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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tmhJ7qKj8RVkcg4dgWmMBDy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001500003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001500003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cerebrovascular e fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva em idosos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maineri</surname>
            <given-names>Nicole de Liz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Merino de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berleze</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Cachapuz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moriguchi</surname>
            <given-names>Em&#237;lio Hideyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto de Geriatria e Gerontologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital M&#227;e de Deus</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>158</fpage>
      <lpage>162</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Identificar a concomit&#226;ncia de fatores de risco para acidente vascular cerebral e de disfun&#231;&#227;o na cogni&#231;&#227;o de idosos acima de 60 anos. M&#201;TODOS: Idosos com diferentes graus de risco de acordo com a escala de Framinghan para acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) tiveram comparadas suas habilidades cognitivas. O risco de evento isqu&#234;mico cerebral foi calculado pela escala de Framingham para AVC. Os instrumentos neuropsicol&#243;gicos aplicados foram os testes de mem&#243;ria seletiva de Buschke, flu&#234;ncia verbal (animais), desenho do rel&#243;gio, teste de aprendizado auditivo verbal de Rey, d&#237;gito span e vocabul&#225;rio. O estudo foi feito com uma amostra rand&#244;mica e representativa de todos os 200 idosos residentes na &#225;rea de abrang&#234;ncia de uma unidade de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de sa&#250;de (posto Morada das Flores, Porto Alegre). Foi inclu&#237;do no estudo um n&#250;mero representativo de 46 idosos. RESULTADOS: Os idosos com escore de risco obtiveram um desempenho inferior em testes de mem&#243;ria (SOL com p=0,02) e na capacidade de planejamento (Teste do relogio com p=0,03). A presen&#231;a de diabetes manteve-se como fator associado ao desempenho da evoca&#231;&#227;o tardia do teste de aprendizado auditivo verbal de Rey (p=0,04). CONCLUS&#195;O: A presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para AVC esteve associada com pior performance cognitiva em fun&#231;&#245;es de mem&#243;ria e em fun&#231;&#245;es executivas em idosos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Escore de risco de Framingham para AVC</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#245;es cognitivas</kwd>
        <kwd>testes neuropsicol&#243;gicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cerebrovascular e fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva em idosos</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Nicole de Liz Maineri; Fl&#225;vio Merino de Freitas Xavier; Maria Cristina Cachapuz Berleze; Em&#237;lio Hideyuki Moriguchi</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS, Instituto de Geriatria e Gerontologia, Hospital M&#227;e de Deus - Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Identificar a concomit&#226;ncia de fatores de risco para acidente vascular cerebral e de disfun&#231;&#227;o na cogni&#231;&#227;o de idosos acima de 60 anos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Idosos com diferentes graus de risco de acordo com a escala de Framinghan para acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) tiveram comparadas suas habilidades cognitivas. O risco de evento isqu&#234;mico cerebral foi calculado pela escala de Framingham para AVC. Os instrumentos neuropsicol&#243;gicos aplicados foram os testes de mem&#243;ria seletiva de Buschke, flu&#234;ncia verbal (animais), desenho do rel&#243;gio, teste de aprendizado auditivo verbal de Rey, d&#237;gito span e vocabul&#225;rio. O estudo foi feito com uma amostra rand&#244;mica e representativa de todos os 200 idosos residentes na &#225;rea de abrang&#234;ncia de uma unidade de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de sa&#250;de (posto Morada das Flores, Porto Alegre). Foi inclu&#237;do no estudo um n&#250;mero representativo de 46 idosos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os idosos com escore de risco obtiveram um desempenho inferior em testes de mem&#243;ria (SOL com p=0,02) e na capacidade de planejamento (Teste do relogio com p=0,03). A presen&#231;a de diabetes manteve-se como fator associado ao desempenho da evoca&#231;&#227;o tardia do teste de aprendizado auditivo verbal de Rey (p=0,04). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para AVC esteve associada com pior performance cognitiva em fun&#231;&#245;es de mem&#243;ria e em fun&#231;&#245;es executivas em idosos. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Escore de risco de Framingham para AVC, fun&#231;&#245;es cognitivas; testes neuropsicol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#201; consenso que a doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (DCV) seja um fator de risco importante para a dem&#234;ncia vascular. Recentemente surgiram evid&#234;ncias que a DCV tamb&#233;m traria maior risco para a dem&#234;ncia do tipo Alzheimer. Achados como maior densidade de placas senis corticais em n&#227;o-dementes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana grave<sup>1</sup>, associa&#231;&#227;o positiva significativa entre &#237;ndice ateroscler&#243;tico e diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a de Alzheimer (DA)<sup>2</sup>, associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre n&#237;veis elevados de homociste&#237;na e preval&#234;ncia de DA<sup>3</sup>, associa&#231;&#227;o negativa entre uso de estatinas e preval&#234;ncia de DA<sup>4</sup> e menor decl&#237;nio cognitivo entre doentes com diagn&#243;stico de DA em uso de atorvastatina<sup>5</sup> levam a acreditar na associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco cardiovasculares e a patogenia da DA.</p>
    <p>Estudos isolados apontam que a DCV seria tamb&#233;m um fator de risco para perdas cognitivas m&#237;nimas, mais especificamente a DCV estaria associada &#224; presen&#231;a do subtipo comprometimento cognitivo leve denominado "m&#250;ltiplos dom&#237;nios"<sup>6</sup>. Dadas as associa&#231;&#245;es entre DCV e diversos tipos de s&#237;ndromes dem&#234;ncias (Alzheimer, vascular) ou "pr&#233;-demencial" (CCL), dois estudos recentes buscaram determinar se os fatores de risco para DCV, como hipertens&#227;o e diabete melito &#150; de maneira isolada &#150;, estariam associados com preju&#237;zo cognitivo<sup>7-8</sup>. Segundo esses estudos, idosos com fatores de risco para AVC, mas sem DCV j&#225; instalada e sem dem&#234;ncia no momento do in&#237;cio do acompanhamento longitudinal, tendiam a sofrer maior perda cognitiva com o passar do tempo.Especula-se que, entre sujeitos com fatores de risco para AVC, mas ainda sem um evento vascular marcado, haveria microles&#245;es cerebrovasculares muito sutis, ainda sem nenhuma repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica al&#233;m da perda cognitiva leve, mas j&#225; suficientemente marcadas para ser identific&#225;veis em estudos de neuroimagem<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esses dois estudos de 2004, pelo seu car&#225;ter ainda inicial e poss&#237;veis importantes implica&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o que apontam, precisam ser validados em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es, em particular na popula&#231;&#227;o mais idosa, j&#225; que a idade m&#233;dia dos participantes de um desses estudos era de apenas 60 anos.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente trabalho &#233; verificar a reprodutibilidade da associa&#231;&#227;o apontada por esses dois estudos entre fatores de risco para AVC e perdas cognitivas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o e amostra - </italic>Estudou-se a popula&#231;&#227;o de participantes com mais de 60 anos residentes na &#225;rea de abrang&#234;ncia de uma unidade de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de sa&#250;de (posto Morada da H&#237;pica, Porto Alegre). Foi inclu&#237;do no estudo um n&#250;mero representativo (46 participantes) de sujeitos da popula&#231;&#227;o total de idosos do bairro (200 sujeitos), considerando-se alfa de 5% e aceitando-se uma margem de erro de at&#233; 10%. Essa amostra foi sorteada randomicamente.</p>
    <p><italic>Estat&#237;stica - </italic>Os dados foram processados e analisados com aux&#237;lio do programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) vers&#227;o 11.5. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica aplicou o teste <italic>t </italic>de Student para as vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas. O estudo das vari&#225;veis n&#227;o-param&#233;tricas realizou-se por meio do teste <italic>U</italic> de Mann-Whitney (duas amostras independentes) ou teste Qui<italic>-</italic>quadrado (para an&#225;lise da associa&#231;&#227;o das diferentes vari&#225;veis.). Em todos os casos, considerou-se estatisticamente significativa uma diferen&#231;a com probabilidade de erro tipo I (p) inferior a 5%.</p>
    <p><italic>Aspectos &#233;ticos - </italic>Considerou-se crit&#233;rio de admiss&#227;o no estudo a assinatura pelo participante ou respons&#225;vel do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O projeto foi submetido ao comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, tendo sido aprovado em novembro de 2004.</p>
    <p><italic>Procedimentos - </italic>As entrevistas realizaram-se no posto de sa&#250;de com dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de uma hora. Participantes inclu&#237;dos na amostra, mas impossibilitados de deslocamento at&#233; o posto, foram avaliados em suas resid&#234;ncias. Al&#233;m dos instrumentos a seguir descritos, aplicaram-se question&#225;rios sobre hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pregressa, vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas e h&#225;bitos de consumo de &#225;lcool e cigarro.</p>
    <p>Os instrumentos utilizados tanto para a investiga&#231;&#227;o da cogni&#231;&#227;o quanto da presen&#231;a de risco cerebrovascular foram:</p>
    <p>&#149; Mini-exame do estado mental<sup>11</sup> (MEEM): &#233; um exame do estado mental abreviado, no qual as &#225;reas avaliadas incluem orienta&#231;&#227;o, mem&#243;ria, aten&#231;&#227;o e c&#225;lculo, linguagem e praxia construtiva (escore m&#225;ximo 30).</p>
    <p>&#149; Teste de Evoca&#231;&#227;o Seletiva Livre e com Pistas<sup>12</sup> (Buschke): avalia a mem&#243;ria de armazenamento, reten&#231;&#227;o e evoca&#231;&#227;o (escore m&#225;ximo 96).</p>
    <p>&#149; Desenho do rel&#243;gio<sup>13</sup>: avalia a habilidade visoconstrutiva, planejamento e neglig&#234;ncia visual. Solicita-se que se desenhe o visor de um rel&#243;gio com os n&#250;meros e, ap&#243;s, que sejam colocados os ponteiros marcando quinze minutos para as tr&#234;s horas (escore m&#225;ximo 4).</p>
    <p>&#149; Flu&#234;ncia verbal para categoria (animais)<sup>14</sup>: avalia a capacidade de busca e recupera&#231;&#227;o de dados estabelecidos na mem&#243;ria de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, exigindo habilidades de organiza&#231;&#227;o, auto-regula&#231;&#227;o e mem&#243;ria operacional.</p>
    <p>&#149; Vocabul&#225;rio (subteste WAIS-III)<sup>13</sup>: avalia desenvolvimento da linguagem e conhecimento de palavras. &#201; considerada a melhor medida isolada do n&#237;vel de intelig&#234;ncia geral.</p>
    <p>&#149; D&#237;gito Span (subteste WAIS-III)<sup>15</sup>: avalia aten&#231;&#227;o e mem&#243;ria imediata, dividindo-se em duas etapas. Na primeira, pede-se ao sujeito que repita s&#233;ries crescentes de n&#250;meros na mesma ordem em que foram ditas pelo examinador (ordem direta); na segunda, pede-se ao sujeito que repita as s&#233;ries na ordem inversa daquela de sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o (ordem inversa).</p>
    <p>&#149; Teste de Aprendizado Auditivo Verbal de Rey<sup>16</sup>: verifica-se a capacidade de aprendizagem e reten&#231;&#227;o de uma s&#233;rie de palavras, a amplitude da mem&#243;ria verbal, suscetibilidade &#224; interfer&#234;ncia e mem&#243;ria de reconhecimento. L&#234;-se uma lista de quinze palavras (lista A), pausadamente, por cinco vezes. O sujeito deve repetir as palavras em qualquer ordem, ap&#243;s cada apresenta&#231;&#227;o da lista. Nesse estudo foram aplicadas somente a lista A e a evoca&#231;&#227;o tardia da lista A.</p>
    <p>O <italic>Framingham Stroke Risk</italic> (Tabela de Risco Cerebrovascular)<sup>17,18</sup> &#233; uma escala validada que combina os fatores maiores de risco cardiovascular em diferentes pesos, de forma a produzir um escore de risco de probabilidade de AVC nos pr&#243;ximos 10 anos. A Tabela de Risco Cerebrovascular tem uma pontua&#231;&#227;o para risco de eventos cerebrovasculares nos pr&#243;ximos 10 anos, embasada nos dados dos fatores de risco vasculares do Estudo de Framingham, que tem como fatores de risco determinantes: idade, sexo, n&#237;veis de colesterol total, de HDL-C, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de diabete melito e presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de tabagismo.</p>
    <p>Pela pontua&#231;&#227;o na escala, arbitramos como "presen&#231;a" de risco para um evento isqu&#234;mico num per&#237;odo de 10 anos a situa&#231;&#227;o de um escore igual ou superior a 15 na tabela Framingham entre mulheres, e a situa&#231;&#227;o de um escore igual ou superior a 10 pontos para homens.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas da amostra. O percentual de mulheres foi de 65,2%, e a idade m&#233;dia foi de 68,6 anos (m&#237;nima de 60 anos e m&#225;xima de 81 anos). A escolaridade da maior parte dos participantes (63%) era baixa (1-5 anos de escolaridade formal). Aqueles ex-fumantes foram classificados como n&#227;o-fumantes.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0158-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> compara-se o perfil de risco para eventos cerebrovasculares de homens e mulheres. Nessa tabela demonstra-se o perfil de homens e de mulheres quanto aos itens de risco que comp&#245;em a escala Framingham, a pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia na escala segundo o g&#234;nero e o percentual de homens e de mulheres considerados de alto risco pela escala. Ainda que homens e mulheres tenham o mesmo risco m&#233;dio de eventos cerebrovasculares nos pr&#243;ximos dez anos, decompondo-se o escore de Framingham em seus constituintes, observamos que o perfil de risco em cada item difere segundo o g&#234;nero. Mesmo que os homens tivessem uma idade m&#233;dia menor (portanto, menor risco associado com o fator idade), havia um n&#250;mero significativamente maior de homens do que de mulheres portadores de press&#227;o arterial alterada e portadores de diabetes. Havia tamb&#233;m uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de homens com alto risco de AVC do que de mulheres (p=0,002): na amostra, um percentual de 75% dos homens estudados tinha risco de AVC, enquanto apenas 25% das mulheres apresentavam o mesmo risco.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0158-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Por meio da t&#233;cnica de an&#225;lise multivariada, buscou-se identificar se algum elemento isolado da escala de Framingham (fumo, diabetes, press&#227;o arterial e idade) teria maior impacto sobre os escores dos testes neuropsicol&#243;gicos. Nesse c&#225;lculo, apenas a presen&#231;a de diabetes manteve-se como fator associado ao desempenho da evoca&#231;&#227;o tardia do teste de aprendizado auditivo verbal de Rey.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> comparou-se o desempenho cognitivo de idosos com e sem presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Sujeitos com presen&#231;a de maior escore na escala Framingham obtiveram desempenho pior em testes envolvendo habilidades de mem&#243;ria. O desempenho foi inferior tanto no somat&#243;rio de evoca&#231;&#245;es livres nas seis verifica&#231;&#245;es do teste de Buschke (p=0,02) quanto na evoca&#231;&#227;o tardia do teste de aprendizado auditivo verbal de Rey (p=0,05).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0158-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os sujeitos com maior escore para eventos cerebrovasculares apresentavam ainda uma disfun&#231;&#227;o executiva: quando avaliados pelo teste do rel&#243;gio, sujeitos com fatores de risco para AVC, tinham um escore significativamente inferior (p=0,03) ao escore dos sujeitos sem fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados apontam para a exist&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco para AVC e preju&#237;zo cognitivo. Indiv&#237;duos com presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para eventos cerebrovasculares pela escala de Framingham apresentavam preju&#237;zo tanto na fun&#231;&#227;o de mem&#243;ria (teste de Rey e teste de Buschke) quanto na capacidade de planejamento (teste do rel&#243;gio).</p>
    <p>Os presentes resultados est&#227;o de acordo com estudos pr&#233;vios que mostram associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco para AVC tanto com perda de mem&#243;ria quanto com disfun&#231;&#227;o executiva<sup>19-21</sup>. Segundo a descri&#231;&#227;o de Alexopoulos<sup>22</sup>, essa disfun&#231;&#227;o executiva, sem presen&#231;a de evidente seq&#252;ela de um AVC, seria a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica sutil de microles&#227;o vascular encef&#225;lica, pass&#237;vel de identifica&#231;&#227;o com exames de neuroimagem.</p>
    <p>Na nossa amostra, observamos que homens e mulheres apresentavam o mesmo risco m&#233;dio de AVC, j&#225; que pontuavam com escores semelhantes na escala de Framingham. Contudo, esse escore final igual escondia perfis bastante diferentes segundo os itens isolados da escala de Framingham: os homens tinham mais diabete e mais hipertens&#227;o, o que nos levou a supor que seu escore final assemelhou-se ao das mulheres apenas por serem eles significativamente mais jovens que elas. Tamb&#233;m se evidenciou nessa amostra que tr&#234;s quartos dos homens corriam risco de AVC denominado "elevado" pelos crit&#233;rios de Framingham, enquanto apenas um quarto das mulheres corria o mesmo risco.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise do impacto relativo de cada um dos fatores que comp&#245;e o escore final de Framingham mostra que o diabetes estava associado a pior desempenho de mem&#243;ria. O tamanho da amostra &#233; um limitante importante, contudo, para se concluir que n&#227;o h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o entre os demais componentes (hipertens&#227;o, idade) e os diversos campos da cogni&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foi feito nesse estudo um c&#225;lculo do impacto relativo do g&#234;nero sobre o escore da escala Framingham, pois a escala j&#225; &#233; estruturada de forma a atribuir pesos relativos diferentes aos g&#234;neros, cuidando de tratar os pesos de cada fator de risco de forma diferenciada para os sexos.</p>
    <p>Em um estudo longitudinal realizado com 238 idosos com diabetes e 36 idosos sem diabetes, mostra-se que uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o dos idosos com diabetes desenvolveu dem&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Um outro achado importante nesse estudo foi que os testes neuropsicol&#243;gicos que se revelaram mais sens&#237;veis &#224;s mudan&#231;as cerebrais precoces associadas a diabetes foram os que envolvem a mem&#243;ria epis&#243;dica e a velocidade de processamento<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Mais estudos longitudinais devem ser feitos para o entendimento da real natureza da associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco para AVC e perda cognitiva. Por meio de an&#225;lise multivari&#225;vel com amostras maiores ser&#225; poss&#237;vel identificar se algum fator de risco em particular tem maior impacto que os demais sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva. Tamb&#233;m ser&#225; poss&#237;vel investigar se fatores de risco diferentes est&#227;o mais implicados no impacto da mem&#243;ria e se outros fatores exercem maior risco para a fun&#231;&#227;o executiva.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Nicole de Liz Mainere, pela Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Nicole de Liz Maineri </p>
        <p> Rua Jaragu&#225;, 518/202 </p>
        <p> 90430-140 </p>
        <p> Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="nimaineri@hotmail.com">nimaineri@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 04/11/05; revisado em 22/12/06; aceito em 23/03/07.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Risk factors for cerebrovascular disease and cognitive function in the elderly</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine whether stroke risk factors and cognitive dysfunction are concomitant in individuals over the age of 60. METHODS: The cognitive abilities of elderly individuals with different degrees of risk as per the Framingham stroke risk profile were compared. The Framingham stroke risk profile was used to calculate the risk of an ischemic cerebral event. Neuropsychological tests included the Buschke Selective Reminding Test, verbal fluency (animals), clock drawing, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning, digit span and vocabulary. A random and typical population sample was used in the study, selected from the 200 elderly residents in the area surrounding the primary health care facility (Morada das Flores Clinic, Porto Alegre). Forty-six elderly individuals were included in the study. RESULTS: The elderly individuals with a risk profile, had lower memory test performance levels (NF, p=0.02) and planning capacity (clock drawing test, p=0.03). Diabetes proved to be related to delayed recall performance in the Rey auditory verbal learning test (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: The presence of stroke risk factors in the elderly was associated with worse cognitive performance for memory and executive functions.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Framingham&#8217;s stroke risk profile</kwd>
        <kwd>cognitive functions</kwd>
        <kwd>neuropsychological tests</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Risk factors for cerebrovascular disease and cognitive function in the elderly</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Nicole de Liz Maineri; Fl&#225;vio Merino de Freitas Xavier; Maria Cristina Cachapuz Berleze; Em&#237;lio Hideyuki Moriguchi</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS, Instituto de Geriatria e Gerontologia, Hospital M&#227;e de Deus - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine whether stroke risk factors and cognitive dysfunction are concomitant in individuals over the age of 60.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The cognitive abilities of elderly individuals with different degrees of risk as per the Framingham stroke risk profile were compared. The Framingham stroke risk profile was used to calculate the risk of an ischemic cerebral event. Neuropsychological tests included the Buschke Selective Reminding Test, verbal fluency (animals), clock drawing, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning, digit span and vocabulary. A random and typical population sample was used in the study, selected from the 200 elderly residents in the area surrounding the primary health care facility (Morada das Flores Clinic, Porto Alegre). Forty-six elderly individuals were included in the study.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The elderly individuals with a risk profile, had lower memory test performance levels (NF, p=0.02) and planning capacity (clock drawing test, p=0.03). Diabetes proved to be related to delayed recall performance in the Rey auditory verbal learning test (p=0.04).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The presence of stroke risk factors in the elderly was associated with worse cognitive performance for memory and executive functions. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Framingham&#146;s stroke risk profile, cognitive functions, neuropsychological tests.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It is agreed that cerebrovascular disease (CVD) represents a significant risk factor for vascular dementia. Recent evidence has indicated that CVD is also related to a higher risk for Alzheimer dementia (AD). Findings such as greater cortical senile plaque density in non-demented patients with severe coronary artery disease<sup>1</sup>, a significant positive association between the atherosclerotic index and the AD diagnosis<sup>2</sup>, a positive association between elevated homocysteine levels and the prevalence of AD<sup>3</sup>, a negative association between the use of statins and AD prevalence<sup>4</sup>, and less cognitive decline in AD patients using atorvastatina<sup>5</sup> have led to the belief that there is an association between cardiovascular risk factors and the AD pathogenesis.</p>
      <p>Isolated studies indicate that CVD could also be a risk factor for minimal cognitive loss (MCI), and more specifically, it could be associated with the mild cognitive impairment subtype called "multiple domains"<sup>6</sup>. Given the associations between CVD and the various dementia syndromes (Alzheimer, vascular) or "pre-dementia" (MCI), two recent studies attempted to determine whether CVD risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus &#150; in an isolated manner - are associated with cognitive impairment<sup>7-8</sup>. According to these studies, elderly individuals with stroke risk factors, but without CVD or dementia at the beginning of the longitudinal follow-up, were inclined to suffer greater cognitive loss over time. It is speculated that individuals with stroke risk factors, who have not suffered a marked vascular event, present microscopic cerebrovascular lesions that can be identified in neuroimage studies, even though the patient does not present any clinical repercussions other than mild cognitive loss<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>These two initial studies conducted in 2004, indicated some potentially important implications in relation to prevention and therefore should be validated in various populations, particularly the elderly, since the mean participant age in one of the studies was of only 60 years.</p>
      <p>The objective of the present study is to verify whether the association indicated in these two studies between stroke risk factors and cognitive loss is reproducible.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Population and sample</italic> - The study population was comprised of individuals over 60 years of age, who lived in the neighborhood where the primary health care facility was located (Morada da H&#237;pica Clinic, Porto Alegre). A typical cross section (46 participants) of the district&#146;s elderly population (200 individuals) were included in the study. The alpha value was established as 5% with a margin of error up to 10%. The sample was randomly selected.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistics - </italic>The computer program, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5 was used to process and analyze the data. The Student&#146;s t-test was used for the statistical analysis of the parametric variables. The Mann-Whitney U test (two independent samples) and chi square test (analysis of the association between different variables) were used for the non-parametric variables. In all cases, statistical significance was established as the probability of a type I error (p) less than 5%.</p>
      <p><italic>Ethical aspects -</italic> All study participants or their designated representatives were required to sign a free and informed consent form. The project was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul and was approved in November 2004.</p>
      <p><italic>Procedures - </italic>The interviews were conducted at the clinic and lasted, on average, for one hour. Study participants who were unable to travel to the clinic, were assessed in their homes. In addition to the tests listed below, questionnaires on the participants&#146; medical histories, socio-demographic variables, alcohol and cigarette use were used.</p>
      <p>The tests were used for both the cognitive investigation and the presence of cerebrovascular risk.</p>
      <p>Mini-Mental Status Exam<sup>11</sup> (MMSE): This exam is a short mental status examination which evaluates orientation, memory, attention and calculation, language and constructive praxis (maximum score 30).</p>
      <p>Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test<sup>12</sup> (Buschke): This test evaluates memory storage, retention and recall (maximum score 96).</p>
      <p>Clock Drawing Test<sup>13</sup>: This test assesses visual constructive abilities, planning and visual neglect. The individual is asked to draw a clock with the numbers and afterwards to draw the hands to depict a time of a quarter to three (maximum score 4).</p>
      <p>Verbal Fluency for Category (animals)<sup>14 </sup>: This test assesses long term memory recall and retrieval, which requires organizational, self-regulation and operational memory abilities.</p>
      <p>Vocabulary (WAIS-III subtest)<sup>13</sup>: This test evaluates language development and word knowledge. It is considered to be the best individual measurement of overall intelligence.</p>
      <p>Digit Span (WAIS-III subtest)<sup>15</sup>: This test assesses attention and immediate memory, and is divided in two stages. During the first stage the individual is asked to repeat increasingly larger series of numbers in the same order spoken by the examiner (direct order). During the second stage the individual is asked to repeat the series in the opposite order from the presentation (reverse order).</p>
      <p>Rey&#146;s Auditory Verbal Learning Test<sup>16</sup>: This test checks the ability to learn and retain a series of words, the extent of the verbal memory, susceptibility to distractions and recall memory. A list of fifteen words (list A) is read slowly, five times. The individual should repeat the words in any order, after each reading of the list. In this study, only list Aand delayed recall of list A were used.</p>
      <p>The Framingham Stroke Risk Profile (Cerebrovascular Risk Table)<sup>17,18</sup> is a validated score that combines the greatest cardiovascular risk factors, giving them different weights, in order to produce a risk score of the probability to have a stroke over the next 10 years. The Cerebrovascular Risk Table determines a score for cerebrovascular events over the next 10 years, based on the vascular risk factor data of the Framingham Study that comprises the following determinant risk factors: age, gender, total and HDL cholesterol levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, presence or not of diabetes mellitus and whether or not the individual is a smoker.</p>
      <p>Using the score, we determined the "presence" of risk for an ischemic event during the next 10 years as: a score greater than or equal to 15 on the Framingham table for females and a score greater than or equal to 10 for males.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The socio-demographic characteristics of the sample are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>. The percentile of women was 65.2% and the mean age was 68.6 years (minimum of 60 years and maximum of 81 years). The level of education for most of the participants (63%) was low (1-5 years of formal education). Ex-smokers were classified as non-smokers.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0158-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A comparison of the risk profiles for cerebrovascular events for males and females is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table 2</xref>. This table demonstrates the profile for males and females in relation to the Framingham score risk components, the mean score based on gender and the percentile of men and women with high risk as per the score. Even though the mean risk for cerebrovascular events was the same for both males and females over the next ten years, a breakdown of the Framingham score by components, revealed different gender risk profiles for each item. Even though the mean age of the males was lower (therefore a lower age factor risk) there was a significantly greater number of males with altered blood pressure and diabetes when compared to the females. A greater percentile of males, when compared to the females, had a high risk for stroke (p=0.002): in the sample, 75% of the males presented a risk of stroke in comparison to 25% of the females.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0158-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Through the multivariate analysis, we investigated if any of the Framingham score components (smoking, diabetes, blood pressure and age) had a more significant impact on the neuropsychological test scores. In this calculation, only the presence of diabetes proved to be directly related to delayed recall performance in the Rey auditory verbal learning test.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> compares the cognitive performance of the elderly individuals with and without stroke risk factors. Individuals with a higher Framingham score had worse performance in the memory ability tests. Performance was lower for both the number of free recalls in the six Buschke test verifications (p=0.02) and the delayed recall in the Rey auditory verbal learning test (p=0.05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-03-0158-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The individuals with greater risk profiles for cerebrovascular events also presented executive dysfunction: when evaluated using the clock test, individuals with stroke risk factors had significantly lower scores (p=0.03) than those with no risk factors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The data indicate that there is an association between stroke risk factors and cognitive impairment. Individuals with risk factors for cerebrovascular events as per the Framingham risk profile presented impairment in both memory function (Rey and Buschke tests) and planning ability (clock test).</p>
      <p>These results agree with previous studies that demonstrate that stroke risk factors are associated with both memory loss<sup>19-21</sup> and executive dysfunction. As described by Alexopoulos<sup>22</sup>, this executive dysfunction, without the presence of evident stroke sequelae, would be the subtle clinical manifestation of microscopic encephalic vascular lesions, that can be identified with neuroimage tests.</p>
      <p>In our sample, we observed that the mean risk of stroke was the same for males and females, since the Framingham scores for both genders were similar. Nevertheless, this final score conceals the considerably different profiles for each component in the Framingham risk profile: the males presented more cases of diabetes and hypertension, that led us to assume that their final score was similar to the females due to their significantly younger ages. In addition, it was also shown that three quarters of the males in this sample had an "elevated" risk of stroke as per the Framingham criteria, while only one quarter of the females had the same risk.</p>
      <p>Analysis of the relative impact of each factor of the Framingham final score, revealed that diabetes is associated with a worse memory performance. Nevertheless, the sample size greatly limits the ability to conclude whether or not there is an association between the other components (hypertension, age) and the various cognitive fields. In this study, the relative gender impact on the Framingham risk profile was not calculated, since the profile has already taken this into account and gives different relative weights to each risk factor based on gender.</p>
      <p>A longitudinal study conducted with 238 elderly diabetics and 36 controls, demonstrated that a greater percentage of elderly diabetics develop dementia in relation to the control group. Another important finding in this study was that the neuropsychological tests that demonstrated the greatest sensitivity for the early onset of cerebral changes associated with diabetes were those that involve episodic memory and processing speed<sup>21</sup>. </p>
      <p>Further longitudinal studies are required to fully understand the association between stroke risk factors and cognitive loss. A multivariate analysis with larger samples will make it possible to identify whether or not there is a particular risk factor that has a greater impact on cognitive function. It will also be possible to investigate whether different risk factors have a greater impact on the memory, and if other factors cause greater risk for executive function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Nicole de Liz Maineri from Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Nicole de Liz Maineri </p>
          <p> Rua Jaragu&#225;, 518/202</p>
          <p> Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="nimaineri@hotmail.com">nimaineri@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received April 11, 2005; revised manuscript received December 22, 2006; accepted March 23, 2007. </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
