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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">DwbBH8TrtTJNYxcc7wSsCHs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001700001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001700001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Peso dos ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos determinado em necropsia de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis mortos por causas externas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Lam&#234;go</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Enildo Broetto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Esp&#237;rito Santo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia Cardiovascular</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>279</fpage>
      <lpage>284</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar o peso dos ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos em necropsia de indiv&#237;duos sadios v&#237;timas de morte acidental, visando determinar padr&#245;es de normalidade em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. M&#201;TODOS: Foram examinados 94 cora&#231;&#245;es no Instituto M&#233;dico Legal de Vit&#243;ria. Ap&#243;s remo&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o e ressec&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;trios e gordura epic&#225;rdica, os ventr&#237;culos direito (VD) e esquerdo (VE), incluindo o septo, foram separados e pesados e a massa indexada pela altura. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado para testar normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. RESULTADOS: Ap&#243;s 12 exclus&#245;es (doen&#231;a cardiovascular poss&#237;vel detectada ap&#243;s a morte) foram analisados 82 cora&#231;&#245;es (52 homens e 30 mulheres, 16-68 anos, m&#233;dia 31&#177;12 anos). O peso do VE foi de 181&#177;25 g e 125&#177;15 g, do VD foi de 54&#177;7 g e 38&#177;6 g e a massa de VE indexada pela altura foi de 105&#177;14 g/m e 78&#177;8 g/m para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. O P95 do peso do VE foi de 218 g e 128 g/m em homens e 148 g e 88 g/m em mulheres. N&#227;o detectamos correla&#231;&#227;o significante entre a massa ventricular e idade. CONCLUS&#195;O: O peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o dos homens da nossa amostra foi superior aos relatados na literatura contempor&#226;nea. Nossos resultados sugerem que a presen&#231;a de hipertrofia de VE pode ser inferida em presen&#231;a de massa de VE superior a 218 g ou 128 g/m nos homens e 148 g ou 88 g/m nas mulheres.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>tamanho do &#243;rg&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertrofia ventricular esquerda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Peso dos ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos determinado em necropsia de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis mortos por causas externas </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>S&#233;rgio Lam&#234;go Rodrigues; Enildo Broetto Pimentel; Jos&#233; Geraldo Mill</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia Cardiovascular, Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas, Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Ufes, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar o peso dos ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos em necropsia de indiv&#237;duos sadios v&#237;timas de morte acidental, visando determinar padr&#245;es de normalidade em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram examinados 94 cora&#231;&#245;es no Instituto M&#233;dico Legal de Vit&#243;ria. Ap&#243;s remo&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o e ressec&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;trios e gordura epic&#225;rdica, os ventr&#237;culos direito (VD) e esquerdo (VE), incluindo o septo, foram separados e pesados e a massa indexada pela altura. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado para testar normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ap&#243;s 12 exclus&#245;es (doen&#231;a cardiovascular poss&#237;vel detectada ap&#243;s a morte) foram analisados 82 cora&#231;&#245;es (52 homens e 30 mulheres, 16-68 anos, m&#233;dia 31&#177;12 anos). O peso do VE foi de 181&#177;25 g e 125&#177;15 g, do VD foi de 54&#177;7 g e 38&#177;6 g e a massa de VE indexada pela altura foi de 105&#177;14 g/m e 78&#177;8 g/m para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. O P<sub>95</sub> do peso do VE foi de 218 g e 128 g/m em homens e 148 g e 88 g/m em mulheres. N&#227;o detectamos correla&#231;&#227;o significante entre a massa ventricular e idade. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o dos homens da nossa amostra foi superior aos relatados na literatura contempor&#226;nea. Nossos resultados sugerem que a presen&#231;a de hipertrofia de VE pode ser inferida em presen&#231;a de massa de VE superior a 218 g ou 128 g/m nos homens e 148 g ou 88 g/m nas mulheres.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos/anatomia, tamanho do &#243;rg&#227;o, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O aumento de massa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (MVE) &#233; um fator progn&#243;stico independente para mortalidade cardiovascular<sup>1</sup>, mortalidade por todas as causas<sup>2,3</sup> e morte s&#250;bita<sup>4</sup>. Os indiv&#237;duos hipertensos com hipertrofia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (HVE) apresentam duas a cinco vezes mais eventos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o-fatais, quando comparados &#224;queles somente com hipertens&#227;o<sup>5</sup>. Portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa da massa card&#237;aca &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia tanto para determina&#231;&#227;o do grau de hipertrofia quanto para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da sua regress&#227;o. O estudo LIFE confirmou redu&#231;&#227;o dos eventos cardiovasculares com a regress&#227;o da HVE, independentemente da redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial<sup>6-8</sup>; portanto, a regress&#227;o da HVE deve ser um dos objetivos a serem atingidos no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) foi um dos primeiros m&#233;todos para identifica&#231;&#227;o de HVE. Entretanto, esse exame apresenta baixa sensibilidade<sup>9</sup>, tendo, portanto, baixo poder de detectar essa condi&#231;&#227;o notadamente nas fases iniciais do crescimento card&#237;aco. Dessa forma, a ecocardiografia em modo M, dada sua maior sensibilidade, tem sido a proped&#234;utica mais empregada tanto na detec&#231;&#227;o como na revers&#227;o da HVE ap&#243;s tratamento. Entretanto, a ecocardiografia &#233; limitada pela baixa acur&#225;cia<sup>10</sup> e baixa reprodutibilidade interestudos<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) surgiu como m&#233;todo de obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens com maior precis&#227;o e menor variabilidade<sup>11</sup>, tornando-se o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para estimativa de MVE<sup>12</sup>, ap&#243;s valida&#231;&#227;o em animais<sup>13</sup> e no cora&#231;&#227;o humano ex-vivo<sup>14</sup>. Seu emprego tem sido preconizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culos remodelados e na detec&#231;&#227;o de pequenas altera&#231;&#245;es da massa card&#237;aca no seguimento cl&#237;nico de pacientes ou em pesquisas cient&#237;ficas<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os valores de refer&#234;ncia da normalidade para estimativa de MVE e os pontos de corte extra&#237;dos de pesquisas, contudo, s&#227;o discordantes. Tomando-se como exemplo estudos bem conduzidos nessa &#225;rea, as m&#233;dias de MVE indexadas pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (SC) para homens e mulheres saud&#225;veis foram, respectivamente, 71 e 58 g/m<sup>2</sup>, 91 e 79 g/m<sup>2</sup>, 78 e 61 g/m<sup>2</sup> e 94 e 80 g/m<sup>2 16-19</sup>. A diferen&#231;a entre os valores mais alto e mais baixo da MVE nesses estudos foi de 32% para homens e de 37% para mulheres, o que &#233; inaceit&#225;vel para um m&#233;todo tido como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>No Projeto de Monitoramento Cardiovascular (Projeto MONICA) desenvolvido em Vit&#243;ria, ES<sup>20,21</sup>, medimos a MVE por RMC em sub-amostra de 96 indiv&#237;duos (48 homens), sendo 40 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e 56 com HVE detectada no eletrocardiograma (&#237;ndice de Sokolow e Lyon <underline>&gt;</underline>3,5 mV) e/ou no ecocardiograma (massa de VE <underline>&gt;</underline>116 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens e 104 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres). A m&#233;dia da MVE indexada pela SC na sub-amostra de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (20 homens e 20 mulheres, m&#233;dia de idade = 48 anos) foi de 57 e 42 g/m<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente, valores bastante discordantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; literatura internacional<sup>16-19</sup>. Entretanto, essas medidas coincidem com os achados de Ghorayeb e cols.<sup>22</sup>, que relataram massa m&#233;dia de VE de 57 g/m<sup>2</sup> em uma amostra de 30 homens normais avaliados por RMC.</p>
    <p>A literatura brasileira &#233; escassa a respeito da massa card&#237;aca de indiv&#237;duos normais. Os &#250;nicos dados dispon&#237;veis foram publicados por Tafuri &amp; Chapadeiro<sup>23</sup> h&#225; 40 anos. Entretanto, esses autores registraram somente a massa card&#237;aca total, o que &#233; inadequado para estimativa da massa ventricular.</p>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o da discrep&#226;ncia entre os dados brasileiros e a literatura internacional em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa card&#237;aca obtida na RMC, objetivamos determinar as massas ventriculares reais de indiv&#237;duos sadios. Para tanto, usamos cora&#231;&#245;es obtidos em necropsias, m&#233;todo empregado classicamente como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia absoluto porque diretamente quantifica a massa do &#243;rg&#227;o ou de partes dele<sup>24-26</sup>. Inclu&#237;mos no estudo cora&#231;&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos sem sinais de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca aparente que foram v&#237;timas de morte acidental. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias de Sa&#250;de da Ufes e desenvolvido em colabora&#231;&#227;o com o Instituto M&#233;dico Legal (IML) de Vit&#243;ria, ES.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De junho a novembro de 2005, examinamos 94 cora&#231;&#245;es obtidos de cad&#225;veres de indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis, v&#237;timas de morte por causas externas, encaminhados para necropsia no IML de Vit&#243;ria. Descartamos os cora&#231;&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos com sinais de doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica, evid&#234;ncia de cirurgia card&#237;aca, desnutridos, obesos, gestantes e cora&#231;&#245;es com ind&#237;cios externos ou internos de anormalidade (infarto, valvopatias etc.). Al&#233;m disso, no primeiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s o &#243;bito foi feito contato telef&#244;nico com o respons&#225;vel pela retirada do corpo do IML para se obter informa&#231;&#245;es referentes &#224; presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial ou outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, ou se o indiv&#237;duo fazia uso regular de medica&#231;&#227;o para doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. Com base nessas observa&#231;&#245;es e informa&#231;&#245;es, foram exclu&#237;dos 12 cora&#231;&#245;es (oito de homens e quatro de mulheres). Dessa forma, 82 cora&#231;&#245;es foram classificados como "normais".</p>
    <p>O comprimento do cad&#225;ver foi medido em dec&#250;bito dorsal com fita m&#233;trica inel&#225;stica do topo (v&#233;rtice) da cabe&#231;a at&#233; o calcanhar, tomando-se o cuidado para corrigir a retra&#231;&#227;o da altura causada pela contratura muscular decorrente do "<italic>rigor mortis</italic>". A etnia-ra&#231;a foi avaliada pelo m&#233;dico legista e pesquisador, e os cad&#225;veres classificados como branco, pardo, negro ou outros.</p>
    <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o foi retirado durante os procedimentos habituais de necropsia ainda em "<italic>rigor mortis</italic>", preservando-se um seguimento adequado dos vasos da base e das veias pulmonares. A seguir, o cora&#231;&#227;o fresco foi dissecado pelo m&#233;todo de Bove e cols.<sup>27</sup> com algumas modifica&#231;&#245;es. Com a tesoura, iniciamos a incis&#227;o pela parte posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo e, seguindo o sulco atrioventricular, separamos e removemos os &#225;trios dos ventr&#237;culos, seguidos do desprendimento dos grandes vasos da base abaixo das suas respectivas valvas. Fotografamos e medimos com paqu&#237;metro os ventr&#237;culos no seu eixo maior, a seguir, cortados em cinco fatias transversais (sentido do eixo curto), mimetizando os cortes da RMC. A espessura do septo e da parede posterior foi medida acima dos papilares e fotografados com o paqu&#237;metro fixo na abertura de 1 cm para se ter padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. A massa ventricular fatiada em discos permite melhor visibiliza&#231;&#227;o da gordura epic&#225;rdica, que foi ressecada. A parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito foi rebatida com pin&#231;a, afastada do septo e ressecada seguindo o plano da curvatura do septo interventricular. As trab&#233;culas incrustadas no septo foram preservadas. As valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide foram removidas. Ambos os ventr&#237;culos foram pesados separadamente em balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica (Urano, UDC 30000/5) com precis&#227;o de um grama. Todo material biol&#243;gico foi devolvido ao cad&#225;ver.</p>
    <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), limites m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo e percentil 95% (P<sub>95</sub>). O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov com n&#237;veis de signific&#226;ncia de Lilliefors foi usado para se testar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal nas vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua. A diferen&#231;a entre m&#233;dias foi feita pelo teste <italic>t</italic> bicaudal para amostras independentes, e a igualdade das vari&#226;ncias pelo teste de Levene. O grau de correla&#231;&#227;o foi determinado pelo coeficiente <italic>r</italic> de Pearson e as retas de regress&#227;o foram calculadas pelos m&#237;nimos quadrados. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi p &lt; 0,05. Utilizamos o SPSS 13.0.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os 82 cora&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis eram de 52 homens e de 30 mulheres, sendo 57 mulatos, 18 brancos e sete negros, sendo os mulatos predominantes tanto nos homens 34/52 (65,3%) quanto nas mulheres 23/30 (76,6%), seguida de brancos 18/82 (22%) e negros 7/82 (8,5%). A idade variou de 14 a 68 anos. Como os cad&#225;veres foram necropsiados ainda no estado de "<italic>rigor mortis</italic>", o tempo de morte situou-se de 24 e 48 horas<sup>26</sup>. A causa da morte mais freq&#252;ente foi proj&#233;til de armas de fogo (60% em homens e 50% em mulheres). Os acidentes envolvendo meios de transporte (carro, moto, avi&#227;o) contribu&#237;ram com 21% das mortes em homens e 23% nas mulheres.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> mostra idade, altura, massas ventriculares e espessuras das paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dos cora&#231;&#245;es estudados. Todas as vari&#225;veis se ajustaram a curvas de distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana, exceto a idade, que apresentou preponder&#226;ncia de indiv&#237;duos abaixo de 40 anos. Observou-se diferen&#231;a significativa quanto ao sexo entre as m&#233;dias de todas as vari&#225;veis analisadas, exceto para a idade e a raz&#227;o entre as massas dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito. Os valores do P<sub>95</sub> para MVE tamb&#233;m apresentaram diferen&#231;as importantes entre sexos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0279-00001-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> mostra a compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores de MVE e massa de VD do nosso estudo com dados da literatura. A idade foi diferente entre as amostras. A massa do VD foi similar em todos os estudos. Detectamos diferen&#231;a significativa da MVE dos homens da nossa amostra com os dados de Londres<sup>28</sup> e provavelmente com o estudo dos Estados Unidos<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0279-00001-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref> mostra correla&#231;&#227;o robusta (r = 0,66; p&lt;0,01) entre MVE com a altura, e essa vari&#225;vel responde por 43% da variabilidade total da MVE da amostra (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,43). Entretanto, quando a MVE corrigida pela altura &#233; estratificada por sexo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>), constata-se desaparecimento da correla&#231;&#227;o entre estas vari&#225;veis nos homens (r = 0,17), mantendo-se correla&#231;&#227;o significante (r = 0,47; p&lt;0,05) nas mulheres, dados esses tamb&#233;m relatados por Hangartner e cols.<sup>28</sup>. N&#227;o detectamos correla&#231;&#227;o entre massa VD com idade ou altura.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0279-00001-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0279-00001-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados do peso card&#237;aco normal na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira s&#227;o escassos. Schvartzman e cols.<sup>29</sup> utilizando medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em amostra aleat&#243;ria de 100 participantes da popula&#231;&#227;o urbana de Porto Alegre encontraram valores m&#233;dios de MVE de 72 e 64,8 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Em estudo realizado em Vit&#243;ria, encontramos MVE ao ecocardiograma de 84 e 74 g/m<sup>2</sup> em homens e mulheres saud&#225;veis, respectivamente. Esses constitu&#237;ram o subgrupo saud&#225;vel (N=251) da uma amostra de 682 adultos (30-70 anos) participantes da fase II do Projeto de Monitoramento das Tend&#234;ncias e Determinantes das Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares, iniciado em Vit&#243;ria em 1999<sup>30,31</sup>. Foram definidos como "saud&#225;veis" os indiv&#237;duos normotensos e sem sinais de anormalidades card&#237;acas ao eletro e ecocardiograma, al&#233;m de n&#227;o serem portadores de obesidade, diabete ou disfun&#231;&#227;o renal. Os valores encontrados no estudo de Vit&#243;ria<sup>31</sup> s&#227;o mais pr&#243;ximos &#224;queles encontrados por Ilercil e cols.<sup>32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tafuri &amp; Chapadeiro<sup>23</sup> relataram o peso card&#237;aco de adultos normais submetidos a necropsia usando amostra de 230 indiv&#237;duos sadios (20-70 anos). O peso card&#237;aco total m&#233;dio foi 329,9 g para homens e 258,9 g para mulheres. Diferen&#231;a entre sexos s&#243; foi encontrada abaixo de 40 anos<bold>.</bold> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre ra&#231;as/etnias, dado confirmado neste estudo, apesar do pequeno numero (n=7) de negros em nossa amostra. Conclu&#237;ram que o peso card&#237;aco dos homens brasileiros era maior do que o relatado na literatura, enquanto o peso dos cora&#231;&#245;es das mulheres era semelhante.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica usada por esses e outros patologistas para avaliar hipertrofia card&#237;aca pelo peso total do cora&#231;&#227;o apresenta restri&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso atual na ecocardiografia ou RMC, j&#225; que n&#227;o reflete com exatid&#227;o a massa ventricular, pois no peso total do cora&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o inseridos outros componentes, sendo n&#227;o desprez&#237;vel o peso atrial e da gordura epic&#225;rdica<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>A normalidade de peso de &#243;rg&#227;os deve ser feita em amostra de refer&#234;ncia espec&#237;fica para cada popula&#231;&#227;o j&#225; que os valores da normalidade podem ser diferentes sob influ&#234;ncias gen&#233;ticos e ambientais<sup>34</sup>. Corrobora essa afirma&#231;&#227;o o estudo de Dadgar e cols.<sup>24</sup> que, ap&#243;s exame de 140 corpos sem anomalia card&#237;aca, relataram que o peso total m&#233;dio dos cora&#231;&#245;es de indianos era menor dos que o relatado na literatura para outros grupos raciais.</p>
    <p>Objetivando atualizar os dados de literatura, Grandmaison e cols.<sup>34</sup> publicaram uma tabela de pesos de &#243;rg&#227;os de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 684 indiv&#237;duos caucas&#243;ides com idade m&#233;dia de 45 anos. Infelizmente, n&#227;o relataram os pesos individualizados dos ventr&#237;culos, somente a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o da massa card&#237;aca total (365 &#177;71g e 312 &#177;78g para homens e mulheres, respectivamente). Portanto, nosso estudo preenche essa lacuna em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Com metodologia parecida &#224; nossa, est&#227;o os estudos de Hangartner e cols.<sup>28</sup> e Corradi e cols.<sup>33</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>). H&#225; uma diferen&#231;a de cerca de 10% entre a MVE relatada por Hangartner e cols.<sup>28</sup> e a nossa amostra. A explica&#231;&#227;o pode ser na diferen&#231;a de t&#233;cnica de retirada do VD, j&#225; que neste trabalho<sup>28</sup>, como no de Fulton &amp; Jones<sup>35</sup>, as trab&#233;culas do lado direito do septo foram removidas na sua base, enquanto permitimos que as incrustadas no septo ali permanecessem. Adotamos esse procedimento j&#225; que nos exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos essa regi&#227;o permanece como pertencente ao septo interventricular, sendo referida de "ecos do endoc&#225;rdio". Segundo Geiser &amp; Bover<sup>36</sup>, a metodologia nesse tipo de estudo deve ser bem especificada, pois a fra&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;sculo inserida nas trab&#233;culas pode representar de 9% a 19% da MVE. Entretanto, a massa do VD n&#227;o foi diferente entre os dois estudos, sinalizando uma diferen&#231;a nas medidas da MVE.</p>
    <p>A medida da espessura das paredes card&#237;acas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>) pode variar de acordo com a &#225;rea em que foram obtidas em raz&#227;o das trabecula&#231;&#245;es do endoc&#225;rdio<sup>37</sup>. Essas medidas refletem o estado do t&#244;nus do mioc&#225;rdio, que se apresenta no seu estado de contra&#231;&#227;o no "<italic>rigor mortis</italic>". Portanto, por ser uma medida linear que reflete o estado de contra&#231;&#227;o e por ter baixa reprodutibilidade, &#233; ineficiente para ser utilizada na estimativa de massa de uma estrutura tridimensional.</p>
    <p>A n&#227;o-variabilidade da MVE entre estudos com cora&#231;&#245;es frescos e fixados est&#225; respaldada pelos estudos de Hangartner e cols.<sup>28</sup> e Geiser &amp; Bover<sup>36</sup>. O valor da rela&#231;&#227;o massa de VE/massa de VD tem sido recomendado para o reconhecimento de hipertrofias isoladas de ventr&#237;culos, principalmente quando a medida da massa ventricular estiver dentro dos limites de normalidade. Na nossa casu&#237;stica essa rela&#231;&#227;o variou de 2,5 a 4,3 nos homens e 2,7 a 4,2 nas mulheres.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios autores j&#225; analisaram as correla&#231;&#245;es de dados antropom&#233;tricos e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal com tamanho e estrutura do cora&#231;&#227;o. Hangartner e cols.<sup>28</sup> mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva da MVE com peso e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal. Entretanto, a altura s&#243; se correlacionou significantemente nas mulheres. Zeek e cols.<sup>38</sup> relataram que altura e estado nutricional do individuo t&#234;m efeito na massa card&#237;aca, mas n&#227;o a ra&#231;a ou idade. Esses autores<sup>38</sup> privilegiam a altura por ser uma vari&#225;vel muito mais est&#225;vel do que peso e muito menos influenciada por doen&#231;as.</p>
    <p>Sumarizando, os dados de literatura s&#227;o consistentes e corroboram os nossos, em dois pontos principais: 1) As vari&#225;veis sexo e altura (mas n&#227;o idade) s&#227;o fatores determinantes da massa dos ventr&#237;culos; 2) O diagn&#243;stico quali-quantitativo de hipertrofia ventricular s&#243; poder&#225; ser feito se houver valores de refer&#234;ncia da normalidade da massa ventricular obtida por t&#233;cnica adequada, estratificada pelo sexo e corrigida, preferencialmente, para a altura. Tendo em vista que os pesos dos ventr&#237;culos de indiv&#237;duos normais seguem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, pode-se sugerir o P<sub>95</sub> como limite superior de normalidade para esse par&#226;metro. Os nossos achados mostram valores de 218 g e 148 g para o VE e 65 e 50 g para o VD de homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Ajustando-se o peso dos ventr&#237;culos pela estatura, corre&#231;&#227;o que encontra aceita&#231;&#227;o crescente na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, os valores do P<sub>95</sub> seriam de 128 g/m e 88 g/m para o VE e 37 g/m e 34 g/m para o VD de homens e mulheres, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que a MVE obtida por necropsia em indiv&#237;duos normais do sexo masculino na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; superior aos relatados na literatura mais recente. Al&#233;m disso, nossos dados sugerem que os valores de massa card&#237;aca medida em nosso meio atrav&#233;s da RMC<sup>22</sup> podem estar subestimando a real massa desse &#243;rg&#227;o entre 24% e 60% em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; MVE estimada RMC de estudos internacionais<sup>16-19</sup>. Quando comparamos as m&#233;dias das MVE estimadas pela RMC com as massas obtidas em necropsia, essa subestima&#231;&#227;o alcan&#231;a patamares ainda mais elevados. Esses dados mostram que a constru&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros de normalidade para a massa card&#237;aca, em seus diversos modos de aferi&#231;&#227;o (medida direta, ecocardiografia, RMC e outros), &#233; urgente, dada a import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica desse par&#226;metro na condu&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico e no tratamento de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as, incluindo a hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; Secretaria Estadual de Seguran&#231;a P&#250;blica do Esp&#237;rito Santo, &#224; Pol&#237;cia Civil, ao Instituto M&#233;dico Legal e, em especial, aos m&#233;dicos legistas e auxiliares em per&#237;cia, cuja participa&#231;&#227;o foi essencial para o desenvolvimento deste estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de S&#233;rgio Lam&#234;go Rodrigues, pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas da UFES.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Geraldo Mill </p>
        <p> Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas da Ufes </p>
        <p> Av. Marechal Campos 1468 &#150; Maru&#237;pe </p>
        <p> 29042-755 - Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jgmill@npd.ufes.br">jgmill@npd.ufes.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 13/12/06; revisado recebido em 30/03/07; aceito em 03/05/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiac ventricular weights recorded at the autopsy of healthy subjects who died of external causes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE:To establish cardiac ventricular weights recorded during the autopsy of healthy individuals who died of external causes, aiming at determining normality patterns in our population. METHODS:A total of 94 hearts were evaluated at the Forensics Department of the city of Vit&#243;ria, Esp&#237;rito Santo. After the heart removal and resection of the atria and epicardial fat, the right ventricle (RV) and the left ventricle (LV), including the septum, were separated and weighed and the mass was indexed by the height. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the distribution. Data are presented as means&#177; SD. RESULTS:After the exclusion of 12 hearts (possible cardiovascular disease detected post-mortem) 82 hearts were examined (52 males and 30 females, aged 16-68 yrs, 31&#177;12 yrs). The weight of the LV was 181&#177;25 g and 125&#177;15 g, and the weight of the RV was 54&#177;7 g and 38&#177;6 g; the LV mass indexed by height was 105&#177;14 g/m and 78&#177;8 g/m, for males and females, respectively. The P95 of the LV weight was 218 g and 128 g/m in males and 148 g and 88 g/m in females. No significant correlation between ventricular mass and age was observed. CONCLUSION:The weight of the LV in the males from our sample was higher than that reported in the contemporary literature. Our results suggest that the presence of LV hypertrophy can be inferred in the presence of LV mass &gt; 218 g or 128 g/m in males and 148 g or 88 g/m in females.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart ventricles</kwd>
        <kwd>organ size</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertrophy, left ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiac ventricular weights recorded at the autopsy of healthy subjects who died of external causes </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>S&#233;rgio Lam&#234;go Rodrigues; Enildo Broetto Pimentel; Jos&#233; Geraldo Mill</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Post-Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences, Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Ufes, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To establish cardiac ventricular weights recorded during the autopsy of healthy individuals who died of external causes, aiming at determining normality patterns in our population.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 94 hearts were evaluated at the Forensics Department of the city of Vit&#243;ria, Esp&#237;rito Santo. After the heart removal and resection of the atria and epicardial fat, the right ventricle (RV) and the left ventricle (LV), including the septum, were separated and weighed and the mass was indexed by the height. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the distribution. Data are presented as means&#177; SD.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> After the exclusion of 12 hearts (possible cardiovascular disease detected post-mortem) 82 hearts were examined (52 males and 30 females, aged 16-68 yrs, mean = 31&#177;12 yrs). The weight of the LV was 181&#177;25 g and 125&#177;15 g, and the weight of the RV was 54&#177;7 g and 38&#177;6 g; the LV mass indexed by height was 105&#177;14 g/m and 78&#177;8 g/m, for males and females, respectively. The P95 of the LV weight was 218 g and 128 g/m in males and 148 g and 88 g/m in females. No significant correlation between ventricular mass and age was observed.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The weight of the LV in the males from our sample was higher than that reported in the contemporary literature. Our results suggest that the presence of LV hypertrophy can be inferred in the presence of LV mass &gt; 218 g or 128 g/m in males and 148 g or 88 g/m in females.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart ventricles/anatomy; organ size; hypertrophy, left ventricular.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The increase in the left ventricular mass (LVM) is an independent prognostic factor for cardiovascular mortality<sup>1</sup>, mortality due to all causes<sup>2,3</sup> and sudden death<sup>4</sup>. Hypertensive individuals with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) present a 2-to-5-fold increase in fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events when compared to those with hypertension only<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the accurate evaluation of the cardiac mass is fundamental not only for the determination of the degree of hypertrophy as well as for the assessment of its regression. The LIFE study confirmed the decrease in cardiovascular events with the regression of LHV, regardless of the decrease in blood pressure<sup>6-8</sup>; thus, the LHV regression must be one of the objectives to be attained during the treatment of arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram (ECG) was one of the first methods used to identify the LVH. However, this method has low sensitivity<sup>9</sup>, and, therefore, presents a low power to detect this condition, notably in the initial phases of cardiac growth. Therefore, M-mode echocardiography, given its higher sensitivity, has been the most frequently type of propedeutics used, not only in the detection, but also in the regression of LVH after treatment. However, the echocardiography is limited by its low accuracy<sup>10</sup> and low interstudy reproducibility<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recently, the cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has appeared as an image-acquiring method with a higher precision and less variability<sup>11</sup>, becoming the reference pattern for the determination of LVH<sup>12</sup>, after the validation in animals<sup>13</sup> and in the human heart <italic>ex-vivo</italic><sup>14</sup>. Its use has been recommended in the evaluation of remodeled ventricles and in the detection of small alterations in the cardiac mass during the clinical follow-up of patients or in scientific research<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The reference values for normality in the determination of LVH and the cutoffs obtained from studies, however, are discordant. Considering well-conducted studies in this area, the means of LVH indexed by body surface area (BSA) for healthy men and women were, respectively, 71 and 58 g/m<sup>2</sup>, 91 and 79 g/m<sup>2</sup>, 78 and 61 g/m<sup>2</sup> and 94 and 80 g/m<sup>2 16-19</sup>. The difference between the highest and the lowest LVH values in these studies was 32% for men and 37% for women, which is unacceptable for a method considered to be a reference pattern.</p>
      <p>At the Cardiovascular Monitoring Project (Projeto de Monitoramento Cardiovascular -MONICA Project) developed in Vit&#243;ria, ES<sup>20,21</sup>, we measured LVH by CMR in a subsample of 96 individuals (48 men), with 40 healthy individuals and 56 with LVH detected at the ECG (Sokolow and Lyon index <underline>&gt;</underline>3.5 mV) and/or the echocardiogram (LV mass <underline>&gt;</underline>116 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men and 104 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women). The mean LV mass (LVM) indexed by BSA in the subsample of healthy individuals (20 men and 20 women, mean age = 48 yrs) was 57 and 42 g/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively, which are quite discordant values in comparison to the international literature<sup>16-19</sup>. However, these measurements are similar to the findings of Ghorayeb et al<sup>22</sup>, who reported a mean LVM of 57 g/m<sup>2</sup> in a sample of 30 normal men evaluated by CMR.</p>
      <p>The Brazilian literature has scarce data on the cardiac mass of normal individuals. The only available data were published by Tafuri &amp; Chapadeiro<sup>23</sup> 40 years ago. However, these authors reported only the total cardiac mass, which is inadequate for estimating the ventricular mass.</p>
      <p>Considering the discrepancy between the Brazilian data and the international literature regarding the cardiac mass obtained at the CMR, we aimed at determining the actual ventricular mass of healthy individuals. To do that, we evaluated hearts obtained at autopsies, which is a method that is classically used as an absolute reference pattern, as it directly quantifies the mass of the organ or parts of it<sup>24-26</sup>. The present study included hearts of individuals with no apparent signs of cardiac disease that died of external causes. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Center of Health Sciences of Ufes and the study was developed in collaboration with the Forensics Department of Vit&#243;ria, ES.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From June to November 2005, 94 hearts obtained at the autopsies of apparently healthy individuals that died of external causes and were referred to the Forensics Department of the city of Vitoria were examined. The hearts of individuals with signs of systemic disease, evidence of cardiac surgery, those of malnourished, obese or pregnant individuals, as well as hearts with external or internal evidence of abnormalities (infarction, valvular heart disease, etc) were excluded. Additionally, within the first month after the death, a telephone contact was made with the person in charge of the removal of the body from the Forensics Department in order to obtain information about the presence of arterial hypertension or other cardiovascular diseases, or whether the deceased regularly used medication for cardiac disease. Based on these observations and information, 12 hearts (8 males and 4 females) were excluded. Therefore, 82 hearts were classified as "normal".</p>
      <p>The length of the corpse was measured in the dorsal decubitus position, using an inelastic measuring tape from the top of the head (vertex) to the heel, taking into account the necessity to correct the height retraction due to the muscular contraction caused by the <italic>rigor mortis</italic>. Ethnicity-race was evaluated by the forensic physician and researcher, and the corpses were classified as Caucasian, Brazilian Mulatto, African-Brazilian or others.</p>
      <p>The heart was removed during the usual necropsy procedures during the <italic>rigor mortis</italic>, preserving an adequate extension of the base and pulmonary vessels. Next, the fresh heart was dissected using the Bove et al<sup>27</sup> method with a few modifications. With the scissors, an incision was started through the posterior part of the left atrium and following the atrioventricular groove, we removed the atria from the ventricles, followed by the detachment of the large base vessels below their respective valves. The ventricles were photographed and measured with a pachimeter at the largest axis and cut into five transversal slices (short axis direction), mimicking the CMR slices. The thickness of the septum and posterior wall was measured above the papillaries and photographed with the pachimeter fixed at 1 cm opening in order to have a reference pattern. The ventricular mass sliced in discs allows a better visualization of the epicardial fat, which was resected. The free wall of the right ventricle was separated with tweezers, detached from the septum and resected following the plane of curvature of the interventricular septum. The trabeculae encrusted in the septum were preserved. The mitral and tricuspid valves were removed. Both ventricles were weighed separately in an electronic scale (Urano, UDC 30000/5) with a 1-gram precision. All the biological material was returned to the corpse.</p>
      <p>The data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum values and 95% percentile (P<sub>95</sub>). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with significance levels of Lilliefors was used to test the normal distribution in the variables with continuous distribution. The difference between the means was carried out by two-tailed <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples and the equality of the variances was assessed by Levene's test. The degree of correlation was determined by Pearson's coefficient (r) and the regression lines were calculated by the minimum squares. The level of significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. The SPSS 13.0 software was used for the statistical analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The 82 healthy hearts were from 52 men and 30 women, of which 57 were Brazilian Mulatto, 18 were Caucasian and 7 were African-Brazilian, with the Mulatto ethnicity being predominant among men (34/52) as well as among women (23/30), totaling 76.6% of the sample, followed by Caucasians 18/82 (22%) and African-Brazilians7/82 (8.5%). Age varied from 14 to 68 years. As the corpses underwent autopsy while still in <italic>rigor mortis</italic> status, the time of death was between 24 and 48 hs<sup>26</sup>. The most frequent cause of death was firearm-related (60% in men and 50% in women). The accidents due to means of transportation (car, motorcycle, plane) accounted for 21% of the deaths among men and 23% among women.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_01t1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows age, height, ventricular mass and thickness of the left ventricular wall of the examined hearts. All of the variables were adjusted to Gaussian distribution curves, except age, which showed a preponderance of individuals below 40 yrs of age. A significant difference was observed regarding gender between the means of all variables analyzed, except for age the ratio between masses of the left and right ventricles. The P<sub>95</sub> values for the LVM also showed important differences between genders.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_01t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0279-00001-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_01t2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the comparison of the values of the LVM and right ventricular mass (RVM) in our study with the literature data. The age was different between the samples. The RVM was similar in all studies. A significant difference was observed in LVM of men in our sample when compared to the data from London<sup>28</sup> and probably with the study carried out in the USA<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_01t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0279-00001-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows a strong correlation (<italic>r</italic> = 0.66; P&lt;0.01) between LVM and height and this variable accounts for 43% of the total variability of the LVM of the sample (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.43). However, when the LVM indexed by height is stratified by sex (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_01f2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>), it is observed that the correlation between these variables in men disappears (<italic>r</italic> = 0.17), with a significant correlation (<italic>r</italic> = 0.47; p&lt;0.05) being kept among women, data also reported by Hangartner et al<sup>28</sup>. No correlation between RVM and age or height was observed.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_01f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0279-00001-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-05-0279-00001-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data on normal cardiac weight in the Brazilian population are scarce. Schvartzman et al<sup>29</sup>, using echocardiographic measurements in a random sample of 100 participants from the urban population of the city of Porto Alegre, found mean values of LVM of 72 and 64.8 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men and women, respectively. In a study carried out in Vitoria, we found values of LVM at the ECG of 84 and 74 g/m<sup>2</sup> in healthy men and women, respectively. These constituted the healthy subgroup (N=251) of a sample of 682 adults (30-70 yrs) that participated in the Phase II of the Monitoring Project of Tendencies and Determinants of Cardiovascular Diseases, started in Vitoria in 1999<sup>30,31</sup>. The subjects defined as "healthy" were normotensive, non-obese, non-diabetic individuals with no signs of cardiac abnormalities at the ECG and echocardiogram and no renal dysfunction. The values found at the Vitoria study<sup>31</sup> are closer to those found by Ilercil et al<sup>32</sup>.</p>
      <p>Tafuri &amp; Chapadeiro<sup>23</sup> reported the cardiac weight of normal adults submitted to necropsy using a sample of 230 healthy individuals (20-70 yrs). The mean total cardiac weight was 329.9 g for men and 258.9 g for women. Differences between genders were found only below 40 yrs of age. There were no differences among the ethnicities, which was confirmed in the present study, despite the small number of African-Brazilians in our sample (n=7). They concluded that the cardiac weight of Brazilian men was higher than that reported in literature, whereas the weight of the women's hearts was similar.</p>
      <p>The technique used by these and other pathologists to evaluate cardiac hypertrophy, through the total heart weight, presents restrictions regarding the current use of echocardiography or CMR, as it does not accurately reflect the ventricular mass, considering that other components are part of the total heart weight, such as the epicardial fat and atrial weight, which are not negligible<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>The normality standard for organ weights must be established in a specific reference sample for each population, as the normality values can be different under genetic and environmental influences<sup>34</sup>. This fact is corroborated by the study of Dadgar et al<sup>24</sup>, which, after the examination of 100 bodies with no cardiac abnormalities, reported that the mean total weight of the Indian hearts was lower than that reported in literature for other racial groups.</p>
      <p>Aiming at updating the literature data, Grandmaison et al<sup>34</sup> published a table depicting the weight of organs in a population of 684 Caucasoid individuals with a mean age of 45 years. Unfortunately, they did not report the individual ventricular weights, but only the means and SD of the total cardiac mass (365 &#177;71g and 312 &#177;78g for men and women, respectively). Therefore, the present study fills a gap regarding data on the Brazilian population. Studies such as those by Hangartner et al<sup>28</sup> and Corradi et al<sup>33</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_01t2-body2">Table 2</xref>) used a methodology that was similar to ours. There is a difference of around 10% regarding the LVM reported by Hangartner et al<sup>28</sup> and that of our sample. This could be explained by the technique employed in the removal of the RV, as this study<sup>28</sup>, similarly to that by Fulton &amp; Jones<sup>35</sup>, the trabeculae on the right side of the septum were removed at the base, whereas we allowed those encrusted in the septum to remain there. This procedure was adopted based on the fact that, at echocardiographic assessments, this region remains as belonging to the interventricular septum, being referred to as "echoes of the endocardium". According to Geiser &amp; Bover<sup>36</sup>, the methodology in this type of study must be clearly specified, as the fraction of muscle inserted into the trabeculae can represent 9% to 19% of the LVM. However, the RVM was not different between the two studies, disclosing a difference in the measurements of the LVM.</p>
      <p>The measurement of the thickness of the cardiac walls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_01t1-body2">Table 1</xref>) can vary according to the area where they were obtained, due to the trabeculation of the endocardium<sup>37</sup>. These measurements reflect the state of the myocardial tonus, which presents in its state of contraction in <italic>rigor mortis</italic>. Thus, as it is a linear measurement that reflects the state of contraction and because it has low reproducibility, it is ineffective to be used for the mass estimation of a three-dimensional structure.</p>
      <p>The non-variability of the LVM between studies with fresh or fixed hearts is supported by the studies of Hangartner et al<sup>28</sup> and Geiser &amp; Bover<sup>36</sup>. The use of the value of the LV mass/RV mass ratio has been recommended for the identification of isolated ventricular hypertrophies, mainly when the measurement of the ventricular mass is within the normal range. In our sample, this ratio varied from 2.5 to 4.3 in men and 2.7 to 4.2 in women.</p>
      <p>Several authors have analyzed the correlations of the anthropometrical data and body composition with the size and structure of the heart. Hangartner et al<sup>28</sup> showed a positive correlation of the LVM with the weight and body composition. However, height showed only a significant correlation in women. Zeek et al<sup>38</sup> reported that the individual's height and nutritional status have an effect on cardiac mass, but not ethnicity or age. The authors<sup>38</sup> have favored height as it is a more stable variable in comparison to weight and much less influenced by diseases.</p>
      <p>In summary, the literature data are consistent and corroborate the data of the present study at two main points: 1) Sex and height variables (but not age) are determinant factors for ventricular mass; 2) The quali-quantitative diagnosis of ventricular hypertrophy can only be attained if there are normality reference values for ventricular mass obtained through adequate techniques, stratified by gender and preferably corrected for height. Considering that the weight of the ventricles of normal individuals follow a normal distribution, P<sub>95</sub> can be suggested as the upper normality limit for this parameter. Our findings show values of 218 g and 148 g for the LV and 65 and 50 g for the RV of men and women, respectively. Adjusting the ventricular weight for the height, a correction that is increasingly accepted in echocardiographic evaluation, P<sub>95</sub> values would be 128 g/m and 88 g/m for the LV and 37 g/m and 34 g/m for the RV of men and women, respectively.</p>
      <p>We conclude that the LVM obtained from the necropsy of normal male individuals from our population is higher than that reported in the most recent literature. Additionally, our data suggest that the values of cardiac mass measured in our population through CMR<sup>22</sup> can be underestimating the actual mass of the organ between 24% and 60% in comparison to the LVM estimated by CMR reported in international studies<sup>16-19</sup>. When we compare the mean LVM estimated by CMR with those obtained at the necropsy, this underestimation reaches even higher values. These data show that the creation of parameters of normality for cardiac mass for the several forms of measurement (direct measurement, echocardiography, CMR and others) is imperative, given the clinical importance of this parameter in attaining the diagnosis and conducting the treatment of several diseases, including arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To the State Secretary of Public Security of the state of Esp&#237;rito Santo, the Police Department, the Forensic Department, and especially, to the forensic physicians and assistants whose participation was crucial for the development of this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by S&#233;rgio Lam&#234;go Rodrigues, from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas da UFES.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jos&#233; Geraldo Mill</p>
          <p> Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Fisiol&#243;gicas da Ufes</p>
          <p> Av. Marechal Campos 1468 &#150; Maru&#237;pe</p>
          <p> 29042-755 - Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jgmill@npd.ufes.br">jgmill@npd.ufes.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received December 13, 2006; revised received March 30, 2007; accepted May 03, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
