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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4WxRWFxhCVCH4R9tg9SXHrL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001500004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001500004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre perfil lip&#237;dico e adiposidade corporal em mulheres com mais de 60 anos de idade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krause</surname>
            <given-names>Maressa Priscila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hallage</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gama</surname>
            <given-names>Mirnaluci P. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sasaki</surname>
            <given-names>Jeffer Eidi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miculis</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane Petra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buzzachera</surname>
            <given-names>Cosme Franklin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Gregorio da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Evang&#233;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>163</fpage>
      <lpage>169</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre perfil lip&#237;dico e medidas de obesidade corporal global e central em mulheres com idade superior a 60 anos. M&#201;TODOS: A amostra foi composta por 388 mulheres, com mais de 60 anos de idade (m&#233;dia, 69,0; desvio padr&#227;o, 5,9 anos). O perfil lip&#237;dico foi determinado por meio das dosagens de colesterol total (CT), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-colesterol), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-colesterol) e triglicer&#237;deos (TG). A obesidade global foi mensurada pelo &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e pelas dobras cut&#226;neas (DC), e a obesidade central foi mensurada pela circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) e pela rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por meio da correla&#231;&#227;o parcial ajustada para a idade e ANOVA one-way (p &lt; 0,05). RESULTADOS: Os valores m&#233;dios encontrados nas vari&#225;veis de adiposidade corporal e nos componentes do perfil lip&#237;dico indicam elevado risco aterog&#234;nico. Al&#233;m disso, os indicadores de obesidade tanto global como central foram diretamente associados com os n&#237;veis de TG e inversamente associados com os n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol. CONCLUS&#195;O: A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o parcial e a maior vari&#226;ncia encontrada na CC e na RCQ com os componentes do lipidograma sugerem que ambos os m&#233;todos podem auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico precoce da aterosclerose.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Adiposidade</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>mulheres</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre perfil lip&#237;dico e adiposidade corporal em mulheres com mais de 60 anos de idade </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maressa Priscila Krause; Tatiane Hallage; Mirnaluci P. R. Gama; Jeffer Eidi Sasaki; Cristiane Petra Miculis; Cosme Franklin Buzzachera; Sergio Gregorio da Silva</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; - Faculdade Evang&#233;lica do Paran&#225; - Curitiba, PR - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre perfil lip&#237;dico e medidas de obesidade corporal global e central em mulheres com idade superior a 60 anos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> A amostra foi composta por 388 mulheres, com mais de 60 anos de idade (m&#233;dia, 69,0; desvio padr&#227;o, 5,9 anos). O perfil lip&#237;dico foi determinado por meio das dosagens de colesterol total (CT), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-colesterol), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-colesterol) e triglicer&#237;deos (TG). A obesidade global foi mensurada pelo &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e pelas dobras cut&#226;neas (DC), e a obesidade central foi mensurada pela circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) e pela rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por meio da correla&#231;&#227;o parcial ajustada para a idade e ANOVA one-way (p &lt; 0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os valores m&#233;dios encontrados nas vari&#225;veis de adiposidade corporal e nos componentes do perfil lip&#237;dico indicam elevado risco aterog&#234;nico. Al&#233;m disso, os indicadores de obesidade tanto global como central foram diretamente associados com os n&#237;veis de TG e inversamente associados com os n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o parcial e a maior vari&#226;ncia encontrada na CC e na RCQ com os componentes do lipidograma sugerem que ambos os m&#233;todos podem auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico precoce da aterosclerose. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Adiposidade, fatores de risco, aterosclerose, mulheres.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, principalmente as doen&#231;as coronarianas, s&#227;o as principais causas de mortalidade em todo o mundo<sup>1,2</sup>. A aterosclerose ou doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica atinge vasos sangu&#237;neos perif&#233;ricos e centrais, podendo ser considerada um estado inflamat&#243;rio ativo, e &#233; caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es em marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e em fatores de risco<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento aterog&#234;nico t&#234;m sido descritos, entre eles aumento dos n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos (TG), de colesterol total (CT) e de colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-colesterol), diminui&#231;&#227;o do colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-colesterol), hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, tabagismo e inatividade f&#237;sica<sup>4,5</sup>. Dentre esses fatores, o perfil lip&#237;dico tem sido amplamente estudado pela sua elevada associa&#231;&#227;o com a aterog&#234;nese<sup>6-9</sup>. Similarmente, a obesidade corporal tamb&#233;m tem sido investigada como fator de risco para as doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas e cardiovasculares<sup>10-15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A obesidade central tem demonstrado predizer todas as causas de mortalidade em mulheres idosas brasileiras, como tamb&#233;m elevar o risco para futuros eventos cardiovasculares<sup>14,15</sup>. Esses resultados indicam a import&#226;ncia da investiga&#231;&#227;o de como esses indicadores antropom&#233;tricos podem ser utilizados como instrumento de identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com elevada propens&#227;o para a aterosclerose. </p>
    <p>A adiposidade corporal pode ser avaliada a partir de m&#233;todos antropom&#233;tricos que possuem diversos benef&#237;cios, por seu car&#225;ter n&#227;o-invasivo, baixo custo operacional, f&#225;cil aplicabilidade, e ampla utiliza&#231;&#227;o em meios cl&#237;nicos e estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, sendo caracterizados como uma forma de avalia&#231;&#227;o indireta para riscos &#224; sa&#250;de<sup>16-18</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os m&#233;todos antropom&#233;tricos mais utilizados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do ac&#250;mulo de massa gorda s&#227;o a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC), a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ), o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e as dobras cut&#226;neas (DC). Apesar de diversos estudos verificarem a associa&#231;&#227;o entre risco aterog&#234;nico com medidas antropom&#233;tricas e perfil lip&#237;dico, os resultados que explicariam de que forma as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas se associam com o perfil lip&#237;dico n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente conclusivos<sup>10,11,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica diretos (perfil lip&#237;dico) e indiretos (vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas) para mensurar o ac&#250;mulo de massa gorda n&#227;o &#233;, portanto, totalmente clara para auxiliar o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico desse quadro. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre perfil lip&#237;dico (CT, TG, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol) e medidas de obesidade global (IMC e DC) e de obesidade central (CC e RCQ) em mulheres com mais de 60 anos de idade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O delineamento da pesquisa &#233; caracterizado como Estudo Observacional Transversal, Descritivo e Correlacional. A coleta de dados foi realizada no per&#237;odo compreendido entre abril e julho de 2006.</p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o e amostra - </italic>Com o intuito de realizar uma sele&#231;&#227;o de amostra estratificada, as seguintes etapas foram realizadas: 1) Cadastro dos grupos comunit&#225;rios existentes no munic&#237;pio de Curitiba, Paran&#225;, obtido mediante parceria com institui&#231;&#245;es que promovem atividades recreacionais para a popula&#231;&#227;o da respectiva regional geogr&#225;fica. 2) Mapeamento de todos os grupos cadastrados nas oito regionais do munic&#237;pio. 3) Aloca&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria simples dos grupos que seriam convidados a participar da pesquisa, por regional. 4) Visita ao grupo, explica&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos da pesquisa, e convite &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria no estudo para os indiv&#237;duos pertencentes ao respectivo grupo comunit&#225;rio, extensivo a seus familiares e amigos pr&#243;ximos.</p>
    <p>Depois de realizado o procedimento de sele&#231;&#227;o amostral, conforme descrito, foi determinado o cronograma para a coleta de dados. A amostra foi constitu&#237;da de 388 mulheres (m&#233;dia de idade, 69,0; desvio padr&#227;o, 5,9 anos) que estivessem, na data da coleta, com idade cronol&#243;gica superior ou igual a 60 anos. Entretanto, foi obtido n = 383 para a vari&#225;vel LDL-colesterol, em decorr&#234;ncia da exclus&#227;o de 5 sujeitos que apresentaram valores de TG superiores a 400,0 mg/dl.</p>
    <p>A amostra foi constitu&#237;da predominantemente de indiv&#237;duos da cor branca e de n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico baixo (76,3%). Desses indiv&#237;duos, apenas 23,4% relataram realizar tratamento medicamentoso para dislipidemia e 13,3%, para diabetes. Quase metade da amostra (45,7%) apresentou antecedente de doen&#231;a coronariana em pai, m&#227;e ou irm&#227;o(&#227;), 4,4% eram tabagistas e 63,3% praticavam algum tipo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular (no m&#237;nimo duas horas semanais). </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s detalhado esclarecimento sobre os prop&#243;sitos dessa investiga&#231;&#227;o, os procedimentos utilizados, e os benef&#237;cios e os poss&#237;veis riscos atrelados, os sujeitos participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento, condicionando sua participa&#231;&#227;o de modo volunt&#225;rio. O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Setor de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, conforme as normas estabelecidas na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e na Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de sobre pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos.</p>
    <p><italic>Instrumentos e procedimentos - </italic>Com o objetivo de evitar a influ&#234;ncia de varia&#231;&#245;es circadianas, todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas no mesmo per&#237;odo do dia (entre 8h00 e 10h00). Al&#233;m disso, os sujeitos participantes foram instru&#237;dos a n&#227;o realizar atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa no dia anterior, como tamb&#233;m a n&#227;o ingerir alimento nas duas horas que antecederam o in&#237;cio da avalia&#231;&#227;o. As avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas no Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica &#150; Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia do Centro de Pesquisa em Exerc&#237;cio e Esporte, da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas foram obtidas conforme os procedimentos propostos por Lohman e cols.<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para a determina&#231;&#227;o da estatura corporal (Est, cm), o indiv&#237;duo avaliado deveria permanecer em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, com os p&#233;s unidos, descal&#231;os, utilizando o m&#237;nimo poss&#237;vel de roupas. Al&#233;m disso, deveria manter-se em apn&#233;ia inspirat&#243;ria e com a cabe&#231;a orientada em 90 graus, conforme plano de Frankfort, tendo as superf&#237;cies de calcanhar, cintura p&#233;lvica, cintura escapular e regi&#227;o occipital em contato com o estadi&#244;metro (SANNY, modelo STANDARD, precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm), fixado &#224; parede. </p>
    <p>A massa corporal (MC, kg) foi mensurada com o indiv&#237;duo avaliado permanecendo em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, descal&#231;o, e trajando o m&#237;nimo poss&#237;vel de roupas. A MC deveria permanecer igualmente distribu&#237;da entre os membros inferiores durante a perman&#234;ncia na plataforma da balan&#231;a (TOLEDO, modelo 2096 PP, precis&#227;o de 0,1 kg). </p>
    <p>O IMC foi obtido mediante a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do quociente massa corporal/estatura2, em que o valor da MC &#233; expresso em kg e o da Est, em cm<sup>2,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>A CC (em cm) foi mensurada no ponto m&#233;dio entre a crista il&#237;aca e a face externa da &#250;ltima costela. A circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril foi mensurada na maior circunfer&#234;ncia da regi&#227;o gl&#250;tea, com o avaliador posicionado ao lado do avaliado. Como instrumento de medida foi utilizada fita antropom&#233;trica inel&#225;stica (precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm).</p>
    <p>A RCQ foi calculada dividindo-se o valor da CC (em cm) pelo valor da circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (em cm)<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>As DC foram mensuradas com o compasso de DC do tipo Lange (aproxima&#231;&#227;o de 0,5 mm) nos seguintes pontos anat&#244;micos: tr&#237;ceps, abdome, supra-il&#237;aca, coxa medial e panturrilha medial, todos avaliados no hemicorpo direito<sup>22</sup>. </p>
    <p>Preconizando evitar as varia&#231;&#245;es inter-avaliadores, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de cada vari&#225;vel antropom&#233;trica (MC, Est, CC e DC) foi realizada pelo mesmo avaliador, previamente treinado, em todos os sujeitos. </p>
    <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de TG e CT, foi utilizado o m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico. O HDL-colesterol foi mensurado por meio do sistema de precipita&#231;&#227;o seletiva da LDL e da lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa densidade (VLDL). Ap&#243;s a centrifuga&#231;&#227;o, o HDL-colesterol foi determinado no sobrenadante, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico. Todas as medidas foram analisadas no espectrofot&#244;metro COBAS MIRA PLUS (Roche Diagnostics), com calibrador e soro controle DIASYS. O <italic>kit</italic> da LABTEST foi utilizado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o das dosagens de CT e TG, enquanto para a dosagem do HDL-colesterol utilizou-se o <italic>kit</italic> DIASYS. O LDL-colesterol foi calculado de acordo com a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald<sup>23</sup>, em que LDL-colesterol = CT - (HDL-colesterol + TG/5). Foram exclu&#237;dos 5 indiv&#237;duos da amostra total para a determina&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol, pelo fato de o valor de TG ter se apresentado superior a 400,0 md/dl.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - </italic>A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi determinada a partir do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Subseq&#252;entemente, foram aplicadas medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e variabilidade para a an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados. A correla&#231;&#227;o parcial ajustada para a idade foi utilizada a fim de verificar o grau de associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e os componentes do perfil lip&#237;dico, enquanto a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) foi utilizada para verificar diferen&#231;as entre as medidas de obesidade central (CC e RCQ) de acordo com os pontos de corte do perfil lip&#237;dico.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados do presente estudo foi realizada mediante a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS, vers&#227;o 13.0) <italic>for Windows</italic>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os valores descritivos das vari&#225;veis estudadas. A partir da m&#233;dia do IMC e da CC, os sujeitos foram classificados como sobrepeso. A RCQ tamb&#233;m demonstrou valores superiores &#224; normalidade. Na an&#225;lise da m&#233;dia dos valores encontrados no lipidograma, o componente que demonstra altera&#231;&#245;es elevadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; normalidade &#233; o HDL-colesterol.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0163-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As an&#225;lises das associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas estudadas, relacionadas &#224; obesidade corporal, e o perfil lip&#237;dico est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>. A obesidade corporal foi associada diretamente com os n&#237;veis de TG, enquanto essa associa&#231;&#227;o com o HDL-colesterol foi inversa, independentemente do procedimento de medida antropom&#233;trica utilizado.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0163-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">Tabelas 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">6</xref> apresentam a m&#233;dia da CC e da RCQ de acordo com os pontos de refer&#234;ncia relacionados ao aumento de risco &#224; sa&#250;de, em cada componente do lipidograma. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0163-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0163-00004-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0163-00004-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0163-00004-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A CC demonstrou maior variabilidade nos pontos de corte para os TG, enquanto a RCQ apresentou diferen&#231;as entre os pontos de refer&#234;ncia extremos. Contudo, tanto a CC como a RCQ demonstraram vari&#226;ncia similar em rela&#231;&#227;o ao HDL-colesterol. A m&#233;dia da CC e da RCQ no CT e no LDL-colesterol n&#227;o revelou altera&#231;&#245;es significantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A obesidade tem sido considerada uma epidemia mundial<sup>24,25</sup>. O excesso de gordura corporal eleva os riscos para doen&#231;as por todas as causas, incluindo as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>12,14,15,17,26,27</sup>. As mulheres deste estudo apresentaram condi&#231;&#245;es de sobrepeso global e central, de acordo com os pontos de corte estabelecidos para IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25,0 e &lt; 30,0 e CC <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 cm e <underline>&lt;</underline> 88 cm<sup>28,29</sup>. Sendo assim, parece que a maioria dessas mulheres poderia apresentar risco indireto aumentado para aterosclerose. </p>
    <p>Essa rela&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e risco card&#237;aco deve ser analisada cautelosamente, pois, segundo Romero-Corral e cols.<sup>30</sup>, em recente estudo meta-anal&#237;tico, a obesidade global, determinada pelos valores de IMC entre 25,0 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>e 30,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, indicou a diminui&#231;&#227;o do risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares, sugerindo um efeito cardioprotetor para a condi&#231;&#227;o geral de sobrepeso. Contudo, a investiga&#231;&#227;o realizada por Cabrera e cols.<sup>15</sup> demonstrou que a obesidade central, representada pela RCQ, prediz futuros eventos cardiovasculares em mulheres de 60 a 84 anos de idade, indicando risco relativo de 1,72 para valores de RCQ superiores a 0,98 (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> = 1,72; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% = 1,05-2,82; p = 0,03). </p>
    <p>Os riscos aterog&#234;nicos tamb&#233;m podem ser determinados pelas altera&#231;&#245;es em fatores de risco direto, como o lipidograma<sup>31,32</sup>. Segundo a III Diretrizes Brasileiras sobre Dislipidemias<sup>33</sup> e Souza e cols.<sup>31</sup>, os seguintes pontos de corte elevam o risco para esse quadro cl&#237;nico: TG acima de 150,0; CT acima 180,0; HDL-colesterol abaixo de 65; e LDL-colesterol acima de 100,0. Dessa forma, os valores m&#233;dios encontrados nos componentes do perfil lip&#237;dico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tab. 1</xref>) tamb&#233;m demonstram que as mulheres apresentam esse fator de risco elevado. </p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco indireto e direto pode auxiliar o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico. Hu e cols.<sup>34</sup> examinaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es no lipidograma e a obesidade corporal, em mulheres com 45 a 74 anos de idade, demonstrando que tanto a obesidade global, representada pelo IMC, como a obesidade central, representada pela CC, apresentaram-se inversamente associadas ao HDL-colesterol (r = -0,024 e r = -0,23 [p &lt; 0,001], respectivamente) e ao LDL-colesterol (r = -0,08 [p &lt; 0,05] e r = -0,11 [p &lt; 0,001], respectivamente). A CC, por sua vez, s&#243; foi associada diretamente com os n&#237;veis de TG (r = 0,14; p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p>Outro m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da obesidade global avaliada no presente estudo foi o somat&#243;rio de dobras cut&#226;neas (SDC). Contudo, parece que as altera&#231;&#245;es da distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal relacionadas ao avan&#231;o da idade podem n&#227;o ser detectadas por essa avalia&#231;&#227;o. Assim, as correla&#231;&#245;es menos significantes encontradas neste estudo, em rela&#231;&#227;o a TG e HDL-colesterol, quando comparadas &#224;s demais vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas, provavelmente seriam elucidadas pelo fato de que essa avalia&#231;&#227;o demonstra uma estimativa relativamente baixa da massa gorda em indiv&#237;duos mais velhos<sup>35,36</sup>. </p>
    <p>O estudo de Souza e cols.<sup>31</sup> revelou tend&#234;ncia, para ambos os sexos, de os indiv&#237;duos com elevadas medidas de CC apresentarem CT e TG elevados (acima de 240,0 e 200,0, respectivamente). Lakka e cols.<sup>37</sup> examinaram a vari&#226;ncia entre os tercis da CC e da RCQ com o perfil lip&#237;dico de homens adultos, demonstrando que quanto maior a obesidade global maiores s&#227;o os valores de TG e menores os valores de HDL-colesterol. Esse estudo apresenta similaridades com os resultados encontrados nesta pesquisa, em que a obesidade corporal, avaliada por SDC, IMC, CC e RCQ, foi diretamente associada aos n&#237;veis de TG e inversamente associada aos n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol. Contudo, a CC e a RCQ obtiveram n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia mais elevado (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>Resultados mais precisos e similares aos aqui encontrados s&#227;o observados na investiga&#231;&#227;o realizada por Cabrera e Jacob Filho<sup>38</sup> em mulheres idosas brasileiras. A grande preval&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis baixos de HDL-colesterol foi encontrada nas mulheres com elevados valores de massa gorda central (38,0% para a RCQ &gt; 1,01 e 35,6% para a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal [CA] &gt; 100 cm, ambos com p &lt; 0,05), sugerindo rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre obesidade central e HDL-colesterol. Al&#233;m disso, a rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre obesidade central e TG tamb&#233;m coincide com os resultados aqui apresentados. A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade central foi de 28,6% quando analisada pela RCQ e de 27,9%, pela CA. </p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o mais significante entre CC e RCQ com os componentes do perfil lip&#237;dico pode ser explicada pelo fato de a obesidade central estar diretamente ligada &#224; gordura visceral, a qual, por sua vez, &#233; um indicador de altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas desfavor&#225;veis. Tais efeitos influenciam o desenvolvimento aterog&#234;nico e a hipertens&#227;o, assim como acarretam altera&#231;&#245;es na resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, na intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose e na hipertrigliceridemia, elevam o &#237;ndice de LDL-colesterol e reduzem o &#237;ndice de HDL-colesterol<sup>33,37,38</sup>. </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, o grande n&#250;mero de mulheres com baixos valores de HDL-colesterol (91,1%), em que 62,5% apresentaram valores de risco moderado entre 40,0 mg/dl e 60,0 mg/dl e 27,6% apresentaram risco elevado abaixo de 40,0 mg/dl, sugere que esses indiv&#237;duos apresentam elevado risco aterog&#234;nico, em decorr&#234;ncia da associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os n&#237;veis dessa lipoprote&#237;na e o risco para aterosclerose em indiv&#237;duos com mais de 50 anos de idade<sup>39,40</sup>. Esse efeito antiaterog&#234;nico ou ateroprotetivo apresenta-se bem definido, em que o aumento em cada 1 mg/dl do HDL-colesterol reduz em aproximadamente 2% a 3% o risco para doen&#231;as coronarianas<sup>39,41,42</sup>. De forma semelhante, o aumento de um desvio padr&#227;o no HDL-colesterol diminui a probabilidade de novos eventos cardiovasculares em 15% (p = 0,015) em homens<sup>43</sup>. </p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es - </italic>A amostra estudada foi constitu&#237;da de mulheres idosas participantes de grupos comunit&#225;rios na cidade de Curitiba, Paran&#225;. Dessa forma, este estudo n&#227;o atingiu indiv&#237;duos com graus de depend&#234;ncia mais acentuada, os quais em geral permanecem apenas no ambiente familiar. Os resultados obtidos demonstram uma tend&#234;ncia a que o excesso de obesidade central acarrete altera&#231;&#245;es negativas no perfil lip&#237;dico para essa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, aconselhando-se, portanto, que novos estudos sejam realizados, principalmente em mulheres ap&#243;s os 50 anos de idade, a fim de examinar essas associa&#231;&#245;es, contribuindo para um diagn&#243;stico precoce desses fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De acordo com os resultados do presente estudo, as mulheres que apresentaram excesso de massa gorda na regi&#227;o central demonstraram altera&#231;&#245;es no lipidograma, principalmente redu&#231;&#245;es do HDL-colesterol. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o parcial e a maior vari&#226;ncia encontrada na CC e na RCQ, quando comparada aos demais fatores de risco indireto e aos fatores de risco direto, componentes do lipidograma, sugerem que ambos os m&#233;todos podem auxiliar o diagn&#243;stico precoce em rela&#231;&#227;o aos efeitos metab&#243;licos desfavor&#225;veis que o ac&#250;mulo de gordura corporal pode acarretar, como o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores agradecem a Dra. Mauren Isfer, bioqu&#237;mica respons&#225;vel pela realiza&#231;&#227;o das dosagens sang&#252;&#237;neas no laborat&#243;rio de analises cl&#237;nicas do Hospital de Pol&#237;cia do Paran&#225;. Ao Projeto DOCE - Diabetes Objetivando Controle e Educa&#231;&#227;o - pela parceria realizada juntamente com o laborat&#243;rio NOVARTIS, Farm&#225;cia DAS SETE. &#192;s endocrinologistas do Servi&#231;o de Endocrinologia e Diabetes do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Evang&#233;lico de Curitiba - Dras. Sheyla Q. Alonso, Carolina F da Luz Martins, Gabriela C. de Mira e Jeanne D. Gama, pela colabora&#231;&#227;o na coleta de dados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>H&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o desse estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Maressa Priscila Krause </p>
        <p> Rua Jos&#233; Rodrigues Pinheiro, 949 </p>
        <p> 81130-200 </p>
        <p> Curitiba, PR - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="maressakrause@hotmail.com">maressakrause@hotmail.com </email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 26/07/06; revisado recebido em 26/03/07; aceito em 24/04/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Association between lipid profile and adiposity in women over age 60</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between lipid profiles and overall or central obesity in women over the age of 60. METHODS: The sample was comprised of 388 women over the age of 60 (mean 69; standard deviation 5.9 years). The lipid profile was determined using total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels. Overall obesity was determined using the body mass index (BMI) and skin fold (SF) measurements. Central obesity was determined using the waist circumference (WC) and waist - hip ratio (WHR). Statistical analysis was conducted using age adjusted partial correlation and one way ANOVA (p&lt;0.05). RESULTS: The mean values found for the adiposity variables and lipid profile components indicate an elevated atherogenic risk. In addition, the indicators for overall and central obesity were directly related to TG levels and inversely related to HDL-C levels. CONLCUSION: The partial correlation analysis and the largest variance found for WC and WHR in comparison to the lipidogram components indicate that both methods could be useful in the early diagnosis of atherosclerosis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Adiposity</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>women</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Association between lipid profile and adiposity in women over age 60 </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maressa Priscila Krause; Tatiane Hallage; Mirnaluci P.R. Gama; Jeffer Eidi Sasaki; Cristiane Petra Miculis; Cosme Franklin Buzzachera; Sergio Gregorio da Silva</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Faculdade Evang&#233;lica do Paran&#225; - Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To verify the association between lipid profiles and overall or central obesity in women over the age of 60.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The sample was comprised of 388 women over the age of 60 (mean 69; standard deviation 5.9 years). The lipid profile was determined using total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels. Overall obesity was determined using the body mass index (BMI) and skin fold (SF) measurements. Central obesity was determined using the waist circumference (WC) and waist - hip ratio (WHR). Statistical analysis was conducted using age adjusted partial correlation and one way ANOVA (p&lt;0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean values found for the adiposity variables and lipid profile components indicate an elevated atherogenic risk. In addition, the indicators for overall and central obesity were directly related to TG levels and inversely related to HDL-C levels.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The partial correlation analysis and the largest variance found for WC and WHR in comparison to the lipidogram components indicate that both methods could be useful in the early diagnosis of atherosclerosis. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Adiposity; risk factors; atherosclerosis; women.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary diseases, are the leading cause of mortality throughout the world<sup>1,2</sup>. Atherosclerosis or atherosclerotic disease affects the central and peripheral blood vessels and can be described as an active inflammatory state, characterized by altered inflammatory markers and risk factors<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Various risk factors for atherogenic development have been described, including increased levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C); reduced levels of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), hypertension, diabetes, smoking and a sedentary lifestyle<sup>4,5</sup>. Among these factors, the lipid profile has been studied extensively due to its elevated association with atherogenesis<sup>6-9</sup>. Likewise, body obesity has also been investigated as a risk factor for atherosclerotic and cardiovascular diseases<sup>10-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Central obesity is a proven indicator for all causes of mortality in elderly Brazilian women and also elevates the risk for future cardiovascular events<sup>14,15</sup>. These results indicate the importance of investigating how these anthropometric indicators can be used to identify individuals at high risk to develop atherosclerosis. </p>
      <p>Adiposity can be evaluated using anthropometric methods that have various benefits, since they are noninvasive, low cost, easy to perform, widely used in clinics and epidemiological studies, and are an indirect method to assess health risks<sup>16-18</sup>.</p>
      <p>The most common anthropometric methods used to evaluate adipose tissue accumulation are: waist circumference (WC), waist - hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI) and skin fold measurements (SF). Even though various studies have verified the relation of atherogenic risk with anthropometric measurements and lipid profiles, the results of how the anthropometric variables are associated with the lipid profile are not totally conclusive<sup>10,11,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>As a result, the association between the direct (lipid profile) and indirect (anthropometric variables to measure the accumulation of adipose tissue) risk factors for atherosclerotic disease is not clear enough to assist the diagnosis of this clinical picture. Therefore, the objective of this study was to verify the association between the lipid profile (TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C) and overall obesity, using BMI and SF measurements, and central obesity, using WC and WHR measurements, in women over age 60.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study design was an Observational Cross Sectional, Descriptive and Correlational Study. Data was collected between April and July 2006.</p>
      <p><italic>Population and Sample</italic> - In order to conduct a stratified sample selection, the following steps were taken: 1) Registration of community groups in the city of Curitiba, Parana, through partnerships with the institutes that offer recreational activities to the population in that region. 2) Mapping of all registered groups in the eight city districts. 3) Simple random allocation of the groups to be invited to participate in the study, done by region. 4) Visit to the group, explanation of the study procedures and invitation for voluntary participation in the study that was extended to the community group members as well as their immediate family members and close friends.</p>
      <p>After concluding the sample selection, as described above, the data collection schedule was established. The sample was comprised of 388 women (mean age 69; standard deviation 5.9 years) that were age 60 or older on the data collection date. However, 5 women who had triglyceride levels over 400.0 mg/dl were excluded, resulting in N = 383 for the LDL cholesterol variable.</p>
      <p>Most of the women in the sample were white and from a low socioeconomic class (76.3%). Only 23.4% of these women reported that they had undergone medical treatment for dyslipidemia and 13.3% for diabetes. Almost half of the sample (45.7%) reported a family history of coronary disease (father, mother or sibling); 4.4% were smokers; and 63.3% practiced some type of physical exercise on a regular basis (at least 2 hours per week). </p>
      <p>After thoroughly explaining the study objectives, procedures, benefits and possible risks involved, the participants signed the consent form, stipulating their voluntary participation. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Biological Sciences Division of the Federal University of Parana, in accordance with the norms established in the Helsinki Declaration and Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Board for studies involving humans.</p>
      <p><italic>Instruments and Procedures </italic>- In order to avoid the influence of circadian variations, all assessments were conducted between 8:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m. In addition, the participants were instructed to not perform any vigorous physical activities the day before their appointment and to fast for two hours before the assessment. The assessments were conducted at the Physical Education Department &#150; Physiology Laboratory of the Exercise and Sports Research Center at the Federal University of Parana</p>
      <p>The anthropometric variables were obtained in accordance with the procedures outlined by Lohman and associates<sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>To determine height (HGT, centimeters) the individual was placed in the orthostatic position with feet close together, side by side; barefoot, using minimal clothing. In addition, they were asked to maintain inspiratory apnea, with their head in the Frankfort 90&#186; plane. All heel, pelvic waist, scapular waist and occipital region surfaces were in contact with the stadiometer (SANNY, model: STANDARD, precision: 0.1 cm) that was attached to the wall. </p>
      <p>Body mass (BM, kilograms) was measured with the individual in the orthostatic position, barefoot, wearing minimal clothing. The individual was asked to equally distribute their body mass between the lower limbs while on the scale (TOLEDO, model: 2096 PP; precision: 0.1 kg).</p>
      <p>Body mass index (BMI) was obtained using the quotient body mass/height<sup>2</sup>, in which BM is expressed in kg and HGT in m<sup>2 21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Waist circumference (WC, centimeters) was measured at the midpoint between the iliac crest and the external face of the last rib. Hip circumference was measured at the largest circumference in the gluteal region, with the evaluator beside the individual. A non-elastic anthropometric tape measure was used to take the measurements (precision: 0.1 centimeters).</p>
      <p>The waist-hip ratio was calculated by dividing the waist circumference (in centimeters) by the hip circumference (centimeters)<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Skin folds were measured using Lange skinfold calipers (approximation: 0.5mm) at the following anatomical points: triceps, abdomen, suprailiac, midpoint of the thigh and midpoint of the calf, all on the right side of the body<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>To avoid variations between evaluators, all anthropometric variables (body mass, height, waist circumference and skinfolds) for all the individuals were taken by the same trained evaluator. </p>
      <p>Triglyceride and cholesterol levels were evaluated using the enzymatic method. HDL-C was measured using selective precipitation of the low and very low density lipoproteins (LDL and VLDL). After centrifugation, HDL-C was measured in the supernatant, using the enzymatic method. All measurements were analyzed in the COBAS MIRA PLUS spectrophometer (Roche Diagnostics) equipped with calibration filters and DIASYS serum control. The LABTEST kit was used to measure the total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and the DIASYS kit was used for HDL-C. LDL cholesterol was calculated in accordance with the Friedewald<sup>23 </sup>formula: LDL-C = total cholesterol - (HDL-C + triglycerides/5). Five individuals were excluded from the LDL-C measurement sample since their triglyceride levels were over 400.0 mg/dl.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical Analysis </italic>- The Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used to determine distribution normality.</p>
      <p>Next, central tendency and variability measurements were used for descriptive data analysis. Age adjusted partial correlation was used to verify the degree of association between the anthropometric variables and the lipid profile components, while variance analysis (ANOVA) was used to verify the differences between the central obesity measurements (WC and WHR) in accordance with the lipid profile cut-off points. </p>
      <p>Data analysis for the present study was conducted using the computer program: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 13.0) for Windows.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The descriptive values of the study variables are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>. Based on the mean BMI and waist circumference measurements, the individuals can be classified as overweight. WHR also presented higher than normal values. Analysis of the mean lipidogram values demonstrates that HDL-C presents the greatest alterations in relation to normality.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0163-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Analysis of the associations between the anthropometric study variables related to bodyobesity and the lipid profiles is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. Body obesity had a direct association with triglyceride levels and an inverse association with HDL-C, regardless of the anthropometric measurement procedure used.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0163-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Tables 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">6</xref> present mean WC and WHR measurements in accordance with the reference points related to increased health risks for each lipidogram component. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0163-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0163-00004-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0163-00004-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0163-00004-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>WC demonstrated greater variability for the triglyceride cut-off points, while WHR presented differences between the extreme reference points. Nevertheless, both WC and WHR demonstrated similar variance in relation to HDL-C. Mean WC and WHR for TC and LDL-C did not reveal any significant alterations.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Obesity is a global epidemic<sup>24,25</sup>. Excess body fat elevates the risk for all types of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases<sup>12,14,15,17,26,27</sup>. The women in this study presented overall and central overweight conditions in accordance with the established cut-off points of BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25.0 and &lt; 30.0; and WC <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 cm and <underline>&lt;</underline> 88 cm<sup>28,29</sup>. Therefore, it appears that the majority of these women could present an increased indirect risk for atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>This relationship between obesity and cardiac risk should be analyzed cautiously. According to Romero-Corral and associates<sup>30</sup> in a recent meta-analysis study, overweight defined as a BMI between 25.0 and 30.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> indicated a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events, suggesting that a generalized overweight condition acts as a cardioprotector. Nevertheless, the study conducted by Cabrera and associates<sup>15</sup> demonstrated that central obesity, expressed by the WHR, predicts future cardiovascular events in women between 60 and 84 years, indicating a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.72 for WHR values higher than 0.98 (HR=1.72; CI 95%; 1.05-2.82; p=0.03). </p>
      <p>Atherogenic risks also can be determined using alterations in direct risk factors, such as the lipidograma<sup>31,33</sup>. According to the III Brazilian Guidelines for Dyslipidemia<sup>33</sup> and SOUZA and associates<sup>31</sup> the following cut-off points elevate the risk for this clinical picture: triglycerides (TG) over 150; total cholesterol (TC) over 180; HDL-C lower than 65; and LDL-C over 100. Therefore, the mean lipid profile component values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>) also demonstrate that these women also presented this elevated risk factor. </p>
      <p>The association between the indirect and direct risk factors could aid the clinical diagnosis. Hu and associates<sup>34</sup> examined the association between lipid profile alterations and body obesity in women between the ages of 45 and 74, demonstrating that both overall obesity, defined by BMI, and central obesity, defined by WC, were inversely related to HDL-C [r = (-0.024) and r = (-0.23); (p &lt; 0.001) respectively] and LDL-C [r = (-0.08) (p&lt;0.05) and r = (-0.11) (p &lt; 0.001), respectively]. Only WC was directly related to TG levels (r=0.14; p&lt;0.001). </p>
      <p>Another evaluation method of overall obesity assessed in the present study was the sum of the skinfolds. Nevertheless, it appears that body fat distribution alterations related to aging cannot be detected through this method. Therefore, the least significant correlates found in this study, in relation to TG and HDL-C, when compared to the other anthropometric variables, could probably be explained by the fact that this evaluation demonstrates a relatively low estimate of body fat in older individuals<sup>35,36</sup>. </p>
      <p>The study conducted by SOUZA and associates<sup>31</sup> revealed a tendency, for both genders, that individuals with elevated WC measurements also presented elevated levels of TC and TG (over 240.00 and 200.00, respectively). Lakka and associates<sup>37</sup> investigated the variance between the WC and WHR tertiles with the lipid profiles of adult men, demonstrating that as the person became more obese, triglyceride levels became higher and HDL-C levels became lower. The results in the present study are similar to those found by Lakka, in which obesity evaluated by SSF, BMI, WC and WHR was directly associated with TG levels and inversely associated with HDL-C levels. Nevertheless, WC and WHR obtained a higher significance level (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>More precise and similar results to those found in the present study are seen in the study conducted by Cabrera and associates<sup>38</sup> on elderly Brazilian women. The great prevalence of low HDL-C levels was found in the women with elevated values of central adiposity (38% for WHR &gt;1.01; and 35.6% for abdominal circumference (AC) &gt;100cm, p&lt;0.05 for both) indicating an inverse relationship between central obesity and HDL-C. In addition, the direct relationship between central obesity and TG also coincides with the results of the present study. The prevalence of central obesity was 28.6% when analyzed by WHR and 27.9% by AC. </p>
      <p>The most significant relationship between WC and WHR with the lipid profile components, can be explained by the fact that central obesity is directly related to visceral adiposity which is an indicator of unfavorable metabolic changes. These effects influence atherogenic development and hypertension, as well as causing alterations such as insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, LDL-C index elevation and HDL-C index reduction<sup>33,37,38</sup>.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the large number of women with low HDL-C levels (91.1%) in which 62.5% were classified as moderate risk with values between 40 and 60 mg/dl and 27.6% were classified as high risk, with values lower than 40 mg/dl, indicates that these individuals have a high atherogenic risk, due to the inverse association between the levels of this lipoprotein and atherosclerosis risk in individuals over the age of 50<sup>39,40</sup>. This anti-atherogenic or atheroprotective effect is well defined: for every HDL-C elevation of 1mg/dl, the risk for coronary diseases drops by approximately 2-3%<sup>39,41,42</sup>. Similarly, in men, the increase of a standard deviation in HDL-C, reduces the probability of new cardiovascular events by 15% (p= 0.015)<sup>43</sup>. </p>
      <p><italic>Limitations</italic> - The study sample was comprised of elderly women from community groups in the city of Curitiba-PR, and therefore did not include individuals with more pronounced levels of dependency, who are generally housebound. The results demonstrate a tendency that excess central obesity can cause negative lipid profile changes for this specific population. Therefore, further studies are required, and in particular, studies involving women over the age of 50, in order to examine these associations and contribute to the early diagnosis of these risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In accordance with the results of the present study, the women who presented an excess of central adiposity had lipidogram alterations, mainly lower levels of HDL-C. The partial correlation analysis and the greater WC and WHR variations, when compared to the other indirect and direct (lipidogram components) risk factors, indicates that either method can aid in the early diagnosis of unfavorable metabolic effects caused by the accumulation of body fat, such as the development of atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors wish to thank for Dr Maruen Isfer biochemical responsible for blood analysis in the laboratory of "Hospital da Policia do Parana". Project "DOCE &#150; Diabetes Objetivando Controle e Educa&#231;&#227;o" &#150; for partner with NOVARTIS laboratory, DAS SETE Farmacy. Endocrinologists of "Servi&#231;o de Endocrinologia e Diabetes do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Evang&#233;lico de Curitiba" &#150; Sheyla Q. Alonso, Carolina F Luz Martins, Gabriela C. Mira, and Jeanne D. Gama for helped during date collect.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Maressa Priscila Krause </p>
          <p> Rua Jose Rodrigues Pinheiro, 949 </p>
          <p> 81130-200</p>
          <p> Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="maressakrause@hotmail.com">maressakrause@hotmail.com </email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received July 26, 2006; revised manuscript received March 26, 2007; accepted April 24, 2007.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
