<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zQB4THj6CVS7m4bw4LWXVJR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001600009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900409</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001600009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 5/2007: mulher de 71 anos de idade, portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabete melito, com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e dor epig&#225;strica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>263</fpage>
      <lpage>271</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CORRELA&#199;&#195;O ANATOMOCL&#205;NICA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Caso 5/2007 - mulher de 71 anos de idade, portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabete melito, com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e dor epig&#225;strica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luciana Freitas Feitosa; Andr&#233; Coelho Marques; Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o, idoso, diabete melito, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, dor abdominal.</p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, de 71 anos de idade, procurou atendimento m&#233;dico por desconforto epig&#225;strico de um dia de dura&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A paciente foi examinada neste Hospital pela primeira vez aos 68 anos de idade (jun. 2002). Na ocasi&#227;o, queixou-se de dispn&#233;ia desencadeada por esfor&#231;os habituais havia um ano, acompanhada de desconforto precordial e sudorese. Tamb&#233;m queixou-se de dor em panturrilhas desencadeada por esfor&#231;os habituais.</p>
    <p>A paciente sabia ser portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabete melito e dislipidemia. Aos 38 anos de idade havia sido submetida a gastrectomia por &#250;lcera p&#233;ptica.</p>
    <p>O primeiro exame f&#237;sico (jun. 2002) mostrava peso 93 kg; altura 1,62 m; &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea 35,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 88 batimentos por minuto; press&#227;o arterial 170/110 mmHg. O exame pulmonar foi normal, e o card&#237;aco revelou sopro sist&#243;lico +++/4+, de car&#225;ter ejetivo, em &#225;rea a&#243;rtica, irradiando-se para a regi&#227;o do choque da ponta do cora&#231;&#227;o. O exame do abdome foi normal. Havia diminui&#231;&#227;o de pulsos em membros inferiores.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (29/05/2002) revelou ritmo sinusal, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 66 batimentos por minuto, bloqueio atrioventricular de 1&#186; grau, sobrecarga de c&#226;maras esquerdas, dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular do est&#237;mulo, tipo bloqueio ramo esquerdo e altera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e da onda T (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0263-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial (maio 2002) revelou hemoglobina 13,4 g/dl, hemat&#243;crito 40%, creatinina 0,9 mg/dl, s&#243;dio 139 mEq/l e pot&#225;ssio 4,8 mEq/l.</p>
    <p>O cateterismo card&#237;aco (17 maio 2002) revelou press&#245;es normais de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (140/0/14 mmHg) e de aorta (140/70 mmHg). A cinecoronariografia e a ventriculografia esquerda foram normais. </p>
    <p>Foram feitos os diagn&#243;sticos de cardiopatia hipertensiva, diabete melito tipo II, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, obesidade e dislipidemia. Foi formulada tamb&#233;m a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e indicado o ecocardiograma.</p>
    <p>Foi recomendado o tratamento com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico 200 mg, enalapril 10 mg, hidroclorotiazida 25 mg, ranitidina 300 mg, sinvastatina 40 mg, atenolol 100 mg e insulina 65 U via subcut&#226;nea de manh&#227; e 15 U &#224; noite. </p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial subseq&#252;ente (jan. 2003) revelou colesterol 302 mg/dl (HDL-colesterol 39 mg/dl, LDL-colesterol 195 mg/dl), triglic&#233;rides 338 mg/dl; glicemia jejum 176 mg/dl, hemoglobina glicada 13,8%. A depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina era 89 ml.kg <sup>&#150;1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A paciente foi atendida ambulatorialmente (27/06/2002, 4/02/2003, 28/10/2003, 3/08/2004) e evoluiu com melhora dos sintomas com a medica&#231;&#227;o que usava, permanecendo, entretanto, com falta de ar desencadeada por esfor&#231;os grandes. Todavia, a paciente n&#227;o chegou a ser submetida a ecocardiograma.</p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s anos depois do primeiro atendimento, procurou socorro m&#233;dico por desconforto epig&#225;strico de um dia de dura&#231;&#227;o, acompanhado de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, n&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos e sudorese. N&#227;o houve piora da dispn&#233;ia. </p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico (9.6.2005) revelou pulso regular, 68 batimentos por minuto, press&#227;o arterial 120/80 mmHg. O exame f&#237;sico de pulm&#245;es, cora&#231;&#227;o e abdome foi normal.</p>
    <p>A paciente fazia uso de enalapril 20 mg, hidroclorotiazida 50 mg, atenolol 100 mg, omeprazol 20 mg, sinvastatina 10 mg e metformina 850 mg di&#225;rios. </p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma mostrou (12h, 09/06/2005) ritmo sinusal, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 56 bpm, bloqueio atrioventricular de 1&#176; grau, dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS de 140 ms. Havia dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular do est&#237;mulo, tipo bloqueio ramo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0263-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ao ecocardiograma (09/06/2005) o septo interventricular mediu 17 mm; a parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 15 mm; o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (di&#225;stole/s&#237;stole), 44/26 mm; a aorta, 27 mm; e o &#225;trio esquerdo, 47 mm. A valva mitral apresentava movimento anterior sist&#243;lico e insufici&#234;ncia moderada. Foi diagnosticado gradiente de press&#227;o intraventricular esquerdo, n&#227;o aferido por dificuldade t&#233;cnica. Havia insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo direito foi estimada em 56 mmHg. N&#227;o havia altera&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas, nem de valvas a&#243;rtica e pulmonar.</p>
    <p>Novo eletrocardiograma revelou (5h, 10/06/2005) <italic>flutter</italic> atrial com bloqueio atrioventricular 5:1, alargamento de QRS (127 ms) e altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0263-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial (09/06/2005) mostrava creatinina 3 mg/dl; ur&#233;ia 150 mg/dl; hemoglobina 12,2 g/dl; hemat&#243;crito 37%; leuc&#243;citos 22.600 (bastonetes 10%, segmentados 80%, linf&#243;citos 4% e mon&#243;citos 5%); o exame de urina revelou leucocit&#250;ria 260.000/ml e hemat&#250;ria 60.000/ml, al&#233;m de glicos&#250;ria 27 g/l.</p>
    <p>A paciente evoluiu com choque s&#233;ptico, atribu&#237;do a foco infeccioso urin&#225;rio, rebaixamento de consci&#234;ncia necessitando intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal para suporte respirat&#243;rio. A manobra foi de dif&#237;cil consecu&#231;&#227;o e a paciente apresentou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em bradicardia, que passou a assistolia sem que houvesse resposta &#224;s manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o (7h, 10/06/2005).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de paciente do sexo feminino, idosa, hipertensa, diab&#233;tica, dislipid&#234;mica e obesa, que iniciou o acompanhamento m&#233;dico aos 68 anos de idade, com queixa de dispn&#233;ia aos esfor&#231;os habituais, desconforto precordial e sudorese. As in&#250;meras comorbidades apresentadas pela paciente constituem fatores de risco bem estabelecidos da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana&#185;, devendo ser essa a principal suspeita cl&#237;nica inicial.</p>
    <p>Apesar de a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ser t&#227;o prevalente no mundo inteiro, h&#225; grande dificuldade diagn&#243;stica em pacientes idosos, principalmente pelas diferentes formas de manifesta&#231;&#227;o nesse grupo espec&#237;fico&#185;. Nos idosos, a t&#237;pica angina relacionada aos esfor&#231;os ocorre em menos da metade dos portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. A manifesta&#231;&#227;o da angina pode ser menos intensa, ou at&#233; mesmo n&#227;o ocorrer, sendo muito freq&#252;ente a presen&#231;a de equivalentes anginosos, como a dispn&#233;ia. At&#233; a idade de 65 anos, a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana sintom&#225;tica &#233; maior no sexo masculino que no feminino, tornando-se equivalente em ambos os sexos ap&#243;s essa idade.</p>
    <p>Ainda com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hist&#243;ria da paciente, a manifesta&#231;&#227;o de dispn&#233;ia aos esfor&#231;os, al&#233;m de equivalente isqu&#234;mico, poderia tratar-se de manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Devemos lembrar, ainda, que a paciente apresentava m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, o que pode justificar a presen&#231;a de placas ateromatosas em vasos perif&#233;ricos, explicando sintomas compat&#237;veis com claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente.</p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, havia obesidade grau II e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica est&#225;gio III, com press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica de 110 mmHg. &#201; importante lembrar que dor precordial pode ocorrer em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlada, em raz&#227;o de aumento da tens&#227;o da parede ventricular esquerda, redu&#231;&#227;o da reserva coronariana e eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do mioc&#225;rdio&#178;<sup>-4</sup>. Foi descrita ainda, durante o exame f&#237;sico, a presen&#231;a de um sopro sist&#243;lico grau III/VI de car&#225;ter ejetivo em foco a&#243;rtico, com irradia&#231;&#227;o para regi&#227;o da ponta do cora&#231;&#227;o. Sabe-se que &#233; muito comum nessa faixa et&#225;ria a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#245;es em valva a&#243;rtica, justificando a presen&#231;a do sopro, al&#233;m de ser a causa mais comum de estenose a&#243;rtica no idoso, compartilhando os mesmos fatores de risco da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>5</sup>. No entanto, a irradia&#231;&#227;o classicamente descrita nesses casos faz-se em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224;s car&#243;tidas e n&#227;o para a ponta do cora&#231;&#227;o. Tal caracter&#237;stica, numa paciente hipertensa, faz-nos suspeitar de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica importante, com componente de obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma inicial revelava, como esperado, sinais de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o da alta probabilidade de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, foi solicitada, na ocasi&#227;o, cineangiocoronariografia. De forma surpreendente, o exame n&#227;o revelou obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial ou gradientes press&#243;ricos entre ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e aorta, o que torna improv&#225;veis os diagn&#243;sticos de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e estenose a&#243;rtica. Os sintomas seriam ent&#227;o todos atribu&#237;dos &#224; presen&#231;a da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>A paciente foi corretamente medicada com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS), inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA), hidroclorotiazida, estatina, betabloqueador, insulina e protetor g&#225;strico.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana estabelecida, o uso do AAS &#233; imperativo pela multiplicidade de fatores de risco apresentados pela paciente, associados ao diabete, conforme preconizado pelas diretrizes da <italic>American Diabetes Association</italic>. Quanto aos agentes anti-hipertensivos empregados, tamb&#233;m est&#227;o de acordo com as normas estabelecidas pelas diretrizes nacionais de tratamento de hipertens&#227;o, que preconizam o uso de diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos associados ao IECA como boas op&#231;&#245;es para uso inicial em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o grave, al&#233;m dos j&#225; conhecidos benef&#237;cios do uso de IECA para pacientes diab&#233;ticos<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes portadores de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica beneficiam-se com o uso de beta bloqueadores, pois esses agentes, ao reduzirem a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, prolongam o tempo de enchimento ventricular<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o subseq&#252;ente da paciente, no entanto, mostrou que as metas de controle de perfil lip&#237;dico e glicemia de jejum n&#227;o foram alcan&#231;adas, a despeito de medica&#231;&#227;o apropriada. Apesar disso, houve melhora significativa dos sintomas cardiovasculares no retorno ambulatorial. </p>
    <p>Durante o acompanhamento dessa paciente foram levantadas as suspeitas de miocardiopatia hipertensiva e de miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica prim&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s anos ap&#243;s a consulta inicial, a paciente retornou ao hospital com sintomas de desconforto epig&#225;strico, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, n&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos e sudorese, sem piora associada da dispn&#233;ia. O exame f&#237;sico mostrava, al&#233;m de controle adequado da press&#227;o arterial, exame f&#237;sico segmentar normal. O eletrocardiograma dessa ocasi&#227;o mostrava um bloqueio atrioventricular do primeiro grau, al&#233;m de dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular tipo bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, preexistente.</p>
    <p>Nesse momento foi realizado ent&#227;o o ecocardiograma, que mostrou hipertrofia ventricular sim&#233;trica, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de dimens&#245;es normais e aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo; havia ainda presen&#231;a de movimento anterior sist&#243;lico da valva mitral, insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada e gradiente de press&#227;o intraventricular esquerdo.</p>
    <p>O resultado do ecocardiograma confirmou a suspeita j&#225; existente de hipertrofia ventricular. No entanto, permanecia a d&#250;vida da etiologia da hipertrofia, sendo a causa mais prov&#225;vel a pr&#243;pria HAS, mas devendo-se tamb&#233;m considerar outras causas, como a miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica prim&#225;ria e as doen&#231;as infiltrativas do mioc&#225;rdio, como amiloidose.</p>
    <p>A hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica &#233; uma altera&#231;&#227;o inicial no curso do desenvolvimento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica provoca altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que se manifestam como hipertrofia e rigidez. A partir da&#237;, uma variedade de disfun&#231;&#245;es se segue, como diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade vasodilatadora coronariana, aumento da demanda metab&#243;lica do mioc&#225;rdio sem aumento correspondente da oferta, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, e, por fim, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>4</sup>. At&#233; 40% dos casos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos pacientes hipertensos s&#227;o relacionados a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica isolada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O ecocardiograma constitui um exame mais acurado e sens&#237;vel para identifica&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia ventricular do que o eletrocardiograma. A principal causa de hipertrofia ventricular &#233; a miocardiopatia hipertensiva; a hipertrofia ventricular nesses pacientes &#233; tipicamente sim&#233;trica e conc&#234;ntrica, como descrito na paciente em quest&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica prim&#225;ria &#233; uma doen&#231;a caracterizada por hipertrofia do mioc&#225;rdio, que determina aumento da espessura das paredes sem dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular, na aus&#234;ncia de outras condi&#231;&#245;es que possam justificar a hipertrofia, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, estenose a&#243;rtica, coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta, entre outras<sup>6</sup>. &#201;, portanto, um diagn&#243;stico de exclus&#227;o. &#201; transmitida de forma gen&#233;tica autoss&#244;mica dominante, sendo a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca mais comumente transmitida geneticamente. As muta&#231;&#245;es levam a modifica&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas que determinam disfun&#231;&#245;es, como altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento ventricular, isquemia e obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A doen&#231;a costuma ser diagnosticada entre os 30 e 40 anos de idade, embora seja tamb&#233;m encontrada desde natimortos a octogen&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos pacientes &#233; assintom&#225;tica (cerca de 80%), por&#233;m muitas vezes a morte s&#250;bita pode ser a &#250;nica manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, especialmente em pacientes jovens. Os sintomas s&#227;o, por ordem de freq&#252;&#234;ncia: dispn&#233;ia, precordialgia, palpita&#231;&#245;es, s&#237;ncope e pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope<sup>7</sup>. A intensidade de cada um deles depende da combina&#231;&#227;o dos quatro componentes fisiopatol&#243;gicos, que s&#227;o a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, a isquemia, as arritmias e a obstru&#231;&#227;o. As palpita&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o queixa comum e decorrem das arritmias ventriculares e supraventriculares freq&#252;entes nessa doen&#231;a. Nem sempre os sintomas da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica t&#234;m rela&#231;&#227;o direta com o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE, ou seja, alguns pacientes com hipertrofia grave podem permanecer assintom&#225;ticos por muitos anos; em outro extremo, a morte s&#250;bita pode ser sua manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial<sup>8</sup>. Em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos e sem obstru&#231;&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o exame f&#237;sico costuma ser normal. Nas formas obstrutivas, muitas vezes o sopro da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica &#233; similar ao da estenose a&#243;rtica, e uma das formas de diferenci&#225;-los &#233; pela irradia&#231;&#227;o, que se faz para a ponta do cora&#231;&#227;o, ao inv&#233;s do pesco&#231;o<sup>9</sup>. O eletrocardiograma de repouso est&#225; alterado em 90% dos pacientes, e n&#227;o h&#225; um padr&#227;o caracter&#237;stico da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Os principais achados s&#227;o sobrecarga de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com altera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e invers&#227;o da onda T, sobrecarga atrial esquerda e ondas Q anormais. &#201; tamb&#233;m freq&#252;ente a presen&#231;a de bloqueios e atraso de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular<sup>10-11</sup>. O ecocardiograma constitui exame fundamental para diagn&#243;stico da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, sendo os achados mais comuns: espessamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, principalmente do septo interventricular, ou seja, do tipo assim&#233;trico, maior que 15 mm, ou rela&#231;&#227;o entre septo e parede posterior &gt;1,3; a hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica &#233; assim&#233;trica em 2/3 dos casos; nos restantes, &#233; difusa e conc&#234;ntrica ou afeta um ou mais segmentos isolados do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Outras altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas s&#227;o movimento anterior sist&#243;lico da valva mitral, cavidade ventricular pequena e &#225;trio esquerdo aumentado<sup>10</sup>. Apesar de o movimento anterior sist&#243;lico mitral ser um importante achado na doen&#231;a, ele tamb&#233;m pode ocorrer na hipertrofia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo secund&#225;ria &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial, no cora&#231;&#227;o do atleta e em disfun&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral, principalmente quando a extens&#227;o do folheto posterior &#233; excessivamente longa.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes jovens assintom&#225;ticos devem ser acompanhados clinicamente e com controle ecocardiogr&#225;fico anual. Nos pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, a seq&#252;&#234;ncia proposta atualmente &#233; de tratamento cl&#237;nico (com betabloqueadores ou bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio), marcapasso atrioventricular, oclus&#227;o do ramo septal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior pelo &#225;lcool e cardiomiectomia<sup>8</sup>. H&#225; ainda situa&#231;&#245;es de indica&#231;&#227;o de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel em pacientes com arritmias ventriculares complexas, ou em pacientes com v&#225;rios fatores de risco para morte s&#250;bita, como morte recuperada, s&#237;ncope recorrente, idade menor que 20 anos e espessura mioc&#225;rdica maior que 35 mm<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na paciente em quest&#227;o, alguns aspectos apontam a favor do diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica: sintomas de dispn&#233;ia e dor precordial, presen&#231;a de sopro sist&#243;lico em foco a&#243;rtico, com irradia&#231;&#227;o para regi&#227;o da ponta do cora&#231;&#227;o, evid&#234;ncia de sobrecarga de VE e dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o no eletrocardiograma, melhora importante dos sintomas com o uso do betabloqueador, al&#233;m dos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos: septo de 17 mm, cavidades ventriculares pequenas, &#225;trio esquerdo aumentado, movimento anterior sist&#243;lico da valva mitral e gradiente de press&#227;o intraventricular.</p>
    <p>Outros aspectos, no entanto, falam contra esse diagn&#243;stico, como: idade, hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o - outra causa que justifica a hipertrofia - e o fato de ela ser sim&#233;trica (rela&#231;&#227;o septo/parede livre = 1,1).</p>
    <p>Por fim, devem-se ainda considerar as causas infiltrativas de espessamento da parede ventricular na rela&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais, como a cardiomiopatia da amiloidose, que &#233; a mais comum.</p>
    <p>O acometimento card&#237;aco da amiloidose deve-se &#224; infiltra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por prote&#237;nas amil&#243;ides, que t&#234;m baixo peso molecular e s&#227;o consideradas subunidades prot&#233;icas derivadas de prote&#237;nas normais ou aberrantes<sup>12</sup>. A classifica&#231;&#227;o da amiloidose &#233; baseada na estrutura qu&#237;mica das fibrilas amil&#243;ides; a forma prim&#225;ria &#233; decorrente do dep&#243;sito de imunoglobulinas de cadeia leve; a secund&#225;ria decorre de dep&#243;sito reativo de imunoglobulinas denominadas de amil&#243;ide A e &#233; associada a doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, infecciosas e inflamat&#243;rias. As formas familiar e senil s&#227;o entidades distintas e n&#227;o devem ser confundidas com amiloidoses secund&#225;rias. O envolvimento card&#237;aco na amiloidose ocorre independentemente da etiologia da infiltra&#231;&#227;o amil&#243;ide, geralmente associada a acometimentos de outros &#243;rg&#227;os. Dep&#243;sitos de subst&#226;ncia amil&#243;ide podem ocorrer nos elementos contr&#225;teis, sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, valvas e art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. O acometimento card&#237;aco ocorre em at&#233; 1/3 dos casos de amiloidose, sendo a maioria dos casos da forma prim&#225;ria. </p>
    <p>As formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica s&#227;o variadas, desde insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, cardiomiopatia restritiva, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, taquicardia ventricular, angina, disfun&#231;&#245;es valvares, s&#237;ncope e at&#233; morte s&#250;bita por fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>12</sup>. No ECG observam-se baixa voltagem de complexo QRS, altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o e dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o. O ecocardiograma mostra pontos de hiper-refring&#234;ncia disseminados pelo m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco e aparelho valvar. A valva mitral &#233; a mais acometida. A bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica de ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; o m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico que permite a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica da subst&#226;ncia amil&#243;ide. A evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica individual &#233; imprevis&#237;vel. A deposi&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncia amil&#243;ide &#233; mais r&#225;pida em pacientes jovens com amiloidose prim&#225;ria, e mais lenta nos casos de amiloidose senil. O tratamento da amiloidose baseia-se na detec&#231;&#227;o da desordem subjacente e controle dos sintomas.</p>
    <p>Alguns aspectos no caso descrito favorecem o diagn&#243;stico, tais como idade avan&#231;ada da paciente, propens&#227;o a arritmias como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e <italic>flutter</italic>, presen&#231;a de bloqueios atrioventriculares, sintomas como dispn&#233;ia e dor precordial, e aumento da espessura ventricular ao ecocardiograma. No entanto, aspectos que falam contra esse diagn&#243;stico s&#227;o: os crit&#233;rios de alta voltagem no ECG, aus&#234;ncia de achados sugestivos ao ecocardiograma. </p>
    <p>A paciente em quest&#227;o deu entrada ao hospital com dor epig&#225;strica, n&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos e sudorese, sem sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar. No novo ECG foi identificado <italic>flutter</italic> atrial. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial houve piora importante da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e leucocitose de 22.600, com desvio &#224; esquerda (10% de bast&#245;es). O resultado da an&#225;lise da urina nos faz suspeitar de choque s&#233;ptico de foco urin&#225;rio. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 68 bpm nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, em que esperar&#237;amos taquicardia, &#233; justificada pelo uso de betabloqueadores. &#201; importante ainda lembrar que em pacientes idosos os quadros infecciosos costumam manifestar-se na aus&#234;ncia de febre, como no caso descrito. Na tentativa de intuba&#231;&#227;o, a paciente apresentou bradicardia provavelmente secund&#225;ria a hip&#243;xia, e conseq&#252;ente assistolia, evoluindo ent&#227;o para &#243;bito. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>(Dra. Luciana Freitas Feitosa, Dr. Andr&#233; Coelho Marques)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Causa do &#243;bito: choque s&#233;ptico de foco urin&#225;rio. </p>
    <p>Doen&#231;a circulat&#243;ria: hipertens&#227;o arterial com miocardiopatia hipertensiva; com menor probabilidade miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica prim&#225;ria e, mais remotamente, miocardiopatia infiltrativa. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>(Dra. Luciana Freitas Feitosa, Dr. Andr&#233; Coelho Marques)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Necropsia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o mostrava-se moderadamente aumentado de volume, tendo pesado 552 g, e exibia hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). A parede livre dessa c&#226;mara e o septo ventricular (regi&#227;o basal) apresentavam espessura de 20 e 27 mm, respectivamente. Havia espessamento endoc&#225;rdico irregular, com aspecto de placa esbranqui&#231;ada na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e correspondente espessamento fibroso da c&#250;spide anterior da valva mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig. 5</xref>). O exame histol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio evidenciou hipertrofia dos cardiomi&#243;citos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que apresentavam extensas &#225;reas de desarranjo dessas c&#233;lulas, tanto na parede livre como no septo ventricular, perfazendo cerca de 15% a 20% da &#225;rea amostrada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">fig. 6</xref>). Havia ainda discreta miocardioesclerose e focos de miocit&#243;lise liquefativa no mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, predominando em regi&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica, al&#233;m de n&#237;tido espessamento da parede de arter&#237;olas intramurais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">fig. 6</xref>). As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas n&#227;o apresentavam les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas significativas.</p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0263-00009-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0263-00009-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0263-00009-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Havia c&#225;lculo &#250;nico impactado na pelve do rim esquerdo, medindo 12 mm. O rim esquerdo pesou 206 g, mostrando ao exame histol&#243;gico pielonefrite aguda caracterizada por extenso infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio neutrof&#237;lico intratubular e intersticial, presente na cortical e medular, com forma&#231;&#227;o de microabcessos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07">fig. 7</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0263-00009-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A aorta exibia aterosclerose discreta, com raras placas calcificadas. Havia esteatose hep&#225;tica, assim como aspecto reacional desse &#243;rg&#227;o e tamb&#233;m do ba&#231;o. Encontrou-se c&#225;lculo &#250;nico preenchendo a ves&#237;cula biliar, medindo 55 mm. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, com discreta assimetria septal; calculose urin&#225;ria; calculose da ves&#237;cula biliar; pielonefrite aguda &#224; esquerda (causa do &#243;bito). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Caso de mulher com 71 anos de idade, apresentando hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabete melito, dislipidemia, obesidade e evid&#234;ncias de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda aos exames subsidi&#225;rios. Apresentou melhora dos sintomas com medica&#231;&#227;o, e tr&#234;s anos ap&#243;s o primeiro atendimento foi internada com infec&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria, evoluindo com choque hemodin&#226;mico e &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>A necropsia revelou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda conc&#234;ntrica, ou seja, sem dilata&#231;&#227;o, que &#224; primeira vista poderia ser secund&#225;ria &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Entretanto, o diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre cardiopatia hipertensiva e cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica foi necess&#225;rio nesse caso, concluindo-se pelo &#250;ltimo. Assim, temos que o espessamento fibroso da c&#250;spide anterior da valva mitral, com les&#227;o "em espelho" no endoc&#225;rdio da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, presente no atual caso, apesar de sugestivo, n&#227;o &#233; patognom&#244;nico da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica<sup>13</sup>. Da mesma forma, a discreta assimetria septal encontrada, com rela&#231;&#227;o septo/parede livre de 1,35, tamb&#233;m pode ocorrer na cardiopatia hipertensiva<sup>13</sup>. Entretanto, o exame histol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio, revelando extenso desarranjo de cardiomi&#243;citos, presente em 15% a 20% da &#225;rea amostrada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, selou o diagn&#243;stico da cardiomiopatia. &#201; importante notar que o desarranjo pode ocorrer na hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica secund&#225;ria, como na cardiopatia hipertensiva; por&#233;m, nesses casos, ele n&#227;o &#233; exuberante, ocorrendo no m&#225;ximo em 5% da &#225;rea ventricular<sup>13-15</sup>. Outro achado histol&#243;gico interessante descrito na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e presente no caso apresentado &#233; o acentuado espessamento da parede de arter&#237;olas coron&#225;rias intramurais, que pode contribuir para a g&#234;nese de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A causa terminal do &#243;bito foi infec&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria com pielonefrite aguda, devendo-se salientar a presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o fixa, com grande c&#225;lculo impactado na pelve renal esquerda. Al&#233;m disso, a paciente era portadora de diabete melito, que sabidamente &#233; fator predisponente a complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas. Interessante notar que apesar da presen&#231;a de v&#225;rios fatores de risco, n&#227;o havia aterosclerose grave da aorta ou das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas, que apresentavam luz ampla. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretrizes de doen&#231;a coronariana cr&#244;nica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 83 (supl 2): 2-43.</p>
    <p>2. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Comittee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Tratment of High Blood Pressure. JAMA. 2003; 289: 2560-72.</p>
    <p>3. Hunter J, Chien K. Signaling pathways for cardiac hypertrophy and failure. N Eng J Med. 1999; 341: 1276-83.</p>
    <p>4. Dunn F, Pfeffer M. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 1270-80.</p>
    <p>5. Stewart BF, Siscovick D, Lind BK, Gardin JM, Gottdiener JS, Smith VE, et al. Clinical factors associated with calcific aortic valve disease. Cardiovascular Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 29: 630-4.</p>
    <p>6. Maron BJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 1997; 350: 127-33.</p>
    <p>7. Maron BJ, Bonow RO,Cannon RO 3rd, Leon MB, Epstein SE. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: interrelations of clinical manifestations, pathophysiology and therapy. N Eng J Med. 1987; 316: 780-9.</p>
    <p>8. Maron BJ, Mc Kenna WJ and ACCF Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Member. American College of Cardiology; Committee for Practice Guidelines. European Society of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42: 1687-713.</p>
    <p>9. Spirito P, Seidman CE, McKenna WJ, Maron BJ The management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Eng J Med. 1997; 336: 775-85.</p>
    <p>10. Holmes DR, Nishimura RA. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. N Eng J Med. 2004; 350: 1320-7.</p>
    <p>11. Braunwald E. Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005.</p>
    <p>12. Mc Carthy RE, Kasper EK. A review of the amiloidosis that infiltrates the heart. Clin Cardiol. 1998; 21, 547-52. </p>
    <p>13. Maron BJ, Epstein SE. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: recent observation regarding the specificity of three hallmarks of the disease: asymmetric septal hypertrophy, septal disorganization and systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet. Am J Cardiol. 1980; 45: 141-54.</p>
    <p>14. Maron BJ, Anan TJ, Roberts WC. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of cardiac muscle cell disorganization in the left ventricular wall of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1981; 63: 882-94.</p>
    <p>15. Davies MJ. The current status of myocardial disarray in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J. 1984; 51: 361-3.</p>
    <p>16. Maron BJ, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE, Roberts WC. Intramural ("small vessel") coronary artery disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986; 8: 545-57.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Vera D. Aiello </p>
        <p> InCor &#150; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
    <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>) Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 5/2007: a 71 year-old diabetic and hypertensive female with left ventricular hypertrophy and epigastric pain</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ANATOMOPATHOLOGICAL SESSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Case 5/2007 - A 71 year-old diabetic and hypertensive female with left ventricular hypertrophy and epigastric pain</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luciana Freitas Feitosa; Andr&#233; Coelho Marques; Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertension; aged; diabetes mellitus; hypertrophy, left ventricular; abdominal pain.</p>
      <p>A 71-year-old female patient sought medical care due to epigastric discomfort for one day.</p>
      <p>The patient was first seen at this hospital at the age of 68 (June 2002). At that time, she had complaints of dyspnea triggered by routine efforts and accompanied by precordial discomfort and sweating. She also complained of pain in her calves during routine efforts.</p>
      <p>The patient knew that she had arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. At the age of 38 she had undergone gastrectomy for a peptic ulcer.</p>
      <p>On the first physical examination (June 2002) her weight was 93 kg, height 1.62 m, body mass index 35.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, heart rate 88 beats per minute, and blood pressure 170/110 mmHg. Lung examination was normal, whereas heart examination revealed a systolic ejection murmur +++/4+ in the aortic area radiating towards the cardiac apex. Abdomen examination was normal. Pulses in the lower limbs were weak.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram (May 29, 2002) showed sinus rhythm, heart rate of 66 bpm, first-degree atrioventricular block, left chamber overload, intraventricular stimulus conduction disorder (left bundle branch block-type), as well as ST-segment and T-wave alterations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0263-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Laboratory test findings (May 2002) were: hemoglobin 13.4 g/dl, hematocrit 40%, creatinine 0.9 mg/dl, sodium 139 mEq/l, and potassium 4.8 mEq/l.</p>
      <p>Cardiac catheterization (May 17, 2002) revealed normal left ventricular (140/0/14 mmHg) and aortic (140/70 mmHg) pressures. Coronary angiography and left ventriculography were normal.</p>
      <p>The patient was diagnosed with hypertensive heart disease, type II diabetes mellitus, systemic hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia. The possibility of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was also considered, and an echocardiogram was ordered.</p>
      <p>The treatment prescribed included aspirin (200 mg), enalapril (10 mg), hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg), ranitidine (300 mg), simvastatin (40 mg), atenolol (100 mg), and insulin (subcutaneous 65 U in the morning and 15 U at night).</p>
      <p>Subsequent laboratory findings (January 2003) were: cholesterol 302 mg/dl (HDL-cholesterol 39 mg/dl, LDL-cholesterol 195 mg/dl), triglycerides 338 mg/dl, fasting glucose 176 mg/dl, and glycated hemoglobin 13.8%. Creatinine clearance was 89 ml/kg <sup>&#150;1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The patient was seen at the outpatient unit (June 27, 2002, February 4, 2003, October 28, 2003, and August 3, 2004) and her symptoms improved with the medications prescribed, and, even though dyspnea triggered by intense physical exertion persisted, the patient did not undergo an echocardiogram.</p>
      <p>Three years after she was first seen, the patient sought medical care because of epigastric discomfort for one day, along with presyncope, nausea, vomiting, and sweating. No worsening of dyspnea was observed.</p>
      <p>On physical examination (June 9, 2005), pulse was regular (68 beats per minute) and arterial blood pressure was 120/80 mmHg. Examinations of the lungs, heart and abdomen were normal.</p>
      <p>The patient was taking enalapril 20mg, hydrochlorothiazide 50mg, atenolol 100mg, omeprazol 20 mg, simvastatin 10 mg, and metformin 850 mg on a daily basis.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram (June 9, 2005 at 12:00 noon) showed sinus rhythm, a heart rate of 56 bpm, first degree atrioventricular block, and QRS complex duration of 140 ms. Intraventricular stimulus conduction disorder (left bundle branch block-type) was noted (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0263-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The echocardiogram (June 9, 2005) showed an interventricular septum measuring 17 mm, posterior left ventricular wall of 15 mm, left ventricle (diastole/systole) 44/26 mm, aorta 27 mm, and left atrium, 47 mm. The mitral valve showed anterior systolic motion and moderate insufficiency. A left intraventricular pressure gradient was observed but not measured due to technical difficulties. Moderate tricuspid insufficiency was noted, and the right ventricular systolic pressure was estimated to be 56 mmHg. No abnormalities were seen in the pericardium or aortic and pulmonary valves.</p>
      <p>A new electrocardiogram performed on June 10, 2005, at 5:00 am showed atrial <italic>flutter</italic> with a 5:1 atrioventricular block, widening of the QRS complex (127 ms), and alterations in ventricular repolarization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0263-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Laboratory findings on June 9, 2005 were: creatinine 3 mg/dl, urea 150 mg/dl, hemoglobin 12.2 g/dl, hematocrit 37%, leukocytes 22,600/ml (10% band cells, 80% segmented cells, 4% lymphocytes, and 5% monocytes); the urine test revealed 260,000/ml urinary leukocytes and 60,000/ml hematuria, as well as 27 g/l glycosuria.</p>
      <p>The patient progressed to septic shock, attributed to a urinary infection, and lowered level of consciousness requiring orotracheal intubation for ventilatory assistance. The maneuver was difficult to perform, and the patient went into cardiorespiratory arrest with bradycardia that progressed to asystole; resuscitation maneuvers were unsuccessful (June 10, 2005, at 7:00 am).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical Aspects:</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is the case of an elderly female, hypertensive, diabetic, dyslipidemic and obese patient, who had begun medical treatment at the age of 68, presenting with complaints of dyspnea triggered by routine efforts, precordial discomfort, and sweating. The patient&#146;s numerous comorbidities are well-established risk factors for coronary artery disease&#185;, and this was the main initial clinical suspicion.</p>
      <p>Despite a high worldwide prevalence, it is difficult to diagnose coronary artery disease in elderly patients mainly because of its different forms of manifestation in this specific age group&#185;. In elderly people, typical exertion-related angina occurs in less than half of coronary artery disease cases. Angina manifestations can be less intense or not occur at all, and angina-like equivalents, such as dyspnea, are quite common. Up to the age of 65, the prevalence of symptomatic coronary artery disease is greater among men than women; after this age, both genders are equally affected.</p>
      <p>As to the patient in question, the manifestation of exertion-related dyspnea and the ischemic equivalent can be the first signs of heart failure. It is also noteworthy that the patient had multiple risk factors for atherosclerotic disease, which may explain the presence of atheromatous plaques in the peripheral vessels and symptoms consistent with intermittent claudication.</p>
      <p>On physical examination, the patient was considered as having grade-II obesity and level-III systemic blood pressure, with a diastolic blood pressure of 110 mmHg. It is also important to remember that precordial pain may affect patients with uncontrolled hypertension due to increased tension in the left ventricular wall, reduced coronary reserve, and elevated myocardial final diastolic pressure<sup>2-4</sup>. During the physical examination, a grade-III/VI systolic ejection murmur was also described in the aortic area radiating towards the heart apex. It is well known that calcifications in the aortic valve are very common in this age group, which may explain the presence of the murmur; calcifications are also the most common cause of aortic stenosis in the elderly, as they present the same risk factors as atherosclerotic disease<sup>5</sup>. However, the typical radiation of pain described in these cases is towards the carotids, and not towards the heart apex. In a hypertensive patient, this characteristic leads us to the hypothesis of significant myocardial hypertrophy, with a component of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.</p>
      <p>As expected, the initial electrocardiogram revealed signs of left ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>Due to the high probability of coronary artery disease, on that occasion the patient was referred for coronary angiography. Surprisingly, the exam did not reveal artery obstruction or pressure gradients between the left ventricle and the aorta, which makes the diagnoses of coronary artery disease and aortic stenosis unlikely. Symptoms would thus be all attributable to the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>The patient was appropriately medicated with aspirin, angiotensin conversion enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), hydrochlorothiazide, statin, beta-blocker, insulin, and a gastric protection agent.</p>
      <p>It is important to emphasize that, even with no evidence of established coronary artery disease, the use of aspirin is mandatory according to the American Diabetes Association guidelines, due to the multiple risk factors and association with diabetes the patient presented. The antihypertensive agents used are also in conformance with the national guidelines for the treatment of hypertension, which recommend the use of thiazide diuretic agents associated with ACEI as effective alternatives for the initial treatment of patients with severe hypertension, not to mention the known benefits of ACEI for diabetic patients<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients with myocardial hypertrophy benefit from the use of beta-blockers, as these agents prolong the ventricular filling time by reducing the heart rate<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, a subsequent evaluation showed that, despite the appropriate medication the patient received, the goals established to control the lipid profile and fasting blood glucose were not met. Even so, a significant improvement of the cardiovascular symptoms was noted when the patient returned to the outpatient unit.</p>
      <p>During the follow-up period, hypertensive myocardiopathy and primary hypertrophic myocardiopathy were suspected. </p>
      <p>Three years after the initial consultation, the patient returned to the hospital with symptoms of epigastric discomfort, presyncope, nausea, vomiting, and sweating, but with no worsening of the dyspnea. Besides an adequate control of the arterial blood pressure, the segment physical examination was normal. On this occasion, the electrocardiogram showed a first-degree atrioventricular block, besides a pre-existing intraventricular conduction disorder (left bundle branch block-type).</p>
      <p>An echocardiogram was performed, which revealed symmetrical ventricular hypertrophy, normal-sized left ventricle, and enlarged left atrium; anterior systolic motion of the mitral valve, moderate mitral insufficiency, and left intraventricular pressure gradient were also observed.</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram results confirmed the suspected ventricular hypertrophy. Nevertheless, the etiology of the hypertrophy remained unknown, and was most probably the cause of the systemic arterial hypertension itself, although other causes should also be considered such as primary hypertrophic myocardiopathy and myocardial infiltrating diseases, e.g., amyloidosis.</p>
      <p>Myocardial hypertrophy is one of the first changes to occur over the course of heart failure progression. Systemic arterial hypertension causes structural alterations in the left ventricle manifested as hypertrophy and rigidity. From there on, a variety of dysfunctions follows, such as reduced coronary vasodilation capacity, increased myocardial metabolic demand without a corresponding increase in blood flow, diastolic dysfunction, and ultimately, isolated left ventricular systolic dysfunction<sup>4</sup>. Up to 40% of heart failure cases in hypertensive patients are due to isolated left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Echocardiography is more accurate and sensitive than electrocardiography in identifying ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertensive myocardiopathy is the main cause of ventricular hypertrophy, which is typically symmetrical and concentric as was the case with the patient in question.</p>
      <p>Primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a disease characterized by hypertrophy of the myocardium that determines thickening of the walls without left ventricular dilation, in the absence of other conditions that could justify the hypertrophy, such as systemic arterial hypertension, aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, to name a few<sup>6</sup>. It is, therefore, a diagnosis by exclusion. Transmitted as an autosomal dominant genetic disease, it is the most common genetically transmitted heart disease. Mutations lead to anatomical changes that determine dysfunctions, such as alterations in ventricular relaxation, ischemia, and obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract. The disease is usually diagnosed between 30 and 40 years of age, but is also seen in stillborn babies and people over 80 years of age.</p>
      <p>Most patients (approximately 80%) have no symptoms, and sudden death may often be the only manifestation of the disease, especially among young people. Symptoms in order of frequency are: dyspnea, precordialgia, palpitations, syncope, and presyncope<sup>7</sup>. The intensity of each symptom depends on the combination of the four physiopathological components of the disease: diastolic dysfunction, ischemia, arrhythmias, and obstruction. Palpitations are a common complaint and are caused by the frequent ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias in this disease. The symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy do not always have a direct relationship with the degree of obstruction of the LV outflow tract, i.e., some patients with severe hypertrophy can remain asymptomatic for many years; at the other extreme, sudden death can be the first manifestation<sup>8</sup>. In asymptomatic patients without left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, the physical examination is usually normal. In the hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy form of the disease, the heart murmur is often similar to that of aortic stenosis, and one way to distinguish them is by its radiation towards the apex of the heart instead of towards the neck.<sup>9</sup> The resting electrocardiogram is altered in 90% of the patients, and there is no characteristic pattern for the disease.</p>
      <p>The main findings are left ventricular overload, with ST-segment alterations and T-wave inversion, left atrial overload, and abnormal Q-waves. Blocks and delayed intraventricular conduction are also commonly seen<sup>10-11</sup>. The echocardiogram is a fundamental test for the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and the most common findings are left ventricular thickening, especially of the interventricular septum, i.e., asymmetrical, larger than 15 mm, or a &gt;1.3 ratio between the septum and the posterior wall. Myocardial hypertrophy is asymmetrical in 2/3 of the cases, and, in the remaining cases, it is diffuse and concentric or it affects one or more isolated segments of the left ventricle. Other suggestive alterations are anterior systolic motion of the mitral valve, small ventricular cavity, and enlarged left atrium<sup>10</sup>. Despite being an important finding in the disease, the anterior systolic motion of the mitral valve can also occur in left ventricular hypertrophy secondary to arterial hypertension, in hearts of athletes, and in mitral valve dysfunction, primarily when the extension of the posterior leaflet is excessively long.</p>
      <p>Young asymptomatic patients should be followed clinically and with annual echocardiographies. In symptomatic patients, the sequence currently proposed is the clinical treatment (with beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers), implantation of an atrioventricular pacemaker, alcohol occlusion of a septal branch of the anterior descending artery, and cardiomyectomy<sup>8</sup>. There are also situations with indications for implantation of cardioverter defibrillators, such as in patients with complex ventricular arrhythmias or patients with several risk factors for sudden death, prior resuscitation, recurring syncope, patients under 20 years of age, and a myocardial thickness greater than 35 mm<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the patient in question, some aspects favor the diagnosis of hypertrophic myocardiopathy: symptoms of dyspnea and precordial pain, aortic systolic murmur radiating towards the apex of the heart, evidence of LV overload and conduction disorders on the electrocardiogram, significant symptom improvement with beta-blockers, as well as echocardiographic findings: 17 mm septum, small ventricular cavities, enlarged left atrium, anterior systolic motion of the mitral valve, and intraventricular pressure gradient.</p>
      <p>However, other aspects contradict this diagnosis: age, history of hypertension - another cause that explains hypertrophy - and the fact that it is symmetrical (a 1.1 septum/free wall ratio).</p>
      <p>Finally, the differential diagnosis, infiltrative causes of ventricular wall thickening, such as amyloid cardiomyopathy, the most common, should also be considered.</p>
      <p>Cardiac amyloidosis is caused by infiltration of the myocardium by amyloid proteins, considered low-molecular-weight protein subunits derived from normal or aberrant proteins<sup>12</sup>. The classification of amyloidosis is based on the chemical structure of the amyloid fibrils; primary amyloidosis results from deposition of light-chain immunoglobulins; secondary amyloidosis is associated with chronic, infectious and inflammatory diseases and results from a reactive deposition of immunoglobulins called A-amyloid immunoglobulins. The familial and senile forms are separate entities that should not be mistaken for secondary amyloidosis. Cardiac involvement in amyloidosis occurs regardless of the etiology of the amyloid infiltration, and is typically associated with involvement of other organs. Amyloid substance may be deposited in the contractile elements, conduction system, valves, and coronary arteries. Cardiac involvement occurs in up to 1/3 of the cases of amyloidosis, usually as the primary form of the disease.</p>
      <p>Clinical presentations vary from congestive heart failure, restrictive cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, conduction disorders, ventricular tachycardia, angina, valve dysfunctions, syncope, to sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation<sup>12</sup>. The ECG shows low-voltage of the QRS complex, repolarization alterations, and conduction disorders. The echocardiogram shows hyper-refringent points spread throughout the cardiac muscle and the valve apparatus, in which the mitral valve is the most affected. Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy is the diagnostic method used to characterize the histology of the amyloid substance. Individual clinical progression is unpredictable. The deposition of amyloid substance occurs at a faster pace in young patients with primary amyloidosis, and more slowly in senile amyloidosis. The treatment of amyloidosis is based on detection of the underlying disorder and control of symptoms.</p>
      <p>A few aspects of the case hereby described favor the diagnosis, such as the patient&#146;s advanced age, the tendency towards arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and <italic>flutter</italic>, the presence of atrioventricular blocks, symptoms such as dyspnea and precordial pain, and increased ventricular thickness shown on the echocardiogram. However, other aspects that contradict this diagnosis are the criteria of high-voltage on the ECG and the lack of suggestive findings on the echocardiogram. </p>
      <p>The patient was admitted with epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and sweating, with no signs of pulmonary congestion. The new ECG showed atrial <italic>flutter</italic>. Laboratory tests showed a significant worsening of the renal function and leukocytosis of 22,600 cells/ml with a left shift (10% of band cells). The urine test findings suggest septic shock with a urinary site of infection. The use of beta-blockers may explain the 68 bpm heart rate in this situation, when tachycardia would be expected. It is also important to remember that in elderly patients infections may occur in the absence of fever, as in the case we describe. When intubation was attempted, the patient experienced bradycardia, probably secondary to hypoxia, with consequent asystole that led to her death.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Dr. Luciana Freitas Feitosa and Dr. Andr&#233; Coelho Marques)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Diagnostic hypothesis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cause of death: septic shock stemming from a urinary infection.</p>
      <p>Circulatory disease: arterial hypertension with hypertensive myocardiopathy; primary hypertrophic myocardiopathy is less probable and, infiltrative myocardiopathy is remotely probable.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Dr. Luciana Freitas Feitosa and Dr. Andr&#233; Coelho Marques)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Autopsy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The heart volume was moderately enlarged, weighing 552g and exhibiting left ventricular concentric hypertrophy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>). The thickness of the free wall of this chamber and the ventricular septum (base region) was 20 and 27 mm thick, respectively. The endocardium showed irregular thickening with a whitish plaque appearance at the left ventricular outflow tract and a corresponding fibrous thickening of the anterior mitral leaflet (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>). The histological examination of the myocardium showed evidence of hypertrophy of left ventricular cardiomyocytes, with extensive areas of disorganization of these cells, both in the free wall and in the ventricular septum, totaling about 15% to 20% of the area shown (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06-body2">Figure 6</xref>). There was also discreet myocardiosclerosis and foci of liquefactive myocytolysis in the left ventricular myocardium, predominantly in the subendocardial region, besides evident thickening of the intramural arteriolar walls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06-body2">Figure 6</xref>). The epicardial coronary arteries showed no significant atherosclerotic lesions.</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0263-00009-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0263-00009-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0263-00009-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A single impacted calculus measuring 12 mm was found in the pelvis of the left kidney. The left kidney weighed 206 g, and the histological examination showed acute pyelonephritis characterized by extensive intratubular and interstitial inflammatory neutroph&#237;lic infiltrate in the cortical and medullar areas, with formation of microabscesses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07-body2">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0263-00009-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The aorta exhibited discreet atherosclerosis, with rare calcified plaques. There was hepatic steatosis, as well as a reactional aspect in this organ and in the spleen. A single calculus measuring 55 mm was found in the gallbladder.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anatomopathological diagnoses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with discreet septal asymmetry; urinary calculosis; gallbladder calculosis; left acute pyelonephritis (cause of the death).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is the case of a 71-year-old woman with systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, and evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy on ancillary tests. The patient&#146;s symptoms improved with medication, and three years after she first sought medical care, she was admitted to the hospital with a urinary infection, and progressed to hemodynamic shock and death.</p>
      <p>The autopsy revealed concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, i.e., without dilation, which at first sight could be secondary to systemic arterial hypertension. In this case, however, a differential diagnosis had to be made between hypertensive cardiopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and the latter conclusion was reached. Therefore, the fibrous thickening of the anterior mitral leaflet with a "mirror" lesion in the endocardium of the left ventricular outflow tract present in this patient, despite being suggestive, is not pathognomonic of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy<sup>13</sup>. Similarly, the discreet septal asymmetry observed, with a septum/free wall ratio of 1.35, may also occur in hypertensive cardiopathy<sup>13</sup>. However, the histological examination of the myocardium, which showed extensive disorganization of cardiomyocytes in 15% to 20% of the left ventricular area sampled, confirmed the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy. It is worth mentioning that cell disarrangement may occur in secondary myocardial hypertrophy, such as in hypertensive cardiopathy, but it is not as exuberant and involves up to 5% of the ventricular area<sup>13-15</sup>. Another interesting histological finding described in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and present in this patient is the accentuated thickening of the intramural arteriolar coronary walls, which may contribute to the genesis of myocardial ischemia<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The final cause of death was urinary infection and acute pyelonephritis, with the presence of a fixed obstruction by a large calculus impacted in the left renal pelvis. Moreover, the patient had diabetes mellitus, a known predisposing factor for infectious complications. Interestingly, despite the presence of several risk factors, no severe atherosclerosis was observed in the aorta or epicardial coronary arteries, which had ample lumens.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretrizes de doen&#231;a coronariana cr&#244;nica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 83 (supl 2): 2-43.</p>
      <p>2. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Comittee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Tratment of High Blood Pressure. JAMA. 2003; 289: 2560-72.</p>
      <p>3. Hunter J, Chien K. Signaling pathways for cardiac hypertrophy and failure. N Eng J Med. 1999; 341: 1276-83.</p>
      <p>4. Dunn F, Pfeffer M. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 1270-80.</p>
      <p>5. Stewart BF, Siscovick D, Lind BK, Gardin JM, Gottdiener JS, Smith VE, et al. Clinical factors associated with calcific aortic valve disease. Cardiovascular Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 29: 630-4.</p>
      <p>6. Maron BJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 1997; 350: 127-33.</p>
      <p>7. Maron BJ, Bonow RO,Cannon RO 3rd, Leon MB, Epstein SE. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: interrelations of clinical manifestations, pathophysiology and therapy. N Eng J Med. 1987; 316: 780-9.</p>
      <p>8. Maron BJ, Mc Kenna WJ and ACCF Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Member. American College of Cardiology; Committee for Practice Guidelines. European Society of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42: 1687-713.</p>
      <p>9. Spirito P, Seidman CE, McKenna WJ, Maron BJ The management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Eng J Med. 1997; 336: 775-85.</p>
      <p>10. Holmes DR, Nishimura RA. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. N Eng J Med. 2004; 350: 1320-7.</p>
      <p>11. Braunwald E. Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005.</p>
      <p>12. Mc Carthy RE, Kasper EK. A review of the amiloidosis that infiltrates the heart. Clin Cardiol. 1998; 21, 547-52. </p>
      <p>13. Maron BJ, Epstein SE. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: recent observation regarding the specificity of three hallmarks of the disease: asymmetric septal hypertrophy, septal disorganization and systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet. Am J Cardiol. 1980; 45: 141-54.</p>
      <p>14. Maron BJ, Anan TJ, Roberts WC. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of cardiac muscle cell disorganization in the left ventricular wall of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1981; 63: 882-94.</p>
      <p>15. Davies MJ. The current status of myocardial disarray in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J. 1984; 51: 361-3.</p>
      <p>16. Maron BJ, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE, Roberts WC. Intramural ("small vessel") coronary artery disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986; 8: 545-57.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Vera D. Aiello</p>
          <p> InCor</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Section Editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Associated Editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>) Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Por fim, devem-se ainda considerar as causas infiltrativas de espessamento da parede ventricular na rela&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais, como a cardiomiopatia da amiloidose, que &#233; a mais comum.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
