<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pT3YXnmJZK5jfqsCVFfBpYy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001600003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001600003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efic&#225;cia de uma interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica no estilo de vida para redu&#231;&#227;o do risco coronariano</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pugliese</surname>
            <given-names>Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanella</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Tereza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Blay</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Plavinik</surname>
            <given-names>Frida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galv&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o e Diabetes</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>225</fpage>
      <lpage>230</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efic&#225;cia de um programa destinado a promover mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida por meio de interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica associado &#224; terapia farmacol&#243;gica para redu&#231;&#227;o do risco coronariano em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-controlada, sobrepeso e dislipidemia acompanhados durante 11 meses. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo controlado e aleat&#243;rio com 74 pacientes distribu&#237;dos para tr&#234;s programas de tratamento distintos. Um grupo (TC) recebeu exclusivamente tratamento farmacol&#243;gico convencional. O grupo de orienta&#231;&#227;o (GO) recebeu tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e participou de um programa de orienta&#231;&#227;o para controle dos fatores de risco cardiovascular. O terceiro grupo (IPEV) recebeu tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e participou de um programa de interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica breve destinado a reduzir o n&#237;vel de estresse e mudar o comportamento alimentar. A principal medida de avalia&#231;&#227;o foi o &#237;ndice de risco de Framingham. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes do grupo TC obtiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 18% (p = 0,001) no risco coronariano; os pacientes do grupo GO apresentaram um aumento de risco de 0,8% (NS); e os pacientes do grupo IPEV obtiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 27% no &#237;ndice de risco de Framingham (p = 0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: O tratamento farmacol&#243;gico aliado a um programa de interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica destinado a reduzir o n&#237;vel de estresse e mudar o comportamento alimentar resultou em benef&#237;cios adicionais na redu&#231;&#227;o de risco coronariano.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>redu&#231;&#227;o de peso</kwd>
        <kwd>psicologia em sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Efic&#225;cia de uma interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica no estilo de vida para redu&#231;&#227;o do risco coronariano</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rita Pugliese<sup>I</sup>; Maria Tereza Zanella<sup>I</sup>; S&#233;rgio Lu&#237;s Blay<sup>II</sup>; Frida Plavinik<sup>I</sup>; Marco Antonio Andrade<sup>I</sup>; Roberto Galv&#227;o<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o e Diabetes do Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o - UNIFESP- S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Disciplina de Psicoterapia e Psicodin&#226;mica - UNIFESP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a efic&#225;cia de um programa destinado a promover mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida por meio de interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica associado &#224; terapia farmacol&#243;gica para redu&#231;&#227;o do risco coronariano em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o-controlada, sobrepeso e dislipidemia acompanhados durante 11 meses. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo controlado e aleat&#243;rio com 74 pacientes distribu&#237;dos para tr&#234;s programas de tratamento distintos. Um grupo (TC) recebeu exclusivamente tratamento farmacol&#243;gico convencional. O grupo de orienta&#231;&#227;o (GO) recebeu tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e participou de um programa de orienta&#231;&#227;o para controle dos fatores de risco cardiovascular. O terceiro grupo (IPEV) recebeu tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e participou de um programa de interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica breve destinado a reduzir o n&#237;vel de estresse e mudar o comportamento alimentar. A principal medida de avalia&#231;&#227;o foi o &#237;ndice de risco de Framingham. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os pacientes do grupo TC obtiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 18% (p = 0,001) no risco coronariano; os pacientes do grupo GO apresentaram um aumento de risco de 0,8% (NS); e os pacientes do grupo IPEV obtiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 27% no &#237;ndice de risco de Framingham (p = 0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O tratamento farmacol&#243;gico aliado a um programa de interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica destinado a reduzir o n&#237;vel de estresse e mudar o comportamento alimentar resultou em benef&#237;cios adicionais na redu&#231;&#227;o de risco coronariano.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemias, redu&#231;&#227;o de peso, psicologia em sa&#250;de, preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de morte em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento<sup>1,2</sup>. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que o emprego de uma abordagem conjunta composta por tratamento cl&#237;nico aliado a um programa de interven&#231;&#227;o para controle de diversos fatores de risco, por meio de orienta&#231;&#227;o educativa<sup>3,4</sup> ou interven&#231;&#227;o comportamental<sup>5,6,7</sup>, &#233; mais eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular do que um tratamento exclusivamente farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
    <p>Este estudo avalia o efeito de um programa de interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica para redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de estresse e mudan&#231;a do comportamento alimentar associado &#224; terapia farmacol&#243;gica, comparado com tratamento exclusivamente farmacol&#243;gico e com tratamento farmacol&#243;gico aliado a um programa de orienta&#231;&#227;o para redu&#231;&#227;o de risco coronariano em pacientes hipertensos com sobrepeso e dislipid&#234;micos, sem controle press&#243;rico adequado, tratados durante 11 meses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Desenho do estudo - </italic>O objetivo deste estudo aleat&#243;rio foi comparar os efeitos de uma interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica no estilo de vida (IPEV) para redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de estresse e mudan&#231;a do comportamento alimentar associada &#224; terapia farmacol&#243;gica com uma abordagem convencional para redu&#231;&#227;o de risco coronariano durante um per&#237;odo de 11 meses. O estudo de 42 semanas foi realizado em uma cl&#237;nica ambulatorial de hipertens&#227;o e dividido em duas fases: uma fase de interven&#231;&#227;o com dura&#231;&#227;o de 18 semanas e uma fase de consolida&#231;&#227;o dos resultados com dura&#231;&#227;o de 24 semanas. A equipe foi composta por quatro m&#233;dicos, um psic&#243;logo e dois estudantes de psicologia. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Conselho de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p><italic>Amostra - </italic>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o no estudo foram: 1) pacientes hipertensos sob medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva com press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) m&#233;dia entre 90 e 109 mm Hg ou press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) m&#233;dia entre 140 e 179 mm Hg obtidas em duas consultas de triagem feitas com um intervalo de dois meses e realizadas pelo mesmo m&#233;dico; 2) indiv&#237;duos dos dois sexos entre 35 e 63 anos; 3) &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) de 25 a 34,9Kg/m<sup>2</sup>; 4) colesterol LDL <underline>&gt;</underline> 130mg/dl e colesterol HDL <underline>&lt;</underline> 40mg/dl. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram pacientes com hist&#243;ria ou evid&#234;ncias eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral, obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial perif&#233;rica, insufici&#234;ncia renal, diabetes (glicemia de jejum <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dl) e IMC acima de 35 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos tamb&#233;m pacientes que obtiveram sete pontos ou mais no question&#225;rio para detec&#231;&#227;o de transtornos psiqui&#225;tricos<sup>8,9</sup> (Self-Report Questionnaire 20 - SRQ 20), pacientes com preju&#237;zo intelectual, pacientes com hist&#243;ria antiga ou atual de psicose e pacientes com problemas associados ao uso de &#225;lcool ou outras drogas (a atividade da gamaglutamil-transferase s&#233;rica foi determinada como um marcador do consumo de &#225;lcool). </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido depois de receberem informa&#231;&#245;es verbais e escritas sobre o estudo. Um programa de computador centralizado distribuiu aleatoriamente os pacientes em tr&#234;s grupos: um grupo de tratamento convencional (TC, n = 21), um grupo de orienta&#231;&#227;o (GO, n = 29) e um grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica no estilo de vida (IPEV, n = 24). </p>
    <p>Os participantes foram devidamente informados de que n&#227;o poderiam exceder o limite de tr&#234;s faltas durante todo o estudo, nem em consultas m&#233;dicas e nem em interven&#231;&#245;es em grupo.</p>
    <p>A eligibilidade para o estudo foi avaliada a partir de uma amostra representativa de pacientes da cl&#237;nica de hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica e o programa de orienta&#231;&#227;o foram desenvolvidos pelo psic&#243;logo que n&#227;o avaliou os pacientes. Ambos foram documentados em manuais para refer&#234;ncia durante o estudo. A amostra foi composta da seguinte forma: 82% dos pacientes eram mulheres e 38% eram brancos; a m&#233;dia de idade foi 50 (8,5) anos; os valores m&#233;dios da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram 136 (15) e 87 (11) mm Hg, respectivamente, de acordo com a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA); o IMC m&#233;dio foi 28,4 (3,4) Kg/m<sup>2</sup>; a concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de colesterol LDL foi 138,6 (29,6) mg/dl; a concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de colesterol HDL foi 42,3 (10,5) mg/dl; 55% dos pacientes apresentaram estresse; 80% foram considerados sedent&#225;rios; e 5% eram fumantes.</p>
    <p><italic>M&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o e procedimentos - </italic>Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram avaliados no in&#237;cio do estudo e entre as semanas 18 e 42: concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade e triglic&#233;rides (avaliadas por t&#233;cnica enzim&#225;tica), concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade (de acordo com a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald), &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC - Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<italic>, </italic>creatinina (avalia&#231;&#227;o colorim&#233;trica), monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA- Spacelabs, modelo 90207, Ecafix), glicemia (com sangue venoso coletado ap&#243;s jejum noturno) e ECG.</p>
    <p>Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram avaliados no in&#237;cio do estudo e na semana 42: &#237;ndice de risco de Framingham de cada indiv&#237;duo<sup>10</sup>; ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, por meio de um question&#225;rio an&#244;nimo (o paciente foi considerado adepto ao tratamento quando tomava a medica&#231;&#227;o pelo menos cinco dias por semana); atividade f&#237;sica (aqueles que relataram por meio de um pequeno question&#225;rio que faziam atividade f&#237;sica tr&#234;s vezes por semana durante pelo menos trinta minutos foram considerados fisicamente ativos); Invent&#225;rio de Sintomas de Estresse (ISS)<sup>11</sup> e tabagismo (por meio de um pequeno question&#225;rio que analisava o n&#250;mero de cigarros fumados no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s). </p>
    <p>Pacientes com colesterol LDL <underline>&gt;</underline> 160mg/dl receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o de sinvastatina.</p>
    <p><italic>Tratamento convencional (n =21) - </italic>Todos os pacientes tiveram acompanhamento m&#233;dico a cada dois ou tr&#234;s meses e realizado sempre pelo mesmo m&#233;dico. O objetivo para todos os grupos foi reduzir a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica para n&#237;veis abaixo de 140 e 90 mm Hg, respectivamente. Pacientes com sobrepeso ou hipercolesterolemia foram tratados de acordo com a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica usual. </p>
    <p><italic>Grupo de orienta&#231;&#227;o (n =29) - </italic>Al&#233;m do tratamento convencional, os pacientes participaram de um Programa de Orienta&#231;&#227;o realizado por um psic&#243;logo. Esse programa foi estruturado em duas fases e teve o intuito de conscientizar os pacientes sobre os fatores de risco cardiovascular e suas associa&#231;&#245;es com a doen&#231;a coronariana, bem como estimul&#225;-los a efetuar mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida em duas fases. Na <italic>fase de interven&#231;&#227;o</italic>, os pacientes receberam informa&#231;&#245;es durante 18 sess&#245;es de sessenta minutos realizadas uma vez por semana. Foi permitido at&#233; dez participantes por sess&#227;o de grupo. O programa incluiu tamb&#233;m informa&#231;&#245;es sobre hipertens&#227;o, ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, colesterol, limite de consumo de &#225;lcool, tabagismo, restri&#231;&#227;o ao uso do sal, controle de estresse, controle de peso e sedentarismo. Na <italic>fase de consolida&#231;&#227;o dos resultados</italic>, as mesmas informa&#231;&#245;es foram enfatizadas em seis sess&#245;es de sessenta minutos realizadas uma vez por m&#234;s. </p>
    <p><italic>Grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica no estilo de vida (n = 24) -</italic> Al&#233;m de receberem tratamento convencional, todos os pacientes participaram de uma interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica din&#226;mica breve planejada antecipadamente e realizada pelo mesmo psic&#243;logo<sup>12,13</sup>. Os objetivos dessa interven&#231;&#227;o foram: 1) transmitir as mesmas informa&#231;&#245;es fornecidas ao grupo GO; 2) aumentar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo, reduzir os n&#237;veis de estresse, reduzir o IMC em pelo menos 5%<sup>14</sup>, estimular a realiza&#231;&#227;o de caminhadas pelo menos tr&#234;s vezes por semana durante 30 minutos; e 3) identificar e abordar os conflitos psicol&#243;gicos associados &#224;s dificuldades em promover mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida e em atingir os objetivos mencionados acima. </p>
    <p>A<italic> fase de interven&#231;&#227;o</italic> foi realizada em 18 reuni&#245;es de sessenta minutos realizadas uma vez por semana, como no GO. Foram formados tr&#234;s grupos de oito pacientes. Com base no trabalho em grupo, foram identificados fatores geradores de estresse e propiciada a mudan&#231;a de comportamentos. Foram tamb&#233;m abordadas quest&#245;es psicol&#243;gicas associadas ao consumo excessivo de alimentos e a um estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio. Todos os pacientes se comprometeram a atingir as metas de redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de estresse, redu&#231;&#227;o de peso e aumento da atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
    <p>Em seguida, teve in&#237;cio a <italic>fase de consolida&#231;&#227;o dos resultados</italic>, que consistiu em seis reuni&#245;es em grupo de sessenta minutos realizadas uma vez por m&#234;s. Os objetivos foram manter os novos comportamentos adquiridos e atingir as metas. Depois de cada sess&#227;o foram feitas anota&#231;&#245;es para an&#225;lise posterior. </p>
    <p><italic>M&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos - </italic>Os dados foram analisados de acordo com o princ&#237;pio de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar. Todos os dados dispon&#237;veis foram utilizados. Para compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores no in&#237;cio do tratamento, foi empregada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia, an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para medidas repetidas e teste de qui-quadrado, independentemente de os dados terem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou n&#227;o. Para an&#225;lises intragrupo, foi empregado o teste<italic> t</italic> de Student para dados pareados e an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para medidas repetidas e, para os demais dados, o teste do sinal de Wilcoxon e o teste de Fisher. Foi aplicado o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson para cada grupo a fim de comparar as diferen&#231;as iniciais e finais no &#237;ndice de risco de Framingham e nos valores de PAD, PAS, colesterol HDL e colesterol LDL. Para analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre eleva&#231;&#227;o do colesterol HDL e sinvastatina e entre atividade f&#237;sica e perda de peso, empregamos o teste qui-quadrado. Apenas diferen&#231;as com valor de p &lt; 0.05 foram consideradas estatisticamente significantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra foi composta por 74 pacientes, dos quais 5% eram fumantes. Os valores m&#233;dios de PAS e PAD foram 148 mm Hg e 94 mm Hg, obtidos em consultas de triagem. </p>
    <p>No primeiro m&#234;s do estudo, seis pacientes abandonaram o tratamento (cinco do grupo TC e um do grupo GO). A perda estat&#237;stica foi irrelevante (p = 0,729), uma vez que 92% dos pacientes completaram o estudo sem exceder tr&#234;s faltas. </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas da amostra no in&#237;cio do estudo s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significantes entre os tr&#234;s grupos no in&#237;cio do estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">3</xref>), exceto em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de triglic&#233;rides, que foram mais elevados no grupo TC, e ao maior n&#250;mero de pacientes sedent&#225;rios no grupo IPEV. Os valores press&#243;ricos apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref> foram obtidos por meio de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0225-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0225-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0225-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O grupo TC n&#227;o atingiu a meta de PAS e PAD abaixo de 140 mm Hg e 90 mm Hg, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). A ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva no grupo de TC, informada pelos pacientes, permaneceu constante em 21%. An&#225;lises intragrupo revelaram redu&#231;&#245;es de 6% nos n&#237;veis de colesterol total e de 12% e nos n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL, al&#233;m de 13% de aumento nos n&#237;veis de colesterol HDL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). A sinvastatina foi prescrita para dois pacientes (10%) no in&#237;cio do estudo, enquanto sete pacientes (33%) receberam essa prescri&#231;&#227;o ao final do estudo (p = 0,017). Os dois fumantes mantiveram o h&#225;bito durante todo o per&#237;odo de estudo. O grupo TC apresentou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significante de 18% no &#237;ndice de risco de Framingham (p = 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>), e 50% dos pacientes conseguiram reduzir o risco coronariano (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0225-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O grupo GO n&#227;o atingiu a meta de PAS e PAD abaixo de 140 mm Hg e 90 mm Hg, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). Compara&#231;&#245;es intragrupo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>) mostraram que os &#237;ndices de ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva subiram de 18% para 24% (p &lt; 0,001). Houve tend&#234;ncia de eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol HDL (p = 0,066). A sinvastatina foi prescrita para dois pacientes (6%) no in&#237;cio do estudo e para quatro pacientes (13%) no final do estudo (NS). Observamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o significante no n&#250;mero de pacientes sedent&#225;rios: 20 pacientes no in&#237;cio e 12 (p = 0,008) no final do estudo. Os dois fumantes mantiveram o h&#225;bito durante todo o per&#237;odo de estudo. Assim, o grupo GO n&#227;o obteve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significante no &#237;ndice de risco de Framingham (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>O grupo IPEV atingiu a meta de PAS e PAD abaixo de 140 mm Hg e 90 mm Hg, respectivamente, mas s&#243; a PAD sofreu redu&#231;&#227;o significante (p = 0,026) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). An&#225;lises intragrupo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>) mostraram que o &#237;ndice de ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva subiu dos 34% iniciais para 55% no final do estudo (p = 0,002). Houve redu&#231;&#227;o de 5% na concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de colesterol total e de 11,6% na concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de colesterol LDL, enquanto a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de colesterol HDL mostrou eleva&#231;&#227;o de 10%. A sinvastatina foi prescrita para dois pacientes (10%) no in&#237;cio do estudo e para tr&#234;s pacientes (13%) no final do estudo (NS). Cinq&#252;enta por cento dos pacientes tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o de 5% ou mais no &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), e 75% se tornaram fisicamente ativos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). Foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na m&#233;dia percentual do Invent&#225;rio de Sintomas de Estresse (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). O grupo IPEV apresentou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 27% no &#237;ndice de risco de Framingham (p = 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>), e 75% dos pacientes tiveram seu risco coronariano reduzido (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig.1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista psicol&#243;gico, os seguintes aspectos foram recorrentes em todos os grupos: nega&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o ("Por que devo tomar medicamento se n&#227;o sinto nada?", "Minha press&#227;o arterial j&#225; est&#225; sob controle e n&#227;o preciso mais tomar medicamento"); nega&#231;&#227;o de ingest&#227;o excessiva de alimentos ("N&#227;o como para engordar", quando os pacientes est&#227;o visivelmente com sobrepeso ou obesos); aspectos relacionados &#224; voracidade (comer at&#233; se sentir empanturrado, comer depressa para poder repetir, comer excessivamente em momentos de ansiedade); nega&#231;&#227;o da obesidade ("N&#227;o sou obeso, s&#243; estou um pouquinho acima do peso"); nega&#231;&#227;o das conseq&#252;&#234;ncias da obesidade ("As pessoas magras tamb&#233;m v&#227;o morrer, portanto prefiro morrer gordo"); nega&#231;&#227;o do risco coronariano ("Acho que voc&#234; est&#225; exagerando meu risco de infartar", "Se eu infartar, tenho certeza de que me recuperarei logo").</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle de estresse, foram observados os seguintes comportamentos: ansiedade e pressa no desempenho de tarefas; rigidez para rever prazos e prioridades, tend&#234;ncia a acumular tarefas e atribui&#231;&#245;es e tend&#234;ncia a superestimar ou subestimar a capacidade de resolver problemas.</p>
    <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre as diferen&#231;as relativas observadas nos valores do colesterol HDL e do risco coronariano foi de &#150; 0,61 (p = 0,003) para o grupo TC, &#150; 0,46 (p = 0,01) para o grupo GO e &#150; 0,62 (p = 0,001) para o grupo IPEV. As eleva&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de colesterol HDL foram associadas com introdu&#231;&#227;o ou aumento da dose de sinvastatina (p = 0,071) no grupo TC, com aumento da atividade f&#237;sica (p = 0,016) no grupo GO e com perda de peso (p &lt; 0,001) no grupo IPEV.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes do grupo de tratamento convencional obtiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 18% no &#237;ndice de risco de Framingham. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o foi correlacionada com um aumento dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol HDL, que, por sua vez, foi associado &#224; introdu&#231;&#227;o ou aumento da dose de sinvastatina. A import&#226;ncia de n&#237;veis baixos de colesterol HDL como fator de risco cardiovascular foi relatada nos estudos de Planas e cols.<sup>15</sup>, e Orso e cols.<sup>16</sup>. Embora essa abordagem terap&#234;utica seja eficiente, o custo do tratamento se torna mais elevado e os riscos de efeitos colaterais s&#227;o maiores<sup>17</sup>. &#201; necess&#225;rio orientar os pacientes a mudar h&#225;bitos de vida e aumentar sua ades&#227;o ao tratamento. </p>
    <p>Entretanto, no grupo de orienta&#231;&#227;o essa medida n&#227;o foi suficiente para promover mudan&#231;as comportamentais capazes de reduzir os fatores de risco de Framingham. Alguns estudos com metodologia semelhante e acompanhamento de um ano apresentaram resultados controversos<sup>18</sup>. Outros, que tiveram dura&#231;&#227;o de cinco anos, produziram resultados positivos<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora a porcentagem final de indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios no grupo de orienta&#231;&#227;o fosse alta (43%), o aumento da atividade f&#237;sica foi associado com eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de colesterol HDL. Esse achado &#233; compat&#237;vel com os resultados da metan&#225;lise realizada por Thompson e cols.<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os participantes do grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica no estilo de vida obtiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 27% no &#237;ndice de risco de Framingham, e 75% dos pacientes apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o do risco coronariano. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o foi correlacionada com um aumento nos n&#237;veis de colesterol HDL, obtido por meio de mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, uma vez que se associou com redu&#231;&#227;o de peso. Ginsberg e cols.<sup>20</sup> salientaram esse efeito. No final do estudo, 10% dos pacientes com sobrepeso estavam com peso normal (<underline>&lt;</underline> 24,9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e 20% dos pacientes considerados obesos inicialmente (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) apresentaram &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea compat&#237;vel com sobrepeso (25 para 29,9Kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
    <p>O tratamento convencional parece ter sido &#250;til para pacientes com perfil de ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, enquanto o tratamento cl&#237;nico associado com interven&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica no estilo de vida foi &#250;til para pacientes hipertensos com dois ou mais fatores de risco cardiovascular, como estresse, sobrepeso/obesidade e dislipidemia, pois essa estrat&#233;gia foi capaz de alterar um grande n&#250;mero de fatores de risco, reduzindo a exposi&#231;&#227;o aos efeitos colaterais dos medicamentos.</p>
    <p>Os fatores psicol&#243;gicos que podem ter contribu&#237;do s&#227;o: redu&#231;&#227;o da ansiedade do grupo como um todo; abordagem da rela&#231;&#227;o entre estresse e aumento da ingest&#227;o de comida; identifica&#231;&#227;o e controle do comportamento alimentar voraz; abordagem das defesas man&#237;acas, como se opor &#224; realidade e se considerar imune &#224;s conseq&#252;&#234;ncias advindas dos problema de sa&#250;de. </p>
    <p>Este estudo mostra que os pacientes que apresentam as caracter&#237;sticas psicol&#243;gicas mencionadas acima precisam n&#227;o apenas de uma abordagem cl&#237;nica, mas tamb&#233;m de uma abordagem psicol&#243;gica, pois essas caracter&#237;sticas podem constituir um obst&#225;culo ao &#234;xito do tratamento. </p>
    <p>Novos estudos nessa linha de pesquisa poder&#227;o propiciar maior aprofundamento das estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas destinadas aos v&#225;rios subgrupos de pacientes que apresentam risco coronariano de moderado a alto.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agradecemos aos participantes do estudo, por sua colabora&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Rita Pugliese, pela Escola Paulista de Medicina.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rita Pugliese </p>
        <p> Rua Duarte da Costa, 171 </p>
        <p> 06706-060 &#150; Cotia, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rita@menorrisco.com.br">rita@menorrisco.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 03/04/06; revisado recebido em 19/03/07; aceito em 09/05/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Uemura K, Piza Z. Trends in cardiovascular    disease mortality in industrialized countries since 1950. World Health Stat    Q. 1988; 41: 155-78. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Trends in cardiovascular disease mortality in industrialized countries since 1950</article-title>
          <source>World Health Stat Q.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>155</fpage>
          <lpage>78</lpage>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Uemura</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piza</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Thom TJ. International mortality from heart    disease: rates and trends. Int J Epidemiol. 1989; 18 (Suppl 1): 520-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>International mortality from heart disease: rates and trends</article-title>
          <source>Int J Epidemiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>520</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thom</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Agewall S, Wikstrand J , Samuelsson O, Persson    B, Andersson OK, Fagerberg B. The efficacy of multiple risk factor intervention    in treated hypertensive men during long-term follow up. J Intern Med. 1994;    236: 651-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The efficacy of multiple risk factor intervention in treated hypertensive men during long-term follow up</article-title>
          <source>J Intern Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>651</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>236</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Agewall</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wikstrand</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Samuelsson</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Persson</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andersson</surname>
              <given-names>OK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fagerberg</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Fagerberg B, Wikstrand J, Berglund G, Samuelsson    O, Agewall S. Mortality rates in treated hypertensive men with additional risk    factors are high but can be reduced: a randomized intervention study. Am J Hypertens.    1998; 11: 14-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mortality rates in treated hypertensive men with additional risk factors are high but can be reduced: a randomized intervention study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>14</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fagerberg</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wikstrand</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berglund</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Samuelsson</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agewall</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Benfari RC. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention    Trial: MRFIT. Prev Med. 1981; 10: 426-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial: MRFIT</article-title>
          <source>Prev Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>426</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Benfari</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. MRFIT- Mortality rates after 10,5 years for    participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Findings related    to a priori hypothese of the trial. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial    Research Group. JAMA. 1990; 263 (13): 1795-801.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>MRFIT- Mortality rates after 10, 5 years for participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial: Findings related to a priori hypothese of the trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1795</fpage>
          <lpage>801</lpage>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <volume>263</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Kjelsberg MO, Cutler JA, Dolecek TA. Brief    description of the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Am J Clin Nutr.    1997; 65 (Suppl 1): 191S-195S.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Brief description of the multiple risk factor intervention trial</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>191S</fpage>
          <lpage>195S</lpage>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kjelsberg</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cutler</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dolecek</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Iacoponi E, Mari JJ. Reliability and factor    structure of the Portuguese version of Self-Reporting Questionnaire. Int J Soc    Psychiatry. 1989; 35 (3): 213-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reliability and factor structure of the Portuguese version of Self-Reporting Questionnaire</article-title>
          <source>Int J Soc Psychiatry.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>213</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Iacoponi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mari</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Mari JJ, Williams P. A validity study of a    psychiatric screening questionnaire (SRQ-20) in primary care in the city of    Sao Paulo. Br J Psychiatry. 1986; 148: 23-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A validity study of a psychiatric screening questionnaire (SRQ-20) in primary care in the city of Sao Paulo</article-title>
          <source>Br J Psychiatry.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>23</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>148</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mari</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Wilson PWF, D Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger    AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk    factor categories. Circulation. 1998; 97: 1837-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories</article-title>
          <source>Circulation.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1837</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>PWF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#8217; Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belanger</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silbershatz</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Lipp MN, Guevara AH. Valida&#231;&#227;o    emp&#237;rica do invent&#225;rio de sintomas de estresse (ISS). Estudos    de Psicologia. 1994; 11(3): 43-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Valida&#231;&#227;o emp&#237;rica do invent&#225;rio de sintomas de estresse (ISS)</article-title>
          <source>Estudos de Psicologia.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lipp</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guevara</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Hobbs M. An introduction to the psychotherapies.    In: Bloch S (ed). Short-term dynamic psychotherapies. 3rd ed. Oxford Medical    Publication; 1996. p. 52-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Short-term dynamic psychotherapies</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>52</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hobbs</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bloch</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Sifneos P. Psicoterapia din&#226;mica breve     avalia&#231;&#227;o e t&#233;cnica. S&#227;o Paulo: Artes M&#233;dicas;    1989.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Psicoterapia din&#226;mica breve: avalia&#231;&#227;o e t&#233;cnica</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sifneos</surname>
              <given-names>P.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Hutton B, Fergusson D. Changes in body weight    and serum lipid profile in obese patients treated with orlistat in addition    to a hypocaloric diet: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Am    J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80 (6): 1461-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Changes in body weight and serum lipid profile in obese patients treated with orlistat in addition to a hypocaloric diet: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1461</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hutton</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fergusson</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Planas E, Fiol C, Sabate I. HDL cholesterol    as a risk factor for arteriosclerosis. Med Clin. 1980; 75 (8): 331-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>HDL cholesterol as a risk factor for arteriosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Med Clin.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1980</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>331</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Planas</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fiol</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabate</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Orso GG. Cholesterol bound to high-density    lipoproteins: critical review of methods of analysis and personal data. Ann    Osp Maria Vittoria Torino. 1982; 24 (7-12): 286-306.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cholesterol bound to high-density lipoproteins: critical review of methods of analysis and personal data</article-title>
          <source>Ann Osp Maria Vittoria Torino.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>286</fpage>
          <lpage>306</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Orso</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Pezzilli R, Ceciliato R, Corinaldesi R, Barakat    B. Acute pancreatitis due to simvastatin therapy: increased severity after rechallenge.    Dig Liver Dis. 2004; 36 (9): 639-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Acute pancreatitis due to simvastatin therapy: increased severity after rechallenge</article-title>
          <source>Dig Liver Dis.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>639</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pezzilli</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ceciliato</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Corinaldesi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barakat</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Ebrahim S, Smith GD. Multiple risk factor    interventions for primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database    Syst Rev. 2000; 2: CD 001561. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Multiple risk factor interventions for primary prevention of coronary heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ebrahim</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pi&#241;a IL, Balady    GJ, Williams MA, Marcus BH, et al. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention    and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2003;    107 (24): 3109-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>Circulation.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>3109</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buchner</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pi&#241;a</surname>
              <given-names>IL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balady</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcus</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Ginsberg HN. Nonpharmacologic management    of low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Cardiol. 2000; 86    (12A): 41L-45L.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Nonpharmacologic management of low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>41L</fpage>
          <lpage>45L</lpage>
          <issue>12A</issue>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ginsberg</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Efficacy of lifestyle change psychological intervention in coronary risk reduction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a program of lifestyle change through psychological intervention, combined with pharmacological therapy, for coronary risk reduction in uncontrolled hypertensive patients with overweight and dyslipidemia over 11 months of follow-up. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial with 74 patients assigned to three different treatment programs. One group (CT) only received conventional pharmacological treatment. Another group (OG) received pharmacological treatment and participated in a guidance program to control cardiovascular risk factors. A third group (LSPI) received pharmacological treatment and participated in a brief psychological intervention program for reduction of estresse levels and changing of eating behavior. The main measure was the Framingham risk index. RESULTS: CT patients presented an average reduction of 18% (p = 0.001) in coronary risk; OG patients elevated the risk by 0.8% (NS) and the LSPI group showed an average reduction of 27% on the Framingham risk index (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pharmacological treatment combined with psychological intervention for reduction of estresse level and changing of eating behavior resulted in additional benefits in coronary risk reduction.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>weight loss</kwd>
        <kwd>primary prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>behavioral medicine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Efficacy of lifestyle change psychological intervention in coronary risk reduction</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rita Pugliese<sup>I</sup>; Maria Tereza Zanella<sup>I</sup>; S&#233;rgio Lu&#237;s Blay<sup>II</sup>; Frida Plavinik<sup>I</sup>; Marco Antonio Andrade<sup>I</sup>; Roberto Galv&#227;o<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o e Diabetes do Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o - UNIFESP</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Disciplina de Psicoterapia e Psicodin&#226;mica-UNIFESP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the efficacy of a program of lifestyle change through psychological intervention, combined with pharmacological therapy, for coronary risk reduction in uncontrolled hypertensive patients with overweight and dyslipidemia over 11 months of follow-up. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A randomized controlled trial with 74 patients assigned to three different treatment programs. One group (CT) only received conventional pharmacological treatment. Another group (OG) received pharmacological treatment and participated in a guidance program to control cardiovascular risk factors. A third group (LSPI) received pharmacological treatment and participated in a brief psychological intervention program for reduction of stress levels and changing of eating behavior. The main measure was the Framingham risk index.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> CT patients presented an average reduction of 18% (p = 0.001) in coronary risk; OG patients elevated the risk by 0.8% (NS) and the LSPI group showed an average reduction of 27% on the Framingham risk index (p = 0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Pharmacological treatment combined with psychological intervention for reduction of stress level and changing of eating behavior resulted in additional benefits in coronary risk reduction.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertension; dyslipidemias; weight loss; primary prevention; behavioral medicine.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in developed and developing countries<sup>1,2</sup>. Previous studies have shown that the joint approach of treatment with medication and a program of multiple risk factor intervention through educational guidance<sup>3,4</sup> or behavioral intervention<sup>5,6,7</sup> may promote additional benefits on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rate reduction, compared with pharmacological treatment alone.</p>
      <p>This study evaluates the effect of a program of lifestyle change through psychological intervention combined with pharmacological therapy for stress reduction and eating behavior change compared to pharmacological treatment alone and a guidance program for coronary risk reduction in uncontrolled hypertensive patients with overweight and dyslipidemia who underwent treatment for 11months.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Study design - </italic>The study was a randomized trial designed to compare the effects of a lifestyle psychological intervention (LSPI) for stress reduction and eating behavior change combined with pharmacological therapy with a conventional intervention for coronary risk reduction lasting 11 months. The 42-week study was conducted at an outpatient hypertension clinic and divided into an 18-week intervention phase and a 24-week result consolidation phase. The team consisted of four physicians, one psychologist and two psychology students. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Federal University of S&#227;o Paulo, School of Medicine.</p>
      <p><italic>Sample - </italic>Inclusion criteria were: 1) hypertensive patients under antihypertensive medication who presented mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between 90 and 109 mmHg or systolic blood pressure (SBP) between 140 and 179 mmHg in two screening visits taken two months apart and conducted by the same physician; 2) both genders, age 35 to 63 years; 3) body mass index (BMI) 25 to 34.9 kg/m2; 4) LDL-cholesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mg/dL, and HDL-cholesterol <underline>&lt;</underline> 40 mg/dL. Exclusion criteria were patients with history or ECG evidence of myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial obstruction, kidney failure, diabetes (fasting glucose <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dL), and BMI over 35 kg/m2. Also excluded were patients who scored 7 or higher on the scale for psychiatric disturbance screening<sup>8,9</sup> Self-Report Questionnaire 20 (SRQ 20), were intellectually impaired, had a history or current diagnosis of psychosis, or were alcohol (serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity was assessed as a marker of alcohol consumption) or drug addicts. </p>
      <p>Consent was obtained from every patient after oral and written information was given. A centralized computer program randomly distributed patients into three groups: the conventional treatment group (CT, n= 21), orientation group (OG, n = 29), and lifestyle psychological intervention group (LSPI, n = 24).</p>
      <p>Patients were duly informed that they could not miss more than three visits throughout the study, whether medical consultations or group interventions.</p>
      <p>Eligibility for participation in the study was evaluated in hypertensive patients belonging to a cohort that was a representative sample of the clinic population. </p>
      <p>The psychological intervention and the orientation program were developed by a therapist other than the one who evaluated the patients. Both were documented in manuals for reference during the study. Study sample was formed as follows: 82% of the patients were women and 38% were white; mean age was 50 (8.5) years; mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 136 (15) and 87 (11) mmHg, respectively (as documented by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring &#150; ABPM); mean BMI 28.4 (3.4) kg/m2; mean LDL-C 138.6 (29.6) mg/dL; mean HDL-C 42.3 (10.5), 55% suffered from stress, 80% were considered physically inactive, and 5% were smokers.</p>
      <p><italic>Evaluation methods and procedures - </italic>The following parameters were measured at baseline and between weeks 18 and 42: serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations (evaluated by enzymatic technique), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (according to Friedewald&#146;s formula)<italic>, </italic>body mass index (BMI - kg/m2)<italic>, </italic>creatinine (colorimetric evaluation), ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM- Spacelabs, model 90207, Ecafix), glucose test (venous blood was drawn after an overnight fast) and ECG.</p>
      <p>The following parameters were evaluated at baseline and on week 42: Framingham risk index for each individual (Wilson et al 1998); adherence to antihypertensive medication through an anonymous questionnaire (patients were considered adherent if they reported taking their medication at least five days a week); physical activity (those who responded a brief questionnaire as practicing three times a week for at least 30 minutes were considered physically active); Stress Symptom Inventory (SSI) (Lipp et al 1994), and smoking habits (examined with a brief questionnaire who considered any cigarette smoked during the last month). </p>
      <p>Patients with LDL-C <underline>&gt;</underline> 160mg/dL received a simvastatin prescription.</p>
      <p><italic>Conventional treatment (n=21) - </italic>All patients were monitored in the conventional manner by the same doctor every two to three months. For all groups the aim was to reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressures to levels below 140 and 90 mmHg, respectively. Overweight or hypercholesterolemic patients were treated according to the normal clinical practice. </p>
      <p><italic>Orientation group (n=29) - </italic>In addition to conventional treatment, patients participated in a Guidance Program conducted by a psychologist. This program was developed to inform patients about cardiovascular risk factors and their associations with coronary disease and to stimulate lifestyle changes in two phases. In the <italic>intervention phase </italic>the patients received information during 18 weekly 60-minute sessions. A maximum of 10 participants was allowed per session. Information on hypertension, adherence to pharmacological treatment and coronary disease, cholesterol, alcohol consumption limits, smoking, salt restrictions, stress control, weight control and sedentary lifestyle were included in the program. In the<italic> result consolidation phase</italic> the same information was emphasized during 60-minute sessions held once a month over six months. </p>
      <p><italic>Lifestyle psychological intervention group (n=24) - </italic>In addition to conventional treatment, all patients participated in a brief dynamic psychological intervention (Hobbs 1996, Sifneos 1989), planned in advance and conducted by the same psychologist. The goals were: 1) to provide the same information given to the OG group; 2) to increase adhesion to antihypertensive treatment, to reduce stress levels, weight loss of at least 5% of BMI (Hutton et al 2004), and walk at least three times a week for 30 minutes; 3) to identify and approach psychological conflicts involved in the difficulties of changing lifestyles and reaching the goals above.</p>
      <p>The <italic>intervention phase</italic> took place during 18 eighteen 60-minute meetings held once a week as with the OG. Three groups of eight patients were formed. Based on the group work, common stress generation factors were identified so as to provide proper guidance. Psychological issues involved in excessive food intake and sedentary lifestyle were likewise addressed. Each patient committed to goals of stress and weight reduction and physical activity increase.</p>
      <p>The <italic>result consolidation phase</italic> followed, and consisted of 60-minute group meetings held once a month. The objectives were to maintain the newly acquired behavior patterns and to reach unachieved goals. Notes were taken after each session for later analysis. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical methods -</italic> All data were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle. We used all available data. For baseline comparisons we used analysis of variance, repeated-measures analysis of variance and Chi-square, whether the data had normal distribution or not. For within-group analyses, paired t-test, repeated- measures analysis of variance or when data had uneven distribution, the Wilcoxon signed rank and Fisher tests were used.</p>
      <p>We used the Pearson correlation coefficient for each group to compare initial and final differences of the Framingham risk index, DBP and SBP, and HDL and LDL&#150;cholesterol values. The chi-square test was used to test associations between increased HDL-C levels and simvastatin, physical activity and weight loss. </p>
      <p>Only<italic> p </italic>values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant .</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study sample comprised 74 patients, 5% of whom were smokers. Mean SBP and DBP were 148mmHg and 94mmHg, taken during screening visits. </p>
      <p>Six patients dropped out of the study during the first month of treatment (five in the CT and one in the OG). The statistical loss was irrelevant (p = 0.729) as 92% completed the study with no more than three absences. </p>
      <p>Sample demographic characteristics at study entry are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. There were no significant differences among the three groups at baseline (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">3</xref>), except for triglyceride values, higher in the CT group, and for the greater number of sedentary patients in the LSPI group. Blood pressure values in the <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> were obtained by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0225-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0225-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0225-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The CT did not achieve SBP and DBP below 140 and 90 mmHg, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). CT adherence to antihypertensive medication as informed by the patients remained constant at 21%. Within-group analyses revealed reductions in total cholesterol levels of 6% and LDL&#150;cholesterol of 12%, in addition to an increase in HDL&#150;cholesterol of 13% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Simvastatin was prescribed for two patients (10%) at baseline and seven patients (33%) at the end of the study (p = 0.017). The two smokers continued their habit throughout the study period. The CT group presented a significant reduction of 18% on the Framingham risk index (p = 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>), and 50% of the patients were able to reduce the coronary risk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0225-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The OG group did not achieve SBP and DBP below 140 and 90 mmHg, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Within-group comparisons (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>) showed that the indices of antihypertensive medication adherence rose from 18% to 24% (p &lt; 0.001). There was a tendency for HDL&#150;cholesterol to rise (p = 0.066). Simvastatin was prescribed for two patients (6%) at baseline and four patients (13%) at the end of the study (NS). A significant reduction was found in the number of physically inactive patients: 20 patients in the beginning and 12 (p = 0.008) at the end. The two smokers continued their habit during the entire study period. Thus, the OG group did not achieve a significant reduction in the Framingham risk index (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>The LSPI group did achieve SBP and DBP below 140 and 90 mmHg, respectively, but only DBP dropped significantly (p = 0.026) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Within-group analyses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>) showed that indices of antihypertensive medication adherence rose from the initial 34% to 55% at the end of the study (p = 0.002). Total serum cholesterol concentrations dropped 5% as did LDL&#150;cholesterol (11.6%), while HDL&#150;cholesterol rose 10%. Simvastatin was prescribed for two patients (10%) initially and for three (13%) by the end of the study (NS). Body mass index (BMI) was reduced by 5% or more in 50% of the patients, and 75% had become physically active (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). We observed an expressive reduction on the mean percentage obtained in the ISS test (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). LSPI presented a 27% decrease of Framingham risk index (p= 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>) and 75% of the patients had their coronary risk reduced (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>From the psychological standpoint, the following aspects were recurrent in all groups: denying hypertension ("why take any medication if I don&#146;t feel anything?", "my blood pressure is already under control and medication is no longer necessary"); denying excessive food intake ("my purpose is not gaining weight when I eat", when patients are evidently overweight or obese); aspects related to voracity (eating until there&#146;s an uncomfortable sense of fullness, eating in a hurry to have a second helping); denying obesity ("I&#146;m not obese, I&#146;m just slightly overweight"); denying consequences of obesity ("thin people are also going to die, so I&#146;d rather die as a fat person"); denying coronary risk ("I feel you are overstating my risk of heart attack", "if I have a heart attack, I&#146;m sure I&#146;ll recover quickly").</p>
      <p>As far as stress control is concerned, the following behavior was noted: anxiety and hastiness when performing tasks; strictness when reviewing deadlines and priorities, tendency for over-accumulating tasks and responsibilities, and tendency to over- or underestimate the ability to solve problems.</p>
      <p>Pearson correlation among relative differences observed both in HDL&#150;cholesterol and coronary risk was &#150; 0.61(p = 0.003) for CT, &#150; 0.46 (p = 0.01) for OG and &#150; 0.62 (p= 0.001) for LSPI. Rises in HDL&#150;cholesterol were related to the introduction or increase of simvastatin dosage (p = 0.017) in the CT, to physical activity increase (p = 0.016) in the OG and to weight loss (p &lt; 0.001) in the LSPI.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients in the Conventional Treatment group achieved an average reduction of 18% on the Framingham risk index. This was correlated to an increase in HDL cholesterol that was associated to the introduction or increase in simvastatin dosage. The importance of low levels of HDL cholesterol as a cardiovascular risk factor was reported in the studies of Planas et al (1980) and Orso et al (1982). Although this therapeutic approach may be effective, associate treatment costs are high and drug side effect risks are increased (Pezzilli et al 2004).</p>
      <p>Patients require guidance to change their life habits and increase their adherence to treatment. In the orientation group, however, guidance was unable to change behavior that could reduce the Framingham risk factors. Other studies with a similar methodology and a one-year follow-up have presented controversial results (Ebrahim et al 2000). Other longer studies of this type lasting five years have led to positive results (Ebrahim et al 2000).</p>
      <p>Although the final percentage of sedentary individuals in the orientation group was high (43%), the increase in physical activity was associated to the increase in HDL&#150;C. This finding is compatible with the results of the meta-analysis conducted by Thompson et al., in 2003.</p>
      <p>The patients in the lifestyle psychological intervention group showed an average reduction of 27% on the Framingham risk index, and 75% of patients showed a reduction in risk. This coronary risk reduction was correlated to an increase in HDL&#150;C, obtained by changes in lifestyle as it was associated to weight loss. Ginsberg et al. (2000) pointed out this effect. Ten percent of the patients went from overweight to normal-weight (<underline>&lt;</underline> 24.9 kg/m2), and 20% of the patients initially considered as obese (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m2) ended the study with a body mass index classified as overweight (25 to 29,9Kg/m2).</p>
      <p> Conventional treatment alone seems to have been useful to patients with a profile of adherence to the pharmacological treatment, while medical treatment associated with psychological lifestyle intervention was useful for hypertensive patients with two or more cardiovascular risk factors, such as overweight/obesity and hyperlipidemia, as this strategy was capable of changing a greater number of risk factors, reducing exposure to medication side effects.</p>
      <p>The psychological factors that may have contributed are: reduced anxiety in the entire group; addressing the relationship between stress and increasing food intake; identification of voracious eating; addressing maniac defenses such as denying reality, and considering oneself immune to consequences arising from this condition. This was observed as denial of hypertension, excessive food intake and obesity.</p>
      <p>This study suggests that patients with abovementioned psychological characteristics need not only a medical approach, but also an emotional approach, as these characteristics may constitute an obstacle to successful treatment. </p>
      <p>New studies along this line of investigation may lead to enhanced therapeutic strategies for the different patient subgroups that present moderate to high coronary risks.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We are indebted to the participants in the study for their cooperation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Rita Pugliese, from Escola Paulista de Medicina.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Rita Pugliese</p>
          <p> Rua Duarte da Costa, 171</p>
          <p> 06706-060 &#150; Cotia, SP - Brasil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rita@menorrisco.com.br">rita@menorrisco.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received April 3, 2006; revised manuscript received March 19, 2007; accepted May 9, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
