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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nr5pQzXVZwBjYmnzBF93cmz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001500006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001500006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Confiabilidade da medida da dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada da art&#233;ria braquial pela ultra-sonografia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meirelles</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Antonio Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sergio Chagas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Gama Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisas Interdisciplinares em Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Gama Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ultra-sonografia Botafogo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNIBENNETT</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>176</fpage>
      <lpage>183</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar a confiabilidade das medidas dos di&#226;metros basal (DBAB) e p&#243;s-oclus&#227;o (DPOAB) da art&#233;ria braquial e da dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada da art&#233;ria braquial (DILA), assim como quantificar o erro t&#237;pico dessas medidas (ETM). M&#201;TODOS: A consist&#234;ncia interna (2 medidas intradias) foi determinada em 10 volunt&#225;rios, enquanto a estabilidade (2 medidas interdias) foi determinada em 13 volunt&#225;rios aparentemente saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o-fumantes. As imagens da art&#233;ria braquial foram obtidas pelo aparelho de ultra-sonografia bidimensional com Doppler, utilizando transdutor de 14 MHz. As dist&#226;ncias entre as interfaces &#237;ntima-luz foram medidas antes e ap&#243;s interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo durante 5 minutos por manguito posicionado no bra&#231;o. O DILA foi considerado o porcentual de aumento do DPOAB em rela&#231;&#227;o ao DBAB. RESULTADOS: A ANOVA n&#227;o identificou diferen&#231;as significativas entre as medidas intradias e interdias. Para o DILA, os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse entre as medidas intradias e interdias foram R = 0,7001 e R = 0,8420, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,05). Os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o foram 5,8% e 12,4% e os ETM relativos 13,8% e 14,9%, respectivamente para medidas intra e interdias. A an&#225;lise dos gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman apontou que as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentaram erro heteroced&#225;stico. CONCLUS&#195;O: A medida do DBAB, DPOAB e do DILA por meio de t&#233;cnica manual pela ultra-sonografia apresenta alta confiabilidade tanto para os valores intradias quanto interdias, possibilitando seu uso para diagn&#243;stico e monitoramento da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Consist&#234;ncia interna</kwd>
        <kwd>estabilidade</kwd>
        <kwd>erro t&#237;pico da medida</kwd>
        <kwd>reatividade vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Confiabilidade da medida da dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada da art&#233;ria braquial pela ultra-sonografia </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cl&#225;udia de Mello Meirelles; Sandra Pereira Leite; Carlos Antonio Barbosa Montenegro; Paulo Sergio Chagas Gomes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Centro de Pesquisas Interdisciplinares em Sa&#250;de e Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Gama Filho, Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o do UNIBENNETT; Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o da Universidade Gama Filho; Ultra-sonografia Botafogo - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar a confiabilidade das medidas dos di&#226;metros basal (DBAB) e p&#243;s-oclus&#227;o (DPOAB) da art&#233;ria braquial e da dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada da art&#233;ria braquial (DILA), assim como quantificar o erro t&#237;pico dessas medidas (ETM). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> A consist&#234;ncia interna (2 medidas intradias) foi determinada em 10 volunt&#225;rios, enquanto a estabilidade (2 medidas interdias) foi determinada em 13 volunt&#225;rios aparentemente saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o-fumantes. As imagens da art&#233;ria braquial foram obtidas pelo aparelho de ultra-sonografia bidimensional com Doppler, utilizando transdutor de 14 MHz. As dist&#226;ncias entre as interfaces &#237;ntima-luz foram medidas antes e ap&#243;s interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo durante 5 minutos por manguito posicionado no bra&#231;o. O DILA foi considerado o porcentual de aumento do DPOAB em rela&#231;&#227;o ao DBAB. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A ANOVA n&#227;o identificou diferen&#231;as significativas entre as medidas intradias e interdias. Para o DILA, os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse entre as medidas intradias e interdias foram R = 0,7001 e R = 0,8420, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,05). Os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o foram 5,8% e 12,4% e os ETM relativos 13,8% e 14,9%, respectivamente para medidas intra e interdias. A an&#225;lise dos gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman apontou que as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentaram erro heteroced&#225;stico. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A medida do DBAB, DPOAB e do DILA por meio de t&#233;cnica manual pela ultra-sonografia apresenta alta confiabilidade tanto para os valores intradias quanto interdias, possibilitando seu uso para diagn&#243;stico e monitoramento da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Consist&#234;ncia interna, estabilidade, erro t&#237;pico da medida, reatividade vascular, fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada da art&#233;ria braquial (DILA) &#233; um indicador da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial que pode ser obtido por meio de t&#233;cnica n&#227;o-invasiva pela ultra-sonografia (US). A t&#233;cnica, inicialmente descrita por Celermajer e cols.<sup>1</sup> e recomendada pela <italic>International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force</italic><sup>2</sup>, baseia-se na modifica&#231;&#227;o porcentual do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial mediante hiperemia reativa, observada por meio de transdutores de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o geralmente a partir de 7 MHz. Os valores de DILA acima de 10% para homens e de 15% para mulheres apresentaram alta sensibilidade para identifica&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>3 </sup>em ambos os sexos.</p>
    <p>Chequer e cols.<sup>4</sup> reportaram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre DILA e espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal (EMI), que &#233; tamb&#233;m indicador precoce de aterosclerose (r de Spearman -0,315; p = 0,042).</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; afetada por condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas como obesidade, diabete, hipercolesterolemia, tabagismo e hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>5</sup>, assim como agudamente por priva&#231;&#227;o de sono, estresse mental, modifica&#231;&#245;es hormonais, exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, ciclo menstrual e alimenta&#231;&#227;o<sup>3</sup>. As modifica&#231;&#245;es na reatividade vascular desencadeadas por todas essas condi&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o pass&#237;veis de serem observadas pelo DILA<sup>5</sup>, assim como afetam sua confiabilidade.</p>
    <p>A confiabilidade do DILA parece estar sujeita tamb&#233;m &#224;s interfer&#234;ncias relacionadas ao procedimento, tais como o local de posicionamento do manguito<sup>6</sup>, o tempo de oclus&#227;o<sup>7</sup>, a resolu&#231;&#227;o do transdutor<sup>8</sup>, a experi&#234;ncia do ultra-sonografista e a variabilidade intra-individual<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Entre os estudos que investigaram a confiabilidade do DILA, poucos calcularam o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI)<sup>9,10</sup>. Os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o (CV) reportados foram extremamente discrepantes, com m&#233;dia de 1,8% para medidas intradias e interdias<sup>11</sup> at&#233; 84% entre medidas interdias<sup>12</sup>. Ressalta-se que as t&#233;cnicas de medida foram diferentes entre os estudos dispon&#237;veis. </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> re&#250;ne os estudos que investigaram a confiabilidade das medidas intradias e interdias do di&#226;metro basal (DBAB) e da p&#243;s-oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial (DPOAB) e do DILA.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0176-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Para a determina&#231;&#227;o da confiabilidade, o c&#225;lculo do CCI e a disposi&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as absolutas entre as medidas repetidas em gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman s&#227;o mais indicados do que o c&#225;lculo isolado do CV<sup>13</sup>. No que diz respeito &#224; medida dos di&#226;metros da art&#233;ria braquial e do DILA, essas informa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o muito escassas.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a consist&#234;ncia interna (variabilidade intradia) e a estabilidade (variabilidade interdia) das medidas do DBAB, DPOAB e do DILA, assim como quantificar o erro t&#237;pico (ETM) associado a essas medidas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Amostra</italic> - Para a determina&#231;&#227;o da consist&#234;ncia interna, participaram dez homens e mulheres, e para a estabilidade, treze homens e mulheres aparentemente saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o-fumantes (33,2 &#177; 12,1 anos; 79,6 &#177; 20,7 kg; 172,1 &#177; 9,6 cm). Todos os volunt&#225;rios foram esclarecidos sobre os procedimentos experimentais e a inexist&#234;ncia de riscos associados ao estudo, conforme determina&#231;&#245;es institucionais e a Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 96/196 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p><italic>Procedimento experimental - </italic>Para determinar a consist&#234;ncia interna, os sujeitos foram submetidos a dois testes no mesmo dia, intercalados por pelo menos 1,5 h. Para a determina&#231;&#227;o da estabilidade da medida, foram realizados dois testes intercalados por no m&#237;nimo tr&#234;s dias (m&#233;dia = 7,2 &#177; 5,3 dias). Todos no mesmo hor&#225;rio &#150; entre 12:30h e 14:30h.</p>
    <p>Em ambos os casos, os sujeitos n&#227;o consumiam alimentos s&#243;lidos ou l&#237;quidos ao menos tr&#234;s horas antes, nem se exercitavam no dia de tomada das medidas.</p>
    <p><italic>Imagens da art&#233;ria braquial - </italic>As imagens foram obtidas por aparelho de ultra-som bidimensional com Doppler colorido e espectral e transdutor linear com freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 14 MHz (Toshiba Nemium<sup>&#174;</sup>, Jap&#227;o). </p>
    <p>Para o exame, cada sujeito deitava-se confortavelmente em dec&#250;bito dorsal com o bra&#231;o direito ligeiramente abduzido. Ap&#243;s localizada a art&#233;ria braquial, o transdutor era colocado na face &#226;ntero-medial do bra&#231;o direito, perpendicularmente ao eixo do bra&#231;o, 5 a 10 cm acima da prega antecubital, sobre a art&#233;ria. Para atestar a boa localiza&#231;&#227;o e a qualidade do pulso arterial obtido, o Doppler era acionado.</p>
    <p>O DBAB e o DPOAB foram medidos manualmente entre as interfaces &#237;ntima-luz ao final da di&#225;stole. Ap&#243;s a medida do DBAB, o local de contato do transdutor na pele era demarcado, a fim de que a aferi&#231;&#227;o do DPOAB ocorresse no mesmo s&#237;tio. A oclus&#227;o era mantida durante 5 minutos, atrav&#233;s de manguito posicionado no bra&#231;o, o qual imprimia press&#227;o ligeiramente acima da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, confirmada pela aus&#234;ncia de pulso no Doppler. O DPOAB era medido 60 a 90 s ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> ilustra um exemplo t&#237;pico da imagem obtida nos testes.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0176-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os testes foram realizados sempre pelo mesmo avaliador, o qual n&#227;o tomava conhecimento dos valores observados no ato de realiza&#231;&#227;o dos retestes.</p>
    <p>O DILA foi calculado como o porcentual de aumento do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial p&#243;s-oclus&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus valores basais {[DILA = (DPOAB &#150; DBAB)/DBAB] x 100 %}.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das medidas foi analisada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. A correla&#231;&#227;o dos valores teste-reteste obtidos intradias e interdias foi determinada pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI). Uma ANOVA com medidas repetidas foi empregada para identificar diferen&#231;as entre os valores obtidos nos testes e retestes. </p>
    <p>O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre as m&#233;dias dos valores obtidos nos testes e retestes e as diferen&#231;as entre cada par de medidas foi determinado para avaliar se os dados apresentavam erro heteroced&#225;stico; esse coeficiente foi empregado tamb&#233;m para determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o DBAB e o DILA. </p>
    <p>O coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o (CV) foi estabelecido para cada sujeito a partir da divis&#227;o do desvio padr&#227;o de cada par de medidas pelos seus valores m&#233;dios (CV = [(DP/m&#233;dia)*100]. A seguir, o CV m&#233;dio foi calculado a partir da m&#233;dia dos CV individuais.</p>
    <p>O limite de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecido em p &lt; 0,05, e, para as an&#225;lises apontadas anteriormente, utilizou-se um pacote estat&#237;stico (SPSS 11.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, EUA).</p>
    <p>O grau de concord&#226;ncia entre os pares de medidas obtidas intra e interdias foi observado de acordo com o m&#233;todo sugerido por Bland e Altman<sup>14</sup>. O coeficiente de repetibilidade (CR) foi obtido pela multiplica&#231;&#227;o de 1,96 pelo desvio padr&#227;o (DP) das diferen&#231;as entre teste e reteste.</p>
    <p>O ETM foi considerado o resultante da raz&#227;o entre o DP das diferen&#231;as obtidas entre os pares de medidas intradias e a raiz quadrada do algarismo dois (ETM = DP/ &#214;<sub>2</sub>), conforme sugerido por Hopkins<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O teste de Shapiro-Wilk apontou que os valores das medidas de DBAB apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal tanto nos testes intradias quanto nos interdias. J&#225; os valores de DILA apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal apenas nas medidas interdias, mas n&#227;o nas intradias (p = 0,001).</p>
    <p>A ANOVA n&#227;o identificou diferen&#231;as significativas entre os pares de medidas obtidos intradias nem interdias em quaisquer das vari&#225;veis. Os maiores CV foram encontrados nos valores interdias de ambas as medidas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CCI, todos alcan&#231;aram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, no entanto o CCI das medidas intradias foi mais baixo do que o CCI das medidas interdias do DILA (0,7001 <italic>versus</italic> 0,8420, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabs. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0176-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0176-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nenhuma das correla&#231;&#245;es de Pearson entre as m&#233;dias dos valores obtidos nos testes e retestes e as diferen&#231;as entre cada par de medidas foi estatisticamente significativa, indicando que as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentaram erro heteroced&#225;stico. Para as medidas intradias e interdias do DBAB, foram encontrados, respectivamente, r = 0,180 e r = -0,517, e para o DILA, r = 0,540 e r = 0,322 (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os DBAB e o DILA nas medidas intradias (r = -0,247; p = 0,491) nem nas interdias (r = -0,457; p = 0,116).</p>
    <p>Os gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman demonstrando o grau de concord&#226;ncia entre os pares de medidas obtidos intra e interdias com seus respectivos CR s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref>. Os limites de concord&#226;ncia e as m&#233;dias das diferen&#231;as entre testes e retestes s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref>. Nas medidas intradias, um sujeito esteve fora dos limites de concord&#226;ncia para cada uma das vari&#225;veis; j&#225; para as medidas interdias, ocorreu o mesmo com o DBAB e com o DPOAB, contudo, para o DILA, dois sujeitos estiveram fora dos limites de concord&#226;ncia. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0176-00006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0176-00006-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os ETM do DBAB, do DPOAB e do DILA foram, respectivamente, 0,05 mm (1,4%), 0,07 mm (1,8%) e 2,7% (13,8%) nos exames intradias. Nas medidas interdias, os ETM foram 0,13 mm (3,5%) para o DBAB, 0,11 mm (2,7%) para o DPOAB e 2,5% (14,9 %) para o DILA. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A variabilidade da medida do DBAB foi pequena, tanto nos testes intra quanto interdias. Para medidas intradias, Mannion e cols.<sup>6</sup> observaram uma m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as teste-reteste similares &#224;s do presente estudo (0,07 &#177; 0,07 mm <italic>versus</italic> -0,030 &#177; 0,067 mm), e Hijmering e cols.<sup>16 </sup>encontraram CV de 1,1%. Quanto &#224; estabilidade da medida, outros autores encontraram CV que variaram de 0,36%<sup>17</sup> at&#233; 12,7%<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>H&#225; poucas informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis a respeito da confiabilidade da medida do DPOAB. Quanto &#224; consist&#234;ncia interna, resultados anteriores apontaram m&#233;dias de diferen&#231;as teste-reteste maiores do que a do presente estudo (0,14 mm &#150; DP n&#227;o relatado<sup>6</sup><italic>versus</italic> -0,030 &#177; 0,106 mm) e tamb&#233;m maiores CV para a estabilidade da medida (CV = 5,2%<sup>18</sup> a 11,4%<sup>8</sup><italic>versus</italic> 2,3%). </p>
    <p>Os valores de DILA obtidos no presente estudo foram maiores do que os descritos na literatura para indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis utilizando oclus&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo no bra&#231;o (9,8%<sup>6</sup> e 13,1%<sup>19 </sup><italic>versus</italic> 16,5% a 19,9% no estudo atual). De acordo com resultados de recente metan&#225;lise<sup>20</sup>, os aspectos t&#233;cnicos que mais contribuem para as diferen&#231;as observadas nas medidas s&#227;o o local de posicionamento do manguito e a dura&#231;&#227;o da oclus&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m a confiabilidade da medida DILA se apresentou muito discrepante nos diversos estudos (CV variando de 1,8%<sup>11</sup> a 84%<sup>12</sup> &#150; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). No presente estudo, foram observados CV = 5,8% e 12,4% para medidas intra e interdias, respectivamente. Tais valores s&#227;o maiores do que os encontrados em an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas de vari&#225;veis importantes para diagn&#243;stico e monitoramento cl&#237;nico, tais como as concentra&#231;&#245;es sang&#252;&#237;neas de colesterol total e lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL colesterol). Pereira e cols.<sup>21</sup> encontraram CV de 3,0% nas medidas interdias para cada uma dessas vari&#225;veis. </p>
    <p>A medida do DILA por meio de t&#233;cnica n&#227;o-invasiva por US originalmente previa a promo&#231;&#227;o de hiperemia reativa &#224; oclus&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo por posicionamento do manguito no bra&#231;o<sup>1</sup>. Atualmente, a oclus&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea no antebra&#231;o ou punho tem sido mais utilizada, uma vez que parece expressar a dilata&#231;&#227;o provocada exclusivamente pelo &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO)<sup>22</sup>. Mediante oclus&#227;o distal, os valores de DILA s&#227;o mais baixos do que os observados ap&#243;s oclus&#227;o proximal no bra&#231;o<sup>6 </sup>(6,8 &#177; 3,8% <italic>versus</italic> 9,8 &#177; 5,7%, respectivamente). No entanto, a confiabilidade do DILA parece n&#227;o ser afetada pelo local do posicionamento do manguito<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Aparentemente, o fundamental &#233; considerar o tempo entre a libera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo e a leitura do DPOAB, que varia de acordo com a t&#233;cnica empregada. Berry e cols.<sup>23 </sup>demonstraram que, mediante oclus&#227;o no antebra&#231;o, os maiores valores de DILA foram observados em torno de 49 &#177; 3 segundos ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo, enquanto a oclus&#227;o no bra&#231;o produziu valores de pico de DILA aproximadamente 71 &#177; 5 s depois da retirada do manguito (p &lt; 0,01). </p>
    <p>Segundo Doshi e cols.<sup>22</sup>, o fato de a oclus&#227;o no antebra&#231;o provocar hiperemia puramente mediada pelo NO n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para determinar o abandono da t&#233;cnica baseada na oclus&#227;o no bra&#231;o, pois a dilata&#231;&#227;o provocada pelo posicionamento do manguito no antebra&#231;o &#233; muito pequena, tornando dif&#237;cil a identifica&#231;&#227;o de valores discriminat&#243;rios para identifica&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e de modifica&#231;&#245;es provocadas por mudan&#231;as promovidas por dieta e/ou exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>Outro ponto importante &#233; o tempo de oclus&#227;o. Leeson e cols.<sup>7</sup> demonstraram que respostas arteriais m&#225;ximas s&#227;o obtidas ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de 4 a 5 minuto de oclus&#227;o no antebra&#231;o, sem nenhum efeito adicional proveniente de maiores tempos de oclus&#227;o. Bots e cols.<sup>20</sup> mostraram que a maioria (~ 51%) dos estudos utilizou tempos de oclus&#227;o superiores a 4,5 minutos.</p>
    <p>Outra vari&#225;vel que pode afetar a confiabilidade da medida &#233; a freq&#252;&#234;ncia do transdutor. Herrington e cols.<sup>8</sup> compararam a estabilidade do DILA medida na linha M (interface entre as camadas arteriais m&#233;dia e advent&#237;cia) e observaram resultados significativamente melhores nas medidas obtidas com transdutores de 13 MHz (CV = 26,3%) do que com os de 7,5 MHz (CV = 45,3%). </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a oclus&#227;o foi mantida por 5 minutos, a medida do DPOAB ocorreu de 60 a 90 segundos ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo e foi utilizado transdutor de 14 MHz, demonstrando, dessa forma, que os cuidados tomados foram suficientes para proporcionar a resposta desejada.</p>
    <p>Siber e cols.<sup>24</sup> demonstraram que o DILA &#233; proporcional &#224; resposta hiper&#234;mica p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mica, contudo o est&#237;mulo hiper&#234;mico &#233; maior nas art&#233;rias de menor calibre, por causa de seu menor raio. Portanto, dependendo do DBAB, valores mais altos de DILA podem ser encontrados, o que n&#227;o reflete necessariamente melhor fun&#231;&#227;o arterial. No presente estudo, n&#227;o foram encontradas correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre os DBAB e DILA, conforme observado por &#138;ejda e cols.<sup>25</sup> e contrariando os resultados de Herrington e cols.<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman apontou que as vari&#225;veis estudadas n&#227;o apresentaram erros heteroced&#225;stico nem sistem&#225;tico absoluto, ou seja, as diferen&#231;as entre teste e reteste n&#227;o guardaram rela&#231;&#227;o significativa com a magnitude da medida nem apresentaram tend&#234;ncias a serem sistematicamente positivas ou negativas. A m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as entre teste e reteste se apresentou pr&#243;xima de zero em todas as medidas, no entanto os limites de concord&#226;ncia para os valores de DILA intradias e interdias foram altos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>), demonstrando que em alguns sujeitos as diferen&#231;as entre teste e reteste foram altas.</p>
    <p>Essa observa&#231;&#227;o, com o conhecimento do ETM (2,5 pontos porcentuais no presente estudo), confirma a necessidade de considerar de signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica apenas as modifica&#231;&#245;es maiores do que o ETM, de modo a eliminar a interfer&#234;ncia da imprecis&#227;o do avaliador e da variabilidade biol&#243;gica sobre a medida, quando da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do DILA como vari&#225;vel dependente em estudos intervencionais. Deve-se considerar, contudo, que o presente n&#227;o controlou vari&#225;veis hematol&#243;gicas que poderiam afetar a variabilidade da medida do DILA<sup>5</sup>, tais como as concentra&#231;&#245;es sang&#252;&#237;neas de lip&#237;dios e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. </p>
    <p>Os estudos dispon&#237;veis na literatura, em sua maioria, obtiveram as medidas por meio de registros em fitas VHS<sup>10,12,19,23</sup> ou medidas semi-automatizadas por programas computacionais desenvolvidos para esse fim<sup>17,26</sup>. Esses procedimentos diminuem uma importante fonte de erro na medida, que &#233; a experi&#234;ncia do ultra-sonografista<sup>9</sup>, dificultando a compara&#231;&#227;o com os resultados do presente estudo.</p>
    <p>Woodman e cols.<sup>17</sup>, ao compararem a confiabilidade das medidas obtidas por t&#233;cnica manual com as semi-automatizadas por meio de <italic>software</italic>, observaram resultados significativamente melhores com o apoio do sistema informatizado. Os CV foram 1,4% e 0,4% para as medidas de DBAB (p &lt; 0,05) e 24,8% e 6,7% para o DILA (p &lt; 0,05), respectivamente para as t&#233;cnicas manual e semi-automatizada. </p>
    <p>Em ambiente cl&#237;nico, os registros manuais das medidas do DBAB e DPOAB s&#227;o, no entanto, mais fact&#237;veis do que as medidas que dependem de grava&#231;&#227;o em fitas VHS ou <italic>softwares</italic>, por serem mais r&#225;pida e facilmente obtidas. </p>
    <p>Em suma, os resultados aqui descritos demonstraram que a medida dos di&#226;metros basal e p&#243;s-oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial e do DILA por meio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnica manual por US apresenta alta confiabilidade tanto para os valores obtidos intradias quanto interdias, o que possibilita o uso do DILA para fins de diagn&#243;stico e monitoramento da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Entretanto, para fins de observa&#231;&#227;o das modifica&#231;&#245;es pass&#237;veis de ocorrer mediante interven&#231;&#245;es com programas de exerc&#237;cio, f&#225;rmacos ou alimenta&#231;&#227;o, &#233; importante considerar de relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica apenas as varia&#231;&#245;es maiores do que as decorrentes de erro t&#237;pico das medidas. Al&#233;m disso, parece necess&#225;rio um levantamento mais abrangente tanto em sujeitos assintom&#225;ticos quanto naqueles com enfermidades, de modo a estabelecer valores de refer&#234;ncia de DILA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Cl&#225;udia de Mello Meirelles, pela Universidade Gama Filho.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Paulo Sergio Chagas Gomes </p>
        <p> Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Universidade Gama Filho </p>
        <p> Rua Manoel Vitorino, 625 </p>
        <p> 20748-900 </p>
        <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="crossbridges@ugf.br">crossbridges@ugf.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 19/01/07; revisado recebido em 11/04/07; aceito em 11/04/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Reliability of brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation measurement using ultrasound</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the reliability of the baseline (BBAB) and post occlusion (POBAD) brachial artery diameters, brachial artery flow-mediated dilatations (BAFMD) measurements, and to quantify the typical error of the measurements (TEM). METHODS: Internal consistency (2 measurements on the same day) was determined in 10 volunteers, whereas stability (2 measurements on separate days) was determined in 13 volunteers. All the volunteers looked healthy and were nonsmokers. The brachial artery images were obtained using a two dimensional Doppler ultrasound instrument: a 14 MHz transducer was used. The distances between the intima-lumen interfaces were measured before and after the blood flow had been stopped by means of a cuff on the arm for five minutes. BAFMD was considered as the percentile increase of POBAD in relation to BBAD. RESULTS: ANOVA did not identify any significant differences between the measurements taken on the same and separate days. For BAFMD, the intraclass correlation coefficients between the measurements taken on the same and separate days were: R = 0.7001 and R = 0.8420, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). The variation coefficients were 5.8% and 12.4% and the relative SMEs were 13.8% and 14.9%, respectively, for the measurements taken on the same and separate days. Analysis of the Bland-Altman graphs indicated that the variables did not present heteroscedastic errors. CONCLUSION: The BBAD, POBAD and BAFMD measurements using the manual ultrasound technique were highly reliable for both the same and separate day measurements and therefore can be used to diagnose and monitor endothelial function.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Internal consistency</kwd>
        <kwd>stability</kwd>
        <kwd>typical error of measurement</kwd>
        <kwd>vascular reactivity</kwd>
        <kwd>endothelial function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Reliability of brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation measurement using ultrasound </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cl&#225;udia de Mello Meirelles; Sandra Pereira Leite; Carlos Antonio Barbosa Montenegro; Paulo Sergio Chagas Gomes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Centro de Pesquisas Interdisciplinares em Sa&#250;de e Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Gama Filho, Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o do UNIBENNETT; Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o da Universidade Gama Filho; Ultra-sonografia Botafogo - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine the reliability of the baseline (BBAB) and post occlusion (POBAD) brachial artery diameters, brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (BAFMD) measurements, and to quantify the standard error of these measurements (TEM).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Internal consistency (2 measurements on the same day) was determined in 10 volunteers, whereas stability (2 measurements on separate days) was determined in 13 volunteers. All the volunteers were apparently healthy and all were nonsmokers. The brachial artery images were obtained using a two dimensional Doppler ultrasound instrument equipped with a 14 MHz transducer. The distances between the intima-lumen interfaces were measured before and after the blood flow had been stopped by means of a cuff on the arm for five minutes. BAFMD was considered as the percent change of POBAD in relation to BBAD.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> ANOVA did not identify any significant differences between the measurements taken on the same and separate days. For BAFMD, the intraclass correlation coefficients between the measurements taken on the same and separate days were: R = 0.7001 and R = 0.8420, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). The coefficients of variation were 5.8% and 12.4% and the relative ETMs were 13.8% and 14.9%, respectively, for the measurements taken on the same and separate days. Analysis of the Bland-Altman graphs indicated that the variables did not present heteroscedastic errors.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The BBAD, POBAD and BAFMD measurements using the manual ultrasound technique were highly reliable for both the same and separate day measurements and therefore can be used to diagnose and monitor endothelial function.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Internal consistency, stability, typical error of measurement, vascular reactivity, endothelial function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (BAFMD) is an indicator of endothelial function that can be obtained using the noninvasive ultrasound (US) technique. The technique, initially described by Celermajer et al<sup>1</sup> and recommended by the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force<sup>2</sup>, is based on the percent change of the brachial artery diameter caused by reactive hyperemia, which is observed using high resolution transducers &#150; usually 7 MHz or higher. BAFMD values greater than 10% in males and 15% in females present high sensitivity to identify coronary artery disease<sup>3</sup> in both genders.</p>
      <p>Chequer et al<sup>4</sup> reported significant correlation between BAFMD and intima media thickness (IMT), also an early indicator of atherosclerosis (Spearman r: -0.315; P = 0.042).</p>
      <p>Endothelial function is affected by chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking and hypertension<sup>5</sup>, and, acutely, by sleeplessness, mental stress, hormonal changes, physical exercise, menstrual cycle and diet<sup>3</sup>. Vascular reactivity changes caused by these conditions can be observed by BAFMD<sup>5</sup> and affect its reliability as well. </p>
      <p>The reliability of BAFMD also appears to be affected by procedural interferences such as the cuff placement site<sup>6</sup>, occlusion duration<sup>7</sup>, transducer resolution<sup>8</sup>, sonographer&#146;s experience and intra-individual variability<sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>Among the studies that investigated BAFMD, only a few calculated the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)<sup>9,10</sup>. Variation coefficients (VC) reported in literature, were extremely inconsistent, with a mean of 1.8% for same and separate day measurements<sup>11</sup> and values as high as 84% between the separate day measurements<sup>12</sup>. It should be noted that different measurement techniques were used in the available studies. </p>
      <p>The studies that investigated the reliability of the same and separate day measurements of the baseline (BBAD) and of the post occlusion brachial artery diameter (POBAD) and BAFMD are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0176-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>To determine reliability, the ICC calculation and distribution of the absolute differences between the repeated measurements in Bland-Altman graphs have been shown to be more appropriate than an isolated CV<sup>13</sup>. Very little information is available on brachial artery BAFMD diameter measurements.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to determine the internal consistency (same day variability) and stability (separate day variability) of the BBAD, POBAD and BAFMD measurements, as well as to quantify the typical error of the measurement (TEM) associated with these measurements. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Sample</italic> - Ten men and women participated in the study to determine internal consistency, and thirteen men and women were used to determine stability. All participants were apparently healthy and all were nonsmokers (33.2 &#177; 12.1 years; 79.6 &#177; 20.7 kg; 172.1 &#177; 9.6 cm). All volunteers were briefed on the experimental procedures and informed that no risks were associated with the study, in accordance with institutional guidelines and Resolution n&#186; 96/196 of the National Health Board.</p>
      <p><italic>Experimental procedure</italic> - To determine internal consistency, the subjects were submitted to two tests on the same day, with a minimum interval of 1.5 hours between the tests. To determine measurement stability, two tests were conducted with a minimum interval of three days between the tests (mean = 7.2 &#177; 5.3 days). All tests were conducted at the same time &#150; between 12:30p.m. and 2:30p.m. </p>
      <p>In both cases, the subjects fasted for at least three hours before the test and did not perform physical exercise on the day of the measurement.</p>
      <p><italic>Brachial artery images</italic> - The images were obtained using a two dimensional color spectral Doppler ultrasound equipped with a 14MHz linear transducer (Toshiba Nemium&#174;, Japan). </p>
      <p>For the test, each subject laid down comfortably in the supine position with the right arm slightly abduced. After locating the brachial artery, the transducer was placed on the anteromedial face of the right arm, perpendicular to the centerline of the arm, 5-10 cm above the antecubital fossa, over the artery. The Doppler was used to confirm satisfactory placement and artery pulse quality.</p>
      <p>BBAD and POBAD were manually measured between the intima-lumen interfaces at the end of the diastole. After the BBAD measurement, the transducer contact location on the skin was marked so that the POBAD measurement would be taken at the same site. The occlusion was maintained for 5 minutes, using a cuff on the arm to apply pressure slightly above the systolic artery pressure, which was confirmed by the lack of pulse on the Doppler. POBAD was measured 60 to 90 seconds after the blood flow was released. A typical image obtained from the tests is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0176-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>All tests were performed by the same evaluator, who was not aware of the values observed during the retesting.</p>
      <p>BAFMD was calculated as a percentage of the brachial artery post occlusion diameter increase in relation to the baseline values {[BAFMD = (POBAD &#150; BBAD)/BBAD] x 100 %}</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to analyze the normality of the measurement distribution. The correlation between the test and retest values obtained on the same and separate days was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). An ANOVA with repeated measures was used to identify differences between the values obtained during the tests and retests. </p>
      <p>The Pearson correlation coefficient, between the mean values for the test and retest results, and the difference between each pair of measurements, was determined to evaluate if the data presented an heteroscedastic error. This coefficient was also used to determine the relationship between BBAD and BAFMD. </p>
      <p>The coefficients of variation (CV) was established for every subject by dividing the standard deviation for each pair of measurements by their mean values (CV = [(SD/mean)*100] Next, the mean CV was calculated using the mean of the individual VCs.</p>
      <p>Statistical significance was established as p &lt; 0.05. All analyses were conducted using the statistic software package, SPSS 11.0. (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA)</p>
      <p>The method suggested by Bland and Altman<sup>14</sup> was used to determine the degree of concordance between the pairs of measurements obtained on the same and separate days. The coefficient of repeatability (CR) was obtained by multiplying the standard deviation (SD) of the differences between the test and retest by 1.96.</p>
      <p>TEM was established as the result of the ratio between the SD of the differences obtained from the pairs of same day measurements and the square root of 2, (TEM = SD/ &#214;2) as suggested by Hopkins<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Shapiro-Wilk test indicated that the BBAD measurement values presented normal distribution for the tests conducted on the same and separate days. However, the BAFMD values only presented normal distribution for the measurements taken on separate days (p = 0.001).</p>
      <p>The ANOVA results did not identify any significant differences between the pairs of measurements obtained on the same or separate days for any of the variables. The highest CVs were found in the separate day values for both measurements. In relation to ICC, all were statistically significant, however the ICC for the same day measurements was lower than the ICC for the separate day measurements of BAFMD (0.7001 <italic>versus</italic> 0.8420, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0176-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0176-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>None of the Pearson correlations between the mean values obtained during the tests and retests or the differences between each pair of measurements were statistically significant, indicating that the variables did not present heteroscedastic errors. For the same and separate days BBAD measurements, the respective correlations found were: r = 0.180 and r = -0.517, and for BAFMD, r = 0.540 and r = 0.322 (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>No significant correlation was found between BBAD and BAFMD for the same day measurements (r = -0.247; P = 0.491) or the separate day measurements (r = -0.457; p = 0.116).</p>
      <p>The Bland-Altman graphs demonstrating the degree of concordance between the pairs of measurements obtained on the same and separate days with their respective CRs are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>. The limits of agreement and the mean values for the differences between the tests and retests are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>. For each of the same day measurement variables, one subject did not fall within the limits of concordance. The same trend was seen for BBAD and POBAD for the separate day measurements; however, in the case of BAFMD two subjects did not fall within the concordance limits. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0176-00006-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0176-00006-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>TEMs for BBAD, POBAD and BAFMD were, respectively, 0.05 mm (1.4%), 0.07 mm (1.8%) and 2.7% (13.8%) for the same day tests. For the separate day measurements the TEMs were 0.13 mm (3.5%) for BBAD; 0.11 mm (2.7%) for POBAD; and 2.5% (14.9 %) for BAFMD. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Little variability was observed for the same and separate day BBAD measurements. For the same day measurements, Mannion et al<sup>6</sup> observed a mean test- retest difference similar to the present study (0.07 &#177; 0.07 mm <italic>versus</italic> -0.030 &#177; 0.067 mm), and Hijmering et al<sup>16 </sup>found a 1.1% CV. In relation to measurement stability, other authors found CVs ranging from 0.36%<sup>17</sup> to 12.7%<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>Little information is available in relation to the reliability of the POBAD measurement. In regard to internal consistency, previous results indicate mean test &#150; retest differences greater than those found in the present study (0.14 mm &#150; SD not reported<sup>6</sup> versus -0.030 &#177; 0.106 mm) as well as higher CVs for measurement stability (CV = 5.2%<sup>18</sup> to 11.4%<sup>8</sup> versus 2.3%). </p>
      <p>The BAFMD values obtained in the present study were greater than those described in literature for healthy individuals using blood flow occlusion in the arm (9.8%<sup>6</sup> and 13.1%<sup>19</sup> versus 16.5% to 19.9% in the present study). In accordance with results of a recent meta analysis<sup>20</sup>, the technical aspects that have the greatest influence on the measurement differences observed are the cuff placement site and occlusion duration. </p>
      <p>The reliability of the BAFMD measurement has also revealed a great deal of discrepancy in the various studies (CV ranging from 1.8%<sup>11</sup> to 84%<sup>12</sup> &#150; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). The CV values observed in the present study were 5.8% and 12.4% for the same and separate day measurements, respectively. These values are higher than those found in biochemical analyses of important variables for clinical diagnosis and monitoring such as blood concentrations of total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Pereira et al<sup>21</sup> found VC of 3.0% for the separate day measurements of each of these variables. </p>
      <p>The BAFMD measurement, using the noninvasive US technique, originally predicted the onset of reactive hyperemia as a result of the blood flow occlusion caused by positioning the cuff on the arm<sup>1</sup>. Currently, blood occlusion on the forearm or wrist is more popular since it appears to express dilatation promoted exclusively by nitric oxide (NO)<sup>22</sup>. Using distal occlusion, the BAFMD values are lower than those observed after proximal arm occlusion<sup>6 </sup>(6.8 &#177; 3.8% versus 9.8 &#177; 5.7%, respectively.) However, the cuff placement site does not appear to affect BAFMD reliability<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Apparently, the most important consideration is the time course between the release of the flow and the POBAD reading, that varies according to the technique used. Berry et al<sup>23</sup> demonstrated that the highest BAFMD values for a forearm occlusion were observed roughly 49 &#177; 3 seconds after the blood flow release, whereas upper arm occlusions produced peak BAFMD values approximately 71 &#177; 5 seconds after cuff removal (p &lt; 0.01). </p>
      <p>According to Doshi et al<sup>22</sup>, the fact that forearm occlusion promotes exclusively NO mediated hyperemia is not sufficient to determine the abandon of the upper arm occlusion technique. Since the dilatation provoked by placing the cuff on the forearm is limited, which makes it difficult to identify the discriminatory values to distinguish endothelial dysfunction and modifications induced by diet and/or exercise.</p>
      <p>Another important factor is the occlusion duration. Leeson et al<sup>7</sup> demonstrated that the maximum artery responses are obtained after a forearm occlusion period of 4 to 5 minutes and that no additional effects are obtained with longer occlusion timeframes. Bots et al<sup>20</sup> demonstrated that most (~ 51%) of the studies use occlusion durations greater than 4.5 minutes.</p>
      <p>Another variable that can affect measurement reliability is the transducer frequency. Herrington et al<sup>8</sup> compared BAFMD stability measured in the M line (interface between the media and adventitia artery layers) and observed significantly better measurement results using 13 MHz transducers (CV = 26.3%) in comparison to 7.5 MHz transducers (CV = 45.3%). </p>
      <p>In the present study, the occlusion was maintained for 5 minutes, the POBAD measurement was taken 60 to 90 seconds after releasing the flow and a 14MHz transducer was used, therefore demonstrating that sufficient care was taken to obtain the desired response.</p>
      <p>Siber et al<sup>24</sup> demonstrated that BAFMD is proportional to the postischemic hyperemia response; however, the hyperemic stimulus is greater in smaller arteries due to the smaller radius. Therefore, depending on the BBAD, higher BAFMD values can be found, which does not necessarily reflect better artery function. In the present study, no significant correlations were found between BBAD and BAFMD, which agrees with the observations of &#138;ejda et al<sup>25 </sup>but disagrees with the results of Herrington et al<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Analysis of the Bland-Altman graphs indicated that the study variables did not present heteroscedastic or absolute systematic errors, that is, the differences between the test and retest have no significant relation with the measurement magnitude and do not present systematically positive or negative trends. The mean differences between the test and retest were close to zero for all measurements; however, the limits of agreement for the same and separate day BAFMD values were high (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>) demonstrating that in some subjects the differences between the test and retest were high.</p>
      <p>This observation, alongside the awareness of TEM (2.5 percent points in the present study), confirms that clinical significance can only be considered for modifications that are greater than TEM, in order to eliminate interferences caused by evaluator inaccuracy and biological measurement variability when using BAFMD as a dependent variable in surgical studies. However, consideration should be given to the fact that hematological variables that could affect BAFMD measurement variability<sup>5</sup>, such as blood lipid concentrations and systemic blood pressure, were not controlled in the present study. </p>
      <p>For the most part, the studies available in literature obtain the measurements from VHS tape recordings<sup>10,12,19,23</sup> or semi-automatic measurements using computer programs developed for this purpose<sup>17,26</sup>. These procedures reduce an important source of measurement error, which is the experience of the ultrasonographer<sup>9</sup>, making comparison with the results of the present study more difficult.</p>
      <p>Woodman et al<sup>17</sup>, comparing the reliability of manual and semi-automatic measurements using software, observed significantly better results with the support of a computerized system. The respective CVs for the manual and semi-automatic techniques were: 1.4% and 0.4% for the BBAD measurements (p &lt; 0.05) and 24.8% and 6.7% for BAFMD (p &lt; 0.05). </p>
      <p>However, in a clinical setting, manual records of BBAD and POBAD measurements are more feasible than the measurements that depend on VHS tape recordings or software, as they are quicker and easier to obtain. </p>
      <p>In closing, the results described herein, demonstrate that baseline and post occlusion brachial artery diameters and BAFMD measurements using the manual ultrasound technique are highly reliable for both the same and separate day values, which enables the use of BAFMD for endothelial function diagnostic and monitoring purposes. Nevertheless, for the purpose of observing modifications as a result of exercise, medication or diet programs, it is important to only consider of clinical relevance variations higher than the typical error of the measurement. In addition, more comprehensive studies with a larger population including asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects are required in order to establish BAFMD reference values.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Paulo Sergio Chagas Gomes </p>
          <p> Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Universidade Gama Filho</p>
          <p> Rua Manoel Vitorino, 625 </p>
          <p> 20748-900</p>
          <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="crossbridge@ugf.br">crossbridge@ugf.br </email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received January 19, 2007; revised manuscript received April 11, 2007; accepted April 11, 2007. </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
