<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KZ7Td6T5StSf9YKB9PfjBjS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001500008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001500008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Freq&#252;&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial em chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos e sua repercuss&#227;o no cora&#231;&#227;o: estudo cl&#237;nico e anatomopatol&#243;gico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gurgel</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Brandt Friedrich Martin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Eros Antonio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierr&#244; </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>191</fpage>
      <lpage>200</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Dados da literatura sobre a concomit&#226;ncia da doen&#231;a de Chagas e hipertens&#227;o arterial s&#227;o controversos e, quando presentes, n&#227;o se referem &#224; repercuss&#227;o da simultaneidade na hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a de Chagas ou na hipertens&#227;o. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a freq&#252;&#234;ncia da concomit&#226;ncia entre a doen&#231;a de Chagas e a hipertens&#227;o arterial e suas repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e anatomopatol&#243;gicas. M&#201;TODOS: Selecionamos necropsias realizadas no Departamento de Anatomia Patol&#243;gica do Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierr&#244;, da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas e as dividimos em tr&#234;s grupos: grupo CH + HAS - chag&#225;sicos hipertensos; grupo CH - chag&#225;sicos n&#227;o-hipertensos; e grupo HAS - hipertensos n&#227;o-chag&#225;sicos. Analisamos estatisticamente as vari&#225;veis sexo, idade, ra&#231;a, formas cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a de Chagas, achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e anatomopatol&#243;gicos. RESULTADOS: Nessa avalia&#231;&#227;o, foram encontrados 101 (2,9%) casos de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, sendo 33 (32,7%) deles tamb&#233;m hipertensos. Houve discreto predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino, sendo a distribui&#231;&#227;o racial e a idade m&#233;dia semelhantes nos tr&#234;s grupos. Hipertens&#227;o arterial grave n&#227;o foi encontrada com freq&#252;&#234;ncia entre os chag&#225;sicos. Quando presente, a hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o alterou os achados cl&#237;nicos ou anatomopatol&#243;gicos compat&#237;veis com a doen&#231;a de Chagas. CONCLUS&#195;O: A freq&#252;&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial nos chag&#225;sicos foi semelhante &#224; observada na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. A hipertens&#227;o arterial, quando presente nos chag&#225;sicos, ocorreu em pacientes com maior m&#233;dia de idade. A concomit&#226;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial e doen&#231;a de Chagas n&#227;o alterou a hist&#243;ria natural de ambas as doen&#231;as.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Freq&#252;&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial em chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos e sua repercuss&#227;o no cora&#231;&#227;o: estudo cl&#237;nico e anatomopatol&#243;gico</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cristina Brandt Friedrich Martin Gurgel; Eros Antonio de Almeida</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierr&#244; da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas - Campinas, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Dados da literatura sobre a concomit&#226;ncia da doen&#231;a de Chagas e hipertens&#227;o arterial s&#227;o controversos e, quando presentes, n&#227;o se referem &#224; repercuss&#227;o da simultaneidade na hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a de Chagas ou na hipertens&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a freq&#252;&#234;ncia da concomit&#226;ncia entre a doen&#231;a de Chagas e a hipertens&#227;o arterial e suas repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e anatomopatol&#243;gicas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Selecionamos necropsias realizadas no Departamento de Anatomia Patol&#243;gica do Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierr&#244;, da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas e as dividimos em tr&#234;s grupos: grupo CH + HAS - chag&#225;sicos hipertensos; grupo CH - chag&#225;sicos n&#227;o-hipertensos; e grupo HAS - hipertensos n&#227;o-chag&#225;sicos. Analisamos estatisticamente as vari&#225;veis sexo, idade, ra&#231;a, formas cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a de Chagas, achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e anatomopatol&#243;gicos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Nessa avalia&#231;&#227;o, foram encontrados 101 (2,9%) casos de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, sendo 33 (32,7%) deles tamb&#233;m hipertensos. Houve discreto predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino, sendo a distribui&#231;&#227;o racial e a idade m&#233;dia semelhantes nos tr&#234;s grupos. Hipertens&#227;o arterial grave n&#227;o foi encontrada com freq&#252;&#234;ncia entre os chag&#225;sicos. Quando presente, a hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o alterou os achados cl&#237;nicos ou anatomopatol&#243;gicos compat&#237;veis com a doen&#231;a de Chagas. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A freq&#252;&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial nos chag&#225;sicos foi semelhante &#224; observada na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. A hipertens&#227;o arterial, quando presente nos chag&#225;sicos, ocorreu em pacientes com maior m&#233;dia de idade. A concomit&#226;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial e doen&#231;a de Chagas n&#227;o alterou a hist&#243;ria natural de ambas as doen&#231;as.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o, cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, cora&#231;&#227;o/fisiopatologia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; uma zoonose de natureza end&#234;mica e de evolu&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, habitualmente transmitida ao homem por meio da picada de insetos triatom&#237;neos. Apresenta ampla distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica nas Am&#233;ricas, estendendo-se desde o centro-oeste mexicano at&#233; o extremo sul do Chile e da Argentina<sup>1</sup>. Seu diagn&#243;stico na fase cr&#244;nica baseia-se na presen&#231;a de anticorpos anti-<italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> no soro de indiv&#237;duos infectados e seu polimorfismo cl&#237;nico &#233; patente.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a pode se apresentar sob as seguintes formas: forma indeterminada, caracterizada pela aus&#234;ncia de sintomas e sinais significativos de comprometimento org&#226;nico; forma digestiva, secund&#225;ria a les&#227;o do plexo mioent&#233;rico, que gera incoordena&#231;&#227;o motora e, em casos avan&#231;ados, dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#243;rg&#227;o acometido (megas); e forma card&#237;aca, considerada a mais freq&#252;ente em nosso meio.</p>
    <p>As diferentes manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, resultantes de extens&#245;es e intensidades heterog&#234;neas de inflama&#231;&#227;o, dificultam uma classifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#250;nica. Os portadores podem apresentar a forma miop&#225;tica quando houver sintomas e sinais compat&#237;veis com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a forma dromop&#225;tica na presen&#231;a de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, a forma batmop&#225;tica quando h&#225; dist&#250;rbios de automatismo ou a forma mista, presente quando h&#225; concomit&#226;ncia de duas ou mais apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas<sup>2</sup>. &#192; literatura atual, tais manifesta&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o apresentadas de maneira simplificada como congestivas, arr&#237;tmicas e/ou emb&#243;licas.</p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial essencial &#233;, na maioria dos casos, assintom&#225;tica e basicamente foi definida pelo III Consenso Brasileiro de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial como presente quando ocorrem n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos sist&#243;licos iguais ou superiores a 140 mmHg e diast&#243;licos iguais ou superiores a 90 mmHg<sup>3</sup>. Sua preval&#234;ncia depende da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e da extens&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o efetuada, podendo ser influenciada por diversas vari&#225;veis, como sexo, idade, obesidade, ra&#231;a, alcoolismo e fatores ambientais (dieta, condi&#231;&#245;es sociais, conflitos psicol&#243;gicos), entre outros fatores. A hipertrofia card&#237;aca secund&#225;ria a altos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos &#233; respons&#225;vel por maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de arritmias graves, predisposi&#231;&#227;o a infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e instala&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>S&#227;o poucos os dados na literatura sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de Chagas a outras mol&#233;stias cr&#244;nicas ou agudas. Dentre elas, h&#225; controv&#233;rsia quanto &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia da concomit&#226;ncia da tripanossom&#237;ase e da hipertens&#227;o arterial e quanto a sua repercuss&#227;o para o paciente<sup>5-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a repercuss&#227;o da coexist&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a de Chagas e da hipertens&#227;o arterial, cl&#237;nica e anatomopatologicamente, com especial &#234;nfase na cardiopatia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados no Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierr&#244; da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas, os prontu&#225;rios de pacientes submetidos a necropsia, assim como seus dados anatomopatol&#243;gicos. Para o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a de Chagas, considerou-se, al&#233;m da epidemiologia fortemente positiva, a positividade de pelo menos duas rea&#231;&#245;es sorol&#243;gicas diferentes realizadas em vida (fixa&#231;&#227;o de complemento com t&#237;tulo superior a 1/4, e/ou imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta com t&#237;tulo igual ou superior a 1/40, e/ou hemaglutina&#231;&#227;o passiva com t&#237;tulo igual ou superior a 1/32, e/ou ELISA reagente).</p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial, definida segundo os crit&#233;rios do III Consenso Brasileiro de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial<sup>3</sup>, foi classificada como: leve, quando os n&#237;veis diast&#243;licos encontravam-se entre 90 mmHg e 99 mmHg; moderada, entre 100 mmHg e 109 mmHg; e grave, quando os n&#237;veis eram maiores ou iguais a 110 mmHg. Os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos foram obtidos mediante esfigmoman&#244;metro com coluna de merc&#250;rio, disponibilizado em enfermarias, ambulat&#243;rios e unidades de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia hospitalares. Foram inclu&#237;dos os casos de pacientes que apresentassem pelo menos tr&#234;s medidas iguais ou superiores &#224;s estabelecidas como crit&#233;rio para hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos todos os casos que apresentassem achados que pudessem influenciar os resultados, tais como presen&#231;a de valvopatias, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, amiloidose e demais doen&#231;as de dep&#243;sito, assim como os casos diagnosticados como crit&#233;rio de hipertens&#227;o arterial secund&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>A partir da avalia&#231;&#227;o dos prontu&#225;rios, foram coletados dados gerais como cor, sexo, idade, forma cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a de Chagas, quadro cl&#237;nico final e resultado da eletrocardiografia. Para o crit&#233;rio cor, foram definidas duas vari&#225;veis: ra&#231;a branca e ra&#231;a n&#227;o-branca.</p>
    <p>Para facilitar o estudo de diversas vari&#225;veis, os casos foram subdivididos em tr&#234;s grupos: grupo CH + HAS, chag&#225;sicos hipertensos; grupo CH, chag&#225;sicos n&#227;o-hipertensos; e grupo HAS, hipertensos n&#227;o-chag&#225;sicos. Os grupos CH e HAS foram considerados como controle da doen&#231;a de Chagas e da hipertens&#227;o arterial. Os casos do grupo HAS foram selecionados pareando-se o sexo e a idade com os demais grupos, com a finalidade de homogeneizar a amostra.</p>
    <p>As necropsias ocorreram rotineiramente em todos os casos. Para atender aos objetivos deste trabalho, foram analisadas especificamente as seguintes vari&#225;veis: 1) peso card&#237;aco, para avalia&#231;&#227;o de presen&#231;a de hipertrofia, utilizando-se o crit&#233;rio de Fulton<sup>9</sup>, que considera elevado peso igual ou superior a 250 g; 2) an&#225;lise da ponta ventricular, para verifica&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de les&#227;o apical (recesso no &#225;pice ventricular); 3) an&#225;lise das coron&#225;rias, para verifica&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose, quantificada como leve &#150; obstru&#231;&#227;o luminar igual ou inferior a 50%, moderada &#150; les&#227;o variando entre 50% e 75%, e grave &#150; obstru&#231;&#227;o maior que 75% (a altera&#231;&#227;o da camada &#237;ntima por presen&#231;a de material gorduroso, sem oclus&#245;es, foi designada como lipoidose); 4) an&#225;lise da presen&#231;a macrosc&#243;pica de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, caracterizado por fibrose densa, quando antigo, e por miomal&#225;cia, quando recente; 5) an&#225;lise de trombose intracard&#237;aca macrosc&#243;pica; 6) presen&#231;a de infartos cerebrais (isqu&#234;micos ou hemorr&#225;gicos); e 7) avalia&#231;&#227;o da <italic>causa mortis</italic> ap&#243;s an&#225;lise do quadro cl&#237;nico final e &#224; necropsia, pela presen&#231;a de compress&#227;o bulbar por hernia&#231;&#227;o das am&#237;dalas cerebelares, arritmia card&#237;aca, choque de diversas etiologias, insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, hipoglicemia, caquexia e indeterminada, quando n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estabelecer a causa do &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi utilizada a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica e o desvio padr&#227;o para cada uma das vari&#225;veis quantitativas que necessitaram de seu c&#225;lculo<sup>10</sup>. Para a an&#225;lise inferencial, foram utilizadas a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia, o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>, o teste do qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fischer, considerando-se p &lt; 0,05 para n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia<sup>11</sup>. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre duas m&#233;dias foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>, sendo a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia ANOVA utilizada para compara&#231;&#245;es entre tr&#234;s ou mais m&#233;dias amostrais. Quando houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre as m&#233;dias, foi aplicado o teste de Tukey-HSD para compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de m&#233;dias a fim de se localizar as diferen&#231;as significativas<sup>11,12</sup>. Para an&#225;lise da rela&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis quantitativas, foram utilizados o teste do qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fischer, n&#227;o-param&#233;tricos, que n&#227;o necessitam de suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade entre as vari&#225;veis comparadas<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De um total de 3.464 necropsias, 101 casos correspondiam a chag&#225;sicos (2,9%). Foram exclu&#237;das nove observa&#231;&#245;es por n&#227;o obedecerem a algum crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o ou por estarem inseridas nos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o. Em 33 (32,7%) casos foi encontrada concomit&#226;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial. Nos grupos CH e HAS foram inclu&#237;dos 59 e 46 casos, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Do total de 138 casos estudados, 58% eram do sexo masculino e 42% eram do sexo feminino, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significante entre os grupos. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia das ra&#231;as. Houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade nos tr&#234;s grupos estudados, observando-se diferen&#231;a significativa entre o grupo de chag&#225;sicos com hipertens&#227;o e o grupo de chag&#225;sicos sem hipertens&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diferentes formas cl&#237;nicas entre os dois grupos chag&#225;sicos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa quanto &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia de alguma delas entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica quanto aos graus de hipertens&#227;o arterial entre os chag&#225;sicos, o mesmo n&#227;o ocorrendo entre os n&#227;o-chag&#225;sicos. Nesses dois grupos, tamb&#233;m foi constatado predom&#237;nio de hipertens&#227;o leve entre os chag&#225;sicos e de hipertens&#227;o grave entre os n&#227;o-chag&#225;sicos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As principais altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa quanto &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas entre os grupos estudados, exceto no que se refere &#224;s extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares e &#224; presen&#231;a de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda. Quando um dos itens estudados n&#227;o esteve presente em determinado grupo, especificamente no bloqueio divisional &#226;ntero-superior esquerdo com ou sem concomit&#226;ncia de bloqueio de ramo direito e na eletrocardiografia normal, os dois grupos restantes foram estudados comparativamente. Em nenhum dos casos, entretanto, foi revelada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. </p>
    <p>O estudo comparativo n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso card&#237;aco entre os grupos CH + HAS (peso m&#237;nimo de 250 g, peso m&#225;ximo de 590 g, peso m&#233;dio de 415,45 g, com desvio padr&#227;o de 94,15) e CH (peso m&#237;nimo de 155 g, peso m&#225;ximo de 850 g, peso m&#233;dio de 443,81 g, com desvio padr&#227;o de 155,53). Da mesma forma, quando o grupo HAS (peso m&#237;nimo de 150 g, peso m&#225;ximo de 760 g, peso m&#233;dio de 437,17 g, com desvio padr&#227;o de 133,03) foi adicionado ao estudo, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi obtida diferen&#231;a significativa.</p>
    <p>Os dados do estudo das altera&#231;&#245;es coronarianas est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela 5</xref>. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar o estudo coronariano em 4 casos no grupo CH + HAS (12,1%), em 5 casos no grupo CH (8,5%) e em 2 casos no grupo HAS (4,3%). O grau de aterosclerose n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa para os pacientes dos grupos CH + HAS e HAS, mas no grupo CH houve predom&#237;nio da aterosclerose de grau leve (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>De todos os infartos do mioc&#225;rdio e cerebrais observados, nenhum foi recente. N&#227;o houve estudo de tecido encef&#225;lico em oito casos no grupo CH (13,6%) e em dois casos no grupo HAS (4,3%). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de infartos isoladamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tab. 6</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o foi registrada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no que se refere a idade e sexo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares no grupo CH + HAS, o mesmo ocorrendo nos grupos CH e HAS. Houve diferen&#231;a significativa quando foi analisada a presen&#231;a de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e o peso card&#237;aco. Para an&#225;lise confirmat&#243;ria, o teste de Tukey-HSD demonstrou que a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica se encontrava entre os pesos card&#237;acos dos pacientes chag&#225;sicos sem hipertens&#227;o e entre aqueles s&#243; hipertensos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">tab. 7</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No que se refere ao grau de hipertens&#227;o e &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es apresentadas pelos sujeitos dos grupos CH + HAS e HAS, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CH + HAS, mas essa diferen&#231;a existiu em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo HAS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab08">tab. 8</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab08">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt08.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>De um total de 92 pacientes chag&#225;sicos, 57 (62%) apresentavam les&#227;o apical, sendo 18 (54,5%) no grupo CH + HAS e 39 (66,1%) no grupo CH, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. Mas a diferen&#231;a de freq&#252;&#234;ncia de trombose intracard&#237;aca foi significativa entre o grupo de hipertensos e o de chag&#225;sicos, hipertensos ou n&#227;o. Nos pacientes do grupo CH + HAS, em 7 casos (100%) a trombose estava localizada na les&#227;o apical contra 11 casos (42,3%) no grupo CH. Do total de 37 pacientes que apresentavam trombose intracard&#237;aca, 4 (10,8%) tamb&#233;m sofreram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e 5 (13,5%), acidente vascular cerebral. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa na freq&#252;&#234;ncia de trombose em rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso card&#237;aco no grupo CH + HAS. O mesmo n&#227;o ocorreu no grupo CH (peso card&#237;aco m&#233;dio de 489,23 g e desvio padr&#227;o de 133,90 nos indiv&#237;duos com trombose e peso card&#237;aco m&#233;dio de 408,03 g e desvio padr&#227;o de 163,84 nos indiv&#237;duos sem trombose), demonstrando que, nesse grupo espec&#237;fico, os pacientes com maior peso card&#237;aco foram os que apresentaram maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de trombose.</p>
    <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico final foi comparado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; trombose intracard&#237;aca. Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa apenas no item de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, quando comparados os chag&#225;sicos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab09">tab. 9</xref>). O pequeno n&#250;mero de casos que apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, outro conhecido fator trombog&#234;nico, n&#227;o possibilitou an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica adequada.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab09">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt09.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s causas de &#243;bito entre os pacientes estudados, foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa quanto &#224; compress&#227;o bulbar, sendo mais freq&#252;ente no grupo de n&#227;o-chag&#225;sicos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s causas card&#237;acas, a arritmia apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa, assim como o choque cardiog&#234;nico, tendo em ambos ocorrido maior porcentual no grupo CH. Para as outras causas de &#243;bito, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. Quando as causas de morte foram analisadas separadamente em cada grupo, foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nos tr&#234;s grupos, com predom&#237;nio da arritmia card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab10">tab. 10</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab10">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt10.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A pesquisa da concomit&#226;ncia de doen&#231;a de Chagas e hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; pertinente, decorrendo da conhecida presen&#231;a de comprometimento neuronal, principalmente do sistema parassimp&#225;tico, nos chag&#225;sicos. Essa altera&#231;&#227;o determina o desequil&#237;brio do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, causando maior atividade simp&#225;tica, que pode influenciar a g&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o arterial. Tratar-se-ia, portanto, de hipertens&#227;o arterial secund&#225;ria, tornando poss&#237;vel um elo fisiopatol&#243;gico entre as duas afec&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o existem estudos abrangentes no Brasil sobre a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial. As m&#233;dias press&#243;ricas regionais no pa&#237;s variam de 16,1% a 37,1%<sup>14-21</sup>. A maior porcentagem foi encontrada na regi&#227;o de Campinas, no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, e foi de especial interesse, pois a regi&#227;o apresenta peculiaridades em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial que a diferencia do restante do pa&#237;s. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o foi de 32,7%. Os dados s&#227;o semelhantes aos encontrados em pacientes chag&#225;sicos estudados clinicamente por Fragata<sup>22</sup> (26,5%), Guariento e cols.<sup>6,7</sup> (26,1%) e Gurgel e cols.<sup>23</sup> (33,3%), e diferem substancialmente dos encontrados na Argentina por Palmero e cols.<sup>5</sup>. Estes &#250;ltimos autores encontraram a ocorr&#234;ncia de cifras press&#243;ricas mais baixas nos chag&#225;sicos em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral, independentemente da presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Andrade e Andrade<sup>24,25</sup>, estudando o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo da doen&#231;a de Chagas em animais de experimenta&#231;&#227;o, conclu&#237;ram haver comprometimento tanto do simp&#225;tico como do parassimp&#225;tico, de distribui&#231;&#227;o esparsa e quantitativamente n&#227;o-homog&#234;nea, o que talvez contribua para explicar a controv&#233;rsia dos achados de hipertens&#227;o ou hipotens&#227;o arterial nos chag&#225;sicos. As les&#245;es simp&#225;ticas e parassimp&#225;ticas encontradas est&#227;o em sintonia com nossa pr&#243;pria averigua&#231;&#227;o de que o mecanismo neurol&#243;gico pode ser o respons&#225;vel pelo aparecimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial, por&#233;m este n&#227;o deve ser suficiente para determin&#225;-la no chag&#225;sico hipertenso. Embora o m&#233;todo utilizado no presente estudo n&#227;o permita concluir pela rela&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o entre sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo e hipertens&#227;o no chag&#225;sico cr&#244;nico, uma vez que n&#227;o foram estudados os plexos mioent&#233;ricos e a cadeia simp&#225;tica, pode-se inferir que as evid&#234;ncias encontradas na literatura s&#227;o mais favor&#225;veis &#224; n&#227;o-participa&#231;&#227;o como fator unicausal desse mecanismo na g&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o arterial nesses pacientes. A grande freq&#252;&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial encontrada nesse material deve ser decorrente dos m&#250;ltiplos fatores que contribuem para a mesma na regi&#227;o estudada. Neste estudo n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente relevante para as diferen&#231;as registradas quanto ao g&#234;nero, revelando tamb&#233;m a paridade entre homens e mulheres no material estudado. Assim, essa vari&#225;vel n&#227;o influenciou as demais, uma vez que, segundo a literatura, tanto a hipertens&#227;o arterial como a doen&#231;a de Chagas podem adquirir maior gravidade em doentes do sexo masculino<sup>26,27</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi registrada diferen&#231;a significativa quanto &#224; ra&#231;a na freq&#252;&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial nos tr&#234;s grupos estudados. Tal constata&#231;&#227;o demonstra que, embora conhecidamente possa influenciar a freq&#252;&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial, essa vari&#225;vel n&#227;o foi relevante neste estudo. Constatou-se predom&#237;nio significativo do grau leve de hipertens&#227;o arterial (48,5%) somente no grupo de hipertensos chag&#225;sicos. Esse fato, associado &#224; faixa et&#225;ria, aproxima os casos deste estudo aos da hipertens&#227;o arterial essencial, uma vez que aquela gerada por desequil&#237;brio catecolam&#237;nico talvez devesse assemelhar-se ao que se observa no feocromocitoma. O fato de haver eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico tamb&#233;m favorece essa disposi&#231;&#227;o, pois a hipertens&#227;o gerada associada &#224; descarga adren&#233;rgica, como as situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse emocional, caracteriza-se por predom&#237;nio do componente sist&#243;lico. Esse dado fica dif&#237;cil de ser comprovado no presente material do grupo CH + HAS, uma vez que a cardiopatia chag&#225;sica miop&#225;tica grave pode falsear tal resultado.</p>
    <p>Houve diferen&#231;a significativa, tamb&#233;m, nos demais graus de hipertens&#227;o arterial, sendo a hipertens&#227;o arterial grave verificada principalmente entre os n&#227;o-chag&#225;sicos (36,9%). Isso pode ser explicado pelo crit&#233;rio de escolha dos casos nesse grupo de pacientes. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o das observa&#231;&#245;es anatomocl&#237;nicas, esses casos foram escolhidos pelo seu diagn&#243;stico principal, ou seja, aquele que levou o indiv&#237;duo ao &#243;bito. Assim, a hipertens&#227;o arterial seria, obviamente, mais grave nesses indiv&#237;duos, pois permitiu que se instalassem altera&#231;&#245;es que levaram ao &#243;bito. Tais formas de estudo impossibilitam valorizar a gravidade dos n&#237;veis tensionais como fator relevante na classifica&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes grupos.</p>
    <p>Os demais itens discutidos referem-se &#224; prov&#225;vel influ&#234;ncia que uma doen&#231;a pode ter na evolu&#231;&#227;o natural de outra enfermidade associada.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial concomitante nos chag&#225;sicos n&#227;o alterou a express&#227;o da forma cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a de Chagas. A diferen&#231;a na apresenta&#231;&#227;o das formas cl&#237;nicas foi estatisticamente insignificante nos grupos CH + HAS e CH, sendo a forma mista (dromopatia, batmopatia e miopatia associadas) predominante tanto no grupo CH + HAS (33,3%) como no grupo CH (37,3%). Esse resultado era esperado, j&#225; que o material estudado foi o de necropsia, supondo-se que os doentes devam ter apresentado quadro cl&#237;nico mais grave. Nesse sentido, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel constatar que a concomit&#226;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial tenha sido respons&#225;vel pela mudan&#231;a na hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
    <p>&#192; avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, observou-se que as extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares foram significativamente mais freq&#252;entes na concomit&#226;ncia ou n&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o arterial. O mesmo n&#227;o ocorreu em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s extra-s&#237;stoles supraventriculares e &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, presentes nos tr&#234;s grupos em freq&#252;&#234;ncia equivalente. A grande freq&#252;&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial nos chag&#225;sicos (29% nos hipertensos e 20,7% nos n&#227;o-hipertensos) pode ser atribu&#237;da ao grave estado cl&#237;nico desses pacientes. Ambulatorialmente, esses pacientes registram essa arritmia de 1,8% a 2,5%<sup>28-30</sup> e est&#227;o associados a mau progn&#243;stico<sup>26,31</sup>. O mau progn&#243;stico tamb&#233;m &#233; atribu&#237;do &#224; presen&#231;a de bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo. Neste estudo, n&#227;o houve aumento do n&#250;mero de casos com esse bloqueio entre os chag&#225;sicos hipertensos, fato que pode significar que os mecanismos determinantes n&#227;o influenciaram a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de Chagas quando a mesma se associou &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia dos pesos card&#237;acos nos tr&#234;s grupos foi equivalente, mas o grupo CH apresentou m&#233;dia de peso ligeiramente maior em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CH + HAS, sem evidenciar diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. Pode-se concluir que a concomit&#226;ncia das duas mol&#233;stias n&#227;o determinou acr&#233;scimo de altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas importantes, as quais poderiam justificar peso maior dos cora&#231;&#245;es nos pacientes do grupo CH + HAS. No grupo HAS, entretanto, foi observado maior n&#250;mero de infartos do mioc&#225;rdio naqueles que apresentavam maior peso card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, no que se refere &#224;s obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa quanto ao grau de aterosclerose entre os grupos CH + HAS e HAS, por&#233;m no grupo CH houve predom&#237;nio significativo de aterosclerose leve. Sem o fator hipertens&#227;o, as coron&#225;rias estiveram significativamente livres de obstru&#231;&#245;es em 40 casos (74%). Esse dado demonstra que o fator hipertens&#227;o arterial teve influ&#234;ncia decisiva no aparecimento da aterosclerose, tanto nos chag&#225;sicos como nos n&#227;o-chag&#225;sicos.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es de origem cardiovascular, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa quanto ao n&#250;mero de infartos do mioc&#225;rdio ou cerebrais, n&#227;o havendo influ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis sexo ou idade. O grau de hipertens&#227;o arterial foi primordial e estatisticamente significativo para o aparecimento dessas complica&#231;&#245;es apenas no grupo HAS, havendo maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es naqueles indiv&#237;duos com a forma grave, o mesmo n&#227;o ocorrendo nos chag&#225;sicos hipertensos. Ali&#225;s, hipertens&#227;o arterial grave n&#227;o foi um achado freq&#252;ente entre os chag&#225;sicos que apresentaram alguma complica&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. O mecanismo que leva ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio nos chag&#225;sicos parece diferir daquele observado nos hipertensos, &#224; medida que pode decorrer de fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos originados, de maneira geral, na ponta do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>32</sup>. O acidente vascular cerebral tamb&#233;m tem origem principalmente emb&#243;lica<sup>33</sup>, tendo sido encontrado, neste estudo, em freq&#252;&#234;ncia alta nos grupos CH + HAS e CH (30,3% e 11,9%, respectivamente), sem haver diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre ambos. A aus&#234;ncia de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica no n&#250;mero de infartos do mioc&#225;rdio e cerebrais entre os grupos de chag&#225;sicos permitiu concluir que a concomit&#226;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, mais uma vez, n&#227;o mostrou influenciar a hist&#243;ria natural da tripanossom&#237;ase. </p>
    <p>Les&#227;o apical chag&#225;sica esteve presente nos indiv&#237;duos dos grupos CH + HAS e CH de maneira semelhante (54,5% e 66,1%, respectivamente), a maior parte tendo sido encontrada no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. N&#227;o houve, portanto, influ&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial na evolu&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o apical, presente na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica. Esta deve continuar sendo importante para o diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia chag&#225;sica em hipertensos.</p>
    <p>Dos 92 casos de chag&#225;sicos estudados, 33 (35,9%) apresentaram trombose intracard&#237;aca comparativamente a apenas 8,7% dos hipertensos n&#227;o-chag&#225;sicos. Em 100% dos casos no grupo CH + HAS, a trombose estava localizada na les&#227;o apical. O mesmo achado foi observado em 42,3% dos casos no grupo CH e em 100% dos casos do grupo HAS a trombose estava localizada em uma das aur&#237;culas. Foi encontrada signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica apenas no grupo CH: quanto maior o peso card&#237;aco maior a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de trombose. O quadro cl&#237;nico final dos chag&#225;sicos foi a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (63,6%), que, provavelmente, foi o fator preponderante para a maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de trombose intracard&#237;aca, al&#233;m da presen&#231;a de les&#227;o apical. A fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi, portanto, fator primordial para o aparecimento de trombose intracard&#237;aca nos chag&#225;sicos, em especial nos n&#227;o-hipertensos. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial esteve presente principalmente no grupo de hipertensos, chag&#225;sicos ou n&#227;o. A casu&#237;stica, em decorr&#234;ncia do reduzido n&#250;mero de casos (tr&#234;s no grupo CH + HAS, quatro no grupo CH e dois no grupo HAS), n&#227;o permitiu estat&#237;stica adequada. Nos chag&#225;sicos, hipertensos ou n&#227;o, as causas de &#243;bitos que prevaleceram foram as card&#237;acas: no grupo CH + HAS, arritmia card&#237;aca; e no grupo CH, choque cardiog&#234;nico. No entanto, no grupo HAS, 62,2% dos pacientes morreram secundariamente &#224; compress&#227;o bulbar. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Por meio deste estudo, pode-se concluir que: 1) a hipertens&#227;o arterial apresentou freq&#252;&#234;ncia semelhante em chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos que faleceram e que foram submetidos a necropsia, quando comparados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral, conforme relato de literatura m&#233;dica brasileira; 2) nos chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos submetidos a necropsia, a hipertens&#227;o arterial ocorreu nos casos de maior m&#233;dia de idade; e 3) a concomit&#226;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial e doen&#231;a de Chagas n&#227;o alterou a hist&#243;ria natural de ambas as doen&#231;as.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Cristina Brandt Friedrich Martin Gurgel, pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Cristina Brandt Friedrich Martin Gurgel </p>
        <p> Rua MMDC, 47/101 </p>
        <p> 13025-130 </p>
        <p> Campinas, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cbfmgurgel@ig.com.br">cbfmgurgel@ig.com.br </email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 31/07/06; revisado recebido em 20/02/07; aceito em 13/03/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Funda&#231;&#227;o Nacional da Sa&#250;de. Situa&#231;&#227;o atual e futuro da doen&#231;a de Chagas no Brasil. [confer&#234;ncia]. Rio de Janeiro; 1997. (Mem&#243;rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz on line).</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="confproc">
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Curti HJV, Sanches PCR, Bittencourt LAK, Carvalhal    SS. Revis&#227;o da classifica&#231;&#227;o an&#225;tomo-cl&#237;nica    da doen&#231;a de Chagas. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1979; 33: 277-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Revis&#227;o da classifica&#231;&#227;o an&#225;tomo-cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1979</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>277</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Curti</surname>
              <given-names>HJV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanches</surname>
              <given-names>PCR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
              <given-names>LAK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalhal</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. III Consenso Brasileiro de Hipertens&#227;o    Arterial. Rev Bras Cardiol. 1999; 1: 96-132. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <source>Rev Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>96</fpage>
          <lpage>132</lpage>
          <volume>1</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Messerli FH, Amodeon C. Left ventricular hypertrophy    as a risk factor. In: Fr&#246;lich ED. Cardiology clinics. Philadelphia: W.B.    Saunders; 1986. p. 137-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Cardiology clinics</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>137</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Messerli</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amodeon</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fr&#246;lich</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Palmero HA, Caiero TF, Iosa DJ. Effect of    Chagas disease on arterial blood pressure. Am Heart J. 1979; 97: 38-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of Chagas&#8217; disease on arterial blood pressure</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1979</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>38</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Palmero</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caiero</surname>
              <given-names>TF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iosa</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Guariento ME. Doen&#231;a de Chagas e hipertens&#227;o    arterial [disserta&#231;&#227;o]. Campinas: Unicamp; 1985.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
          <source>Doen&#231;a de Chagas e hipertens&#227;o arterial</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guariento</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Guariento ME, Ramos MC, Gontijo JAR, Carvalhal    SS. Doen&#231;a de Chagas e hipertens&#227;o arterial prim&#225;ria. Arq    Bras Cardiol. 1993; 60: 71-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Doen&#231;a de Chagas e hipertens&#227;o arterial prim&#225;ria</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>71</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guariento</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gontijo</surname>
              <given-names>JAR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalhal</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Guariento ME, Rocha RH, Freitas AG. Doen&#231;a    de Chagas e outras patologias associadas num servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia.    Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 1994; 27 (supl II): 141-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Doen&#231;a de Chagas e outras patologias associadas num servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia</article-title>
          <source>Rev Soc Bras Med Trop</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>141</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guariento</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Fulton RM, Hutchinson ME, Jones AM. Ventricular    weight in cardiac hypertrophy. Br Heart J. 1952; 14: 413.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ventricular weight in cardiac hypertrophy</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1952</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>413</fpage>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fulton</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hutchinson</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Werkema MCC. In: Ferramentas estat&#237;sticas    para o gerenciamento de processos. Belo Horizonte: Funda&#231;&#227;o Cristiano    Otonni, Escola de Engenharia - UFMG; 1995.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Ferramentas estat&#237;sticas para o gerenciamento de processos</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Werkema</surname>
              <given-names>MCC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Levin J. Estat&#237;stica aplicada em ci&#234;ncias    humanas. S&#227;o Paulo: Harper e Row do Brasil Ltda; 1978.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Estat&#237;stica aplicada em ci&#234;ncias humanas</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Drummond FB, Werkema MCC, Aguiar S. An&#225;lise    de vari&#226;ncia: compara&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es.    Belo Horizonte: Funda&#231;&#227;o Cristiano Otoni, Escola de Engenharia     UFMG, 1996.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia: compara&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Drummond</surname>
              <given-names>FB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Werkema</surname>
              <given-names>MCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aguiar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Siegel S. Estat&#237;stica n&#227;o-param&#233;trica    para as ci&#234;ncias do comportamento. S&#227;o Paulo: Editora McGraw-Hill    do Brasil Ltda; 1981.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Estat&#237;stica n&#227;o-param&#233;trica para as ci&#234;ncias do comportamento</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Siegel</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Carvalho JJM, Silva NAS, Oliveira JM, Arguelles    E, Silva JAF. Press&#227;o arterial e grupos sociais: estudo epidemiol&#243;gico.    Arq Bras Cardiol. 1983; 40: 115-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Press&#227;o arterial e grupos sociais: estudo epidemiol&#243;gico</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>115</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>JJM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>NAS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arguelles</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>JAF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Lolio CA. Preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o    arterial em Araraquara. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1990; 55: 167-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial em Araraquara</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>167</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lolio</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Ayres JEM. Preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o    arterial na cidade de Piracicaba. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1991; 57: 33-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial na cidade de Piracicaba</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ayres</surname>
              <given-names>JEM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Carneiro O, Jardim PCBV. Press&#227;o arterial    em tribo Xavante: compara&#231;&#227;o 15 anos depois. Arq Bras Cardiol.    1993; 61: 275-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Press&#227;o arterial em tribo Xavante: compara&#231;&#227;o 15 anos depois</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>275</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carneiro</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jardim</surname>
              <given-names>PCBV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Fuchs FD, Moreira LB, Moraes RS, Bredemeier    M, Cardozo SC. Preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica    e fatores associados na regi&#227;o urbana de Porto Alegre: estudo de base    populacional. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1995; 63: 473-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e fatores associados na regi&#227;o urbana de Porto Alegre: estudo de base populacional</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>473</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fuchs</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bredemeier</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardozo</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Trindade IS, Heineck G, Machado J. Preval&#234;ncia    da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica na popula&#231;&#227;o urbana    de Passo Fundo. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1998; 71: 127-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica na popula&#231;&#227;o urbana de Passo Fundo</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>127</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Trindade</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heineck</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Freitas OC, Carvalho FR, Neves JM, Veludo    PK, Parreira RS, Gon&#231;alves RM, et al. Preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o    arterial sist&#234;mica na popula&#231;&#227;o urbana de Catanduva, SP.    Arq Bras Cardiol. 2001; 77: 9-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica na popula&#231;&#227;o urbana de Catanduva, SP</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>9</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>OC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neves</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veludo</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parreira</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Camilo DF, Volpini CCA, Zoldan CM, Cecchetti    DFA, Oliveira EF, Oliveira FT, et al. Casos novos de hipertens&#227;o arterial,    Distrito de Sa&#250;de Noroeste, Campinas, Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. Hipertens&#227;o.    2001; 4 (supl): 32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Casos novos de hipertens&#227;o arterial, Distrito de Sa&#250;de Noroeste, Campinas, Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</article-title>
          <source>Hipertens&#227;o</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Camilo</surname>
              <given-names>DF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volpini</surname>
              <given-names>CCA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zoldan</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cecchetti</surname>
              <given-names>DFA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>FT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Fragata AA F&#351;. Doen&#231;a de Chagas e    hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Arter&#237;ola. 2001;3:43-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Doen&#231;a de Chagas e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</article-title>
          <source>Arter&#237;ola</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fragata</surname>
              <given-names>AA F&#186;</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Gurgel CBFM, Miguel A Jr, Mendes CR, Zerbini    CO, Carcioni TM. Freq&#252;&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial na doen&#231;a    de Chagas: estudo cl&#237;nico retrospectivo. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003; 81 (6):    541-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Freq&#252;&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial na doen&#231;a de Chagas: estudo cl&#237;nico retrospectivo</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>541</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gurgel</surname>
              <given-names>CBFM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miguel</surname>
              <given-names>A Jr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendes</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zerbini</surname>
              <given-names>CO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carcioni</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Andrade SG, Andrade ZA. Doen&#231;a de    Chagas e altera&#231;&#245;es neuronais no plexo de Auerbach (estudo experimental    em camundongos). Rev Inst Med Trop S&#227;o Paulo. 1966;8(5):219-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Doen&#231;a de Chagas e altera&#231;&#245;es neuronais no plexo de Auerbach (estudo experimental em camundongos)</article-title>
          <source>Rev Inst Med Trop S&#227;o Paulo</source>
          <date>
            <year>1966</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>219</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>ZA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Andrade SG, Andrade ZA. Patologia da Doen&#231;a    de Chagas experimental de longa dura&#231;&#227;o. Rev Inst Med Trop S&#227;o    Paulo. 1968; 10 (3): 180-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Patologia da Doen&#231;a de Chagas experimental de longa dura&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
          <source>Rev Inst Med Trop S&#227;o Paulo</source>
          <date>
            <year>1968</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>180</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>ZA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Mady C, Nacruth R. Hist&#243;ria natural    da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica: fatores progn&#243;sticos.    Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. 1994; 4: 124-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hist&#243;ria natural da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica: fatores progn&#243;sticos</article-title>
          <source>Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>124</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mady</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nacruth</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Pereira Barretto AC, Arteaga E, Mady C, Ianni    BM, Bellotti G, Pileggi F. Sexo masculino: fator progn&#243;stico na Doen&#231;a    de Chagas. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1993; 60: 225-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexo masculino: fator progn&#243;stico na Doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>225</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira Barretto</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arteaga</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mady</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ianni</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellotti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pileggi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Dias JCP, Kloetzel K. The prognostic value    of the electrocardiographic features of chronic Chagas disease. Rev Inst Med    Trop S&#227;o Paulo. 1968; 10: 158-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The prognostic value of the electrocardiographic features of chronic Chagas&#8217; disease</article-title>
          <source>Rev Inst Med Trop S&#227;o Paulo</source>
          <date>
            <year>1968</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>158</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>JCP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kloetzel</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Porto C. O eletrocardiograma na Doen&#231;a    de Chagas. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1964; 17: 313-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>O eletrocardiograma na Doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1964</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>313</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Porto</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Garzon SAC, Lorga AM, Nicolau JC. Correla&#231;&#245;es    entre altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e a fra&#231;&#227;o    de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE em chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos considerando    anormalidades isoladas por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla    [abstract]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1993; 61: 130.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE em chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos considerando anormalidades isoladas por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>130</fpage>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garzon</surname>
              <given-names>SAC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorga</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolau</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Bestetti RB, Dalbo CMR, Arruda CA, Correa    Filho D, Freitas OC. Predictors of sudden cardiac death for patients with Chagas    disease: a hospital cohort study. Cardiology. 1996;87:481-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Predictors of sudden cardiac death for patients with Chagas&#8217; disease: a hospital cohort study</article-title>
          <source>Cardiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>481</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bestetti</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dalbo</surname>
              <given-names>CMR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arruda</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correa Filho</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>OC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Morais CF, Higuchi ML, Lage S. Chagas heart    disease and myocardial infarct. Incidence and report of four necropsy cases.    Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1989; 83: 207-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Chagas&#8217; heart disease and myocardial infarct: Incidence and report of four necropsy cases</article-title>
          <source>Ann Trop Med Parasitol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>207</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morais</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Higuchi</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lage</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Guilhon F, Nasser W. Acidente vascular cerebral    e cardiopatia chag&#225;sica. Rev Bras Neurol. 1989; 25 (2): 51-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Acidente vascular cerebral e cardiopatia chag&#225;sica</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Neurol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>51</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guilhon</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nasser</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Frequency of hypertension in patients with chronic chagas&#8217; disease and its consequences on the heart: a clinical and pathological study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Data from the literature on the frequency of concomitant Chagas&#8217; disease and hypertension are controversial and, when available, do not mention the consequences of this concomitance in the natural history of either Chagas&#8217; disease or of hypertension. OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of concomitant Chagas&#8217; disease and hypertension and the clinical and anatomopathological consequences of this association. METHODS: The cases were selected from necropsies performed in the Department of Pathological Anatomy of Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierr&#244; of Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas and divided into three groups: CH + SH group, of patients with Chagas&#8217; disease plus hypertension; CH group, of patients with Chagas&#8217; disease without hypertension; and SH group, of patients with hypertension without Chagas&#8217; disease. The variables of gender, age, race, clinical forms of Chagas&#8217; disease, and electrocardiographic and anatomopathological findings were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: In this assessment, a total of 101 (2.9%) cases of patients with Chagas&#8217; disease was found, and 33 (32.7%) of them also had hypertension. A slight predominance of the male gender was observed; racial distribution and mean age were similar in the three groups. Severe hypertension was not frequently found among chagasic patients. When present, hypertension did not change the clinical and anatomopathological findings compatible with Chagas&#8217; disease. CONCLUSION: The frequency of hypertension in chagasic patients was similar to that observed in the general population. Hypertension, when present in chagasic patients, occurred in those with a higher mean age. The concomitance of hypertension and Chagas&#8217; disease did not change the natural history of either one of the two diseases.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas&#8217; cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>heart</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Frequency of hypertension in patients with chronic chagas&#146; disease and its consequences on the heart: a clinical and pathological study </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cristina Brandt Friedrich Martin Gurgel; Eros Antonio de Almeida</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierr&#244; da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas - Campinas, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Data from the literature on the frequency of concomitant Chagas&#146; disease and hypertension are controversial and, when available, do not mention the consequences of this concomitance in the natural history of either Chagas&#146; disease or of hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the frequency of concomitant Chagas&#146; disease and hypertension and the clinical and anatomopathological consequences of this association.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The cases were selected from necropsies performed in the Department of Pathological Anatomy of Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierr&#244; of Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas and divided into three groups: CH + SH group, of patients with Chagas&#146; disease plus hypertension; CH group, of patients with Chagas&#146; disease without hypertension; and SH group, of patients with hypertension without Chagas&#146; disease. The variables of gender, age, race, clinical forms of Chagas&#146; disease, and electrocardiographic and anatomopathological findings were statistically analyzed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In this assessment, a total of 101 (2.9%) cases of patients with Chagas&#146; disease was found, and 33 (32.7%) of them also had hypertension. A slight predominance of the male gender was observed; racial distribution and mean age were similar in the three groups. Severe hypertension was not frequently found among chagasic patients. When present, hypertension did not change the clinical and anatomopathological findings compatible with Chagas&#146; disease</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The frequency of hypertension in chagasic patients was similar to that observed in the general population. Hypertension, when present in chagasic patients, occurred in those with a higher mean age. The concomitance of hypertension and Chagas&#146; disease did not change the natural history of either one of the two diseases.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Hypertension; Chagas cardiomyopathy; heart/physiopatology.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Chagas&#146; disease is a chronic endemic zoonosis, usually transmitted to humans through the bite of a triatomine bug. It has a wide geographic distribution in the Americas, extending from central-western Mexico to far-southern Chile and Argentina<sup>1</sup>. The diagnosis in the chronic phase is based on the presence of anti-<italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> antibodies in the serum of infected individuals, and its clinical polymorphism is patent.</p>
      <p>The disease may present itself in the following forms: indeterminate form, which is characterized by the absence of significant signs and symptoms of organic involvement; digestive form, which is secondary to the lesion of the myenteric plexus that results in motor incoordination and, in advanced cases, dilation of the affected organ (megacolon and megaesophagus); and cardiac form, which is considered the most frequent in our setting. </p>
      <p>Because of the different cardiac manifestations that result from varying extensions and degrees of inflammation, it is difficult to make a single clinical classification. Patients may have the myopathic form when signs and symptoms compatible with heart failure are present; the dromotropic form when cardiac conduction abnormalities are present; the bathmotropic form when automatism disturbances are present; or the combined form, when two or more clinical presentations are concomitant<sup>2</sup>. In the current literature, these manifestations are presented in a simplified manner as congestive, arrhythmic and/or embolic manifestations. </p>
      <p>Essential hypertension is asymptomatic in most of the cases, and was basically defined by the III Brazilian Consensus on Hypertension as the presence of systolic pressure levels equal to or higher than 140 mmHg and diastolic levels equal to or higher than 90 mmHg<sup>3</sup>. Its prevalence depends on the population studied and on the extension of the assessment made, and may be influenced by several variables such as gender, age, obesity, race, alcohol use, environmental factors (diet, social conditions, psychological conflicts), and others. Cardiac hypertrophy secondary to high pressure levels is responsible for a higher frequency of severe arrhythmias, thus predisposing to myocardial infarction and the onset of heart failure<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Few data on the association of Chagas&#146; disease with other chronic or acute diseases are available in the literature. Among them, there is controversy as to the frequency of concomitant trypanosomiasis and hypertension, as well as to the consequences of this association to the patient<sup>5-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical and pathological consequences of the coexistence of Chagas&#146; disease and hypertension, with special emphasis on heart diseases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Medical records of patients undergoing necropsy, as well as their pathological data were studied. For the diagnosis of Chagas&#146; disease, in addition to a strongly positive epidemiology, at least two different positive serologic reactions performed in the living patient (complement fixation titer higher than 1/4, and/or indirect immunofluorescence titer equal to or higher than 1/40, and/or passive hemagglutination titer equal to or higher than 1/32, and/or a positive ELISA) were considered.</p>
      <p>Hypertension, defined according to the criteria of the III Brazilian Consensus on Hypertension<sup>3</sup>, was classified as: mild, when diastolic levels were between 90 mmHg and 99 mmHg; moderate, between 100 mmHg and 109 mmHg; and severe, when the levels were equal to or higher than 110 mmHg. Pressure levels were measured with a mercury sphygmomanometer available in wards, outpatient units, and urgency and emergency hospital units. Patients who had at least three measurements equal to or higher than those established as criteria for hypertension were included. </p>
      <p>All cases with findings such as the presence of heart valve diseases, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, amyloidosis and other deposition diseases that could influence the results, as well as the cases diagnosed as secondary hypertension, were excluded. </p>
      <p>General data such as skin color, gender, age, clinical form of Chagas disease, final clinical presentation, and result of electrocardiography were collected from the medical records. For the skin color parameter, two variables were defined: white and non-white races.</p>
      <p>To facilitate the analysis of the different variables, the cases were divided into three groups: CH + SH group, of patients with Chagas&#146; disease plus hypertension; CH group, of patients with Chagas&#146; disease without hypertension; and SH group, of patients with hypertension without Chagas&#146; disease. The CH and SH groups were considered controls for Chagas&#146; disease and hypertension. Cases from the SH group were selected by matching gender and age with the other groups, with the purpose of homogenizing the sample. </p>
      <p>Necropsies were routinely performed in all cases. To meet the objectives of this study, the following variables were specifically analyzed: 1) heart weight, to assess the presence of hypertrophy according to Fulton&#146;s criterion<sup>9</sup> which considers increased weights those equal to or higher than 250 g; 2) analysis of the ventricular apex to verify the presence of apical lesion (ventricular apical recess); 3) analysis of the coronary arteries to verify atherosclerosis, which was quantified as mild &#150; luminal stenosis equal to or lower than 50%; moderate &#150; lesion ranging between 50% and 75%; and severe &#150; stenosis higher than 75% (intimal alterations by the presence of fatty material without stenosis was called lipoidosis); 4) analysis of the presence of gross myocardial infarction, characterized by dense fibrosis, when previous, and by myomalacia, when recent; 5) analysis of gross intracardiac thrombosis; 6) presence of cerebral infarctions (ischemic or hemorrhagic); and 7) evaluation of the cause of death after analysis of the final clinical presentation and at necropsy, by the presence of bulbar compression due to cerebellar tonsil herniation, cardiac arrhythmia, shock of varying etiologies, respiratory failure, hypoglycemia, cachexia, and indeterminate, when the cause of death could not be established. </p>
      <p>For the statistical analysis, the arithmetic mean and standard deviation were used for each of the quantitative variables that required this calculation<sup>10</sup>. For the inferential analysis, the analysis of variance, Student&#146;s t test, chi-square test, and Fischer&#146;s exact test were used, considering p &lt; 0.05 as the significance level<sup>11</sup>. Student&#146;s t test was used for the comparison between two means, and the ANOVA analysis of variance was used for the comparisons between three or more sample means. When a significant difference between the means was found, the Tukey-HSD test was used for multiple comparison of means, in order to locate the significant differences<sup>11,12</sup>. The non-parametric chi-square test and Fischer&#146;s exact test, which do not require the supposition of normality between the variables compared, were used for the analysis of the relation between quantitative variables<sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From a total of 3,464 necropsies, 101 cases corresponded to patients with Chagas&#146; disease (2.9%). Nine cases were excluded for not meeting some of the inclusion criteria or for meeting the exclusion criteria. In 33 (32.7%) cases concomitant hypertension was found. In the CH and SH groups, 59 and 46 were included, respectively. </p>
      <p>Of the total 138 cases studied, 58% were males and 42% were females, with no significant statistical difference between the groups. Also, no difference was observed in relation to race frequency. Statistical significance was found in relation to age in the three groups studied, with a significant difference between the group of patients with Chagas&#146; disease plus hypertension and the group of patients with Chagas&#146; disease without hypertension (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No statistically significant difference was found in relation to the frequency of the different clinical forms between the two groups of patients with Chagas&#146; disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Statistical difference was found in relation to the degree of hypertension among patients with Chagas&#146; disease, unlike among non-chagasic patients. In these two groups, predominance of mild hypertension among patients with Chagas&#146; disease and of severe hypertension among the non-chagasic patients was also observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The main electrocardiographic changes are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No statistically significant difference was found regarding electrocardiographic changes between the groups studied, except for ventricular extrasystoles and for the presence of left ventricular overload. When one of the parameters studied was not present in a determined group, specifically in left anterior fascicular block with or without right bundle branch block, and in normal electrocardiograms, the other two groups were studied comparatively. However, no statistically significant difference was found in any of the cases.</p>
      <p>The comparative analysis did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in relation to heart weight between the CH + SH group (minimum weight of 250 g, maximum weight of 590 g, mean weight of 415.45 g, with standard deviation of 94.15) and the CH group (minimum weight of 155 g, maximum weight of 850 g, mean weight of 443.81 g, with standard deviation of 155.53). Likewise, when the SH group (minimum weight of 150 g, maximum weight of 760 g, mean weight of 437.17 g, with standard deviation of 133.03) was added to the analysis, no significant difference was observed either. </p>
      <p>The results of the study of coronary artery changes are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>. Coronary study could not be performed in four cases of the CH + SH group (12.1%), in five cases of the CH group (8.5%), and in two cases of the SH group (4.3%). No statistically significant difference was found in relation to the degree of atherosclerosis for patients of the CH + SH and SH groups, but in the CH group a predominance of mild atherosclerosis was verified (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Of all myocardial and cerebral infarctions observed, none was recent. Study of the brain tissue was not performed in eight cases of the CH group (13.6%), and in two cases of the SH group (4.3%). No statistically significant difference was found in relation to the number of infarctions alone (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No statistically significant difference was found regarding age and gender in relation to cardiovascular complications in the CH + SH group, and neither in the CH and SH groups. A significant difference was observed when the presence of myocardial infarction and heart weight were analyzed. For the confirmatory analysis, the Tukey-HSD test showed that the statistical significance was found between heart weight of patients with Chagas&#146; disease without hypertension and between those of patients with hypertension alone (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">Table 7</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>As regards the degree of hypertension and the complications in the subjects of the CH + SH and SH groups, no significant difference was found in the CH + SH group, as opposed to the SH group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a08tab08-body2">Table 8</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a08tab08-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt08-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>From a total of 92 patients with Chagas&#146; disease, 57 (62%) had apical lesion, of which 18 (54.5%) were in the CH + SH and 39 (66.1%) in the CH groups; no statistically significant difference was found between the groups. However, the difference in the frequency of intracardiac thrombosis was significant between the group of hypertensive patients and that of patients with Chagas&#146; disease, whether hypertensive or not. In seven (100%) patients of the CH + SH group, thrombosis was located in the apical lesion, versus 11 cases (42.3%) of the CH group. Of the total 37 patients who presented intracardiac thrombosis, four (10.8%) also had myocardial infarction and five (13.5%) had stroke. No statistically significant difference was found in the frequency of thrombosis in relation to heart weight in the CH + SH group, unlike in the CH group (mean heart weight of 489.23 g and standard deviation of 133.90 in individuals with thrombosis, and mean heart weight of 408.03 g and standard deviation of 163.84 in individuals without thrombosis), thus demonstrating that, in this specific group, patients with a heavier heart weight were those who presented a higher frequency of thrombosis. </p>
      <p>The final clinical presentation was compared in relation to intracardiac thrombosis. A statistically significant difference was found only for heart failure when patients with Chagas&#146; disease were compared (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab09-body2">Table 9</xref>). Because of the small number of cases with atrial fibrilation, which is another recognized thrombogenic, an adequate statistical analysis was not possible to present.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab09-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt09-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In relation to the causes of death among the patients studied, a significant difference was observed as regards bulbar compression, which was more frequent in the group without Chagas disease. In relation to the cardiac causes, arrhythmia and cardiogenic shock showed a significant difference, both with a higher percentage in the CH group. For the other causes of death, no statistically significant difference was found. When the causes of death were analyzed separately in each group, significant differences were found in the three groups, with the predominance of cardiac arrhythmia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab10-body2">Table 10</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab10-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0191-00008-gt10-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Studies on the concomitance of Chagas&#146; disease and hypertension are pertinent, given the recognized presence of neuronal impairment, especially of the parasympathetic system, in patients with Chagas&#146; disease. This alteration determines the unbalance of the autonomic nervous system, thus causing an increased sympathetic activity that can influence the genesis of hypertension, which would therefore be secondary, so that there could be a pathophysiological connection between the two conditions.</p>
      <p>No comprehensive study on the prevalence of hypertension is available in Brazil. Mean pressures in different regions of the country range from 16.1% to 37.1%<sup>14-21</sup>. The highest percentage was found in the region of the city of Campinas, State of Sao Paulo, and was specially interesting because this region has peculiarities in relation to hypertension that make it different from the rest of the country. </p>
      <p>In the present study, the frequency of hypertension was 32.7%. This result is similar to those found in patients with Chagas&#146; disease clinically studied by Fragata<sup>2</sup> (26.5%), Guariento et al<sup>6,7</sup> (26.1%), and Gurgel et al<sup>23</sup> (33.3%), and are significantly different from those found in Argentina by Palmero et al<sup>5</sup>. These latter authors found lower pressure levels in patients with Chagas&#146; disease in comparison to the general population, regardless of the presence of heart failure. </p>
      <p>Andrade and Andrade<sup>24,25</sup> studied the autonomous nervous system in Chagas&#146; disease in laboratory animals and concluded that both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems are affected, with a sparse and quantitatively non-homogenous distribution, which may contribute to explain the discrepancy in the findings of hypertension or hypotension in patients with Chagas&#146; disease. The sympathetic and parasympathetic lesions found corroborate our own finding that the neurological mechanism may be responsible for the onset of hypertension; however, this mechanism may be not enough to determine hypertension in the patient with Chagas&#146; disease and hypertension. Although the method used in the present study does not allow for the conclusion of the existence or non-existence of a relationship between the autonomous nervous system and hypertension in patients with chronic Chagas&#146; disease due to the fact that the myenteric plexus and the sympathetic chain were not studied, we can assume that the evidences found in the literature tend to favor the non-participation of this mechanism as a single causal factor in the genesis of hypertension in these patients. The high frequency of hypertension found in our case series probably results from the multiple factors that contribute for the incidence of hypertension in the region studied. In this study, no statistically significant difference was observed for the differences reported for gender, thus also showing that the number of males and females were matched in the sample studied. Therefore, this variable did not influence the others, since, according to the literature, both hypertension and Chagas&#146; disease may be more severe in male patients<sup>26,27</sup>.</p>
      <p>No significant difference was found as regards race in the frequency of hypertension in the three groups studied. This finding shows that, although this variable is known to be capable of influencing the frequency of hypertension, it was not relevant in this study. A significant predominance of mild hypertension (48.5%) was found only in the group of patients with Chagas&#146; disease plus hypertension. This fact, associated with the age range, brings these study cases closer to those of essential hypertension, since hypertension resulting from catecholamine unbalance should perhaps be similar to that seen in pheochromocytoma. The fact that both systolic and diastolic levels are elevated also supports this hypothesis, because hypertension generated by adrenergic discharge, such as in emotional stress situations, is characterized by a predominance of the systolic component. This is difficult to prove in the present sample of the CH + SH group, since the severe myopathic Chagas&#146; heart disease may distort this result.</p>
      <p>A significant difference was also found in the other degrees of hypertension, and severe hypertension was verified especially among non-chagasic patients (36.9%). This can be explained by the selection criteria of cases in this group of patients. For the evaluation of the anatomical and clinical observations, these cases were selected according to their main diagnosis, that is, the diagnosis that resulted in the individual&#146;s death. Thus, hypertension would surely be more severe in these individuals, because it allowed changes that resulted in death. These types of study make it impossible to weigh the severity of pressure levels as a relevant factor in the classification of the different groups. </p>
      <p>The other items discussed refer to the probable influence of a disease on the natural course of another associated condition.</p>
      <p>The concomitant presence of hypertension in chagasic patients did not change the expression of the clinical form of Chagas&#146; disease. The difference in the presentation of the clinical forms was not statistically significant in the CH + SH and CH groups, and the combined form (dromotropic, bathmotropic and myopathic forms combined) predominated both in the CH + SH group (33.3%) and in the CH group (37.3%). This was the expected result, since the sample studied was from necropsy, which made us suppose that the patients might have had more severe presentations. In this sense, it was not possible to confirm that concomitant hypertension was responsible for the change in the natural history of Chagas&#146; disease. </p>
      <p>The electrographic assessment showed that ventricular extrasystoles were significantly more frequent in the CH + SH and CH groups, unlike in relation to supraventricular extrasystoles and atrial fibrillation, which had a similar frequency in the three groups. The high frequency of atrial fibrillation in patients with Chagas&#146; disease (29% in the hypertensive and 20.7% in the non-hypertensive patients) may be attributed to the severe clinical status of these patients. In patients with Chagas&#146; disease treated on an outpatient basis the frequency of this arrhythmia is of 1.8% to 2.5%<sup>28-30</sup> and it is associated with a poor prognosis<sup>26, 31</sup>, which is also attributed to the presence of complete left bundle branch block (CLBBB). In this study, no increased number of cases with CLBBB was observed among patients with Chagas&#146; disease plus hypertension, which can mean that the determinant mechanisms did not influence the course of Chagas&#146; disease when it was associated with hypertension. </p>
      <p> Mean heart weight in the three groups was similar, however the CH group had a mean weight slightly higher in relation to the CH + SH group, with no statistically significant difference. We can conclude that the concomitance of the two diseases did not determine significant additional myocardial changes that could explain the increased heart weight in the CH + SH group patients. In the SH group, however, a higher number of myocardial infarctions was observed among those who had heavier heart weight.</p>
      <p>In this study, in relation to coronary stenosis, no significant difference was found as regards the degree of atherosclerosis between the CH + SH and SH groups; however, in the CH group there was a significant predominance of mild atherosclerosis. Without the hypertension factor, the coronaries were significantly free from stenosis in 40 cases (74%). This shows that the hypertension factor had a decisive influence on the onset of atherosclerosis, both in patients with and without Chagas&#146; disease.</p>
      <p>In relation to cardiovascular complications, no significant difference was found as regards the number of myocardial or cerebral infarctions, with no influence of the gender and age variables. The degree of hypertension was fundamental and statistically significant for the onset of these complications only in the SH group, with a higher frequency of complications in individuals with the severe form, unlike in patients with Chagas&#146; disease plus hypertension. Incidentally, severe hypertension was not a common finding among patients with Chagas&#146; disease who presented some cardiovascular complication. The mechanism leading to myocardial infarction in patients with Chagas&#146; disease seems to be different from that observed in patients with hypertension, since it may result from embolic phenomena usually originating in the left ventricular apex<sup>32</sup>. The main etiology of stroke is also embolism<sup>33</sup>, and in this study a high frequency was found in the CH + SH and CH groups (30.3% and 11.9%, respectively), with no statistically significant difference between them. The lack of statistical significance in the number of myocardial and cerebral infarctions between the groups of patients with Chagas&#146; disease allowed for the conclusion that concomitance with hypertension, again, was not proven to influence the natural history of trypanosomiasis. </p>
      <p>Chagasic apical lesions were present in the CH + SH and CH group individuals alike (54.5% and 66.1%, respectively), most of them located in the left ventricle. Therefore, there was no influence of hypertension on the progression of the apical lesion present in chagasic heart disease. Apical lesions should remain important for the diagnosis of chagasic heart disease in hypertensive patients. </p>
      <p>Of the 92 cases of Chagas&#146; disease studied, 33 (35.9%) presented intracardiac thrombosis when compared with only 8.7% of patients with hypertension without Chagas&#146; disease. In 100% of the CH + SH group cases, thrombosis was located in the apical lesion. The same finding was observed in 42.3% of the CH group cases; in 100% of the SH group cases thrombosis was located in one of the atrial appendages. Statistical significance was found only in the CH group: the higher the heart weight, the higher the frequency of thrombosis. The final clinical presentation of patients with Chagas&#146; disease was congestive heart failure (63.6%) which was probably the most important factor for the higher frequency of intracardiac thrombosis, in addition to the presence of apical lesion. Heart failure was, therefore, a key factor for the onset of intracardiac thrombosis in patients with Chagas&#146; disease, especially in non-hypertensive patients. Atrial fibrilation was present mainly in the group of hypertensive patients, whether or not with Chagas&#145; disease. Because of the small case series (three cases in the CH + SH group, four in the CH group, and two in the SH group), a proper statistical analysis could not be performed. In patients with Chagas&#146; disease, whether or not hypertensive, the most prevalent causes of death were cardiac causes: arrhythmia in the CH + SH group and cardiogenic shock in the CH group. However, in the SH group, 62.2% of the patients died secondarily to bulbar compression.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>With this study we can conclude that: 1) according to the Brazilian medical literature, the frequency of hypertension was similar among patients with chronic Chagas&#146; disease who died and underwent necropsy, in comparison with the general population; 2) in patients with chronic Chagas&#146; disease undergoing necropsy, hypertension occured in the cases with a higher mean age; and 3) concomitance of hypertension and Chagas&#146; disease did not change the natural history of either one of the diseases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submited by Cristina Brandt Friedrich Martin Gurgel from Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Cristina Brandt Friedrich Martin Gurgel </p>
          <p> Rua MMDC, 47/101 </p>
          <p> 13025-130</p>
          <p> Campinas, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="cbfmgurgel@ig.com.br">cbfmgurgel@ig.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received July 07, 2006; revised manuscript received February 20, 2007; accepted March 13, 2007. </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
