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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7xTf3G6dfjSpTf8GwY6xQYv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001600006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900406</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001600006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Qualidade de vida de pacientes hipertensos em tratamento ambulatorial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>Margaret Assad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bombig</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Teresa Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luna Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Braulio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos de Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo A. V. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Setor de Cardiopatia Hipertensiva </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Oeste Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>245</fpage>
      <lpage>250</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o principal causa de mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, sendo a hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) de maior preval&#234;ncia. A terap&#234;utica para o tratamento da HA &#233; cada vez maior e sabe-se que melhora a sobrevida dos pacientes, por&#233;m questiona-se a melhora na qualidade de vida (QV) do paciente hipertenso ap&#243;s tratamento. OBJETIVO: Comparar aspectos relacionados &#224; QV de pacientes hipertensos em tratamento. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 100 pacientes hipertensos; 46 aderidos a um esquema de tratamento padr&#227;o (grupo A) e 54 (grupo B controle) que iniciariam este esquema. Colheu-se dados cl&#237;nicos e s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficos, realizou-se quest&#245;es com enfoque na sexualidade, auto-percep&#231;&#227;o da QV, n&#250;mero e tipo de medicamentos utilizados e sua interfer&#234;ncia na vida sexual e aplicou-se o question&#225;rio SF-36. Submeteram-se os resultados &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica comparativa utilizando-se testes: t de Student, qui-quadrado, coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e Tukey. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos para nenhum dom&#237;nio do SF-36. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a quest&#227;o da auto-percep&#231;&#227;o da QV e os dom&#237;nios do SF-36, exceto nos aspectos emocionais. Na quest&#227;o com enfoque na sexualidade, encontrou-se diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; QV sexual entre os grupos, sendo menos satisfat&#243;ria para o grupo A. CONCLUS&#195;O: Quando aplicado o SF-36, n&#227;o detectou-se modifica&#231;&#245;es na QV entre os grupos por tratar-se de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica assintom&#225;tica. Este question&#225;rio n&#227;o avaliou adequadamente os aspectos emocionais dos hipertensos na nossa casu&#237;stica com grande variabilidade comportamental. A QV sexual foi menos satisfat&#243;ria no grupo A, entretanto n&#227;o encontrou-se relacionada ao n&#250;mero e tipo da medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva utilizada.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Qualidade de vida</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>pacientes ambulatoriais</kwd>
        <kwd>question&#225;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Qualidade de vida de pacientes hipertensos em tratamento ambulatorial</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Margaret Assad Cavalcante; Maria Teresa Nogueira Bombig; Braulio Luna Filho; Antonio Carlos de Camargo Carvalho; Angelo A. V. de Paola; Rui P&#243;voa</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Departamento de Medicina - Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE) e Setor de Cardiopatia Hipertensiva - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), Presidente Prudente - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o principal causa de mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, sendo a hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) de maior preval&#234;ncia. A terap&#234;utica para o tratamento da HA &#233; cada vez maior e sabe-se que melhora a sobrevida dos pacientes, por&#233;m questiona-se a melhora na qualidade de vida (QV) do paciente hipertenso ap&#243;s tratamento. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar aspectos relacionados &#224; QV de pacientes hipertensos em tratamento. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 100 pacientes hipertensos; 46 aderidos a um esquema de tratamento padr&#227;o (grupo A) e 54 (grupo B controle) que iniciariam este esquema. Colheu-se dados cl&#237;nicos e s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficos, realizou-se quest&#245;es com enfoque na sexualidade, auto-percep&#231;&#227;o da QV, n&#250;mero e tipo de medicamentos utilizados e sua interfer&#234;ncia na vida sexual e aplicou-se o question&#225;rio SF-36. Submeteram-se os resultados &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica comparativa utilizando-se testes: t de Student, qui-quadrado, coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e Tukey. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos para nenhum dom&#237;nio do SF-36. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a quest&#227;o da auto-percep&#231;&#227;o da QV e os dom&#237;nios do SF-36, exceto nos aspectos emocionais. Na quest&#227;o com enfoque na sexualidade, encontrou-se diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; QV sexual entre os grupos, sendo menos satisfat&#243;ria para o grupo A. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Quando aplicado o SF-36, n&#227;o detectou-se modifica&#231;&#245;es na QV entre os grupos por tratar-se de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica assintom&#225;tica. Este question&#225;rio n&#227;o avaliou adequadamente os aspectos emocionais dos hipertensos na nossa casu&#237;stica com grande variabilidade comportamental. A QV sexual foi menos satisfat&#243;ria no grupo A, entretanto n&#227;o encontrou-se relacionada ao n&#250;mero e tipo da medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva utilizada.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Qualidade de vida, hipertens&#227;o/tratamento, pacientes ambulatoriais, question&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O principal objetivo do tratamento anti-hipertensivo &#233; reduzir a morbidade e a mortalidade das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares associadas aos valores elevados da press&#227;o arterial. Paralelamente aos benef&#237;cios proporcionados aos pacientes hipertensos tratados adequadamente, medicamentos anti-hipertensivos podem produzir efeitos adversos que interferem no prazer de viver. Torna-se fundamental, portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da influ&#234;ncia dos medicamentos utilizados na qualidade de vida (QV) dos pacientes<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>QV &#233; definida pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) como "a percep&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo de sua posi&#231;&#227;o na vida, no contexto da cultura e sistema de valores nos quais vive e em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus objetivos, expectativas, padr&#245;es e preocupa&#231;&#245;es"<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existem v&#225;rios instrumentos ou question&#225;rios dispon&#237;veis que permitem razo&#225;vel avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV de pacientes nas mais diversas doen&#231;as. Esses instrumentos podem ser divididos em dois grupos: os espec&#237;ficos que utilizam a avalia&#231;&#227;o individual e os gen&#233;ricos<sup>3-8</sup>. Os instrumentos espec&#237;ficos constituem uma maneira alternativa de avaliar determinados aspectos da QV de forma individual e espec&#237;fica, podendo detectar mudan&#231;as dos aspectos estudados.</p>
    <p>Os instrumentos gen&#233;ricos s&#227;o desenvolvidos e aplicados com a finalidade de refletir a vida dos pacientes em uma ampla variedade de popula&#231;&#245;es, incluindo aspectos como fun&#231;&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o e bem-estar emocional e f&#237;sico. Dentre esses instrumentos, o SF-36 (<italic>The Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey</italic>) avalia o perfil de sa&#250;de, &#233; de f&#225;cil administra&#231;&#227;o e compreens&#227;o e largamente utilizado na literatura<sup>9,10</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, foi traduzido para a l&#237;ngua portuguesa e validado para o nosso meio<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar em hipertensos, aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos da QV, pela aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio gen&#233;rico SF-36, quest&#245;es com enfoque na sexualidade, autopercep&#231;&#227;o da QV, n&#250;mero e tipo de medicamentos utilizados e a interfer&#234;ncia na vida sexual.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 100 pacientes hipertensos, 69 mulheres com idades entre 40 e 85 anos do Ambulat&#243;rio Regional de Especialidades - NGA 34 da cidade de Presidente Prudente, S&#227;o Paulo, no per&#237;odo de outubro de 2003 a fevereiro de 2004, e com hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) h&#225; mais de cinco anos. Todos os pacientes estavam sob algum tipo de tratamento anti-hipertensivo.</p>
    <p>A coleta de dados cl&#237;nicos, sociodemogr&#225;ficos e os question&#225;rios foram realizados individualmente pelo mesmo pesquisador com dura&#231;&#227;o aproximada de quarenta minutos.</p>
    <p>Foram constitu&#237;dos dois grupos de hipertensos: Grupo A - 46 pacientes em tratamento padr&#227;o, freq&#252;entadores do NGA-34 por cinco anos; Grupo B - controle - 54 pacientes consecutivos, rec&#233;m-admitidos para iniciar o tratamento padr&#227;o no NGA-34.</p>
    <p>O tratamento padr&#227;o no NGA-34 incluiu, al&#233;m da medica&#231;&#227;o fornecida gratuitamente pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), um trabalho diferenciado, constitu&#237;do por visitas mensais com equipe multiprofissional com m&#233;dico, enfermeira, nutricionista, terapeuta ocupacional e fisioterapeuta, assim como palestras educacionais sobre a HA. Ap&#243;s essas atividades educacionais os pacientes permaneceram em acompanhamento por meio de visitas mensais com terapeuta ocupacional realizando atividades manuais, jogos variados e sess&#245;es de relaxamento, assim como acompanhamento fisioter&#225;pico incluindo atividades aer&#243;bias. </p>
    <p>Nos 100 pacientes realizou-se coleta de dados que inclu&#237;ram a idade, o sexo, a ra&#231;a, o estado civil, o grau de instru&#231;&#227;o, a renda familiar em sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos, a dura&#231;&#227;o da HA e as co-morbidades. Quest&#245;es com enfoque na sexualidade, autopercep&#231;&#227;o da QV, n&#250;mero e tipo de medicamentos utilizados e sua interfer&#234;ncia na vida sexual foram aplicadas. </p>
    <p>O SF-36 foi aplicado em todos os pacientes. Esse question&#225;rio constitui-se de 35 itens que abrangem oito componentes: capacidade funcional, aspectos f&#237;sicos, dor, estado geral de sa&#250;de, vitalidade, aspectos sociais, aspectos emocionais e sa&#250;de mental. Possui ainda um item que avalia a evolu&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de do paciente, comparando a sa&#250;de atual com a sa&#250;de de um ano atr&#225;s. Esse item n&#227;o pontua nenhuma quest&#227;o, mas serve para o conhecimento da doen&#231;a do paciente. O componente f&#237;sico inclui; capacidade funcional, aspectos f&#237;sicos, a dor e estado geral de sa&#250;de. O componente mental inclui: sa&#250;de mental, aspectos funcionais, aspectos sociais e vitalidade. </p>
    <p> A escala de capacidade funcional avaliou tanto a presen&#231;a como a extens&#227;o das limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; capacidade f&#237;sica. A escala de vitalidade considerou o n&#237;vel de energia e de fadiga, como a disposi&#231;&#227;o para procurar e enfrentar novas tarefas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos aspectos f&#237;sicos e emocionais, avaliou-se o quanto essas limita&#231;&#245;es influenciaram a vida di&#225;ria do paciente dificultando as suas atividades regulares. Quanto &#224; dor, avaliaram-se a sua intensidade e se era causa de alguma limita&#231;&#227;o &#224; vida di&#225;ria do paciente. Os aspectos sociais avaliaram a integra&#231;&#227;o do paciente com atividades sociais. O componente sa&#250;de mental verificou a ansiedade, depress&#227;o, altera&#231;&#245;es do comportamento ou descontrole emocional e bem-estar psicol&#243;gico. Para cada quest&#227;o foi atribu&#237;da uma pontua&#231;&#227;o de zero a 100, sendo 100 o melhor e zero o pior estado de sa&#250;de, de acordo com a pontua&#231;&#227;o do SF-36.</p>
    <p>Os dados num&#233;ricos das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas (idade, renda familiar, n&#250;mero de sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos, n&#250;mero de pessoas que residem na casa, renda <italic>per capita </italic>e dura&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o) foram submetidos ao teste para amostras n&#227;o relacionadas (teste <italic>t </italic>de Student). Aplicou-se o teste do qui-quadrado para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos quando se avaliaram os dados categ&#243;ricos como sexo, faixa et&#225;ria, etnia, estado civil, grau de instru&#231;&#227;o, co-morbidades, a quest&#227;o da sexualidade, tipo e n&#250;mero de medicamentos utilizados e a interfer&#234;ncia dos medicamentos na qualidade de vida sexual.</p>
    <p>Os dados do SF-36 foram submetidos ao teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. Foi utilizado o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson para investigar o relacionamento de depend&#234;ncia entre a idade e todos os dom&#237;nios do SF-36, analisando a amostra total e individualmente os grupos A e B. O modelo de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia via m&#233;todo de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Tukey foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise dos dom&#237;nios do SF-36 em associa&#231;&#227;o com a resposta dada &#224; quest&#227;o da autopercep&#231;&#227;o da QV. Em todos os testes estat&#237;sticos considerados, adotou-se a de 5% como grau de signific&#226;ncia para verifica&#231;&#227;o da rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de nulidade (p<underline>&lt;</underline>0,05). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> observamos as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes dos grupos estudados. Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os grupos quanto a idade e tempo de doen&#231;a em anos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0245-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> observamos que 73% dos pacientes tinham vida sexual ativa; e na faixa et&#225;ria dos 62 aos 73 anos a vida sexual foi mais insatisfat&#243;ria (p&lt;0,05), e mais satisfat&#243;ria na faixa et&#225;ria menor de 50 anos. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0245-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> encontramos discriminados os dois grupos quanto &#224; qualidade de vida sexual; o grupo B apresentou qualidade de vida sexual mais satisfat&#243;rio que o grupo A (p&lt;0,05). Na normatiza&#231;&#227;o para a idade entre os dois grupos, o grupo B apresentou percentual de vida sexual insatisfat&#243;ria significativamente superior para a faixa et&#225;ria entre 62 e 73 anos, tal como ocorreu na mesma an&#225;lise feita na amostra total (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabs. 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">5</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0245-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0245-00006-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0245-00006-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de medicamentos utilizados e a satisfa&#231;&#227;o sexual n&#227;o houve depend&#234;ncia significativa tanto na amostra geral (p=0,710) quanto nos grupos A (p=0,688) e B (p=0,623), assim como em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de medica&#231;&#227;o usada na amostra geral (p=0,820) e nos grupos A (p=0,504) e B (p=0,703). Quanto &#224; interfer&#234;ncia dos medicamentos na qualidade de vida sexual, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia nos grupos estudados (p=0,999).</p>
    <p>As m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#245;es dos dom&#237;nios do SF-36 na amostra geral foram, respectivamente, para os aspectos emocionais (74,3 &#177; 42,3), aspectos f&#237;sicos (55,7 &#177; 46,6), aspectos sociais (76,8 &#177; 28,0), capacidade funcional (62,8 &#177; 25,5), dor (61,4 &#177; 26,1), estado geral de sa&#250;de (72,1 &#177; 21,3), sa&#250;de mental (70,2 &#177; 23,0), vitalidade (68,8 &#177; 22,9), escore f&#237;sico (62,2 &#177; 23,5), escore mental (72,6 &#177; 23,2). </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tabela 6</xref> observamos que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre as m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o dos grupos estudados. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0245-00006-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No estudo do relacionamento entre as idades e os dom&#237;nios do SF-36 n&#227;o houve depend&#234;ncia significativa, tanto para a amostra geral quanto para os grupos A e B.</p>
    <p>Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a percep&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida e cada dom&#237;nio do SF-36 (aspectos f&#237;sicos, p=0,017; aspectos sociais, p=0,001; capacidade funcional, p=0,005; dor, p=0,001; estado geral de sa&#250;de, p=0,001; sa&#250;de vital, p=0,001; vitalidade, p=0,001; escore f&#237;sico, p=0,001, escore mental, p=0,001) exceto para o aspecto emocional (p=0,23). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas ao paciente, como idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, escolaridade, ocupa&#231;&#227;o, estado civil, religi&#227;o, h&#225;bitos de vida, al&#233;m de aspectos culturais, cren&#231;as e contexto socioecon&#244;mico podem ter interfer&#234;ncia na QV. Por isso a import&#226;ncia de sua avalia&#231;&#227;o por meio de instrumentos que possam quantific&#225;-la<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>A maioria dos estudos que avaliam a QV utiliza instrumentos gen&#233;ricos como o SF-36, com validade e confiabilidade comprovadas para diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, incluindo a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira<sup>11,13-15</sup>.</p>
    <p>S&#227;o poucos os estudos na literatura que registram a QV em pacientes hipertensos. Segundo Alderman, em 2005, de 4.300 artigos publicados em revista especializada em QV desde 1987, apenas nove estavam relacionados &#224; HA, e desses, dois apresentavam essa doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica como fator do estudo principal<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p> A HA &#233; uma doen&#231;a assintom&#225;tica, por&#233;m estudos mostram que os efeitos secund&#225;rios do pr&#243;prio tratamento est&#227;o associados a menor ader&#234;ncia e ao abandono do tratamento medicamentoso, podendo interferir na QV desses pacientes. Para alguns, o fato de ingerir medicamentos implica um problema maior do que sua pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p>Roca-Cusachs e cols<italic>.</italic>, em 2001, avaliaram o impacto das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas na QV e relataram que pacientes hipertensos possu&#237;am diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da QV quando comparados com normotensos<sup>17</sup>. Li e cols.<sup>18</sup>, em 2005, estudando a popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa, observaram QV superior em normotensos do que em hipertensos, e, al&#233;m disso, verificaram que entre os hipertensos em tratamento e com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos controlados a QV era superior &#224; daqueles em tratamento, por&#233;m com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos n&#227;o controlados.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo avaliou a QV de pacientes hipertensos em tratamento ambulatorial por um per&#237;odo de cinco anos, considerando ades&#227;o como o grau de coincid&#234;ncia entre a prescri&#231;&#227;o e o comportamento do paciente<sup>12</sup>. O grupo A era composto por pacientes em acompanhamento h&#225; mais de cinco anos com alto grau de ades&#227;o ao tratamento e o grupo B de pacientes rec&#233;m-admitidos no ambulat&#243;rio de especialidades, que constituiu o grupo controle. </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas basais dos pacientes foram semelhantes, exceto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da HA e &#224; idade, que foram maiores nos pacientes aderidos ao esquema de tratamento padr&#227;o. Em vista disso, foi realizada a normatiza&#231;&#227;o para a idade, para tornar a casu&#237;stica mais homog&#234;nea. </p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da vida sexual dos dois grupos, al&#233;m de grande propor&#231;&#227;o de insatisfa&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes hipertensos aderidos ao esquema de tratamento relataram maior insatisfa&#231;&#227;o. Sabemos que a qualidade da vida sexual pode sofrer a influ&#234;ncia de fatores f&#237;sicos, psicol&#243;gicos e tamb&#233;m dos medicamentos utilizados. O conhecimento do diagn&#243;stico da HA pode influenciar o relato de sintomas, a falta ao trabalho e a QV talvez pelo fato de os pacientes sentirem-se estigmatizados ap&#243;s a descoberta da doen&#231;a<sup>19-22</sup>. Quando se avaliou o n&#250;mero e as classes de anti-hipertensivos utilizados, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a entre os grupos avaliados, fato que pode ter ocorrido por conta do tamanho da amostra e sua segmenta&#231;&#227;o em raz&#227;o da variedade de poss&#237;veis combina&#231;&#245;es de medicamentos considerados no estudo. </p>
    <p>A maior conscientiza&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico, al&#233;m da maior dura&#231;&#227;o da HA nos pacientes aderidos por um per&#237;odo longo (cinco anos) a esse esquema de tratamento proposto pode ter influenciado o resultado. Al&#233;m disso, quando os pacientes foram questionados a respeito da interfer&#234;ncia da medica&#231;&#227;o na qualidade de sua vida sexual, a maioria n&#227;o confirmou tal rela&#231;&#227;o. Os resultados obtidos para os dois grupos com a aplica&#231;&#227;o do SF-36 n&#227;o demonstraram diferen&#231;as na QV, apesar do melhor conhecimento da doen&#231;a no grupo aderido. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esses resultados pode estar no tipo do tratamento, em que a equipe multiprofissional, os aspectos educativos e informativos se acentuam para uma melhor compreens&#227;o da doen&#231;a hipertensiva como fator de risco.</p>
    <p>Compreende-se que os problemas do cotidiano, somados a outras intercorr&#234;ncias que surgem a partir da doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, necessitam ser trabalhados nos aspectos que refletem a intera&#231;&#227;o e a adapta&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo &#224; doen&#231;a e ao meio, objetivando uma melhor QV<sup>23</sup>. As interven&#231;&#245;es proporcionaram uma boa integra&#231;&#227;o social, um bom relacionamento com o m&#233;dico e a equipe de sa&#250;de, facilidade de acesso aos medicamentos, al&#233;m de atividades de lazer, o que pode ter elevado a QV desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados obtidos por meio da aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio SF-36, n&#227;o existe na literatura uma m&#233;dia &#250;nica que possa resumir a avalia&#231;&#227;o. Comparando os resultados deste estudo a outros, que tamb&#233;m avaliaram a QV em hipertensos e que tamb&#233;m utilizaram esse instrumento, as m&#233;dias obtidas foram semelhantes<sup>24</sup>. A menor m&#233;dia entre todos os dom&#237;nios avaliados foi observada para os aspectos f&#237;sicos, o que poderia estar associada &#224; m&#233;dia de idade da amostra.</p>
    <p>Embora n&#227;o tenhamos neste estudo um grupo controle de normotensos, se compararmos as m&#233;dias obtidas nos dois grupos com as m&#233;dias da QV da popula&#231;&#227;o normal brit&#226;nica, americana, francesa e sueca, estudadas e relatadas nos trabalhos de Brazier e cols.<sup>13</sup>, Perneger e cols.<sup>14</sup>, Sullivan e cols.<sup>15</sup>, observamos que os valores obtidos para os pacientes hipertensos avaliados de ambos os grupos encontram-se abaixo da m&#233;dia normal reportada nos estudos supracitados<sup>13-15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estudos que compararam grupos de hipertensos com normotensos conclu&#237;ram que existe um d&#233;ficit na QV dos hipertensos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos normotensos, n&#227;o s&#243; pelo conhecimento do diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a, mas tamb&#233;m pelos efeitos adversos dos agentes usados no tratamento anti-hipertensivo<sup>17,25</sup>.</p>
    <p>O aspecto emocional apresentou grande varia&#231;&#227;o. Apenas 10% n&#227;o relataram varia&#231;&#245;es emocionais, enquanto os outros relataram situa&#231;&#245;es de tristeza (13%), ansiedade (15%) e nervosismo (34%).</p>
    <p>Quando fizemos a associa&#231;&#227;o da pergunta sobre a QV segundo a percep&#231;&#227;o do paciente e a relacionamos com cada um dos dom&#237;nios do SF-36, encontramos diferen&#231;as no componente emocional. Os aspectos emocionais da nossa casu&#237;stica apresentaram muita variabilidade e a aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio gen&#233;rico SF-36 talvez n&#227;o seja capaz de avali&#225;-los adequadamente. Nesses aspectos, o SF-36 n&#227;o se mostrou como um reflexo real da QV referida pelos pacientes analisados neste estudo, j&#225; que QV, pela sua pr&#243;pria defini&#231;&#227;o, deve englobar aspectos mais amplos da vida de um indiv&#237;duo. Al&#233;m disso, o SF-36 n&#227;o mediu conceitos da QV relacionados &#224; vida sexual dos pacientes, pois na sua constru&#231;&#227;o esse aspecto n&#227;o est&#225; inclu&#237;do.</p>
    <p>O question&#225;rio SF-36 quantifica objetivamente a QV medindo aspectos de sa&#250;de e atividades geralmente afetadas pelas condi&#231;&#245;es e estado de sa&#250;de, por&#233;m, componentes mais subjetivos, como a sa&#250;de mental, podem n&#227;o ser adequadamente mensurados<sup>26</sup>. Sem d&#250;vida, a medida da QV &#233; complexa e embora o SF-36 seja largamente utilizado para tal prop&#243;sito, possui suas limita&#231;&#245;es, e assim sendo cuidados devem ser tomados com rela&#231;&#227;o a algumas quest&#245;es antes de selecionarmos o instrumento a ser utilizado. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Margareth Assad Cavalcante, pela Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Margaret Assad Cavalcante </p>
        <p> Rua Djalma Dultra, 18/13 - Vila Ocidental </p>
        <p> 19015040 - Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="massad@cardiol.br">massad@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 09/12/06; revisado recebido em 19/03/07; aceito em 09/05/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Quality of life of hypertensive patients treated at an outpatient clinic</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The main cause of mortality in braziliam population is the cardiovascular disease and arterial hypertension (AH) the most prevalent one. The antihypertensive treatment is effective however it is not well known how affects the quality of life (QOL) in patients afterwards. OBJECTIVE: To comparatively assess the QOL in patients submitted to an antihypertensive treatment. METHODS: One-hundred patients with AH were studied of which 46 had complied with a standard treatment regimen (group A) and 54 (group B control) were about to start the same regimen. We collected clinical and sociodemographic data and questions focusing sexuality, self-perception of QOL, number and types of medication taken and their influence on sex life. The questionnaire SF-36 was also administered. The data were analyzed using the tests chi-square, Student&#8217;s t, Pearson correlation and Tukey. RESULTS: No differences were detected between group A and B in any of the SF-36 domains. There was an association between the question on self-perception of QOL and the SF-36 domains, emotional aspects excepted. As regards sexuality, there was difference in the quality of sex life between the groups, which was less satisfactory for group A. CONCLUSION: When the SF-36 was administered no changes in QOL were detected between the groups because it is an asymptomatic chronic disease. The SF-36 did not properly assess emotional aspects in our case series of hypertensive patients that had high behavior variability. Group A showed lower quality sex life; however, this was not related to the number and type of medication used.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Quality of life</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>outpatients</kwd>
        <kwd>questionnaires</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Quality of life of hypertensive patients treated at an outpatient clinic</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Margaret Assad Cavalcante; Maria Teresa Nogueira Bombig; Braulio Luna Filho; Antonio Carlos de Camargo Carvalho; Angelo A. V. de Paola; Rui P&#243;voa</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Departamento de Medicina - Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE) e Setor de Cardiopatia Hipertensiva - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), Presidente Prudente - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The main cause of mortality in braziliam population is the cardiovascular disease and arterial hypertension (AH) the most prevalent one. The antihypertensive treatment is effective however it is not well known how affects the quality of life (QOL) in patients afterwards.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To comparatively assess the QOL in patients submitted to an antihypertensive treatment.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> One-hundred patients with AH were studied of which 46 had complied with a standard treatment regimen (group A) and 54 (group B control) were about to start the same regimen. We collected clinical and sociodemographic data and questions focusing sexuality, self-perception of QOL, number and types of medication taken and their influence on sex life. The questionnaire SF-36 was also administered. The data were analyzed using the tests chi-square, Student&#146;s t, Pearson correlation and Tukey.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> No differences were detected between group A and B in any of the SF-36 domains. There was an association between the question on self-perception of QOL and the SF-36 domains, emotional aspects excepted. As regards sexuality, there was difference in the quality of sex life between the groups, which was less satisfactory for group A.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> When the SF-36 was administered no changes in QOL were detected between the groups because it is an asymptomatic chronic disease. The SF-36 did not properly assess emotional aspects in our case series of hypertensive patients that had high behavior variability. Group A showed lower quality sex life; however, this was not related to the number and type of medication used.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Quality of life; hypertension/therapy; outpatients; questionnaires.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The primary objective of antihypertensive treatment is to reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases associated with high blood pressure values. But concurrently with the benefits for hypertensive patients who are adequately treated, antihypertensive medication may produce adverse effects which affect the pleasure of living. It is essential therefore to assess the influence of the medication used on the quality of life (QOL) of patients<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>QOL is defined by the World Health Organization as "an individual&#146;s perception of his/her position in life, in the context of the culture and value systems in which he/she lives and in relation to his/her goals, expectations, standards and concerns"<sup>2</sup>.<sup>.</sup></p>
      <p>There are several instruments or questionnaires available that allow a reasonable assessment of the QOL of patients with different diseases. These instruments can be divided into two groups: the specific ones, that are based on individual assessment and the generic ones<sup>3-8</sup>. Specific instruments are an alternative way to assess certain aspects of QOL in an individual and specific fashion, and may detect changes in the aspects studied. </p>
      <p>Generic instruments are developed and applied to reflect the life of patients in a wide variety of populations and include such aspects as function, dysfunction and physical and emotional well being. Among the generic instruments is the SF-36 <italic>(The Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey),</italic> that assesses the health profile. It is easy to administer and understand and is widely used in the literature<sup>9,10</sup>. Additionally, it has been translated into Portuguese and validated for our milieu<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p> The objective of this study was to assess qualitative and quantitative aspects of QOL in hypertensive patients by administering the SF-36 generic questionnaire focusing on sexuality, self-perception of QOL, number and type of medication used and impact on sex life.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One hundred hypertensive patients were assessed, of which 69 were female, aged from 40 to 85 years, who were treated at the Regional Specialty Outpatient Clinic - NGA 34 of the city of Presidente Prudente, state of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, in the period from October 2003 through February 2004, with a history of AH for more than five years. All the patients were following some type of antihypertensive treatment.</p>
      <p>The collection of clinical and sociodemographic data and of the questionnaires was carried out on an individual basis by the same researcher and took approximately forty minutes.</p>
      <p>Two groups of hypertensive patients were created: Group A - 46 patients following the standard treatment at the NGA-34 for five years; Group B - control - 54 consecutive patients, recently admitted to the NGA-34 to start the standard treatment.</p>
      <p>The standard treatment at NGA-34 comprised, besides the medication supplied by the Single Health System (SUS) free of charge, a special scheme that included monthly visits with a multiprofessional team made up of a physician, a nurse, a nutritionist, an occupational therapist and a physiotherapist, as well as educational lectures on AH. After these educational activities the patients were followed up by means of monthly visits with an occupational therapist and engaged in manual activities, games and relaxation sessions, besides physiotherapy follow up sessions which included aerobic activities.</p>
      <p>For the one hundred patients, data including age, gender, race, marital status, level of education, family income expressed in minimum wages, the duration of AH, and comorbidities were collected. Questions focusing on sexuality, self-perception of QOL, number and type of medication used and their impact on sex life were asked.</p>
      <p>SF-36 was administered to all patients. This questionnaire is comprised of 35 items that cover eight components: functional capability, physical aspects, pain, general health status, vitality, social aspects, emotional aspects and mental health. There is also an item that assesses the evolution of the patient&#146;s health, comparing the current health status with that of one year before. This item does not score as a question but rather provides information on the patient&#146;s condition. The physical component includes functional capabilities, physical aspects and pain and the general health status. The mental component includes mental health, functional aspects, social aspects and vitality.</p>
      <p>The functional capability scale assessed not only the presence but also the extent of physical capability limitations. The vitality scale considered the level of energy and fatigue, the disposition to look for new tasks and face the challenges they pose. As regards the physical and emotional aspects, we assessed the extent to which these limitations impacted the patient&#146;s daily life, making it difficult for him/her to perform his/her regular activities. As concerns pain, we assessed its intensity and whether it limited the patient&#146;s daily life somehow. Social aspects assessed the patient&#146;s integration into social activities. The mental health component assessed anxiety, depression, alterations in behavior or emotional dyscontrol and psychological well being. Each question was attributed a score from zero to 100, with 100 being the best and zero being the worst health status, according to the SF-36 score.</p>
      <p>The numeric data of the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics (age, family income, number of minimum wages, number of people living in the home, per capita income and duration of hypertension) were submitted to the test for unrelated samples (Student&#146;s t test). The chi-square test was applied to compare categorical data between groups such as gender, age group, ethnic group, marital status, level of education, comorbidities, the question of sexuality, type and number of medication used and the impact of medication on quality of sex life.</p>
      <p>The SF-36 data were submitted to Student&#146;s t test. Pearson&#146;s correlation coefficient was used to investigate the dependency ratio between age and all the domains of the SF-36, analyzing the total sample and groups A and B individually. The model of analysis of variance via Tukey&#146;s multiple comparison method was used to analyze the SF-36 domains in association with the response given to the question on QOL self-perception. In all the statistical tests considered, the level of significance a= 5% was adopted to verify the rejection of the null hypothesis (p<underline>&lt;</underline>0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of the patients of the groups studied. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups as to age and duration of disease in years. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0245-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows that 73% of the patients were sexually active, and in the age group between 62 and 73 years, sex life was more unsatisfactory (p&lt;0.05), and more satisfactory in the age group below 50 years. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0245-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the two groups as concerns the quality of their sex life; here, group B presented more satisfactory sex life than group A (p&lt;0.05). On normalization for age between the two groups, group B presented a significantly higher percentage of unsatisfactory sex life for the age group between 62 and 73 years, as was the case for the same analysis carried out for the total sample (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">5</xref>)</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0245-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0245-00006-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0245-00006-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>As regards the number of medications used and sexual satisfaction, there was no significant dependency in the general sample (p=0.710) and in groups A (p=0.688) and B (p=0.623) alike, and also as regards the type of medication used in the general sample (p=0.820) and in groups A (p=0.504) and B (p=0.703) as well. As regards the impact of medication on sex life quality, there was no significance in the groups studied (p=0.999).</p>
      <p>The means and standard deviations for the SF-36 domains in the general sample were the following, respectively, for each aspect: emotional aspects (74.3 &#177; 42.3), physical aspects (55.7 &#177; 46.6), social aspects (76.8 &#177; 28.0), functional capability (62.8 &#177; 25.5), pain (61.4 &#177; 26.1), general health status (72.1 &#177; 21.3), mental health (70.2 &#177; 23.0), vitality (68.8 &#177; 22.9), physical score (62.2 &#177; 23.5), mental score (72.6 &#177; 23.2). </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref> shows that there were no statistical differences between the means and standard deviations for the groups studied. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0245-00006-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The study on the ratio between the ages and the SF-36 domains showed no significant dependency for the general sample and for groups A and B as well.</p>
      <p>There was an association between the perception of quality of life and each SF-36 domain (physical aspects, p=0.017; social aspects, p=0.001; functional capability, p=0.005; pain, p=0.001; general health status, p=0.001; vital health, p=0.001; vitality, p=0.001; physical score, p=0.001, mental score, p=0.001), except as regards the emotional aspect (p=0.23).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Characteristics relating to the patient such as age, gender, race, formal schooling, occupation, marital status, religion, life habits, in addition to cultural aspects, beliefs and socioeconomic context may impact QOL. This is why it is important to assess them by means of instruments that can quantify them<sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>Most studies that assess QOL use generic instruments such as the SF-36, which have been proven to be valid and reliable for different populations, including the Brazilian population<sup>11,13-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Very few studies in the literature record the QOL of hypertensive patients and according to Alderman, in 2005, of 4,300 articles published in a journal specializing in QOL since 1987, only nine dealt with AH, and of these only two presented this chronic condition as the primary factor of study<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>AH is an asymptomatic disease, but studies show that the secondary effects of the treatment itself are associated with lower compliance with and abandonment of medication treatment, and may impact the QOL of these patients. For some, the fact that they take medication is a more difficult problem to deal with than the disease itself. </p>
      <p>Roca-Cusachs et al, in 2001, assessed the impact of QOL clinical variables and reported that hypertensive patients experienced significant reduction in QOL when compared with normotensive individuals<sup>17</sup>. Li et al<sup>18</sup>, in 2005, studied the Chinese population and observed that QOL was higher in normotensive than in hypertensive individuals and also verified that hypertensive patients who were under treatment and whose pressure levels were under control had higher QOL than those who were under treatment but whose pressure levels were not controlled<sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study assessed the QOL of hypertensive patients treated in an outpatient clinic for a period of five years, considering compliance as the degree of coincidence between the prescription and the patient&#146;s behavior<sup>12</sup>. Group A was comprised of patients monitored for more than five years, with a high degree of compliance with the treatment, and group B (control group) was comprised of patients recently admitted into the specialty outpatient clinic. </p>
      <p>The baseline clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of patients were similar, except as regards the duration of AH and age, which were higher for patients who complied with the standard treatment regimen. In view of this, we performed normalization for age, so as to make the case series more homogeneous.</p>
      <p>When assessing the quality of sex life of the two groups, in addition to a high dissatisfaction ratio, hypertensive patients who complied with the treatment regimen were the most dissatisfied. We know that the quality of sex life may be affected by physical and psychological factors and by the medication used. Knowledge of the AH diagnosis may influence the reporting of symptoms, work absenteism and QOL, perhaps because patients feel stigmatized after discovering that they have the disease<sup>19-22</sup>. When we assessed the number and classes of antihypertensive medication used, no difference was observed between the two groups analyzed, which may be due to the size of the sample and its segmentation by virtue of the variety of possible combinations of medications considered in the study. Greater awareness of the diagnosis and longer duration of HA in patients who had complied with the treatment regimen for a long time (five years) may have influenced the result. Additionally, when patients were asked about the impact of medication on the quality of their sex life, most did not confirm experiencing such impact. The results obtained for the two groups with the administration of the SF-36 did not show differences in QOL, although the compliant group had more knowledge about the disease. A possible explanation of these results might be found in the type of treatment, in which the multiprofessional team, educational and informative efforts play a key role in allowing patients to better understand hypertension as a risk factor. It is understandable that the problems of everyday life added to other events caused by a chronic condition have to be addressed as regards the individual&#146;s interaction with and adaptation to the disease and his milieu, to improve his QOV<sup>23</sup>. The interventions have enabled good social integration, a good rapport with the doctor and the health team, easy access to medication and leisure activities, which may have improved the QOL of these patients.</p>
      <p> As regards the results obtained by administering the SF-36 questionnaire, there is no single mean in the literature that can summarize the assessment. When the results of this study are compared to other studies which assessed the QOL of hypertensive patients and in which this instrument was also used, the means obtained were similar<sup>24</sup>. The mean for physical aspects was the lowest of all the domains assessed, which could be associated with the mean age of the sample.</p>
      <p>Although we did not have a control group composed of normotensive individuals, if we compare the means obtained for the two groups with the QOL means of the normal population in Britain, the United States, France and Sweden which were studied and reported in the papers by Brazier et al<sup>13</sup>, Perneger et al<sup>14</sup>, Sullivan et al<sup>15</sup>, we observe that the values obtained for hypertensive patients assessed in both groups were below the normal mean reported in the studies above mentioned<sup>13-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies that compare groups of hypertensive and normotensive individuals concluded that there is a deficit in the QOL of hypertensive relative to normotensive individuals, not only because of their knowledge of the diagnosis of the disease but also because of the adverse effects of the drugs used in the antihypertensive treatment<sup>17,25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Emotional aspects varied greatly. Only 10% did not report emotional variations, whereas others reported sadness (13%), anxiety (15%) and nervousness (34%).</p>
      <p>When we associated the question on QOL according to the patient&#146;s perception with each one of the SF-36 domains, we found differences in the emotional component. The emotional aspects of our case series presented high variability and the administration of the SF-36 generic questionnaire may not be suitable to assess them appropriately. For these aspects, the SF-36 failed to reflect the actual QOL reported by the patients analyzed in this study, since QOL, by virtue of its very definition, should encompass broader aspects of an individual&#146;s life. Additionally, the SF-36 did not measure QOL concepts relating to the sex life of patients, because this aspect is not included in the construction of this instrument. </p>
      <p>The SF-36 questionnaire quantifies QOL in an objective fashion, measuring health aspects and activities generally affected by health status and condition. However, more subjective components, such as mental health, may not be adequately measured<sup>26</sup>. Measuring QOL is undoubtedly a complex task, and although SF-36 is widely used for this purpose, it has limitations. Therefore, some questions require extra care when selecting which instrument should be used.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Margareth Assad Cavalcante, from Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Margaret Assad Cavalcante</p>
          <p> Rua Djalma Dultra, 18/13 - Vila Ocidental</p>
          <p> 19015040 - Presidente Prudente, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="massad@cardiol.br">massad@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received December 9, 2006; revised manuscript received March 19, 2007; accepted May 9, 2007.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
