sup>. Because of the complexity of these procedures, it is important to identify sites, techniques used, and the results of AF ablation in our country. With the goal of obtaining this information, the Brazilian Cardiac Arrhythmia Society (SOBRAC) created the Brazilian Registry of AF Ablation intending to outline the profile of curative AF ablation in Brazil. This article describes the results of this survey.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Brazilian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation was entirely organized and implanted by SOBRAC. In September 2006, a standardized questionnaire was sent to all the 692 registered members of SOBRAC by electronic mail, inquiring about the principal data on patients submitted to AF ablation. The questionnaire was comprised of 20 questions covering the following specific aspects: experience of the group; indications and clinical characteristics of the patients submitted to AF ablation; pre- and post-procedure tests; ablation techniques and catheters used; anticoagulation regimes, and the use of post-ablation antiarrhythmic drugs; and, finally, results and complications of the procedure.</p>
      <p>With the aim of encouraging compliance with the registry, two more electronic messages were sent, ten and twenty days after the first communication, besides periodic telephone contacts. Only one form was requested per group of electrophysiologists because it did not need to be completed by all members of the team. Since the registry will be periodically updated, special emphasis was given to the results of the previous twelve months. The invitation to participate in the registry underlined that it is owned by SOBRAC and would be used exclusively by this entity. It also stated that all participating groups would receive credit for the project and that no individual results of any patient or team would be divulged, under any circumstance. As an additional guarantee of confidentiality, in this paper all information that could directly or indirectly lead to identification of the institutions was omitted. The forms were to be returned to SOBRAC preferably by electronic mail by the November 20, 2006 deadline. Data were then analyzed, compiled, and posteriorly stored by the registry committee of SOBRAC.</p>
      <p>Since this project aims to solely describe the panorama of AF ablation in Brazil, with no intention of elucidating the reasons for procedure outcomes, no correlations were made between the data analyzed. The forms were received between September 22, 2006, and November 20, 2006. Registry information, therefore, based on the preceding 12 months, refers to ablations performed between September 2005 and November 2006. This interval will henceforth be referred to as the registry period.</p>
      <p>Continuous variables were expressed as means and categorical variables as percentages.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 29 groups from 13 states in five regions of the country filled in the questionnaire. A complete list of the registry participants may be found in the appendix. Most (n = 16; 55%) were from the Southeast region (6 from S&#227;o Paulo, 4 from Rio de Janeiro, 4 from Minas Gerais, and 2 from Esp&#237;rito Santo), 5 groups (17%) were from the Northeast (Bahia, Cear&#225;, Pernambuco, Piau&#237;, and Rio Grande do Norte), 4 (14%) were from the South region (2 from Paran&#225; and 2 from Rio Grande do Sul), 3 (10%) were from the Central-West (all from the Federal District), and one (4%) was from the North (Par&#225;). All these groups are distinctly representative of their regions and regularly carry out ablation procedures, but only 22/29 (76%) of these teams mentioned performing curative AF ablation. The report of these 22 groups comprised the basis of the registry.</p>
      <p>Curative AF ablation in Brazil began in 1998: between this year and 2001, 7 groups (32%) started to perform these procedures, and another 15 groups (68%) began ablations between 2002 and 2006. From 1998 to 2006, a total of 2,374 patients were submitted to AF ablation, 755 (32%) of them during the registry period (the previous 12 months). As to the experience of the groups, the number of patients submitted to AF ablation during the registry period (n = 755) varied from 1 to 125. During this period, 8 groups (36%) carried out between one and 10 cases, totalizing 36 patients (5%); 4 groups (18%), reported between 11 and 20 cases, totalizing 53 patients (7%); 1 group (5%) between 21 and 30 cases, totalizing 26 patients (4%); 6 groups (27%) between 31 and 65 cases, totalizing 327 patients (43%); and only 3 groups (14%) performed more than 65 cases, totalizing 313 patients (41%).</p>
      <p>As is illustrated on <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>, of the 755 patients submitted to ablation in the registry period, most (70%) were males and 89% presented with paroxysmal or persistent AF. As to criteria for indication of the procedure, 91% of the groups referred that the patients had to be refractory to two antiarrhythmic drugs (names of the drugs were not given); 55% stated that only patients with normal or slightly diminished left ventricular ejection fractions were included; and 86% of the groups stated that the diameter of the left atrium could be no larger than 55 mm.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0285-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The ages of the 755 patients varied between 18 and 85 years (means were not provided). As to the geriatric population, 19 groups (86%) carried out ablations in patients over 65 years of age; 16 groups (73%), in individuals over 70 years of age; 10 groups (45%), in those over 75 years of age; and only 3 groups (14%) admitted patients over 80 years of age.</p>
      <p>As to preoperative tests to evaluate the presence of intracavitary thrombi and/or anatomy of the left atrium, most groups (n = 20; 91%) routinely adopted transesophageal echocardiography. Magnetic nuclear resonance was used by 12 groups (55%) and only 2 groups (9%) performed computed tomography. All of the groups used radiofrequency as the source of energy for ablation and only one group also used ultrasound. Most groups (n = 17; 77%) used ablation catheters with 8 mm tips, 4 groups (18%) used irrigated catheters, and only 2 groups (9%) used catheters with 4 mm tips. In the postoperative period, all 22 groups (100%) adopted anticoagulation with warfarin, 14 (64%) of them for two to four months, and the other 8 (36%) for periods greater than four months.</p>
      <p>As to ablation approaches adopted isolatedly or in combination (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>), 10 groups (46%) used electrical isolation of pulmonary veins guided by fluoroscopy, as recommended by Haissaguerre et al<sup>3-5</sup>; 8 groups (36%) isolated the antra of the pulmonary veins guided by intracardiac echocardiography, as described by Natale et al<sup>6-8</sup>; and 3 groups (14%) performed circumferential ablation of pulmonary veins guided by electroanatomic mapping systems as per Pappone et al<sup>9-11</sup> and Osil et al<sup>11</sup> Other approaches such as fragmented electrogram ablation, described by Nademanee et al<sup>12</sup>, ablation of AF nests proposed by Pach&#243;n et al<sup>13</sup>, and ablation of the parasympathetic ganglia, reported by the Oklahoma group<sup>14</sup>, were used by fewer groups. The ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus was carried out by 13 groups (59%), and electrical isolation of the superior cava was done by 4 groups (18%). It is noteworthy that 9 groups (41%) referred having used auxiliary imaging methods (intracardiac echocardiography and electroanatomic mapping) to perform the procedure.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0285-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Information on the success of ablation was provided by 18 groups (82%). During an average five-month follow-up period (one to eleven months), the total success of the procedure, defined as maintenance of the sinus rhythm, was 82% (66%-100%). On the other hand, success without the need for antiarrhythmic drugs was 57% (17%-100%). In order to obtain these results, 65% of the patients required one, 30% required two, and 5% required more than two procedures.</p>
      <p>A total of 111 complications (14.3%) were reported by 19 groups (86%), as is shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>. The most frequent were cardiac tamponade and post-ablation iatrogenic atrial tachycardias (n = 29; 3.8%). Eight (1.0%) cerebrovascular accidents with sequelae were reported and 11 (1.4%) of them were transient. Significant pulmonary vein stenosis (&gt; 50%) and/or occlusion were detected in three patients (0.4%), and only one (0.1%) atrioesophageal fistula was observed. Two (0.26%) deaths were reported which occurred in the first 30 days (atrioesophageal fistulae) and three months (post-tamponade sepsis) after the ablation procedure.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0285-00002-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This registry was a pioneer initiative of SOBRAC with the intention of delineating the profile of curative AF ablation in Brazil. This survey shows that, over the last few years, the use of these procedures has been increasing in all regions of the country. Corroborating this observation, between 2002 and 2006, there was a marked increase in the number of centers initiating AF ablation programs (n = 15; 68%) compared to the early period from 1998 to 2001 (n = 7; 32%). This is also attested by the experience with the technique shown by the teams: 8 groups (36%) carried out less than 11 cases during the year of the registry, suggesting programs under development, while only 9 groups (40%) with more than 30 cases in the year could be considered experienced. Additionally, 755 (32%) of the 2,374 patients submitted to AF ablation between 1998 and 2006 were included during the registry period, i.e., in the 12 months prior to answering the questionnaire. Nevertheless, among the registry participants, 7 groups (24%) had not yet begun AF ablation programs, indicating that there is potential for increasing the use of these procedures in our midst.</p>
      <p>Over the last decade, both in other countries and in Brazil, the techniques used in curative AF ablation went through profound transformations evolving from the elimination of ectopic foci inside arrhythmogenic pulmonary veins to total electric isolation of these vessels<sup>2-11</sup>. Furthermore, modern approaches also modified the atrial substrate, primarily in the posterior wall of the left atrium<sup>16</sup>. This technological progression and its impact on the results of the procedure were not analyzed by this registry. Since the proposal was to document the present status of AF ablation in Brazil, with no biases introduced by obsolete techniques, the registry period was essentially restricted to the year 2006. Thus, the results of this registry could be directly applied in clinical practice. In conformity with the current nature of this registry, the techniques most reported by the groups in this investigation, i.e., electric isolation of pulmonary vein segments (46%)<sup>4</sup>, intracardiac echocardiographic ablation of pulmonary vein antra (36%)<sup>8</sup>, and electroanatomic mapping-guided circumferential ablation of the pulmonary veins (14%)<sup>11</sup>, are also the most commonly used in other countries. Additionally, similar to the international situation, recent techniques aiming to modify the atrial substrate (ablation of fragmented potentials and AF nests)<sup>12,13</sup> and autonomous modulators (ablation of parasympathetic ganglia)<sup>14,15</sup> have also been used in our country, although on a smaller scale.</p>
      <p>Despite the short follow-up period (five months) of patients in this survey, the data are comparable to those of the international survey done by Cappato et al<sup>18</sup> In this important research project, 90 centers from various countries and with different levels of experience provided information on the curative AF ablations performed on 8,745 patients between 1995 and 2002. Comparable to the SOBRAC registry, most patients were males (64%) and from a similar age bracket (16-86 years). They presented with paroxysmal or persistent AF, were refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs, had left atrium diameters of up to 55 mm and at least 40% left ventricular ejection fraction. These authors reported a 76% total success rate and a 52% success rate without antiarrhythmic drugs, results very close to those of the SOBRAC study, 82% and 57%, respectively. The percentages of patients that requiring two or more ablation procedures in the international registry (24% and 3%) and in the national registry (30% and 5%) were also similar, whereas the rate of complications in the SOBRAC registry (14.3%) was higher than that of the international registry (5.9%). In the latter, however, the post-ablation iatrogenic tachycardia cases<sup>25</sup> observed in 3.9% of the patients<sup>18</sup>, the occurrence of hematomas, and the anesthesia complications were not counted in the general total. In the SOBRAC registry, these events answered for 45% of all complications. Despite differences in method, both studies showed that AF ablation is associated with serious complications such as cerebrovascular accidents, cardiac tamponade, pulmonary vein stenosis, and atrioesophageal fistulae<sup>19</sup>. These outcomes were responsible for the deaths reported in the national (n = 2; 0.26%) and international (n = 4; 0.05%) registries. These aspects indicate that AF ablation, as per Brazilian guideline recommendations, <sup>2</sup> should be performed by experienced groups in centers with adequate infrastructure and surgical backup. Postoperative care is also important, especially the use of full anticoagulation for several months, a recommendation that was followed by all participants of the registry.</p>
      <p>In face of the complexity and risks of curative AF ablation, several imaging techniques have been developed with the purpose of increasing the efficacy and safety of the procedure. Among them, the most widely accepted internationally are the electroanatomic mapping systems and intracardiac echocardiography<sup>8,17</sup>. The former allow a tridimensional reconstruction of the left atrium and pulmonary vein ostium besides a precise quantification of the radiofrequency lesion application sites, while the latter allows real-time monitoring of transseptal punctures, positioning of the catheters in the pulmonary vein region, and formation of intracavitary thrombi. Data from the national registry demonstrate that these techniques have been incorporated into our midst because 9 groups (41%) reported having used at least one of these auxiliary methods during the registry period.</p>
      <p><italic>Limitations -</italic> The registry is voluntary and reflects the experience of the participants and not that of all centers in the country. However, the institutions that participated are highly representative in their respective regions and at SOBRAC. A limitation inherent to the registry is that data are not controlled, and verification of information is difficult. Nevertheless, since the results and complications reported are similar to those found in medical literature<sup>18</sup>, we believe that the registry figures are trustworthy. As was mentioned before, in order to assure confidentiality, the rates of success and complications were not correlated with the volume of cases from each institution. The techniques for AF ablation evolve quickly<sup>2,16</sup>. Therefore, the information collected during the registry period (2005-2006) may not entirely mirror current practices. In this regard, the registry should be periodically updated.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of curative AF ablation has been increasing significantly in our midst and is available in several Brazilian states. The success rates reported are comparable to those from international registries, but in approximately 40% of the patients, an additional procedure is needed. In spite of very promising results, AF ablation still leads to significant morbidity. Ancillary imaging methods have been used more and more in Brazil with the objective of increasing the efficacy and safety of the procedure. These findings should be taken into consideration by public and private funding agencies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Guilherme Fenelon</p>
          <p> Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781 &#150; 10&#186; andar</p>
          <p> 04039-032 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="guilhermefenelon@uol.com.br">guilhermefenelon@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received March 6, 2007; revised manuscript received March 28, 2007; accepted March 30, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
