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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9TyjqgQjJpWHc7wVtwB5rBK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001600007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900407</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001600007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica para preven&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia renal em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada e hiponatremia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Sarli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangini</surname>
            <given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Moreno Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Humberto Naves de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chizzola</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Moreira Ayub</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>251</fpage>
      <lpage>255</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Hiponatremia e fen&#244;menos congestivos indicam mau progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada. A ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal est&#225; associada a aumento do risco de morte. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da solu&#231;&#227;o hipert&#244;nica em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada para preven&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia renal. M&#201;TODOS: Participaram do estudo pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, congest&#227;o e hiponatremia. Al&#233;m do tratamento padr&#227;o, os pacientes receberam solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica, e foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o tanto cl&#237;nica como laboratorial. RESULTADOS: Foram inclu&#237;dos 9 pacientes. A m&#233;dia das idades dos pacientes foi de 55 + 14,2 anos, sendo 5 (55,5%) do sexo masculino e 4 (44,5%), do feminino. Todos apresentavam classe funcional III-IV da New York Heart Association (NYHA), e 5 (55,5%) recebiam dobutamina. Todos apresentaram creatinina inicial acima de 1,4 mg/dl. A tonicidade m&#233;dia da solu&#231;&#227;o foi de 4,39% + 0,018% (2,5% a 7,5%) e a dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento foi de 4,9 dias + 4,1 dias (1 dia a 15 dias). N&#227;o houve efeitos adversos graves; em nenhum caso houve piora cl&#237;nica ou dist&#250;rbios neurol&#243;gicos; hipocalemia ocorreu em 4 (44,5%) casos. A compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-tratamento demonstrou queda da ur&#233;ia (105 mg/dl + 74,8 mg/dl vs. 88 mg/dl + 79,4 mg/dl; p = 0,03) e aumento do volume urin&#225;rio (1.183 ml/dia vs. 1.778 ml/dia; p = 0,03); houve tend&#234;ncia a redu&#231;&#227;o da creatinina (2,0 mg/dl + 0,8 mg/dl vs. 1,7 mg/dl + 1,0 mg/dl; p = 0,08). Apesar da eleva&#231;&#227;o do valor do s&#243;dio (131 mEq/l + 2,8 mEq/l vs. 134 mEq/l + 4,9 mEq/l) e da redu&#231;&#227;o do peso (69,5 kg + 18,6 kg vs. 68,2 kg + 17,1 kg), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante. CONCLUS&#195;O: O uso de solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada pode ser m&#233;todo terap&#234;utico seguro e potencialmente relacionado a melhora cl&#237;nica e de preven&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia renal.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Solu&#231;&#245;es hipert&#244;nicas</kwd>
        <kwd>baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia renal</kwd>
        <kwd>hiponatremia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica para preven&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia renal em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada e hiponatremia</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Victor Sarli Issa; Fernando Bacal; Sandrigo Mangini; Rodrigo Moreno Dias Carneiro; Cristiano Humberto Naves de Freitas Azevedo; Paulo Roberto Chizzola; Silvia Moreira Ayub Ferreira; Edimar Alcides Bocchi </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Hiponatremia e fen&#244;menos congestivos indicam mau progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada. A ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal est&#225; associada a aumento do risco de morte. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da solu&#231;&#227;o hipert&#244;nica em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada para preven&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia renal. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Participaram do estudo pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, congest&#227;o e hiponatremia. Al&#233;m do tratamento padr&#227;o, os pacientes receberam solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica, e foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o tanto cl&#237;nica como laboratorial. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram inclu&#237;dos 9 pacientes. A m&#233;dia das idades dos pacientes foi de 55 + 14,2 anos, sendo 5 (55,5%) do sexo masculino e 4 (44,5%), do feminino. Todos apresentavam classe funcional III-IV da New York Heart Association (NYHA), e 5 (55,5%) recebiam dobutamina. Todos apresentaram creatinina inicial acima de 1,4 mg/dl. A tonicidade m&#233;dia da solu&#231;&#227;o foi de 4,39% + 0,018% (2,5% a 7,5%) e a dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento foi de 4,9 dias + 4,1 dias (1 dia a 15 dias). N&#227;o houve efeitos adversos graves; em nenhum caso houve piora cl&#237;nica ou dist&#250;rbios neurol&#243;gicos; hipocalemia ocorreu em 4 (44,5%) casos. A compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-tratamento demonstrou queda da ur&#233;ia (105 mg/dl + 74,8 mg/dl vs. 88 mg/dl + 79,4 mg/dl; p = 0,03) e aumento do volume urin&#225;rio (1.183 ml/dia vs. 1.778 ml/dia; p = 0,03); houve tend&#234;ncia a redu&#231;&#227;o da creatinina (2,0 mg/dl + 0,8 mg/dl vs. 1,7 mg/dl + 1,0 mg/dl; p = 0,08). Apesar da eleva&#231;&#227;o do valor do s&#243;dio (131 mEq/l + 2,8 mEq/l vs. 134 mEq/l + 4,9 mEq/l) e da redu&#231;&#227;o do peso (69,5 kg + 18,6 kg vs. 68,2 kg + 17,1 kg), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O uso de solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada pode ser m&#233;todo terap&#234;utico seguro e potencialmente relacionado a melhora cl&#237;nica e de preven&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia renal.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Solu&#231;&#245;es hipert&#244;nicas, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, insufici&#234;ncia renal, hiponatremia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada possuem caracter&#237;sticas distintas, e determinados aspectos de sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m recebido especial aten&#231;&#227;o em virtude da associa&#231;&#227;o com pior progn&#243;stico<sup>1,2</sup>. S&#227;o marcadores conhecidos de pior progn&#243;stico, entre outros, a idade avan&#231;ada, a presen&#231;a de hipotens&#227;o e choque, e a hiponatremia<sup>3,4</sup>. Nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia renal mostrou-se constituir importante fator de risco; mesmo a eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatinina em 0,3 mg/dl em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada &#233; marcador de maior risco de morte<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os fen&#244;menos congestivos podem estar presentes em at&#233; 70% dos pacientes internados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada<sup>2</sup>, sendo alta nessa popula&#231;&#227;o a propor&#231;&#227;o de doentes com resist&#234;ncia &#224; a&#231;&#227;o de diur&#233;ticos<sup>6</sup>. Nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, a ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal adquire import&#226;ncia ainda maior, podendo estar relacionada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o abrupta do volume plasm&#225;tico efetivo, ao uso de inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina e de bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II, &#224; presen&#231;a de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e a adapta&#231;&#245;es neuro-hormonais. </p>
    <p>As estrat&#233;gias de tratamento atualmente dispon&#237;veis incluem restri&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica, uso de diur&#233;ticos endovenosos, associa&#231;&#227;o de diur&#233;ticos, e uso de inotr&#243;picos<sup>7</sup>, m&#233;todos artificiais de ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o<sup>8</sup>, antagonistas da vasopressina<sup>9</sup> e pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos<sup>10</sup>. Entretanto, essas modalidades de tratamento n&#227;o t&#234;m sido associadas a melhor progn&#243;stico, e s&#227;o limitadas por condi&#231;&#245;es como disponibilidade, alto custo, baixa aceita&#231;&#227;o dos doentes &#224;s restri&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas, resist&#234;ncia a diur&#233;ticos, e piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. </p>
    <p>As solu&#231;&#245;es salinas hipert&#244;nicas foram testadas em diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de fal&#234;ncia do sistema cardiovascular, como nos choques hemorr&#225;gico e s&#233;ptico<sup>11</sup>. Recentemente, alguns autores propuseram o uso de solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica para o controle de fen&#244;menos congestivos de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, fen&#244;menos congestivos e hiponatremia<sup>12-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, foi avaliada a seguran&#231;a do uso de solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica numa s&#233;rie de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, como estrat&#233;gia para o controle de sintomas congestivos, corre&#231;&#227;o de hiponatremia e preven&#231;&#227;o de ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram selecionados para o estudo no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2005 a novembro de 2006, em hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio dedicado &#224; Cardiologia. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade superior a 18 anos, presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada<sup>15</sup>, s&#243;dio s&#233;rico inferior a 135 mEq/L, e presen&#231;a de sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar (definida como presen&#231;a de crepita&#231;&#245;es pulmonares ou de sinais radiol&#243;gicos indicativos de congest&#227;o venosa pulmonar) ou de congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica (indicada pela presen&#231;a de edema de membros inferiores, ascite, hepatomegalia, e estase jugular superior a 4 cm a partir do &#226;ngulo do man&#250;brio do esterno), apesar de tratamento considerado padr&#227;o por pelo menos 48 horas. Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o a presen&#231;a de causas espec&#237;ficas para a descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (embolia pulmonar, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, arritmias, infec&#231;&#227;o, anemia) e a presen&#231;a de valvopatias prim&#225;rias. </p>
    <p><italic>Interven&#231;&#227;o - </italic>O tratamento considerado padr&#227;o incluiu repouso, restri&#231;&#227;o de sal (2 g/dia) e de &#225;gua, furosemida endovenosa, vasodilatador oral (inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina, inibidor do receptor da angiotensina II ou associa&#231;&#227;o de hidralazina e nitrato), espironolactona, e manuten&#231;&#227;o da dose de betabloqueador utilizada cronicamente pelo doente; na presen&#231;a de sinais de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, foi utilizada dobutamina. Al&#233;m do tratamento padr&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, os pacientes receberam infus&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica administrada em veia perif&#233;rica ao longo de uma hora, duas vezes por dia, associada a furosemida. A tonicidade da solu&#231;&#227;o baseou-se em protocolos pr&#233;vios<sup>10-12</sup>, sendo feitas modifica&#231;&#245;es de acordo com a intensidade dos fen&#244;menos congestivos, com o grau de hiponatremia, bem como com o risco presumido de insufici&#234;ncia renal. A dose de diur&#233;tico inicial esteve a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente do caso e foi modificada de acordo com a resposta inicialmente obtida.</p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis estudadas - </italic>Os pacientes foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria, assim como foram aferidos o peso e o volume urin&#225;rio. Ao longo da interven&#231;&#227;o, foram medidos, no sangue perif&#233;rico, o s&#243;dio, o pot&#225;ssio, a ur&#233;ia, a creatinina e a hemoglobina. </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - </italic>Os valores de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi utilizado o teste<italic> t </italic>pareado de Student, e foram considerados estatisticamente significantes os valores de p inferiores a 0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados </bold>
    </p>
    <p>No total, 9 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). Todos os pacientes apresentaram valor de creatinina acima do valor da normalidade; apenas 2 pacientes tiveram volume urin&#225;rio superior a 1 ml/kg/min no dia anterior ao in&#237;cio da interven&#231;&#227;o, e em 4 pacientes o volume urin&#225;rio foi inferior a 0,5 ml/kg/min. Um dos pacientes encontrava-se em di&#225;lise peritoneal para controle de congest&#227;o. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0251-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A tonicidade m&#233;dia da solu&#231;&#227;o utilizada foi de 4,39% &#177; 0,018% (2,5 a 7,5%) e a dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento foi de 4,9 dias &#177; 4,1 dias (1 dia a 15 dias). Todos os pacientes receberam pelo menos um dia de tratamento, 8 pacientes receberam pelo menos dois dias de tratamento e 7 pacientes receberam pelo menos tr&#234;s dias de tratamento. Todos os pacientes toleraram a infus&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foram registrados efeitos adversos graves, e em nenhum dos casos houve piora da congest&#227;o pulmonar ou sist&#234;mica. N&#227;o foram registrados dist&#250;rbios neurol&#243;gicos. A dose m&#233;dia de furosemida endovenosa utilizada foi de 177,5 mg &#177; 177,7 mg (60 mg a 600 mg). A hipocalemia com necessidade de reposi&#231;&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio foi a complica&#231;&#227;o mais freq&#252;ente, ocorrendo em 4 (44,6%) casos.</p>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis estudadas nos primeiros tr&#234;s dias de tratamento est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-tratamento das vari&#225;veis est&#225; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>. Com a administra&#231;&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica, houve queda dos n&#237;veis de ur&#233;ia, aumento do volume urin&#225;rio de 24 horas e tend&#234;ncia a queda da creatinina. Apesar da eleva&#231;&#227;o do valor do s&#243;dio e da queda do peso dos pacientes, essas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0251-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0251-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>No presente trabalho, a administra&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica a uma s&#233;rie de 9 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada esteve relacionada a aumento do volume urin&#225;rio, tend&#234;ncia a aumento do s&#243;dio s&#233;rico, bem como a melhora de par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, sem que tenham ocorrido efeitos adversos cardiovasculares ou neurol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p>Solu&#231;&#245;es salinas hipert&#244;nicas foram testadas em situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de fal&#234;ncia cardiovascular, como nos choques hemorr&#225;gico e s&#233;ptico, sendo importantes as contribui&#231;&#245;es de autores nacionais nessa &#225;rea<sup>10</sup>. Em modelos animais de hipovolemia, a infus&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica promove aumento da press&#227;o arterial e do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Esses efeitos s&#227;o atribu&#237;dos ao aumento do volume plasm&#225;tico, &#224; vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica<sup>16</sup> e ao efeito inotr&#243;pico card&#237;aco direto<sup>17</sup>. A exist&#234;ncia de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o tanto mesent&#233;rica como renal &#233; particularmente importante, j&#225; que esses s&#227;o os territ&#243;rios mais intensamente hipoperfundidos em situa&#231;&#245;es de hipovolemia<sup>16</sup>. Esse efeito hemodin&#226;mico, associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da viscosidade sangu&#237;nea e ao efeito imunomodulador<sup>18</sup>, torna a solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica potencialmente ben&#233;fica para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e sinais de congest&#227;o. Nessa condi&#231;&#227;o, o uso habitual de diur&#233;ticos e vasodilatadores pode levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do volume plasm&#225;tico e &#224; hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual, fen&#244;menos relacionados a sinais cl&#237;nicos de hipovolemia, como hipotens&#227;o arterial e eleva&#231;&#227;o da ur&#233;ia e da creatinina, ambos marcadores de pior progn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, o uso de solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica foi seguro, n&#227;o sendo registrados sinais de piora da congest&#227;o tanto pulmonar como sist&#234;mica. Historicamente, restringiu-se o uso da solu&#231;&#227;o hipert&#244;nica em pacientes com cardiopatia. Tal limita&#231;&#227;o adv&#233;m de modelos animais de choque, nos quais se observou ocorr&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o e arritmias ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o r&#225;pida de solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica<sup>19</sup>. Entretanto, n&#227;o t&#234;m sido reportados efeitos adversos significativos em estudos fisiol&#243;gicos em humanos<sup>20,21</sup> ou em estudos cl&#237;nicos (choque cardiog&#234;nico por disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita ap&#243;s embolia pulmonar<sup>22</sup> e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>10-12</sup>). </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo indicaram melhora cl&#237;nica dos doentes com o uso de solu&#231;&#227;o hipert&#244;nica, marcada por aumento do volume urin&#225;rio e queda do peso dos pacientes. A redu&#231;&#227;o do peso n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica, provavelmente limitada pelo tamanho da amostra. Esses dados est&#227;o de acordo com resultados de outros autores, que relataram melhora de fen&#244;menos congestivos, avaliados tanto por par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos como por redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Embora, neste estudo, tenha sido registrada eleva&#231;&#227;o do s&#243;dio s&#233;rico com o uso da solu&#231;&#227;o hipert&#244;nica, a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significante, possivelmente limitada pelo tamanho da amostra. Esse achado est&#225; de acordo com a experi&#234;ncia de outros autores<sup>10-12</sup>. Nem em outros trabalhos publicados nem na nossa experi&#234;ncia a eleva&#231;&#227;o do s&#243;dio esteve relacionada a surgimento de sintomas neurol&#243;gicos. </p>
    <p>Com o uso da solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica, foi observada queda do n&#237;vel de ur&#233;ia e tend&#234;ncia a redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de creatinina s&#233;rica. Estudos anteriores, com pacientes em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, sem drogas vasoativas e com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal, tamb&#233;m indicaram o valor protetor da solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica na fun&#231;&#227;o renal<sup>11</sup>. O achado no presente estudo, por&#233;m, tem especial valor por tratar-se de amostra de pacientes de alto risco para desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia renal. O valor da solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica em popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco para ocorr&#234;ncia ou piora do grau de insufici&#234;ncia renal n&#227;o havia sido relatado previamente. </p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es - </italic>Os resultados encontrados est&#227;o de acordo com as evid&#234;ncias experimentais e cl&#237;nicas relatadas por outros autores; entretanto, trata-se de estudo n&#227;o-controlado, com limitado n&#250;mero de pacientes, e que n&#227;o avaliou os efeitos da interven&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo. Al&#233;m disso, o protocolo utilizado permitiu o uso de solu&#231;&#227;o salina com diferentes tonicidades e de diferentes doses de furosemida. A variabilidade das doses utilizadas foi intencional e fez parte da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de experi&#234;ncia do grupo com essa nova forma de tratamento. Esses dois aspectos relacionados &#224;s doses dos medicamentos tornam a interven&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea, o que pode ter influenciado os resultados obtidos. &#201; poss&#237;vel, ainda, que diferen&#231;as existentes tenham sido subestimadas, dado o tamanho limitado da amostra.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>A solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica tem o potencial de tornar-se m&#233;todo seguro e eficaz para melhora cl&#237;nica e eleva&#231;&#227;o do s&#243;dio de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada com sinais de congest&#227;o e hiponatremia, com efeito protetor para a ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal nessas circunst&#226;ncias. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o desse estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Victor Sarli Issa </p>
        <p> Rua Fabia, 500 </p>
        <p> 05051-030 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="victorissa@cardiol.br">victorissa@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 12/12/06; revisado recebido em 15/03/07; aceito em 16/04/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Hypertonic saline solution for renal failure prevention in patients with decompensated heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Hyponatremia and congestive phenomena indicate a bad prognosis in decompensated heart failure. The occurrence of renal failure is associated to an increased death risk. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the hypertonic saline solution in patients with decompensated heart failure for renal failure prevention. METHODS: Patients with decompensated heart failure, congestion and hyponatremia participated in the study. In addition to the standard treatment, the patients received hypertonic saline solution and were submitted to clinical as well as laboratory assessment. RESULTS: Nine patients were enrolled in the study. Mean age was 55 + 14.2 years, being 5 male (55.5%) and 4 (44.5%) female patients. All of them presented functional class III-IV of the New York Heart Association (NYHA), and 5 (55.5%) received dobutamine. All of them presented initial creatinine &gt; 1.4 mg/dl. The mean tonicity of the solution was 4.39% + 0.018% (2.5% to 7.5%) and the duration of treatment was 4.9 days + 4.1 days (1-15 days). There were no severe adverse effects; none of the patients presented clinical worsening or neurologic disorders; hypokalemia occurred in 4 cases (44.5%). The comparison of the variables before and after treatment showed a decrease in urea (105 mg/dl + 74.8 mg/dl vs. 88 mg/dl + 79.4 mg/dl; p = 0.03) and increase in the urinary volume (1,183 ml/day vs. 1,778 ml/day; p = 0.03); there was no tendency to creatinine decrease (2.0 mg/dl + 0.8 mg/dl vs. 1.7 mg/dl + 1.0 mg/dl; p = 0.08). Despite the elevation in sodium levels (131 mEq/l + 2.8 mEq/l vs. 134 mEq/l + 4.9 mEq/l) and weight decrease (69.5 kg + 18.6 kg vs. 68.2 kg + 17.1 kg), there was no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: The use of hypertonic saline solution in patients with decompensated heart failure can be a safe therapeutic method and potentially related to clinical improvement and renal failure prevention.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertonic solutions</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>renal insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>hyponatremia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hypertonic saline solution for renal failure prevention in patients with decompensated heart failure</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Victor Sarli Issa; Fernando Bacal; Sandrigo Mangini; Rodrigo Moreno Dias Carneiro; Cristiano Humberto Naves de Freitas Azevedo; Paulo Roberto Chizzola; Silvia Moreira Ayub Ferreira; Edimar Alcides Bocchi </bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Hyponatremia and congestive phenomena indicate a bad prognosis in decompensated heart failure. The occurrence of renal failure is associated to an increased death risk.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the hypertonic saline solution in patients with decompensated heart failure for renal failure prevention.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Patients with decompensated heart failure, congestion and hyponatremia participated in the study. In addition to the standard treatment, the patients received hypertonic saline solution and were submitted to clinical as well as laboratory assessment.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Nine patients were enrolled in the study. Mean age was 55 + 14.2 years, being 5 male (55.5%) and 4 (44.5%) female patients. All of them presented functional class III-IV of the New York Heart Association (NYHA), and 5 (55.5%) received dobutamine. All of them presented initial creatinine &gt; 1.4 mg/dl. The mean tonicity of the solution was 4.39% + 0.018% (2.5% to 7.5%) and the duration of treatment was 4.9 days + 4.1 days (1-15 days). There were no severe adverse effects; none of the patients presented clinical worsening or neurologic disorders; hypokalemia occurred in 4 cases (44.5%). The comparison of the variables before and after treatment showed a decrease in urea (105 mg/dl + 74.8 mg/dl vs. 88 mg/dl + 79.4 mg/dl; p = 0.03) and increase in the urinary volume (1,183 ml/day vs. 1,778 ml/day; p = 0.03); there was no tendency to creatinine decrease (2.0 mg/dl + 0.8 mg/dl vs. 1.7 mg/dl + 1.0 mg/dl; p = 0.08). Despite the elevation in sodium levels (131 mEq/l + 2.8 mEq/l vs. 134 mEq/l + 4.9 mEq/l) and weight decrease (69.5 kg + 18.6 kg vs. 68.2 kg + 17.1 kg), there was no statistically significant difference.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The use of hypertonic saline solution in patients with decompensated heart failure can be a safe therapeutic method and potentially related to clinical improvement and renal failure prevention.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertonic solutions; heart failure; renal insufficiency; hyponatremia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with decompensated heart failure have distinct characteristics and some aspects of its presentation have received special attention due to its association with a worse prognosis<sup>1,2</sup>. Advanced age, the presence of hypotension and shock and hyponatremia are known markers of a worse prognosis, among others<sup>3,4</sup>. In this situation, the presence of renal failure has shown to be an important risk factor; even a creatinine increase of 0.3 mg/dL in patients with decompensated heart failure is a marker of a higher risk of death<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The congestive phenomena can be present in up to 70% of the patients admitted at the hospital due to decompensated heart failure<sup>2</sup>, with a high rate of diuretic resistance being observed among these patients<sup>6</sup>. In these conditions, the occurrence of renal failure becomes even more important and it can be related to the abrupt decrease in the effective plasma volume, the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blockers, the presence of low cardiac output and the neurohormonal adaptations. </p>
      <p>The currently available treatment strategies include hydric restriction, use of intravenous diuretics, association of diuretics, and administration of inotropics<sup>7</sup>, artificial methods of ultrafiltration<sup>8</sup>, vasopressin antagonists<sup>9</sup> and natriuretic peptides<sup>10</sup>. However, these treatment modalities have not been associated to a better prognosis and they are limited by conditions such as availability, high cost, poor patient compliance to the dietary restrictions, diuretic resistance and worsening of renal function.</p>
      <p>Hypertonic saline solutions have been tested in different clinical situations of cardiovascular system failure, such as hemorrhagic and septic shock<sup>11</sup>. Recently, some authors have proposed the use of hypertonic saline solution for the control of congestive phenomena in patients with decompensated heart failure, congestive phenomena and hyponatremia<sup>12-14</sup>. </p>
      <p>Thus, the safety of the hypertonic saline solution use was evaluated in a series of patients with decompensated heart failure, as a strategy for the control of congestive symptoms, correction of hyponatremia and renal failure prevention. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients were selected for the study from December 2005 to November 2006, in a tertiary university hospital specialized in Cardiology. The inclusion criteria were: age older than 18 years, presence of decompensated heart failure<sup>15</sup>, serum sodium &lt; 135 mEq/L and presence of signs of pulmonary congestion (defined as the presence of pulmonary rales or radiological signs indicative of pulmonary venous congestion) or systemic congestion (indicated by the presence of lower limb edema, ascites, hepatomegaly and jugular stasis &gt; 4 cm from the manubrium-sternal angle), despite treated by standard therapy for at least 48 hrs. The exclusion criteria included the presence of specific causes for cardiac decompensation (pulmonary embolism, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, infection, anemia) and the presence of several primary valvulopathies.</p>
      <p><italic>Intervention - </italic>The treatment considered to be standard includes rest, restriction of salt (2 g/day) and water intake, intravenous furosemide, oral vasodilator (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin II receptor blockers or the association of hydralazine and nitrate), spironolactone and maintenance of the betablocker dose used chronically by the patient; in the presence of signs of low cardiac output, dobutamine was used. In addition to the standard treatment of the decompensated heart failure, the patients received an infusion of hypertonic saline solution administrated to peripheral vein for one hour, twice a day, associated to furosemide. The tonicity of the solution was based on previous protocols<sup>10-12</sup>, with modifications being carried out according to the intensity of the congestive phenomena, such as the degree of hyponatremia as well as the presumed risk of renal failure.</p>
      <p>The initial dose of diuretics was determined by the physician in charge of the case and was modified according to the initially obtained response. </p>
      <p><italic>Variables studied - </italic>The patients were submitted to daily clinical evaluations and weight and urinary volume were also measured on a daily basis. Sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine and hemoglobin were measured in peripheral blood throughout the intervention. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis - </italic>The values of continuous variables are expressed as mean &#177; SD. For the comparison of the continuous variables, we used the paired Student&#146;s <italic>t </italic>test and p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In total, 9 patients were included in the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). All of the patients presented creatinine values above normal ranges; only 2 patients had urinary volume &gt; 1 ml/kg/min on the day before the start of the intervention and four patients had urinary volume &lt; 0.5 ml/kg/min. One of the patients was undergoing peritoneal dialysis for congestion control.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0251-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean tonicity of the solution used was 4.39% &#177; 0.018% (2.5 to 7.5%) and the duration of the treatment was 4.9 days &#177; 4.1 days (1 day to 15 days). All patients received at least one day of treatment, 8 patients received at least 2 days of treatment and 7 patients received at least three days of treatment. All of the patients tolerated the medication infusion. No severe adverse events were observed and no pulmonary or systemic congestion was observed in any case. No neurological disorders were observed. The mean dose of intravenous furosemide used was 177.5 mg &#177; 177.7 mg (60 mg to 600 mg). Hypokalemia with the need for potassium replacement was the most frequent complication, occurring in 4 cases (44.6%).</p>
      <p>The evolution of the variables studied during the first three days of treatment is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. The comparison between the pre- and post-treatment values of the variables is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. After the administration of the hypertonic saline solution, there was a decrease in the urea levels, increase in 24-h urinary volume and a tendency to decrease in creatinine levels. Despite the increase in sodium levels and the decrease in the weight of the patients, these variables did not reach a statistically significant difference.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0251-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0251-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the present study, the administration of a hypertonic saline solution to a series of 9 patients with decompensated heart failure was related to an increase in urinary volume, tendency to increase in serum sodium as well as the improvement in renal function parameters, without the occurrence of cardiovascular or neurological adverse events.</p>
      <p>Hypertonic saline solutions have been tested in clinical situations of cardiovascular failure, such as hemorrhagic and septic shock, being important the contributions of national authors in this area<sup>10</sup>. In animal models of hypovolemia, the infusion of a hypertonic saline solution promotes increase in arterial blood pressure and cardiac output. These effects are attributed to the increase in plasma volume, peripheral vasodilation<sup>16</sup> and the direct cardiac inotropic effect<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The existence of vasodilation, not only mesenteric, but also renal, is particularly important, as these are the more intensely hypoperfused zones in cases of hypovolemia<sup>16</sup>. This hemodynamic effect, associated to the decrease in blood viscosity and the immunomodulatory effect<sup>18</sup>, makes the hypertonic saline solution potentially beneficial to patients with heart failure and signs of congestion. In this situation, the regular use of diuretics and vasodilators can lead to the reduction in plasma volume and tissue hypoperfusion, phenomena related to clinical signs of hypovolemia, such as arterial hypotension and increase in urea and creatinine, both markers of worse prognosis.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the use of the hypertonic saline solution was safe, with no worsening signs of pulmonary as well as systemic congestion. Historically, the use of the hypertonic saline solution in patients with cardiopathies has been restricted. Such limitation is due to animal models of shock, in which the occurrence of hypotension and arrhythmia was observed after a fast infusion of hypertonic saline solution<sup>19</sup>. However, no significant adverse effects have been reported in physiological studies in humans<sup>20,21</sup>, or in clinical studies (cardiogenic shock due to right ventricular dysfunction after pulmonary embolism<sup>22</sup> and heart failure<sup>10-12</sup>).</p>
      <p>The results of the present study indicated clinical improvement of the patients with the use of the hypertonic saline solution, characterized by increase in the urinary volume and weight decrease in the patients. The weight decrease did not reach statistical difference, probably limited by the sample size. These data are in accordance with the results obtained by other authors, who reported improvement in the congestive phenomena, assessed by clinical parameters as well as by the decrease in B-type natriuretic peptide levels<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although serum sodium increase was observed in the present study with the use of the hypertonic saline solution, the difference was not statistically significant, probably limited by the sample size. This finding is in accordance with other authors<sup>10-12</sup>. Neither previously reported studies nor our experience showed an association between serum sodium increase and the onset of neurological symptoms. A decrease in urea and a tendency to decrease in serum creatinine levels were observed with the use of the hypertonic saline solution. Previous studies, carried out in patients with decompensated heart failure, with no vasoactive drugs and normal renal function, also indicated the protective value of the hypertonic saline solution in renal function<sup>11</sup>. The findings in the present study, however, are noteworthy due the fact that this sample consisted of patients at high risk for renal failure development. The value of the hypertonic saline solution in a high-risk population for the occurrence or worsening of renal failure had not been previously reported.</p>
      <p><italic>Limitations - </italic>The results obtained are in accordance with the experimental and clinical evidence reported by other authors; however, it is a non-controlled study, with a limited number of patients, which did not evaluate the long-term effects of the intervention. Additionally, the protocol used allowed the use of the saline solution with different tonicities and different doses of furosemide. The variability in the doses used was intentional and is part of the group&#146;s experience gain with this new treatment modality. These two aspects related to the medication doses make the intervention heterogeneous, which might have influenced the results obtained. It is also possible that existing differences might have been underestimated, considering the limited sample size.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The hypertonic saline solution has the potential to become a safe and effective method for the clinical improvement and sodium increase in patients with decompensated heart failure with signs of congestion and hyponatremia, with a protective effect against the occurrence of renal failure in these circumstances.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Victor Sarli Issa</p>
          <p> Rua Fabia, 500</p>
          <p> 05051-030 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP- Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="victorissa@cardiol.br">victorissa@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received December 12, 2006; revised manuscript received March 15, 2007; accepted April 16, 2007.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
