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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BTCV4xn75d7NDGwBhTRRzCK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001500005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001500005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de homociste&#237;na em transplantados renais com e sem hipercolesterolemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piovesan</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Veronese</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Jos&#233; Ver&#237;ssimo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Auri Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozza</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarturi</surname>
            <given-names>P&#233;ricles Serafim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tognon</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Valter Duro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Keitel</surname>
            <given-names>Elizete</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saitovitch</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Irmandade Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Transplante Renal </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>170</fpage>
      <lpage>175</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A ocorr&#234;ncia de hiper-homocisteinemia parece ser freq&#252;ente ap&#243;s o transplante renal. Nenhum estudo at&#233; o momento avaliou o papel da homociste&#237;na (Hcy) associada &#224; dislipidemia no Brasil. OBJETIVO: Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de hiper-homocisteinemia (Hcy s&#233;rica &gt;15 mmol/l) em pacientes est&#225;veis submetidos a transplante renal e avaliar o papel dos lip&#237;dios s&#233;ricos e da fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto nos n&#237;veis de Hcy s&#233;rica. M&#201;TODOS: Cento e cinco pacientes est&#225;veis submetidos a transplante renal foram avaliados, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o idade, tempo p&#243;s-transplante, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol, fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto, protein&#250;ria e uso de ciclosporina (analisados por regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla). A preval&#234;ncia de hiper-homocisteinemia foi de 74,3%. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: hipercolesterol&#234;micos (colesterol total &gt; 200 mg/dl, colesterol LDL &gt; 130 mg/dl) e normocolesterol&#234;micos. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes hipercolesterol&#234;micos eram mais velhos, tinham menor tempo p&#243;s-transplante, menor depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina end&#243;gena, maior protein&#250;ria e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados de Hcy. Os pacientes com hiper-homocisteinemia tinham n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglic&#233;rides significativamente mais elevados e fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto significativamente pior; al&#233;m disso, seus n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL apresentaram tend&#234;ncia a ser mais elevados. Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina e de Hcy (r = 0,32; p = 0,01). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla revelou que tanto a dislipidemia quanto a fun&#231;&#227;o renal afetam de forma independente os valores de Hcy. CONCLUS&#195;O: Observamos uma alta preval&#234;ncia de hiper-homocisteinemia em pacientes submetidos a transplante renal, especialmente em hipercolesterol&#234;micos, sugerindo que uma pior fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto pode influenciar negativamente os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy e colesterol. Estudos futuros dever&#227;o investigar se esse perfil metab&#243;lico adverso est&#225; associado com maior mortalidade cardiovascular no longo prazo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Dislipidemia</kwd>
        <kwd>hiper-homocisteinemia</kwd>
        <kwd>transplante de rim</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de homociste&#237;na em transplantados renais com e sem hipercolesterolemia </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fabiana Piovesan; Francisco Jos&#233; Ver&#237;ssimo Veronese; Auri Ferreira Santos; Roberta Pozza; P&#233;ricles Serafim Sarturi; Alexandre Tognon; Valter Duro Garcia; Elizete Keitel; David Saitovitch</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas; Nefrologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Departamento de Transplante Renal, Irmandade Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia; Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A ocorr&#234;ncia de hiper-homocisteinemia parece ser freq&#252;ente ap&#243;s o transplante renal. Nenhum estudo at&#233; o momento avaliou o papel da homociste&#237;na (Hcy) associada &#224; dislipidemia no Brasil. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de hiper-homocisteinemia (Hcy s&#233;rica &gt;15 mmol/l) em pacientes est&#225;veis submetidos a transplante renal e avaliar o papel dos lip&#237;dios s&#233;ricos e da fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto nos n&#237;veis de Hcy s&#233;rica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Cento e cinco pacientes est&#225;veis submetidos a transplante renal foram avaliados, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o idade, tempo p&#243;s-transplante, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol, fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto, protein&#250;ria e uso de ciclosporina (analisados por regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla). A preval&#234;ncia de hiper-homocisteinemia foi de 74,3%. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: hipercolesterol&#234;micos (colesterol total &gt; 200 mg/dl, colesterol LDL &gt; 130 mg/dl) e normocolesterol&#234;micos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os pacientes hipercolesterol&#234;micos eram mais velhos, tinham menor tempo p&#243;s-transplante, menor depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina end&#243;gena, maior protein&#250;ria e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados de Hcy. Os pacientes com hiper-homocisteinemia tinham n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglic&#233;rides significativamente mais elevados e fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto significativamente pior; al&#233;m disso, seus n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL apresentaram tend&#234;ncia a ser mais elevados. Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina e de Hcy (r = 0,32; p = 0,01). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla revelou que tanto a dislipidemia quanto a fun&#231;&#227;o renal afetam de forma independente os valores de Hcy. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Observamos uma alta preval&#234;ncia de hiper-homocisteinemia em pacientes submetidos a transplante renal, especialmente em hipercolesterol&#234;micos, sugerindo que uma pior fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto pode influenciar negativamente os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy e colesterol. Estudos futuros dever&#227;o investigar se esse perfil metab&#243;lico adverso est&#225; associado com maior mortalidade cardiovascular no longo prazo. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Dislipidemia, hiper-homocisteinemia, transplante de rim.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; uma importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade ap&#243;s transplante renal. Fatores etiol&#243;gicos distintos levam &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Em geral, os pacientes submetidos a transplante renal apresentam mais de um desses fatores (hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabete melito, obesidade, dislipidemia, tabagismo e antecedentes familiares)<sup>1-3</sup>. N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de colesterol total e colesterol LDL s&#227;o achados freq&#252;entes ap&#243;s transplante renal, sendo observados em mais de 60% desses pacientes<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A homociste&#237;na (Hcy), como fator de risco cardiovascular, foi estudada h&#225; mais de trinta anos por meio da observa&#231;&#227;o de extensas les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas em aut&#243;psias de pacientes acometidos por certas variantes gen&#233;ticas de homocistin&#250;ria. Da&#237; em diante, a Hcy passou a ser investigada como um fator na g&#234;nese da aterosclerose<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Atualmente, a hiper-homocisteinemia &#233; um fator de risco cardiovascular bem estabelecido na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, e alguns estudos indicam a presen&#231;a dessa associa&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m em pacientes submetidos a transplante renal. A concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de Hcy &#233; elevada em 50% a 70% desses pacientes<sup>1,2,7-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos recentes revelaram alguns mecanismos pelos quais a hiper-homocisteinemia poderia contribuir para o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose e doen&#231;a cardiovascular em pacientes que apresentam outros fatores de risco, como dislipidemia<sup>2,10,11</sup>. Ducloux e cols.<sup>3</sup> demonstraram a exist&#234;ncia de uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy e colesterol LDL em pacientes clinicamente est&#225;veis ap&#243;s transplante renal. Nesse contexto, especula-se, ocorre les&#227;o endotelial em raz&#227;o da predomin&#226;ncia de formas oxidadas de homociste&#237;na no plasma, gerando, assim, esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio e toxicidade tecidual<sup>6,10,12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os fatores associados com hiper-homocisteinemia s&#227;o idade, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de &#225;cido f&#243;lico e vitamina B<sub>12</sub>, colesterol elevado, sedentarismo e, especialmente, fun&#231;&#227;o renal<sup>3,7,14-20</sup>. Alguns estudos demonstraram que n&#227;o existe uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis sang&#252;&#237;neos de ciclosporina e a homociste&#237;na s&#233;rica<sup>11,15,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy est&#227;o inversamente relacionados com a fun&#231;&#227;o renal, que, por sua vez, &#233; a principal determinante desses n&#237;veis<sup>10,21</sup>. Entretanto, ap&#243;s transplante renal, a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy parece ser menor do que a esperada para a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Outros fatores, como disfun&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do enxerto, dislipidemia ou efeito dos medicamentos imunossupressores, podem afetar a Hcy, aumentando, assim, o risco desses indiv&#237;duos<sup>14,17,22</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a preval&#234;ncia de hiper-homocisteinemia em transplantados renais est&#225;veis portadores ou n&#227;o de dislipidemia e avaliar o efeito das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas (fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto, colesterol s&#233;rico e uso de ciclosporina) sobre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos que inclu&#237;mos em outro estudo<sup>4 </sup>tinham sido coletados previamente de 67 transplantados renais hipercolesterol&#234;micos. As amostras de soro foram colhidas e armazenadas a &#150;80 &#176;C, de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2001. Esse estudo foi aprovado pelo Conselho de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o, e os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo ap&#243;s assinarem um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Para esta an&#225;lise, foram selecionados 38 receptores de transplante renal normocolesterol&#234;micos (colesterol s&#233;rico &lt; 200 mg/dl e colesterol LDL &lt; 130 mg/dl). Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o (com exce&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol) foram os mesmos empregados no estudo mencionado anteriormente. Esses crit&#233;rios foram: idade acima de 18 anos, tempo p&#243;s-transplante superior a seis meses e depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina end&#243;gena acima de 20 ml/min. Pacientes com s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva grave (classe III ou IV) ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio recente (menos de seis meses), em uso de anticoagulantes e/ou estatinas e com concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de triglic&#233;rides acima de 400 mg/dl foram exclu&#237;dos. Nenhum paciente estava tomando suplementos de &#225;cido f&#243;lico ou vitamina B.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas estudadas foram idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabete melito, tabagismo, uso de anticoncepcionais orais, tempo p&#243;s-transplante, n&#250;mero de transplantes e esquema imunossupressor. Realizaram-se os seguintes exames: n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ur&#233;ia, creatinina e albumina, glicemia de jejum, hemograma completo, contagem de plaquetas, determina&#231;&#227;o de enzimas hep&#225;ticas, depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina end&#243;gena e protein&#250;ria de 24 horas. As amostras de soro foram colhidas depois de 12 horas de jejum e armazenadas a -80 &#176;C, de janeiro a dezembro de 2003.</p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy foram determinados pela t&#233;cnica de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia polarizada (Abbott GmbH Diagnostika, Wiesbaden-Delkenheim, Alemanha). A hiper-homocisteinemia foi definida como n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy acima de 15 &#181;mol/l<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, os pacientes foram divididos, de acordo com os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol, em normocolesterol&#234;micos e hipercolesterol&#234;micos. Na segunda etapa, eles foram divididos novamente em outros dois grupos, dessa vez de acordo com os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de homociste&#237;na.</p>
    <p>Os testes <italic>t</italic> de Student e Mann-Whitney ou Wilcoxon foram usados, respectivamente, para amostras independentes e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou assim&#233;trica. O teste de qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher foram usados para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Empregaram-se os coeficientes de Pearson ou Spearman para a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o. Como a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy era assim&#233;trica, os valores foram submetidos &#224; transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica para reduzir o risco de desvio. A mediana e o intervalo interquart&#237;lico do logaritmo da concentra&#231;&#227;o de homociste&#237;na dos grupos normocolesterol&#234;mico e hipercolesterol&#234;mico tamb&#233;m foram apresentados. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla foi usada para avaliar efeito independente de dislipidemia, tempo p&#243;s-transplante, idade, fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto, uso de ciclosporina e protein&#250;ria sobre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecido em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, de acordo com os n&#237;veis de colesterol, s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Os pacientes hipercolesterol&#234;micos eram consideravelmente mais velhos e tinham menor tempo p&#243;s-transplante. Houve diferen&#231;as tamb&#233;m em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides, protein&#250;ria e Hcy, que foram mais elevados nesse grupo. A fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi pior nesses pacientes.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0170-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Setenta por cento dos pacientes foram mantidos em terapia de ciclosporina. Cinq&#252;enta e dois pacientes hipercolesterol&#234;micos (70,2%) e vinte pacientes normocolesterol&#234;micos (52,6%) receberam esquema tr&#237;plice (ciclosporina, azatioprina e prednisona). Outros esquemas imunossupressores com prednisona e azatioprina foram empregados em quinze pacientes hipercolesterol&#234;micos (29,8%) e sete pacientes normocolesterol&#234;micos (18,5%). Seis pacientes receberam tacrolimus associado com micofenolato ou azatioprina. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol ou Hcy em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de ciclosporina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabs.1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab02">2</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="tab02">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0170-00005-e01.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hiper-homocisteinemia foi de 74,3%. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy foram significativamente mais elevados em pacientes hipercolesterol&#234;micos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab.1</xref>). Essa diferen&#231;a tamb&#233;m &#233; ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0170-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Constatou-se tamb&#233;m que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy n&#227;o foram influenciados por fatores demogr&#225;ficos, como sexo ou etnia, ou por vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabete melito, tabagismo ou esquema imunossupressor. Entretanto, os pacientes com hiper-homocisteinemia apresentaram concentra&#231;&#245;es mais elevadas de triglic&#233;rides e de creatinina s&#233;rica (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>Observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva significativa entre fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto e n&#237;veis de Hcy (<italic>r</italic> = 0,32; <italic>p</italic> = 0,01). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla revelou que uso de ciclosporina, protein&#250;ria, idade e tempo p&#243;s-transplante n&#227;o foram fatores de confus&#227;o na associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy e colesterol. Esses fatores, ap&#243;s ajuste no modelo de regress&#227;o, n&#227;o afetaram os valores da Hcy. Os &#250;nicos fatores que afetaram independentemente os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy (expressos como logaritmo) foram dislipidemia e fun&#231;&#227;o renal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0170-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo mostraram uma preval&#234;ncia elevada de hiper-homocisteinemia (74,3%) em transplantados renais clinicamente est&#225;veis. Os pacientes hipercolesterol&#234;micos apresentaram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy mais elevados, o que est&#225; de acordo com estudos realizados anteriormente<sup>2,3,10,11,15</sup>. Ducloux e cols.<sup>10</sup>realizaram um estudo com 103 pacientes clinicamente est&#225;veis ap&#243;s transplante renal e demonstraram a exist&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre Hcy e colesterol LDL. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o, no entanto, n&#227;o foi encontrada por outros autores<sup>18,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Receptores de transplante renal hipercolesterol&#234;micos apresentaram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina mais elevados, embora a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o tenha sido clinicamente relevante. Entretanto, a fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto nesses pacientes foi avaliada por meio de determina&#231;&#227;o da creatinina s&#233;rica e da depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina end&#243;gena, m&#233;todos que reconhecidamente n&#227;o s&#227;o muito acurados na estimativa da filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular<sup>23</sup>. A pior fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto deve ter afetado os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy, como indicaram os resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Nos primeiros est&#225;gios da insufici&#234;ncia renal,ocorre uma eleva&#231;&#227;o moderada dos n&#237;veis de Hcy, que aumenta linearmente com a redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular<sup>3,15,16,20</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos mostraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre fun&#231;&#227;o renal e Hcy s&#233;rica usando diferentes m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, como creatinina s&#233;rica, depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina end&#243;gena, cistatina C e Cr-EDTA<sup>1,3,8,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes hipercolesterol&#234;micos parecem ter um pior perfil metab&#243;lico, como foi evidenciado pelos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados de Hcy.</p>
    <p>Fonseca e cols.<sup>19</sup>afirmaram que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da Hcy s&#233;rica estava associada com sexo masculino, envelhecimento, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol. No presente estudo, apenas os n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides foram mais altos nos pacientes com hiper-homocisteinemia. O colesterol LDL tamb&#233;m apresentou tend&#234;ncia a ser mais alto.</p>
    <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla para confirmar o efeito das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas sobre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy. Nesse modelo, os &#250;nicos fatores que influenciaram independentemente a Hcy foram o colesterol s&#233;rico e a fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto.</p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis de Hcy tenderam a ser mais baixos em pacientes que usavam anticoncepcionais orais (15,33 &#177; 5,28 &#181;mol/l x 21,67 &#177; 8,98 &#181;mol/l, <italic>p</italic> = 0,09). O estrog&#234;nio pode afetar a atividade das enzimas que participam do metabolismo da Hcy. Isso poderia explicar nossos resultados<sup>19</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, houve tend&#234;ncia do tempo p&#243;s-transplante em ser mais curto no grupo de pacientes com hiper-homocisteinemia. </p>
    <p>Ducloux e cols.<sup>24 </sup>demonstraram um aumento de 6% no risco relativo de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares para cada aumento de 1 &#181;mol/l na concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de Hcy. O objetivo deste estudo n&#227;o foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e hiper-homocisteinemia, mas, de acordo com estudos anteriores<sup>2,10,22</sup>, &#233; prov&#225;vel que a soma dos fatores de risco encontrados em pacientes submetidos a transplante renal-dislipidemia, hiper-homocisteinemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial, tabagismo e obesidade - possa acarretar maior morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o entre ciclosporina s&#233;rica e n&#237;veis de Hcy. Esse achado tamb&#233;m foi descrito em outros estudos<sup>11,15,17</sup>. Foram relatados valores mais baixos de Hcy em pacientes em uso de tacrolimus. Entretanto, os n&#237;veis mais baixos de creatinina observados nesses pacientes poderiam, por si s&#243;s, justificar esse achado<sup>25-28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Winkelmayer e cols.<sup>11</sup> encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de Hcy e risco de perda do enxerto renal.</p>
    <p>Em suma, nosso estudo mostra uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de hiper-homocisteinemia em pacientes submetidos a transplante renal, especialmente os que t&#234;m hipercolesterolemia e fun&#231;&#227;o deficiente do enxerto. Estudos futuros dever&#227;o investigar a possibilidade de que a pior fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto possa afetar negativamente os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Hcy.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> David Saitovitch </p>
        <p> Avenida Ipiranga, 6690 </p>
        <p> Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUC-RS, 3&#186; andar, Servi&#231;o de Nefrologia </p>
        <p> 90610-000 </p>
        <p> Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dsaitov@terra.com.br">dsaitov@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 05/01/07; revisado recebido em 28/02/07; aceito em 13/03/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Serum homocysteine levels in renal transplant recipients with and without hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Hyperhomocysteinemia seems to be frequent after renal transplantation. No study so far has assessed the role of homocysteine (Hcy) associated with dyslipidemia in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia (serum Hcy &gt;15 mmol/l) in stable renal transplant recipients and to evaluate the role of serum lipids and graft function in serum Hcy levels. METHODS: One hundred and five stable renal transplant recipients were evaluated, considering age, post-transplant time, cholesterol levels, graft function, proteinuria, and cyclosporine (analyzed using multiple linear regression). The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia was 74.3%. Patients were further divided into two groups, hyper (total cholesterol &gt;200mg/dl, LDL-cholesterol &gt;130mg/dl) and normocholesterolemic. RESULTS: Hypercholesterolemic recipients were older, had shorter post-transplant time, lower endogenous creatinine clearance, and higher proteinuria and Hcy serum levels. Patients with hyperhomocysteinemia had statistically significantly higher serum triglycerides and poorer graft function, and their LDL-cholesterol also tended to be higher. A positive correlation was found between serum creatinine and Hcy levels (r = 0.32, P = 0.01). Multiple regression analysis revealed that both dyslipidemia and renal function independently affect Hcy values. CONCLUSION: We observed a high prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in renal transplant recipients, especially in hypercholesterolemic, suggesting that worse graft function may influence serum Hcy and cholesterol levels negatively. Further studies should investigate if this adverse metabolic profile is associated with higher cardiovascular mortality in the long term.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Dyslipidemia</kwd>
        <kwd>hyperhomocysteinemia</kwd>
        <kwd>renal transplantation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Serum homocysteine levels in renal transplant recipients with and without hypercholesterolemia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fabiana Piovesan; Francisco Jos&#233; Ver&#237;ssimo Veronese; Auri Ferreira Santos; Roberta Pozza; P&#233;ricles Serafim Sarturi; Alexandre Tognon; Valter Duro Garcia; Elizete Keitel; David Saitovitch</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Nephrology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Renal Transplant Unit, Irmandade Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia, Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Hyperhomocysteinemia seems to be frequent after renal transplantation. No study so far has assessed the role of homocysteine (Hcy) associated with dyslipidemia in Brazil.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia (serum Hcy &gt;15 mmol/l) in stable renal transplant recipients and to evaluate the role of serum lipids and graft function in serum Hcy levels.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> One hundred and five stable renal transplant recipients were evaluated, considering age, post-transplant time, cholesterol levels, graft function, proteinuria, and cyclosporine (analyzed using multiple linear regression). The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia was 74.3%. Patients were further divided into two groups, hyper (total cholesterol &gt;200mg/dl, LDL-cholesterol &gt;130mg/dl) and normocholesterolemic.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Hypercholesterolemic recipients were older, had shorter post-transplant time, lower endogenous creatinine clearance, and higher proteinuria and Hcy serum levels. Patients with hyperhomocysteinemia had statistically significantly higher serum triglycerides and poorer graft function, and their LDL-cholesterol also tended to be higher. A positive correlation was found between serum creatinine and Hcy levels (r = 0.32, P = 0.01). Multiple regression analysis revealed that both dyslipidemia and renal function independently affect Hcy values.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> We observed a high prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in renal transplant recipients, especially in hypercholesterolemic, suggesting that worse graft function may influence serum Hcy and cholesterol levels negatively. Further studies should investigate if this adverse metabolic profile is associated with higher cardiovascular mortality in the long term.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Dyslipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, renal transplantation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality after renal transplantation. Distinct etiological factors lead to endothelial dysfunction. Generally, more than one of these factors (systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, smoking, and family history) are found in renal transplant recipients<sup>1-3</sup>. Elevated serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol are frequent after renal transplantation, affecting more than 60% of these patients<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Homocysteine (Hcy), as a cardiovascular risk factor, was studied over 30 years ago, through the observation of extensive atherosclerotic lesions during autopsies of patients affected by certain genetic variants of homocystinuria. Thereon, Hcy has been investigated as a factor in the genesis of atherosclerosis<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Today, hyperhomocysteinemia is a well-established cardiovascular risk factor in the general population, and some studies suggest that this association is also present among renal transplant recipients. In 50-70% of the patients, serum Hcy concentration is increased<sup>1,2,7-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recent studies have suggested mechanisms through which hyperhomocysteinemia may be an additional factor for the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in patients with other risk factors, such as dyslipidemia<sup>2,10,11</sup>. Ducloux et al<sup>3</sup> showed a positive correlation between serum Hcy and LDL-cholesterol in clinically stable renal transplant recipients. In this context, endothelial damage occurs due to the predominance of oxidized forms of Hcy in plasma, thus generating reactive oxygen species and tissue toxicity<sup>6,10,12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Factors associated with hyperhomocysteinemia are age, smoking, systemic arterial hypertension, folate and vitamin B12 levels, elevated cholesterol, sedentary lifestyle and, especially, renal function<sup>3,7,14-20</sup>. Some studies have shown that there is no correlation between blood cyclosporine and Hcy levels<sup>11,15,17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Serum Hcy levels are inversely related to renal function, which, in turn, is the major determinant of the former<sup>10,21</sup>. However, after renal transplant, the decrease in serum Hcy levels seems to be lower than expected with the improvement in renal function. Other factors, such as chronic graft dysfunction, dyslipidemia or the effect of immunosuppressive drugs, may influence Hcy, thus increasing cardiovascular risk in these individuals<sup>14,17,22</sup>. </p>
      <p>The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in stable renal transplant recipients with or without dyslipidemia, and to assess the effect of clinical variables (graft function, serum cholesterol and cyclosporine use) on serum Hcy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical and demographic data that we included in another study<sup>4</sup> had been previously collected from 67 renal transplant recipients with hypercholesterolemia. Sera were collected and stored at -80&#186;C from January 2000 to December 2001. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution, and the patients were included after signing an informed consent.</p>
      <p>For the present analysis, 38 renal transplant recipients without hypercholesterolemia (serum cholesterol &lt; 200mg/dl and LDL-cholesterol &lt; 130 mg/dl) were selected using the same inclusion and exclusion criteria (with the exception of serum cholesterol levels) as in the aforementioned study. Such criteria were: age over 18 years, post-transplant time greater than six months, and endogenous creatinine clearance greater than 20 ml/min. Patients with nephrotic syndrome, severe congestive heart failure (class III or IV) or recent acute myocardial infarction (&lt; 6 months), in use of anticoagulants and/or statins and with serum triglyceride concentration greater than 400 mg/dl were excluded. No patient was on folic acid or vitamin B supplementation.</p>
      <p>The demographic and clinical variables studied were age, gender, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, use of oral contraceptives, post-transplantation time, number of transplants, and immunosuppressive regimen. Serum urea, creatinine, and albumin, fasting blood glucose, complete blood count, platelets, liver enzymes, endogenous creatinine clearance, and 24-hour proteinuria were all measured. Serum samples were drawn after 12-hour fasting and stored at -80&#176;C, from January to December 2003.</p>
      <p>Serum Hcy was measured by polarized immunofluorescence (Abbot GmbH Diagnostika, Wiesbaden-Delkenheim, Germany). Hyperhomocysteinemia was defined as serum Hcy levels greater than 15 &#181;mol/l<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients were initially divided into two groups, according to serum cholesterol levels, in normo- and hypercholesterolemic. In the second step, patients were further divided into two groups, now according to serum Hcy levels. </p>
      <p>Student&#146;s <italic>t</italic> test and Mann-Whitney or Wilcoxon tests were respectively used for independent samples and continuous variables with normal or asymmetric distribution. Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used for categorical variables. Pearson or Spearman coefficients were used for correlation analysis. As the distribution of Hcy serum levels was asymmetric, values underwent logarithmic transformation in order to reduce skewness. Median and interquartile range of log Hcy of the normo- and hypercholesterolemic groups were also presented. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the independent effect of dyslipidemia, post-transplantation time, age, graft function, cyclosporine use, and proteinuria on serum Hcy levels. Statistical significance was established at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The demographic and clinical data of the patients included in the study, according to cholesterol levels, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Patients with hypercholesterolemia were considerably older and had shorter post-transplantation time. There were also differences in triglycerides, proteinuria and Hcy levels, which were higher in this group. Renal function was worse in these patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0170-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Seventy percent of the patients were maintained on a cyclosporine-based regimen. Fifty-two (70.2%) hypercholesterolemic patients and 20 (52.6%) normocholesterolemic patients received a triple regimen (cyclosporine, azathioprine and prednisone. Other immunosuppressive regimens were prednisone and azathioprine, given to 15 patients with hypercholesterolemia (29.8%) and seven patients without hypercholesterolemia (18.5%). Six patients used tacrolimus associated with mycophenolate or azathioprine. No difference was observed in either serum cholesterol or Hcy levels regarding cyclosporine use (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0170-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia was 74.3%. Serum Hcy levels were significantly higher in patients with hypercholesterolemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). This difference is also illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0170-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>It was also found that serum Hcy levels were not influenced by demographic factors, such as gender and ethnicity, or clinical variables, such as systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking or immunosuppressive regimen. However, patients with hyperhomocysteinemia presented higher triglyceride and serum creatinine concentrations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>A positive and significant correlation was found between graft function and Hcy levels (r = 0.32, p = 0.01). Multiple linear regression revealed that cyclosporine use, proteinuria, age and post-transplant time were not confounding factors in the association between Hcy and serum cholesterol. These factors, after adjustment in the regression model, did not affect Hcy values. The only factors that independently affected Hcy serum levels (expressed as a logarithm) were dyslipidemia and renal function (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0170-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of this study showed high prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia (74.3%) in clinically stable renal transplant recipients. Patients with hypercholesterolemia showed higher serum Hcy levels, which is in agreement with previous studies<sup>2,3,10,11,15</sup>. Ducloux et al<sup>10</sup> conducted a study with 103 clinically stable renal transplant recipients and showed a positive association between Hcy and LDL-cholesterol. However, such association was not found by other authors<sup>18,21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Renal transplant recipients with hyperhomocysteinemia showed higher serum creatinine levels, although the difference did not seem to be clinically relevant. However, graft function in these transplant recipients was evaluated by serum creatinine measurement and endogenous creatinine clearance, methods known as not very accurate in estimating glomerular filtration<sup>23</sup>. Poorer graft function may have affected serum Hcy levels, as suggested by regression analysis results. </p>
      <p>A moderate elevation of Hcy levels is found in the early stages of renal failure, which increases linearly with the decrease in glomerular filtration<sup>3,15,16,20</sup>. Several studies have shown an inverse correlation between renal function and serum Hcy using different renal function measurement methods, such as serum creatinine, endogenous creatinine clearance, cystatin C, and Cr-EDTA<sup>1,3,8,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients with hypercholesterolemia seem to have worse metabolic profile, as evidenced by higher Hcy serum levels.</p>
      <p>Fonseca et al<sup>19</sup> reported that serum Hcy elevation was associated with male gender, aging, smoking, systemic arterial hypertension, and high cholesterol levels. In the present study, only triglyceride levels were higher in the hyperhomocysteinemic group. LDL-cholesterol also tended to be higher.</p>
      <p>Multiple linear regression analysis was performed in order to confirm the effect of clinical variables on serum Hcy levels. In this model, the only factors that independently influenced Hcy were serum cholesterol and graft function.</p>
      <p>Hcy levels tended to be lower in patients using oral contraceptives (15.33 &#177; 5.28 &#181;mol/l x 21.67 &#177; 8.98 &#181;mol/l, p = 0.09). Estrogens might affect the activity of enzymes that participate in Hcy metabolism. This could explain our results<sup>19</sup>. Also, post-transplant time tended to be shorter in the hyperhomocysteinemic group. </p>
      <p>Ducloux et al<sup>24</sup> showed a 6% increase in the relative risk of cardiovascular complications for each &#181;mol/L increase in blood Hcy. It was not the purpose of this study to evaluate the association between ischemic heart disease and hyperhomocysteinemia, but according to previous studies<sup>2,10,22</sup> it is likely that the sum of risk factors found in transplant recipients - dyslipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, arterial hypertension, smoking, obesity &#150; may result in greater cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. </p>
      <p>No correlation between serum cyclosporine and Hcy levels was found. This finding was also described in other studies<sup>11,15,17</sup>. Lower Hcy values in patients using tacrolimus have been described. However, the lower creatinine levels found in these patients could, by itself, justify this finding<sup>25-28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Winkelmayer et al<sup>11</sup> found an association between elevated serum Hcy levels and risk for renal graft loss and death in renal transplant recipients. </p>
      <p>In summary, our study shows high prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in renal transplant recipients, especially in the setting of hypercholesterolemia and poor graft function. Further studies should investigate the possibility that poorer graft function may negatively affect serum Hcy levels.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> David Saitovitch</p>
          <p> Av. Ipiranga, 6690/204 - Centro Cl&#237;nico da PUCRS </p>
          <p> 90610-000</p>
          <p> Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="dsaitov@terra.com.br">dsaitov@terra.com.br </email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received January 5, 2007; revised manuscript received February 28, 2007; accepted March 13, 2007.</p>
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