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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fcLXP3jnWpDxBZJqYxRgrvF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001600012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900412</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001600012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda transit&#243;ria por cardiomiopatia induzida por estresse</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>O&#8217;Connell</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santi</surname>
            <given-names>Giovani Luis de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Benedito Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e79</fpage>
      <lpage>e83</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Apresenta-se o caso de uma paciente de 71 anos que preencheu os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para cardiomiopatia induzida por estresse que foi desencadeada por intenso estresse emocional ap&#243;s atropelamento por bicicleta. O quadro cl&#237;nico mimetizou o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, manifestando-se com dor precordial, supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, seguido por ondas T profundas e prolongamento do intervalo QT, eleva&#231;&#227;o discreta de enzimas card&#237;acas e cursando com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e hipercinesia das por&#231;&#245;es basais (conferindo o aspecto de "abaloamento apical"), mas na aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana subepic&#225;rdica. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normalizou-se ap&#243;s a segunda semana de evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>mioc&#225;rdio atordoado</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda transit&#243;ria por cardiomiopatia induzida por estresse</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcus Vinicius Sim&#245;es; Jos&#233; Antonio Marin-Neto; Minna Moreira Dias Romano; Jo&#227;o Lucas O&#146;Connell; Giovani Luis de Santi; Benedito Carlos Maciel</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia &#150; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#150; USP &#150; Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#150; Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apresenta-se o caso de uma paciente de 71 anos que preencheu os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para cardiomiopatia induzida por estresse que foi desencadeada por intenso estresse emocional ap&#243;s atropelamento por bicicleta. O quadro cl&#237;nico mimetizou o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, manifestando-se com dor precordial, supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, seguido por ondas T profundas e prolongamento do intervalo QT, eleva&#231;&#227;o discreta de enzimas card&#237;acas e cursando com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e hipercinesia das por&#231;&#245;es basais (conferindo o aspecto de "abaloamento apical"), mas na aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana subepic&#225;rdica. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normalizou-se ap&#243;s a segunda semana de evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiomiopatias, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, mioc&#225;rdio atordoado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nova s&#237;ndrome cardiol&#243;gica denominada cardiomiopatia induzida por estresse foi recentemente caracterizada a partir de casos descritos inicialmente em pacientes japoneses<sup>1</sup> e de relatos posteriores de sua ocorr&#234;ncia em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses do Ocidente<sup>2,3</sup>. Tamb&#233;m chamada de s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o partido <italic>(broken heart syndrome)</italic> e abaloamento apical transit&#243;rio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, caracteriza-se por quadro cl&#237;nico que mimetiza o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, manifestando-se com dor precordial, supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores biol&#243;gicos de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e cursando com disfun&#231;&#227;o apical transit&#243;ria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mas na aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana subepic&#225;rdica significativa. Caracteristicamente, o quadro cl&#237;nico &#233; precedido por estresse emocional e/ou f&#237;sico intensos<sup>4,5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os autores relatam o caso de paciente de 71 anos em que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular aguda transit&#243;ria foi desencadeada ap&#243;s intenso estresse emocional, preenchendo os crit&#233;rios atuais para diagn&#243;stico dessa s&#237;ndrome. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 71 anos de idade, branca, apresentou quadro s&#250;bito de dor na face anterior do t&#243;rax com irradia&#231;&#227;o para membro superior esquerdo, em queima&#231;&#227;o, de forte intensidade, associada a sudorese, v&#244;mitos e dispn&#233;ia. O quadro teve in&#237;cio ap&#243;s forte estresse f&#237;sico e emocional, quando foi atropelada por bicicleta, sem que, contudo, houvesse evid&#234;ncias de trauma tor&#225;cico. O sintoma persistiu por seis horas, quando foi trazida para atendimento especializado cardiol&#243;gico. Nos antecedentes, a paciente apresentava apenas hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica h&#225; 30 anos. Negou passado m&#243;rbido de diabete, dislipidemia, etilismo ou tabagismo.</p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico apresentava-se ativa, taquidispn&#233;ica, mucosas coradas e hidratadas, afebril, acian&#243;tica, anict&#233;rica, sem turg&#234;ncia venosa jugular. Estertores de finas bolhas teleinspirat&#243;rios em ter&#231;o inferior de ambos os campos pulmonares. Aus&#234;ncia de sinais de cardiomegalia, ritmo card&#237;aco regular com bulhas normofon&#233;ticas e presen&#231;a de terceira bulha. Press&#227;o arterial de 130/70 mmHg, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 112 bpm, pulsos amplos e sim&#233;tricos, e extremidades aquecidas com boa perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica. </p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) inicial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>) apresentava ritmo sinusal taquic&#225;rdico, QRS alargado por dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o no ramo esquerdo e altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST na parede &#226;ntero-septal. Dentro das primeiras horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o, o ECG exibiu revers&#227;o do bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e aparecimento de ondas T negativas profundas e prolongamento do intervalo QT (640 ms) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0e79-00012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Exame radiol&#243;gico do t&#243;rax demonstrou &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico normal e sinais de congest&#227;o venocapilar pulmonar com trama vascular pulmonar redistribu&#237;da (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Exames bioqu&#237;micos demonstraram dosagens de CK-MB sem aumento significativo (valor m&#225;ximo de 31 UI/l em tr&#234;s dosagens consecutivas) e eleva&#231;&#227;o discreta de troponina (1,06 ng/ml).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0e79-00012-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica inicial foi de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda associada a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Instituiu-se tratamento por via endovenosa com heparina n&#227;o-fracionada, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS), clopidogrel, nitroglicerina e furosemida.</p>
    <p>No quarto dia de evolu&#231;&#227;o, estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico demonstrou dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (47 mm), ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico preservado em limite superior da normalidade (55 mm), desempenho sist&#243;lico global deprimido em grau leve (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 42%) e m&#250;ltiplos defeitos de mobilidade parietal segmentar envolvendo as por&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dia e apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0e79-00012-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O cateterismo card&#237;aco demonstrou circula&#231;&#227;o arterial coronariana isenta de les&#245;es obstrutivas significativas e cineventriculografia com acinesia &#226;ntero-lateral, inferior, septal e hipocinesia moderada &#237;nfero-apical (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). Os dist&#250;rbios segmentares de mobilidade estendiam-se al&#233;m do territ&#243;rio de irriga&#231;&#227;o de um &#250;nico vaso coronariano e conferiam o aspecto muito peculiar de abaloamento apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no quadro telessist&#243;lico da ventriculografia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0e79-00012-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O tratamento cl&#237;nico foi modificado com inclus&#227;o de bloqueador beta-adren&#233;rgico (metoprolol, via oral) e bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina (losartana, via oral), mantendo-se furosemida e AAS, via oral.</p>
    <p>A paciente evoluiu apresentando r&#225;pida melhora do quadro cl&#237;nico. Estudo radiol&#243;gico do t&#243;rax (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>) e ecocardiografia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>) realizados duas semanas ap&#243;s instala&#231;&#227;o do quadro demonstraram revers&#227;o completa da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ainda que sua real preval&#234;ncia n&#227;o tenha sido definida, levantamentos retrospectivos sugerem que a cardiomiopatia induzida por estresse n&#227;o seja condi&#231;&#227;o muito rara, atingindo cerca de 2% dos casos atendidos com suspeita de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, sendo mais comum em mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa em idade avan&#231;ada<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica simulando o quadro de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, podendo cursar com sinais de congest&#227;o, como no caso aqui relatado, o supradesnivelamento acentuado do segmento ST &#233; a altera&#231;&#227;o mais comum ao ECG inicial. Outras altera&#231;&#245;es, como ondas T profundas negativas e prolongamento do intervalo QT, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o freq&#252;entemente relatadas.</p>
    <p>Nas manifesta&#231;&#245;es mais comumente descritas da cardiomiopatia induzida por estresse, a fun&#231;&#227;o dos segmentos distais e apicais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; deprimida e h&#225; hipercinesia compensat&#243;ria das paredes basais, produzindo o aspecto caracter&#237;stico de abaloamento do &#225;pice card&#237;aco durante a s&#237;stole. Aspecto marcante que pode precocemente sugerir seu diagn&#243;stico &#233; a detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o segmentar parietal ventricular esquerda, que se estende al&#233;m do territ&#243;rio de irriga&#231;&#227;o de um &#250;nico vaso coronariano. </p>
    <p>Um dos aspectos mais curiosos dessa s&#237;ndrome &#233; seu desencadeamento ap&#243;s situa&#231;&#245;es de intenso estresse emocional (morte de familiares, desastres naturais, cat&#225;strofes financeiras). Postula-se que o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico respons&#225;vel pela s&#237;ndrome seja descarga adren&#233;rgica exacerbada, induzindo espasmo coronariano multiarterial (possivelmente em n&#237;vel de microcircula&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o se podendo afastar a ocorr&#234;ncia em vasos subepic&#225;rdicos), causando <italic>stunning</italic> mioc&#225;rdico<sup>6</sup>. Nesse sentido, h&#225; muita semelhan&#231;a entre a cardiomiopatia induzida por estresse e outras situa&#231;&#245;es de excesso de catecolaminas, como as associadas a les&#245;es cerebrais, feocromocitoma, escorpionismo e infus&#227;o acidental de f&#225;rmacos simpatomim&#233;ticos, situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em que disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda transit&#243;ria tamb&#233;m ocorre<sup>7,8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Por mimetiz&#225;-las em v&#225;rios aspectos, e apesar de sua relativamente baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia, a cardiomiopatia induzida por estresse deve ser considerada como diagn&#243;stico diferencial para pacientes com suspeita de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, principalmente quando se apresentam emocionalmente inst&#225;veis, e quando a extens&#227;o das anormalidades isqu&#234;micas no ECG ou a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda excederem as evid&#234;ncias de necrose mioc&#225;rdica avaliada pela eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis enzim&#225;ticos; de forma similar, esse diagn&#243;stico deve ser considerado quando a angiografia coronariana confirmar aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es obstrutivas. Seu pronto reconhecimento e o tratamento intensivo com agentes farmacol&#243;gicos ou suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico est&#227;o indicados, uma vez que a completa recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; esperada no intervalo de poucos dias, conferindo progn&#243;stico favor&#225;vel na quase totalidade dos casos<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o desse estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marcus Vinicius Sim&#245;es </p>
        <p>Rua Marechal Deodoro, 1085/101 </p>
        <p> 14010-190 &#150; Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#150; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="simoesmv@yahoo.com">simoesmv@yahoo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 11/04/07; revisado recebido em 28/06/07; aceito em 28/06/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Transient left ventricular dysfunction due to stress-induced cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The case presented here is of a 71-yr-old female patient who met the diagnostic criteria for stress-induced cardiomyopathy, which was triggered by intense emotional stress after being hit by a bicycle. The clinical picture mimicked that of an acute myocardial infarction, manifesting as precordial pain, ST-segment depression followed by deep negative T waves and prolonging of the QT interval, slight increase in cardiac enzymes and coursing with transient apical ballooning of the left ventricle and hyperkinesis of the basal walls (conferring the aspect of "apical ballooning"), although in the absence of subepicardial coronary obstruction. Ventricular function normalized after the second week of clinical evolution.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular disfunction, left</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial stunning</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Transient left ventricular dysfunction due to stress-induced cardiomyopathy </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcus Vinicius Sim&#245;es; Jos&#233; Antonio Marin-Neto; Minna Moreira Dias Romano; Jo&#227;o Lucas O&#146;Connell; Giovani Luis de Santi; Benedito Carlos Maciel</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Division of Cardiology - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#150; USP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The case presented here is of a 71-yr-old female patient who met the diagnostic criteria for stress-induced cardiomyopathy, which was triggered by intense emotional stress after being hit by a bicycle. The clinical picture mimicked that of an acute myocardial infarction, manifesting as precordial pain, ST-segment depression followed by deep negative T waves and prolonging of the QT interval, slight increase in cardiac enzymes and coursing with transient apical ballooning of the left ventricle and hyperkinesis of the basal walls (conferring the aspect of "apical ballooning"), although in the absence of subepicardial coronary obstruction. Ventricular function normalized after the second week of clinical evolution.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Cardiomyopathies; ventricular dysfunction, left; myocardial stunning.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A new cardiological syndrome called stress-induced cardiomyopathy was recently characterized based on cases initially described in Japanese patients<sup>1</sup> and subsequent reports of its occurrence in several Western countries<sup>2,3</sup>. Also called "the broken heart syndrome" and transient apical ballooning of the left ventricle, it is characterized by a clinical picture that mimics the acute myocardial infarction (AMI), presenting as precordial pain, ST segment displacement and increase of the biological markers of myocardial necrosis, coursing with transient apical ballooning of the left ventricle, but in the absence of significant sub-epicardial coronary obstruction. Characteristically, the clinical picture is preceded by intense emotional and/or physical stress<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>We present herein the case of a 71-year-old patient in whom the acute transient ventricular dysfunction was triggered by intense emotional stress, fulfilling the current criteria for the diagnosis of this syndrome.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 71-year-old female Caucasian patient presented a sudden picture of intense pain in the anterior portion of the thorax, irradiating to the upper left limb and pyrosis, associated to sudoresis, vomiting and dyspnea. The clinical picture started after intense physical and emotional stress, when she was hit by a bicycle, without evidence of thoracic trauma. The symptom persisted for 6 hours, when she was brought to specialized cardiological care. The patient had a history of systemic arterial hypertension for 30 years. She denied a history of diabetes, dyslipidemia, alcohol consumption or smoking. </p>
      <p>At the physical examination she was alert, tachydyspneic, presented rosy and hydrated mucosae, was afebrile, acyanotic, anicteric, with no turgescence of the jugular vein. </p>
      <p>Teleinspiratory crackles were present in the lower third of both pulmonary fields. No signs of cardiomegaly, regular heart rhythm with normal heart sounds and presence of protodiastolic gallop. BP was 130/70 mmHg, HR=112 bpm. The pulses were wide and symmetric, the extremities were warm and there was good peripheral perfusion.</p>
      <p>The initial ECG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>) showed tachycardic sinus rhythm, wide QRS due to conduction disorder in the left bundle branch and secondary alterations of ventricular repolarization with ST-segment depression in the anteroseptal wall. Within the first hours of clinical evolution, the ECG showed reversion of the left branch blockage and the appearance of deep negative T waves and prolonging of the QT interval (640 ms), (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0e79-00012-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Radiological assessment of the thorax showed normal cardiothoracic index, signs of pulmonary venocapillary congestion with remodeled pulmonary vasculature (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). Biochemical assessment showed that the CK-MB levels were not significantly increased (maximum value of 31 UI/l, 3 consecutive measurements) and slight troponin increase (1.06 ng/ml). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0e79-00012-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The initial diagnostic hypothesis was acute coronary syndrome associated to left ventricular dysfunction. Treatment with non-fractioned heparin, aspirin, intravenous clopidogrel, nitroglycerin and furosemide was initiated.</p>
      <p>On the fourth day of evolution, a transthoracic echocardiographic study showed a dilated left atrium (47 mm), left ventricle with preserved diastolic diameter at the upper range of normality (55 mm), slightly reduced global systolic performance (ejection fraction = 42%) and multiple defects of segmental parietal mobility involving the apical and middle portions of the left ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0e79-00012-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Heart catheterism showed coronary artery circulation free of significant obstructive lesions and the cineventriculography disclosed anterolateral inferior septal akinesis and moderate inferior apical hypokinesis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>). The segmental mobility disorders extended beyond the irrigation zone of a single coronary vessel, which gave the very typical aspect of apical ballooning to the left ventricle in the telesystolic picture of the ventriculography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0e79-00012-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The clinical treatment was modified with the inclusion of beta-adrenergic blocker (metoprolol, given orally) and angiotensin II receptor blocker (losartan, given orally), maintaining the therapy with furosemide and aspirin, given orally. </p>
      <p>The patient evolved with fast improvement of the clinical picture. A radiological study of the thorax (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>) and echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>) performed 2 weeks after the onset of the picture showed a complete reversion of the left ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although its actual prevalence has yet to be defined, retrospective studies suggest that stress-induced cardiomyopathy is not a very rare condition, affecting around 2% of the cases seen as having suspected acute coronary syndrome and being more common in older post-menopausal women<sup>4,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In addition to the clinical presentation simulating a picture of acute myocardial infarction with ventricular dysfunction, it can course with signs of congestion, and, as in the case reported here, the marked ST-segment depression is the most common alteration at the initial ECG. Other alterations, such as deep negative T waves and prolonging of the QT interval, are also often reported. </p>
      <p>Among the most commonly described manifestations of stress-induced cardiomyopathy, the function of the distal and apical segments of the left ventricle is depressed and there is compensatory hyperkinesis of the basal walls, producing the characteristic aspect of apical ballooning during the systole. A striking aspect that can suggest the diagnosis is the detection of left ventricular segmental parietal dysfunction that extends beyond the irrigation zone of a single coronary vessel. </p>
      <p>One of the most interesting aspects of this syndrome is its triggering following emotional stress situations (death of family members, natural disasters, financial catastrophes). It is postulated that the physiopathological mechanism responsible for the syndrome is an intense adrenergic discharge, inducing multivessel coronary spasm (possibly at microcirculatory level, but one cannot rule out its occurrence in sub-epicardial vessels), causing myocardial stunning<sup>5</sup>. In this sense, the stress-induced cardiomyopathy is quite similar to other situations of catecholamine excess, such as those associated to brain injuries, pheochromocytoma, scorpionism and the accidental infusion of sympathomimetic drugs, clinical situations in which the transient left ventricular dysfunction also occurs<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>As it mimics them in several aspects, and despite its relatively low frequency, the stress-induced cardiomyopathy must be considered a differential diagnosis for patients suspected of having acute coronary syndrome, especially when they appear to be emotionally unstable and when the extension of the ischemic abnormalities at the ECG or the severity of the left ventricular dysfunction exceed the evidence of myocardial necrosis assessed by the increase in enzymatic levels; similarly, this diagnosis must be considered when the coronary angiography confirms the absence of obstructive lesions. Its prompt recognition and intensive treatment with pharmacological agents or mechanical circulatory support is indicated, as the complete recovery of the ventricular function is expected within a few days, with a favorable prognosis seen in almost all of cases<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Marcus Vinicius Sim&#245;es</p>
          <p> Rua Marechal Deodoro, 1085/101</p>
          <p> 14010-190 &#150; Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#150; Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="simoesmv@yahoo.com">simoesmv@yahoo.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received April 11, 2007; revised manuscript received June 28, 2007; accepted June 28, 2007</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
