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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xp5h4BFtS85FLzbfmCFrgFz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001600002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001600002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do consumo alimentar de crian&#231;as de 0 a 24 meses com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Tais Cleto Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Trigo</surname>
            <given-names>Marlene</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alonso</surname>
            <given-names>Rosiris Roco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Helena Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Regina Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Aparecida Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>219</fpage>
      <lpage>224</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: As crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita geralmente s&#227;o desnutridas e apresentam algum grau de comprometimento funcional e/ou estrutural dos org&#227;os. Existe, ainda, uma defici&#234;ncia na ingest&#227;o de nutrientes, corroborada pelo controle h&#237;drico, que limita o aporte nutricional de alguns cardiopatas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o consumo alimentar de crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita internadas na Unidade de Pediatria Cardiol&#243;gica de hospital-escola p&#250;blico. M&#201;TODOS: O consumo de alimentos e nutrientes foi calculado pelo consumo alimentar de tr&#234;s dias (m&#233;todo direto de pesagem) e o c&#225;lculo das calorias e nutrientes foi feito pelo software Virtual Nutri. RESULTADOS: O consumo de calorias/kg peso, de prote&#237;nas di&#225;rias, de s&#243;dio e de vitamina A esteve dentro do recomendado (p &lt; 0,05). Todavia, as calorias di&#225;rias, os lip&#237;dios, as fibras, o pot&#225;ssio e o ferro estiveram abaixo do recomendado (p &lt; 0,05) e, as prote&#237;nas/kg peso, os carboidratos, o c&#225;lcio e a vitamina C estiveram acima do recomendado (p &lt; 0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: Crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita t&#234;m dietas inadequadas e, portanto, necessitam de orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional para haver ingest&#227;o diet&#233;tica adequada e conseq&#252;ente melhora do crescimento e do desenvolvimento pondo-estatural, garantindo melhor qualidade de vida aos pacientes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>alimenta&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>ingest&#227;o de alimentos</kwd>
        <kwd>crian&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do consumo alimentar de crian&#231;as de 0 a 24 meses com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tais Cleto Lopes Vieira; Marlene Trigo; Rosiris Roco Alonso; Regina Helena Cunha Ribeiro; Maria Regina Alves Cardoso; Antonio Carlos Alves Cardoso; Maria Aparecida Alves Cardoso</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243; - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> As crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita geralmente s&#227;o desnutridas e apresentam algum grau de comprometimento funcional e/ou estrutural dos org&#227;os. Existe, ainda, uma defici&#234;ncia na ingest&#227;o de nutrientes, corroborada pelo controle h&#237;drico, que limita o aporte nutricional de alguns cardiopatas. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o consumo alimentar de crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita internadas na Unidade de Pediatria Cardiol&#243;gica de hospital-escola p&#250;blico. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> O consumo de alimentos e nutrientes foi calculado pelo consumo alimentar de tr&#234;s dias (m&#233;todo direto de pesagem) e o c&#225;lculo das calorias e nutrientes foi feito pelo <italic>software</italic> Virtual Nutri. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O consumo de calorias/kg peso, de prote&#237;nas di&#225;rias, de s&#243;dio e de vitamina A esteve dentro do recomendado (p &lt; 0,05). Todavia, as calorias di&#225;rias, os lip&#237;dios, as fibras, o pot&#225;ssio e o ferro estiveram abaixo do recomendado (p &lt; 0,05) e, as prote&#237;nas/kg peso, os carboidratos, o c&#225;lcio e a vitamina C estiveram acima do recomendado (p &lt; 0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita t&#234;m dietas inadequadas e, portanto, necessitam de orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional para haver ingest&#227;o diet&#233;tica adequada e conseq&#252;ente melhora do crescimento e do desenvolvimento pondo-estatural, garantindo melhor qualidade de vida aos pacientes.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas; alimenta&#231;&#227;o/orienta&#231;&#227;o; ingest&#227;o de alimentos; crian&#231;a.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cardiopatia cong&#234;nita &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o de uma altera&#231;&#227;o na estrutura cardiovascular normal ou da incapacidade de essa estrutura atingir desenvolvimento completo durante o per&#237;odo fetal, produzindo graus vari&#225;veis de disfun&#231;&#227;o circulat&#243;ria. Sua etiologia &#233; multifatorial e pode decorrer da intera&#231;&#227;o entre predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica e fatores ambientais intra-uterinos ou entre fatores p&#243;s-natais e anormalidades hemodin&#226;micas<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
    <p>As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas ocorrem em aproximadamente oito de cada mil nascidos vivos<sup>3</sup> e sua incid&#234;ncia &#233; baixa no Brasil e na Am&#233;rica Latina (cerca de 1%). Apesar disso, as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas revestem-se de relevante import&#226;ncia, pois, dentre as in&#250;meras possibilidades de defeitos, encontram-se anomalias com altera&#231;&#245;es anatomofuncionais, acarretando desde discretas modifica&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas at&#233; situa&#231;&#245;es mais complexas<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos tipos de cardiopatias baseia-se nas condi&#231;&#245;es da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar: volemia, fluxo, press&#227;o venocapilar e resist&#234;ncia<sup>5</sup>. Costuma-se dividir as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas em dois grupos principais: acianog&#234;nicas e cianog&#234;nicas<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maioria das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas apresenta descompensa&#231;&#227;o precocemente, e 20% dessas crian&#231;as desenvolvem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na primeira semana de vida, 18% entre a primeira e a quarta semanas, e 20% em um a doze meses<sup>5</sup>. A sobrevida de crian&#231;as portadoras de determinados defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos depende da presen&#231;a de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial adequada<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>De acordo com v&#225;rios autores, h&#225; &#237;ntima associa&#231;&#227;o entre cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas e desnutri&#231;&#227;o, tendo sido demonstrado que as les&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas a cianose, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar levam a maior comprometimento do crescimento e do desenvolvimento pondo-estatural, resultando em maior agravo nutricional<sup>8-12</sup>.</p>
    <p>As crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita geralmente s&#227;o desnutridas e apresentam algum grau de comprometimento funcional e/ou estrutural dos &#243;rg&#227;os. Existe, ainda, defici&#234;ncia na ingest&#227;o de nutrientes, decorrente do controle de l&#237;q&#252;idos necess&#225;rio em alguns pacientes. Algumas crian&#231;as s&#227;o submetidas a dietas especiais e com freq&#252;&#234;ncia apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, como diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade g&#225;strica, anoxia, congest&#227;o na circula&#231;&#227;o, motilidade intestinal alterada e absor&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;da<sup>13,14</sup>. Sabe-se que essas altera&#231;&#245;es influenciam a ingest&#227;o alimentar, fazendo com que o consumo alimentar fique abaixo das exig&#234;ncias nutricionais para a idade, interferindo no estado nutricional, com possibilidade de comprometimento das reservas cal&#243;ricas e das prote&#237;nas viscerais<sup>15-19</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo foi definida como crian&#231;as de 0 a 24 meses, de ambos os sexos, internadas na referida Unidade de Pediatria com especialidade em Cardiologia de um hospital-escola p&#250;blico. As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas foram divididas em dois grupos: acianog&#234;nicas e cianog&#234;nicas.</p>
    <p>Para minimizar o efeito de poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o, foram exclu&#237;das do estudo crian&#231;as que por algum motivo perderam tr&#234;s refei&#231;&#245;es ou mais durante um dia dos tr&#234;s de acompanhamento ou pela dificuldade em quantificar o consumo real da ingest&#227;o por vontade e for&#231;a pr&#243;prias.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao consumo de alimentos e nutrientes, preferiu-se utilizar o registro alimentar di&#225;rio pelo m&#233;todo direto de pesagem, o qual fornece dados fidedignos por ser considerado padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>O registro das informa&#231;&#245;es de consumo alimentar de cada crian&#231;a, durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, foi feito pelo pesquisador em ficha pr&#243;pria do hospital, contendo hor&#225;rio, refei&#231;&#227;o e quantidade ingerida em 24 horas durante tr&#234;s dias de acompanhamento.</p>
    <p>Cada refei&#231;&#227;o foi pesada, alimento por alimento, no momento da composi&#231;&#227;o do prato e ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da refei&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O total de cada um dos alimentos efetivamente consumidos pelo grupo foi obtido pela diferen&#231;a entre a quantidade oferecida e/ou servida e a quantidade dos restos, ou seja, a quantidade de cada alimento deixada no prato, ap&#243;s a crian&#231;a ter encerrado a refei&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>As crian&#231;as de 0 a 12 meses receberam alimenta&#231;&#227;o infantil a cada tr&#234;s horas. O padr&#227;o da unidade referente &#224; alimenta&#231;&#227;o infantil consiste em: prepara&#231;&#245;es l&#225;cteas (leite de vaca ou f&#243;rmulas industrializadas) engrossadas ou n&#227;o com farinhas ou similares (2% a 5%) e/ou enriquecidas ou n&#227;o com &#243;leos vegetais (1% a 4%), sopa creme de legumes com carne, fruta amassada, e suco de fruta natural.</p>
    <p>As crian&#231;as de 12 a 24 meses receberam dieta de consist&#234;ncias variadas (l&#237;q&#252;ida, leve, branda e geral), normoss&#243;dica e fracionada em seis refei&#231;&#245;es por dia (caf&#233; da manh&#227;, almo&#231;o, jantar e lanche nos intervalos &#224; base de leite de vaca ou fruta).</p>
    <p>Esses padr&#245;es variaram de acordo com a dieta prescrita, os h&#225;bitos alimentares e o grau de desenvolvimento de mastiga&#231;&#227;o, degluti&#231;&#227;o e dispn&#233;ia ao se alimentar.</p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise de dados, cada crian&#231;a teve calculado o total de calorias, prote&#237;nas, carboidratos, lip&#237;dios, ferro, c&#225;lcio, s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio e vitaminas A e C de cada dia, com o programa Virtual Nutri<sup>21</sup>, sendo posteriormente calculadas as m&#233;dias de consumo de calorias e de nutrientes dos tr&#234;s dias para tornar poss&#237;vel a compara&#231;&#227;o com o recomendado, descrito a seguir.</p>
    <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es di&#225;rias de calorias e macronutrientes foram estabelecidas de acordo com o sugerido por Sinden e Sutphen<sup>22</sup>. O aporte cal&#243;rico deve ser superior ao recomendado pelo <italic>Recommended Dietary Allowances</italic> (RDA)<sup>23</sup>:</p>
    <p>a) 120 Kcal/kg de peso a 160 Kcal/kg de peso;</p>
    <p>b) prote&#237;nas, 10% a 15% do valor cal&#243;rico total (VCT) (4 g/kg de peso para lactentes e 3 g/kg de peso para crian&#231;as);</p>
    <p>c) carboidratos, 35% a 60% do VCT;</p>
    <p>d) lip&#237;dios, 35% a 50 % do VCT.</p>
    <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es de s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio foram estabelecidas conforme sugerido por Forchielli e cols.<sup>24</sup>:</p>
    <p>a) s&#243;dio, 2 mEq/kg/dia a 3 mEq/kg/dia ou 46 mg/kg/dia a 69 mg/kg/dia;</p>
    <p>b) pot&#225;ssio, 2 mEq/kg/dia a 3 mEq/kg/dia ou 78 mg/kg/dia a 117 mg/kg/dia.</p>
    <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio foi estabelecida de acordo com o <italic>Dietary Reference Intakes</italic> (DRI)<sup>25</sup>, sendo de 210 mg/dia para crian&#231;as de 0 a 6 meses, de 270 mg/dia para crian&#231;as de 7 a 12 meses, e de 500 mg/dia para crian&#231;as de 1 a 3 anos.</p>
    <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es de fibra, ferro, vitamina A e vitamina C foram estabelecidas seguindo o RDA<sup>23</sup>:</p>
    <p>a) fibra, idade em anos + 5 g;</p>
    <p>b) ferro, 6 mg/dia para crian&#231;as de 0 a 6 meses e 10 mg/dia para crian&#231;as de 7 meses a 3 anos;</p>
    <p>c) vitamina A, 375 &#181;g/dia para crian&#231;as de 0 a 12 meses e 400 &#181;g/dia para crian&#231;as de 1 a 3 anos;</p>
    <p>d) vitamina C, 30 mg/dia para crian&#231;as de 0 a 6 meses, 35 mg/dia para crian&#231;as de 7 a 12 meses, e 40 mg/dia para crian&#231;as de 1 a 3 anos.</p>
    <p>Para classificar o consumo de alimentos em abaixo, acima ou normal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao recomendado, foram estabelecidos intervalos de 10% do valor recomendado.</p>
    <p>Posteriormente, os dados de recomenda&#231;&#245;es, de consumo e do formul&#225;rio de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foram agregados ao banco de dados, usando-se o Programa Access e analisados pelo programa Stata, vers&#227;o 7.0<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, foram calculadas: a m&#233;dia de consumo de calorias e nutrientes de todas as crian&#231;as; a classifica&#231;&#227;o desse consumo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao recomendado; e a m&#233;dia da diferen&#231;a entre o consumo de calorias e de nutrientes das crian&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao recomendado.</p>
    <p>Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo de calorias e de nutrientes das crian&#231;as e a recomenda&#231;&#227;o, utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, fixando-se em 5% (a &lt; 0,05) o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de nulidade<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um total de 38 crian&#231;as foi inclu&#237;do no estudo, sendo 53% do sexo feminino, e 76% dessas crian&#231;as apresentavam cardiopatia cong&#234;nita acian&#243;tica. </p>
    <p>Quanto ao consumo de alimentos da prefer&#234;ncia dessas crian&#231;as, constatou-se que 17 crian&#231;as receberam alimenta&#231;&#227;o infantil, 5 receberam alimenta&#231;&#227;o infantil com alimentos mais pastosos e bolachas, e 16 receberam alimenta&#231;&#227;o branda ou geral modificada (com caracter&#237;sticas da branda). </p>
    <p>O consumo m&#233;dio di&#225;rio de calorias e nutrientes analisado em todas as crian&#231;as estudadas est&#225; apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0219-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta a classifica&#231;&#227;o do consumo alimentar observado nas crian&#231;as durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. Segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es, pode-se observar que as calorias, os lip&#237;dios, a fibra, o s&#243;dio, o pot&#225;ssio, o ferro e a vitamina A est&#227;o abaixo do recomendado, e que a prote&#237;na por quilo de peso, o c&#225;lcio e a vitamina C est&#227;o acima. O consumo dos carboidratos esteve dentro do padr&#227;o recomendado.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0219-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quanto &#224;s calorias por quilo de peso e aos seguintes nutrientes: prote&#237;nas, s&#243;dio e vitamina A. Em todos os outros itens analisados houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,005).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram encontradas associa&#231;&#245;es entre sexo ou tipo de cardiopatia (cian&#243;tica e acian&#243;tica) e consumo alimentar das crian&#231;as (p&lt;0,10).</p>
    <p>Observou-se que a maioria das crian&#231;as que receberam dieta branda ou geral consumiu com freq&#252;&#234;ncia adequada os grupos de leites e derivados, de carnes e ovos, de leguminosas, de cereais, de p&#227;es e tub&#233;rculos, de &#243;leos e gorduras, e de a&#231;&#250;cares e doces, por&#233;m com defici&#234;ncia no que se refere &#224; quantidade, o que foi confirmado na mensura&#231;&#227;o das calorias e dos nutrientes consumidos. O grupo de frutas, legumes e verduras foi consumido em menor quantidade e com menos qualidade que o esperado.</p>
    <p>O consumo de alimentos da prefer&#234;ncia das crian&#231;as em quest&#227;o foi diversificado, por&#233;m, dentro de sua faixa et&#225;ria, percebeu-se a predomin&#226;ncia pelos leites. As crian&#231;as com mais de um ano de idade preferiram arroz e feij&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Explorando os dados avaliados pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para o consumo de calorias que esteve abaixo do recomendado (p&lt;0,05) e n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para as calorias por quilo de peso, encontradas dentro do recomendado (p&lt;0,05). Os resultados encontrados foram semelhantes aos de Hansen e Dorup<sup>28</sup> e Albano e cols.<sup>29</sup>, que obtiveram ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica muito abaixo das recomenda&#231;&#245;es da FAO/WHO/UNU<sup>30</sup> e da RDA<sup>23</sup>, n&#227;o sendo suficientes para promover o estir&#227;o de crescimento.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, as prote&#237;nas por quilo de peso estiveram acima do recomendado, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia quando associada &#224; baixa ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica, visto que, com a inadequa&#231;&#227;o energ&#233;tica da dieta, maior quantidade de prote&#237;na diet&#233;tica &#233; desviada de suas fun&#231;&#245;es org&#226;nicas para ser usada no fornecimento de energia, limitando seu &#243;timo aproveitamento.</p>
    <p>Os resultados encontrados tamb&#233;m foram semelhantes aos de Schwarz e cols.<sup>31</sup>, Unger e cols.<sup>32</sup> e Hansen e Dorup<sup>28</sup> quanto &#224; ingest&#227;o de prote&#237;nas para a maioria das crian&#231;as, a qual esteve consideravelmente acima das recomenda&#231;&#245;es em que s&#227;o definidos "valores seguros de ingest&#227;o". Portanto, para ocorrer o estir&#227;o do crescimento, h&#225; grande necessidade de prote&#237;nas e de calorias em quantidades adequadas.</p>
    <p>Foi observado consumo de carboidratos acima do recomendado, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%. Em trabalho recente, Lundell e cols.<sup>33</sup> estudaram o metabolismo da glicose e a secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina em um grupo de crian&#231;as com defeito do septo ventricular sintom&#225;tico (DSVS), comparando esse grupo a um grupo de crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis de mesma idade e peso, n&#227;o encontrando diferen&#231;a na toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, embora tenham sido observados baixos n&#237;veis de insulina no grupo DSVS. Uma descoberta interessante foi que os n&#237;veis baixos de insulina n&#227;o se correlacionam com baixa taxa de sua secre&#231;&#227;o; pelo contr&#225;rio, a secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina medida como <italic>C-peptide</italic> no plasma estava realmente aumentada, sendo interpretada como decorrente da destrui&#231;&#227;o da insulina ou do aumento de s&#237;tios de receptores.</p>
    <p>Houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,05) para os lip&#237;dios encontrados abaixo do recomendado, por&#233;m esse dado foi inesperado, uma vez que as dietas, principalmente as f&#243;rmulas infantis, foram enriquecidas com &#243;leo de milho. Esse dado nos faz pensar se n&#227;o poderia haver uma superestima&#231;&#227;o dos valores de recomenda&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios.</p>
    <p>Embora deva ser estimulada por ser de suma import&#226;ncia na regula&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es do organismo, inclusive no metabolismo de lip&#237;dios e na absor&#231;&#227;o intestinal, a ingest&#227;o de fibras ficou abaixo do recomendado (p&lt;0,05).</p>
    <p>O s&#243;dio esteve dentro do recomendado, por&#233;m n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,05). McParland e cols.<sup>34</sup> obtiveram resultado semelhante em pacientes com cardiopatia cr&#244;nica, nos quais encontraram n&#237;vel de s&#243;dio significativamente menor que no grupo de crian&#231;as normais, por&#233;m com taxa normal nos dois grupos.</p>
    <p>O pot&#225;ssio esteve abaixo do recomendado (p&lt;0,05). Sabe-se que &#233; necess&#225;ria vigil&#226;ncia quando esses valores est&#227;o sempre baixos, necessitando de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o freq&#252;ente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. N&#227;o foram encontrados estudos que citassem esse nutriente, impossibilitando, assim, a compara&#231;&#227;o com os achados deste estudo.</p>
    <p>O c&#225;lcio foi encontrado acima do recomendado, havendo signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%. Hansen e Dorup<sup>28</sup> encontraram valores de c&#225;lcio abaixo das recomenda&#231;&#245;es do RDA<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,05) para o consumo de ferro, que, neste estudo, esteve em n&#237;vel abaixo do recomendado. O mesmo resultado foi obtido por Hansen e Dorup<sup>28</sup>, que tamb&#233;m encontraram a ingest&#227;o de zinco bem abaixo das recomenda&#231;&#245;es do RDA<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>A vitamina A esteve dentro do recomendado, por&#233;m n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,05). &#201; necess&#225;rio considerar que aproximadamente 90% dessa vitamina s&#227;o armazenados nos dep&#243;sitos de gordura, pulm&#245;es e rins, o que permite o redirecionamento tempor&#225;rio em seu consumo di&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>Beaton e cols.<sup>35</sup> e Basiotis e cols.<sup>36</sup> conclu&#237;ram, com seus trabalhos, que pelo fato de a vitamina A se encontrar em quantidades variadas em determinados alimentos, seus n&#237;veis de consumo variaram amplamente entre os dias, sendo, portanto, necess&#225;rios v&#225;rios dias de avalia&#231;&#227;o para se obter uma estimativa confi&#225;vel do consumo usual para um indiv&#237;duo.</p>
    <p>A vitamina C foi encontrada acima do recomendado, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,05). &#201; importante ressaltar que a vitamina C &#233; inst&#225;vel ao calor e &#224; oxida&#231;&#227;o, e que seu conte&#250;do em frutas e vegetais pode variar segundo as condi&#231;&#245;es de produ&#231;&#227;o, armazenamento e prepara&#231;&#227;o. Como n&#227;o &#233; uma vitamina de dep&#243;sito, precisa de consumo di&#225;rio, sendo elemento essencial na absor&#231;&#227;o do ferro da dieta. Ao contr&#225;rio, Hansen e Dorup<sup>28</sup> encontraram ingest&#227;o de vitamina C abaixo das recomenda&#231;&#245;es do RDA<sup>30</sup>, o mesmo ocorrendo com as vitaminas B1, B6, D e E.</p>
    <p>Minerais e vitaminas foram monitorados individualmente e suplementados, sempre que necess&#225;rio. N&#227;o houve restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio a nenhuma das crian&#231;as acompanhadas por decis&#227;o m&#233;dica, estando o s&#243;dio dentro do valor recomendado. A restri&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica tamb&#233;m foi estabelecida pela equipe m&#233;dica de acordo com o balan&#231;o hidroeletrol&#237;tico de cada indiv&#237;duo. A restri&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica n&#227;o foi um fator de grande influ&#234;ncia na ingest&#227;o de nutrientes, por&#233;m deve ser sempre monitorada, principalmente quando for elevada, para que haja oferta e absor&#231;&#227;o suficientes das calorias e dos nutrientes.</p>
    <p>Apesar de todos os avan&#231;os nas teorias de regula&#231;&#227;o da fome, n&#227;o podem ser exclu&#237;dos aspectos psicol&#243;gicos, sociais e outras influ&#234;ncias do contexto fome-saciedade. Neste estudo, foram coletados apenas dados sobre o consumo alimentar no hospital, o que certamente &#233; um fator limitante para an&#225;lises mais profundas sobre o consumo alimentar di&#225;rio, no domic&#237;lio. Isso porque h&#225; dois ambientes distintos para as crian&#231;as poderem manter o balan&#231;o energ&#233;tico entre suas necessidades e a ingest&#227;o de alimentos: o lar e o hospital, ambos com diferentes orienta&#231;&#245;es e disponibilidade de recursos.</p>
    <p>Considerando que a oferta e a ingest&#227;o dos alimentos foram monitoradas individualmente no hospital e, ainda assim, estavam desajustadas, &#233; prov&#225;vel que essas crian&#231;as, em seus domic&#237;lios, apresentem situa&#231;&#227;o pior, pois, em geral, seus cuidadores (pais ou respons&#225;veis) n&#227;o t&#234;m condi&#231;&#245;es de dispor de boa variabilidade de alimentos ou, mesmo, n&#227;o disp&#245;em de orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre como proceder &#224; alimenta&#231;&#227;o das crian&#231;as, contexto confirmado no estudo de Marques e cols.<sup>37</sup>.</p>
    <p>Unger e cols.<sup>32</sup>, em seu estudo, conclu&#237;ram que crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita t&#234;m dietas inadequadas, mas quando recebem aconselhamento nutricional apresentam aumento da ingest&#227;o diet&#233;tica e melhora das medidas antropom&#233;tricas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No grupo de crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita avaliado neste estudo, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao recomendado, foi observado baixo consumo de calorias, lip&#237;dios, fibras, s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio e vitamina A, adequado consumo de carboidratos e consumo superior de prote&#237;nas, c&#225;lcio e vitamina C. Esses dados indicam a import&#226;ncia do monitoramento nutricional individual de crian&#231;as cardiopatas, a fim de se evitar o agravamento do quadro de desnutri&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stico da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Apesar da ingest&#227;o de prote&#237;na estar acima do recomendado, a ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica baixa foi insuficiente para se conseguir o estir&#227;o do crescimento. &#201; necess&#225;rio, ent&#227;o, que haja um equil&#237;brio entre calorias e prote&#237;nas oferecidas na dieta. </p>
    <p>Os familiares respons&#225;veis por essas crian&#231;as devem ser orientados a suplementar calorias, vitaminas e minerais para suprir tais defici&#234;ncias que n&#227;o se consigam pela alimenta&#231;&#227;o via oral natural, a fim de n&#227;o limitar as s&#237;nteses necess&#225;rias ao crescimento e ao desenvolvimento das crian&#231;as.</p>
    <p>Estudos adicionais s&#227;o imprescind&#237;veis, a fim de se conseguir adequar &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es di&#225;rias e &#224;s prefer&#234;ncias. Assim, teremos dietas adequadas a cada faixa et&#225;ria e de acordo com as necessidades do paciente cardiopata para otimizar o crescimento dessas crian&#231;as.</p>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o das tend&#234;ncias atuais da dietoterapia a crian&#231;as portadoras de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita permitir&#225; boa evolu&#231;&#227;o de crescimento e desenvolvimento, garantindo melhor qualidade de vida aos pacientes.</p>
    <p>H&#225; tamb&#233;m a necessidade de promover trabalhos de forma&#231;&#227;o e treinamento de novas tend&#234;ncias para os nutricionistas que atuam em Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica, alertando-os sobre seu papel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e como educadores e multiplicadores de t&#227;o importante trabalho de adequa&#231;&#227;o das dietas ofertadas aos pacientes cardiopatas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Ta&#237;s Cleto Lopes Vieira, pela Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da USP.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Tais Cleto Lopes Vieira </p>
        <p> Rua Continental, 1070/21 A </p>
        <p> 09726-412 - S&#227;o Bernardo do Campo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="taiscl@hcnet.usp.br">taiscl@hcnet.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 06/09/06; revisado recebido em 12/04/07; aceito em 03/05/07.</p>
  </body>
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              <surname>Milner</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Corey</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>36. Basiotis PP, Welsh SO, Cronin FJ, Kelsay    KK, Mertz W. Number of days of food intake records required to estimate 3 individual    and group nutrient intakes with defined confidence. J Nutr. 1987;117:1638-41.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Number of days of food intake records required to estimate 3 individual and group nutrient intakes with defined confidence</article-title>
          <source>J Nutr.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1638</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <volume>117</volume>
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            <name>
              <surname>Basiotis</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welsh</surname>
              <given-names>SO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cronin</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kelsay</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mertz</surname>
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            </name>
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        <mixed-citation>37. Marques MRB, Ismael SMC, Rossini E, Zancarli    F. Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas das rela&#231;&#245;es emocionais    entre m&#227;e e filho associadas &#224; desnutri&#231;&#227;o e cardiopatia    cong&#234;nita. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2000; 74 (supl. I): 94.</mixed-citation>
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          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>94</fpage>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marques</surname>
              <given-names>MRB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ismael</surname>
              <given-names>SMC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossini</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of food intake in infants between 0 and 24 months with congenital heart disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Children with congenital heart disease are usually malnourished and present some degree of functional and/or structural impairment of organs. There is also deficiency in nutrient intake, due to the control of fluids required by some patients which restrains the nutrient intake of some cardiac children. OBJECTIVE: To assess the food intake of children with congenital heart disease hospitalized in the pediatric heart unit of a "Public Teaching Hospital". METHODS: The intake of food and nutrients was calculated based on the food consumed during three days (direct weighting method) and the calories and nutrients were calculated using the Virtual Nutri software. RESULTS: The intake of calories per kilogram of body weight, of daily proteins, sodium and vitamin A was within the recommended levels (p &lt; 0.05). However, the intake of daily calories, fats, fiber, potassium and iron was below the recommended levels (p &lt; 0.05) and the intake of proteins per kilogram, carbohydrates, calcium and vitamin C was above the recommended levels (p &lt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: Children with congenital cardiopathy have inadequate diets, and therefore, need nutritional guidance to foster adequate dietary intake and the resulting improvement in growth and weight and height development, guaranteeing better quality of life to the patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart defects</kwd>
        <kwd>congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>feeding</kwd>
        <kwd>eating</kwd>
        <kwd>child</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Assessment of food intake in infants between 0 and 24 months with congenital heart disease</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Tais Cleto Lopes Vieira; Marlene Trigo; Rosiris Roco Alonso; Regina Helena Cunha Ribeiro; Maria Regina Alves Cardoso; Antonio Carlos Alves Cardoso; Maria Aparecida Alves Cardoso</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243;; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Children with congenital heart disease are usually malnourished and present some degree of functional and/or structural impairment of organs. There is also deficiency in nutrient intake, due to the control of fluids required by some patients which restrains the nutrient intake of some cardiac children.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the food intake of children with congenital heart disease hospitalized in the pediatric heart unit of a "Public Teaching Hospital".</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The intake of food and nutrients was calculated based on the food consumed during three days (direct weighting method) and the calories and nutrients were calculated using the Virtual Nutri software.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The intake of calories per kilogram of body weight, of daily proteins, sodium and vitamin A was within the recommended levels (p &lt; 0.05). However, the intake of daily calories, fats, fiber, potassium and iron was below the recommended levels (p &lt; 0.05) and the intake of proteins per kilogram, carbohydrates, calcium and vitamin C was above the recommended levels (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Children with congenital cardiopathy have inadequate diets, and therefore, need nutritional guidance to foster adequate dietary intake and the resulting improvement in growth and weight and height development, guaranteeing better quality of life to the patients.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart defects, congenital; feeding/orientation; eating; child.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Congenital cardiopathy is the manifestation of an alteration in a normal cardiovascular structure or its inability to develop fully during the fetal period, thus producing variable degrees of circulatory dysfunction. This condition has a multifactoral etiology, and may result from an interaction between genetic predisposition and intrauterine environmental factors, or between post-natal factors and hemodynamic abnormalities<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Congenital cardiopathies occur in approximately 8 out of 1,000 liveborns<sup>3</sup>. Its incidence is low, approximately 1% in Brazil and Latin America. However, congenital cardiopathies are very important, since the numerous possibilities of defects include abnormalities with anatomical and functional alterations that cause mild hemodynamic changes or even more complex conditions<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The types of cardiomiopathies are characterized based on pulmonary circulation conditions: blood volume, flow, venocapillary pressure and resistance<sup>5</sup>. Congenital cardiopathies are usually divided into two major groups: non-cyanogenic and cyanogenic cardiopathies<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Most individuals with congenital heart diseases decompensate early. Twenty per cent of these children develop heart failure (HF) in the first week of life, 18%, between the first and fourth week and 20% between one and twelve months<sup>5</sup>. The survival rate of children with certain congenital heart defects depends on the presence of a competent interatrial communication<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to several authors, there is a close association between congenital cardiopathies and malnutrition. It has been demonstrated that heart injuries associated with cyanosis, congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension lead to greater impairment of growth and weight and height development, giving rise to nutritional aggravation<sup>8-12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Children with congenital cardiopathy are usually malnourished and present some degree of functional and/or structural impairment of organs. There is also a deficiency in nutrient intake due to the control of fluids required by some patients. Some children are submitted to special diets and often present clinical alterations, such as reduced gastric capacity, anoxia, circulation congestion, altered intestinal motility and decreased absorption<sup>13,14</sup>. It is known that these alterations interfere with food intake, which remains below age-specific nutritional requirements and thus may affect calorie and visceral protein reserves<sup>15-19</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study assess the food intake in children with congenital cardiopathy over three consecutive days during hospital stay.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study population comprised children between 0 to 24 months, both male and female, hospitalized in the Pediatric Cardiology Unit of a Public Teaching Hospital, as mentioned above. Congenital cardiopathies were divided into two groups: non-cyanogenic and cyanogenic cardiopathies.</p>
      <p>To minimize the factors that could potentially cause confusion, we excluded children that for some reason missed three or more meals during one day out of the three days of follow-up, or when it was difficult to quantify the actual food consumed willingly.</p>
      <p>As for the intake of food and nutrients, we preferred to use the daily food intake record using the direct weighing method, which provides trustworthy data as it is the gold standard<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The information on the food intake of each child during hospital stay was recorded by the researcher on a specific hospital file card, which includes the time, meal and quantity eaten during 24 hours in the three-day follow-up period. </p>
      <p>Each meal was weighed, each food item separately, when the dish was served, and after the child had finished the meal.</p>
      <p>The total of each food item actually eaten by the group was obtained by calculating the difference between the quantity offered and/or served and the quantity of leftovers, i.e., the quantity of each food item left in the plate after the child had finished eating.</p>
      <p>Children aged from 0 to 12 months were fed with infant food every three hours. The standard unit for infant food includes milk preparations (cow&#146;s milk or industrialized formulas), either thickened with flour or similar products (2 to 5%) or not and/or enriched with vegetable oils (1 to 4%) or not; creamy vegetable soup with meat; mashed fruit and natural fruit juice.</p>
      <p>Children from 12 to 24 months were fed with diets of different consistency (liquid, light, bland and general), normosodic and divided into six meals per day (breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks that consisted of cow&#146;s milk or fruit).</p>
      <p>These patterns varied according to the prescribed diet, dietary prescription, eating habits and degree of development of mastication, swallowing and dyspnea while eating. </p>
      <p>To analyze the data, the total daily intake of calories, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, vitamin A and C was calculated for each child with the Virtual Nutri software<sup>21</sup> and the calorie and nutrient intake averages for the three days were calculated to enable a comparison with the recommended allowances described below.</p>
      <p>Daily recommended allowances of calories and macronutrients were established according to those suggested by Sinden &amp; Sutphen<sup>22</sup>. Calorie intake should be above the amount recommended by the RDA- Recommended Dietary Allowances<sup>23</sup>:</p>
      <p>a) 120 to 160Kcal/kg of weight;</p>
      <p>b) Proteins: 10 to 15% of the total calorie value (TCV), 4g/kg of weight for infants and 3g/kg of weight for children;</p>
      <p>c) Carbohydrates: 35 to 60% of the TCV;</p>
      <p>d) Fats: 35 to 50 % of the TCV.</p>
      <p>Sodium and potassium allowances were established following the suggestion of Forchielli et al<sup>24</sup>:</p>
      <p>a) Sodium: 2 to 3mEq/kg/day or 46 to 69mg/kg/day;</p>
      <p>b) Potassium: 2 to 3mEq/kg/day or 78 to 117mg/kg/day.</p>
      <p>The calcium allowance was established according to the DRI - Dietary Reference Intakes<sup>25</sup> and is 210mg/day for children between 0 and 6 months, 270mg/day for children between 7 and 12 months and 500mg/day for children aged between 1 and 3 years.</p>
      <p>Fiber, iron, vitamin A and vitamin C allowances were established according to the RDA<sup>23</sup>:</p>
      <p>a) Fiber: age in years + 5g.</p>
      <p>b) Iron: 6mg/day for infants aged between 0 and 6 month and 10mg/day for children aged between 7 months and 3 years.</p>
      <p>c) Vitamin A: 375&#181;g/day for children aged between 0 and 12 months and 400&#181;g/day for children aged between 1 and 3 years.</p>
      <p>d) Vitamin C: 30mg/day for infants aged between 0 and 6 months; 35mg/day for children aged between 7 and 12 months; and 40mg/day for children aged between 1 and 3 years.</p>
      <p>To classify food intake as normal, below or above the allowances, we established 10% intervals relative to the recommended allowances. </p>
      <p>Later the data on recommended allowances and the data on the form describing the study population were added to the database using the Access software program, and analyzed using the Stata v 7.0 software program<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>For quantitative variables, we calculated: average intake of calories and nutrients for all children; classification of the intake relative to the recommended allowance; and average difference between the children&#146;s intake of calories and nutrients relative to the recommended allowance.</p>
      <p>To compare the children&#146;s intake of calories and nutrients and the recommended allowance, we used Student&#146;s t test, with a 5% (a &lt; 0.05) level of significance to reject the null hypothesis<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 38 children were included in the study, of which 53% were female and 76% had non-cyanotic congenital cardiopathy. </p>
      <p>As concerns the children&#146;s preferred food, 17 were fed with infant food, five were fed with infant food with pasty food items and biscuits, and 16 were fed with a bland or modified general diet (bland-like diet). </p>
      <p>The average daily intake of calories and nutrients analyzed for all the children studied can be found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0219-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the classification of the children&#146;s food intake observed during the follow-up period as compared with the recommended allowance, with calories, fats, fiber, sodium, potassium, iron and vitamin A being below the recommended allowance and protein per kilogram of body weight, calcium and vitamin C above the recommended allowance. Carbohydrate intake was within the recommended allowance. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-04-0219-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>There was no statistical significance for the calories per kilogram of body weight and for the following nutrients: proteins, sodium and vitamin A. For all the other items analyzed there was a statistical significance (p&lt;0.005).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No associations were observed between gender or type of cardiopathy (cyanotic and non-cyanotic) and the children&#146;s food intake (p&lt;0.10).</p>
      <p>We observed that most children who were fed with a bland or general diet consumed the following groups of food with the appropriate frequency but in insufficient quantity: milk and dairy products, meat and eggs, vegetables, grains, bread and roots, oils and fats and sugars and sweets. This was confirmed when the intake of calories and nutrients was measured. The fruit and vegetable group was consumed at lower levels in terms of quantity and quality than expected. </p>
      <p>The children had different preferences as regards food, but most of those in the 0 to12 months age group preferred milk, whereas children above one year of age preferred rice and beans.</p>
      <p>The data assessed with Student&#146;s t test show a statistical significance in the intake of calories, which was below the recommended allowance (p&lt;0.05); there was no statistical significance for the calories per weight, which were within the recommended allowance (p&lt;0.05). The results found were similar to those of Hansen and Dorup<sup>28</sup> and Albano et al<sup>29</sup>, who obtained calorie intake well below the recommended by FAO/WHO/UN<sup>30</sup> and RDA<sup>23</sup>, thus insufficient to enable growth spurt.</p>
      <p>In this study, proteins per kilogram of body weight were above the recommended allowance, with a 5% level of statistical significance. This is very important when associated with low calorie intake as, because of inadequate energetic intake, a larger amount of dietary protein is deviated from its organic functions to be used to supply energy, which restricts its optimal use.</p>
      <p>The results found were also similar to those of Schwarz et al<sup>31</sup>, Unger et al<sup>32</sup>, Hansen et Dorup<sup>28</sup> as regards the protein intake for most children, which was considerably above the recommended allowance defined as "safe intake values". Therefore, for a growth spurt to occur, adequate amounts of proteins and calories are highly required. </p>
      <p>We observed that the intake of carbohydrates was above the recommended allowance, with a 5% statistical significance. In a recent paper, Lundell et al<sup>33</sup> studied glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in a group of children with symptomatic ventricular septal defect (SVSD) and compared them with a group of healthy children of the same age and weight. They found no difference regarding glucose tolerance, but observed low insulin levels in children with SVSD. An interesting finding was that low insulin levels did not correlate with low insulin secretion rate. On the contrary, insulin secretion measured by C-peptide in the plasma was indeed elevated, which was interpreted as a result of the destruction of insulin or of the increase in receptor sites.</p>
      <p>There was a statistical significance (p&lt;0.05) for fats found below the recommended allowances, but this was expected since the diets, especially infant formulas, were enriched with corn oil. This data makes us think that the recommended allowances of fat might be overestimated.</p>
      <p>Fiber intake remained below recommended levels (p&lt;0.05). It should be encouraged given its utmost importance in regulating the functions of the body, including fat metabolism and intestinal absorption.</p>
      <p>Sodium intake was within recommended levels, but without a statistical significance (p&lt;0.05). McParland<sup>34</sup> obtained a similar result in patients with chronic cardiopathy, for whom the sodium level was significantly lower than for the group of normal children, although the levels remained normal for both groups. </p>
      <p>Potassium was below recommended allowance (p&lt;0.05). It is known that patients should be closely monitored, especially as regards their renal function, when these levels are low. No studies were found on this nutrient, and we were therefore unable to compare our findings. </p>
      <p>Calcium levels were found to be above the recommended allowance, with a statistical significance of 5%. Hansen et Dorup<sup>28</sup> found calcium levels below RDA&#146;s recommendations<sup>30</sup>. </p>
      <p>There was a statistical significance (p&lt;0.05) for iron intake, which was below the recommended allowance in our study. The same result was obtained by Hansen et Dorup<sup>28</sup>, who also found zinc intake levels below RDA&#146;s recommendations<sup>30</sup>. </p>
      <p>Vitamin A intake was within recommended levels, but there was no statistical significance (p&lt;0.05). We have to consider that approximately 90% of this vitamin is stored in fat deposits, in the lungs and kidneys, which allows the daily intakes of this vitamin to be temporarily redirected.</p>
      <p>Beaton et al<sup>35</sup>, Basiotis et al<sup>36</sup> concluded in their studies that, because vitamin A is found in varied quantities in certain food items, its intake levels vary widely from day to day. Several days of assessment are therefore required to obtain a reliable estimate of the usual intake of an individual.</p>
      <p>Vitamin C intake was above recommended levels, with a statistical significance (p&lt;0.05). It is important to note that vitamin C is unstable to heat and oxidation, and that its content in fruit and vegetables may vary according to production, storage and preparation conditions. It is not a storable vitamin. It has to be consumed on a daily basis, and is essential for the absorption of the diet&#146;s required iron level. Hansen &amp; Dorup<sup>28</sup>, however, found vitamin C intake below RDA&#146;s recommendation<sup>30</sup>, which was also the case for vitamins B1, B6, D and E.</p>
      <p>Minerals and vitamins were monitored individually and supplemented whenever necessary. There was no sodium restriction for any of the children followed up by medical decision, since sodium was within the recommended levels. Water restriction was also established by the medical team according to the hydroelectrolyctic balance of each individual. Water restriction did not greatly impact nutrient intake, but should be always monitored, especially when it is high, so that the offer and absorption of calories and nutrients remains at sufficient levels. </p>
      <p>Although there have been breakthroughs in the theories of hunger regulation, psychological, social and other influencing factors should not be ruled out as regards hunger and satiety. In this study we collected data only on food intake during hospital stay, which is certainly a factor that limits more in-depth analysis on daily food intake at home. This is so because there are two different environments for children to maintain the energetic balance between their requirements and food intake: the home and the hospital, which are guided by different principles and have different resources available.</p>
      <p>Considering that the offer and intake of food was monitored on an individual basis in the hospital and that even so the offer and intake of food were inadequate, we can conclude that the situation is very likely worse at home, since the children&#146;s caregivers (their parents or other) cannot offer a good variety of food items on a regular basis, or even lack guidance on how to feed their children, as has been confirmed by the study of Marques<sup>37</sup>.</p>
      <p>Unger et al<sup>32</sup> concluded in their study that children with congenital cardiopathy have inadequate diets, but when they are given nutritional counseling, their dietary intake increases and their anthropometric measurements improve.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>These results indicate that in this group of children with congenital cardiopathy, the intake of calories, fats, fiber, sodium, potassium and vitamin A was below the recommended levels, whereas the intake of carbohydrates was at adequate levels and the intake of proteins, calcium and vitamin C was above the recommended levels. This data show the importance of monitoring the nutritional status of each individual child with cardiopathy to prevent the worsening of the malnourishment that is characteristic of this disease.</p>
      <p>Although protein intake is above the recommended allowance low calorie intake was insufficient to ensure a growth spurt. There should be a balance between the amount of calories and proteins offered in the diet. </p>
      <p>Family members in charge of these children should receive counseling on how to supplement the calories, vitamins and minerals required when there are deficiencies that cannot be corrected through natural oral feeding, so as not to limit the synthesis necessary for the growth and development of these children.</p>
      <p>Additional studies are key to adapt daily allowances to preferences. This would enable diets that are adequate to each age group and to the requirements of heart disease patients, thus optimizing their growth.</p>
      <p>The application of current trends in diet therapy to children with congenital cardiopathy will allow them to grow and develop properly, thus ensuring better quality of life to these patients. </p>
      <p>There is also the need for training and educating dietitians working in pediatric cardiology units about these new trends. They have to be made aware of their role in clinical practice, and as educators and multipliers of efforts to adapt the diets offered to patients with cardiopathy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Tais Cleto Lopes Vieira, from Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da USP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Tais Cleto Lopes Vieira</p>
          <p> Rua Continental, 1070/21 A</p>
          <p> 09726-412 - S&#227;o Bernardo do Campo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="taiscl@hcnet.usp.br">taiscl@hcnet.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received September 6, 2006; revised manuscript received April 12, 2007; accepted May 3, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
