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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8ZwzTk4S5QMbyknVmQzd4NC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001400009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001400009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores de risco hospitalar para implante de biopr&#243;tese valvar de peric&#225;rdio bovino</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>De Bacco</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus W.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>De Bacco</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Edemar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Altamiro Reis da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prates</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Renato A. K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nesralla</surname>
            <given-names>Ivo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>125</fpage>
      <lpage>130</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios na cirurgia card&#237;aca valvar visa melhor resultado cir&#250;rgico pela poss&#237;vel neutraliza&#231;&#227;o de condi&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com morbi-mortalidade aumentada. OBJETIVO: Este estudo objetiva identificar fatores de risco hospitalar em pacientes submetidos a implante de biopr&#243;tese de peric&#225;rdio bovino. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo retrospectivo incluindo 703 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a implante de pelo menos uma biopr&#243;tese de peric&#225;rdio bovino St. Jude Medical-Biocor&#174; de setembro de 1991 a dezembro de 2005 no Instituto de Cardiologia do RS, sendo 392 a&#243;rticos, 250 mitrais e 61 mitro-a&#243;rticos. Analisadas as caracter&#237;sticas sexo, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, classe funcional (New York Heart Association - NYHA), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, les&#227;o valvar, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabete melito, fun&#231;&#227;o renal, arritmias card&#237;acas, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, plastia tric&#250;spide e car&#225;ter eletivo, de urg&#234;ncia ou de emerg&#234;ncia da cirurgia. Desfecho primordial foi mortalidade hospitalar. Utilizou-se regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para examinar rela&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco e mortalidade hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 101 (14,3%) &#243;bitos hospitalares. Caracter&#237;sticas significativamente relacionadas &#224; mortalidade aumentada foram sexo feminino (p&lt;0,001), idade superior a 70 anos (p=0,004), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p=0,006), diabete melito (p=0,043), creatinina &gt; 2,4mg/dl (p=0,004), classe funcional IV (p&lt;0,001), les&#227;o valvar mitral (p&lt;0,001), cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via (p=0,005), plastia tric&#250;spide (p&lt;0,001) e car&#225;ter cir&#250;rgico emergencial (p&lt;0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: Observada mortalidade aceita pela literatura, justific&#225;vel pela preval&#234;ncia de alguns fatores de risco, tendo elevado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia sexo feminino, idade superior a 70 anos, classe funcional IV, plastia tric&#250;spide e car&#225;ter emergencial. A poss&#237;vel neutraliza&#231;&#227;o destes poder&#225; contribuir para redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade hospitalar na cirurgia valvar.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cirurgia tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>mortalidade hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>biopr&#243;tese</kwd>
        <kwd>implante de pr&#243;tese de valva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fatores de risco hospitalar para implante de biopr&#243;tese valvar de peric&#225;rdio bovino</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Mateus W. De Bacco; Jo&#227;o Ricardo M. Sant'Anna; Gustavo De Bacco; Roberto T. Sant'Anna; Marisa F. Santos; Edemar Pereira; Altamiro Reis da Costa; Paulo Roberto Prates; Renato A. K. Kalil; Ivo A. Nesralla</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios na cirurgia card&#237;aca valvar visa melhor resultado cir&#250;rgico pela poss&#237;vel neutraliza&#231;&#227;o de condi&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com morbi-mortalidade aumentada. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Este estudo objetiva identificar fatores de risco hospitalar em pacientes submetidos a implante de biopr&#243;tese de peric&#225;rdio bovino. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo retrospectivo incluindo 703 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a implante de pelo menos uma biopr&#243;tese de peric&#225;rdio bovino <italic>St. Jude Medical-Biocor<sup>&#174;</sup></italic> de setembro de 1991 a dezembro de 2005 no Instituto de Cardiologia do RS, sendo 392 a&#243;rticos, 250 mitrais e 61 mitro-a&#243;rticos. Analisadas as caracter&#237;sticas sexo, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, classe funcional (<italic>New York Heart Association</italic> &#150; NYHA), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, les&#227;o valvar, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabete melito, fun&#231;&#227;o renal, arritmias card&#237;acas, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, plastia tric&#250;spide e car&#225;ter eletivo, de urg&#234;ncia ou de emerg&#234;ncia da cirurgia. Desfecho primordial foi mortalidade hospitalar. Utilizou-se regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para examinar rela&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco e mortalidade hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ocorreram 101 (14,3%) &#243;bitos hospitalares. Caracter&#237;sticas significativamente relacionadas &#224; mortalidade aumentada foram sexo feminino (p&lt;0,001), idade superior a 70 anos (p=0,004), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p=0,006), diabete melito (p=0,043), creatinina &gt; 2,4mg/dl (p=0,004), classe funcional IV (p&lt;0,001), les&#227;o valvar mitral (p&lt;0,001), cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via (p=0,005), plastia tric&#250;spide (p&lt;0,001) e car&#225;ter cir&#250;rgico emergencial (p&lt;0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Observada mortalidade aceita pela literatura, justific&#225;vel pela preval&#234;ncia de alguns fatores de risco, tendo elevado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia sexo feminino, idade superior a 70 anos, classe funcional IV, plastia tric&#250;spide e car&#225;ter emergencial. A poss&#237;vel neutraliza&#231;&#227;o destes poder&#225; contribuir para redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade hospitalar na cirurgia valvar. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2007;89(2):125-130)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cirurgia tor&#225;cica, mortalidade hospitalar, fatores de risco, biopr&#243;tese, implante de pr&#243;tese de valva.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A literatura tem demonstrado vari&#225;vel risco para cirurgia de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar card&#237;aca, sendo comunicada mortalidade hospitalar entre 1% e 15%, independentemente do tipo de substituto implant&#225;vel<sup>1-4</sup>. A variabilidade no resultado &#233; justific&#225;vel por diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes considerados para cirurgia, nas t&#233;cnicas perioperat&#243;rias, na posi&#231;&#227;o do implante valvar, nos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos associados e nos cuidados de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>A experi&#234;ncia cir&#250;rgica tem evidenciado que fatores como idade avan&#231;ada, &#237;ndice de massa corporal reduzido, presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia renal, baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica emergencial e indica&#231;&#227;o como reopera&#231;&#227;o valvar, entre outros, contribuem para mortalidade hospitalar aumentada e implicam maior aten&#231;&#227;o por parte dos m&#233;dicos envolvidos nos cuidados cl&#237;nico e cir&#250;rgico dos pacientes<sup>5-11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Contudo, estudos retrospectivos com grande n&#250;mero de pacientes podem identificar com maior grau de certeza as caracter&#237;sticas que podem afetar o resultado da cirurgia e criar modelos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco aplic&#225;veis a diferentes institui&#231;&#245;es<sup>1-4</sup>. Essas caracter&#237;sticas s&#227;o ditas fatores de risco hospitalar e, quando identificadas e neutralizadas, permitem reduzir a morbidade e a mortalidade cir&#250;rgicas e o custo do atendimento.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; revisar de modo retrospectivo a s&#233;rie de pacientes submetidos a implante de biopr&#243;tese valvar card&#237;aca de peric&#225;rdio bovino modelo <italic>St. Jude Medical-Biocor</italic> no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, visando a identificar caracter&#237;sticas capazes de influenciar a mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Caracter&#237;stica do estudo</italic> - Coorte hist&#243;rica, retrospectiva. </p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o</italic> - Foram inclu&#237;dos 703 pacientes submetidos a implante de pelo menos uma biopr&#243;tese de peric&#225;rdio bovino <italic>St Jude Medical-Biocor</italic> no per&#237;odo de setembro de 1991 a dezembro de 2005 no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul. Destes, 359 (51%) eram do sexo masculino e 344 (49%) eram do sexo feminino. A idade variava entre 17 e 88 anos, com m&#233;dia de 62,5 anos e desvio padr&#227;o de &#177; 12,6 anos. A classe funcional, segundo os padr&#245;es da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), era I em 19 (2,8%) pacientes, II em 151 (22,4%), III em 348 (51,7%) e IV em 155 (23,1%). Apresentavam hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica 292 (41,5%) pacientes, 69 (9,8%) eram portadores de diabete melito, e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal era inferior a 20 kg/m&#178; em 52 (7,5%) e superior a 25 kg/m&#178; em 343 (49,8%). Quanto &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o: era superior a 50% em 512 (80,4%) pacientes, entre 30% e 50% em 104 (16,3%) e inferior a 30% em 21 (3,3%). Ritmo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio era sinusal em 532 (75,7%) pacientes, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 152 (21,6%) e bloqueio atrioventricular em 19 (2,7%). Apresentavam creatinina s&#233;rica superior a 2,4 g/dl 13 (1,8%) pacientes e 6 (0,8%) estavam em di&#225;lise.</p>
    <p><italic>Cirurgia valvar</italic> - Todos os pacientes foram operados com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea mediante oxigenador de membrana e vari&#225;vel n&#237;vel de hemodilui&#231;&#227;o e hipotermia, preserva&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica mediante cardioplegia hipot&#233;rmica com solu&#231;&#227;o <italic>St Thomas II</italic>. Cuidados operat&#243;rios e de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram previamente descritos<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Do total de pacientes avaliados, 506 pacientes foram submetidos a opera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pela primeira vez, 142 j&#225; haviam sido submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca e 55 j&#225; haviam realizado duas ou mais cirurgias card&#237;acas, totalizando 703 procedimentos. Foram realizados 250 (35,6%) implantes isolados de biopr&#243;tese <italic>St. Jude Medical-Biocor</italic> mitral, 392 (55,8%) do modelo a&#243;rtico e implante associado de biopr&#243;teses mitral e a&#243;rtica ocorreu em 61 (8,6%) procedimentos. As cirurgias de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar foram combinadas com 158 (22,4%) cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou corre&#231;&#227;o de defeito mec&#226;nico secund&#225;rio a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e 42 (5,9%) cirurgias para plastia tric&#250;spide associada. Quanto ao car&#225;ter da cirurgia, 635 foram eletivas, 17 tiveram car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia e 5 de emerg&#234;ncia, tendo 20 pacientes sido submetidos a reopera&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><italic>Desfechos e defini&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco</italic> - Desfecho prim&#225;rio considerado foi o &#243;bito em per&#237;odo observado durante interna&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para implante de biopr&#243;tese valvar card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>&#211;bitos foram classificados como atribu&#237;veis &#224; biopr&#243;tese (tais como trombose, endocardite ou disfun&#231;&#227;o resultando em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, implicando ou n&#227;o cirurgia card&#237;aca), de causa cir&#250;rgica (ruptura da jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, sangramento), de causa card&#237;aca (como por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o-relacionada &#224; fal&#234;ncia da biopr&#243;tese) ou de causa n&#227;o-card&#237;aca (decorrente de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a diferentes subsistemas, como neurol&#243;gico, renal, pulmonar). </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas avaliadas quanto &#224; mortalidade hospitalar foram: sexo, idade, arritmias card&#237;acas, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabete melito, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, insufici&#234;ncia renal (se creatinina s&#233;rica superior a 2,4 g/dl e/ou da realiza&#231;&#227;o de di&#225;lise), classe funcional (de acordo com o modelo proposto pela NYHA), tipo de les&#227;o valvar (a&#243;rtica, mitral ou mitro-a&#243;rtica) e cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis operat&#243;rias avaliadas foram: &#233;poca da cirurgia, cirurgia associada (revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e cirurgia tric&#250;spide), reopera&#231;&#227;o valvar e car&#225;ter da cirurgia (eletiva, urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia).</p>
    <p><italic>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</italic> - O projeto de pesquisa referente a este trabalho foi submetido &#224; Unidade de Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul e aprovado para execu&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa dessa institui&#231;&#227;o. Na sua realiza&#231;&#227;o foram respeitadas normas relativas &#224; privacidade dos pacientes e ao sigilo no manuseio de informa&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas. Hist&#243;rico p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e informa&#231;&#245;es atualizadas foram obtidos em prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico para os pacientes acompanhados em ambulat&#243;rio da institui&#231;&#227;o ou por contato telef&#244;nico direto ou com cl&#237;nico assistente. </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise de dados</italic> - An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas univari&#225;vel e multivari&#225;vel pelo programa SPSS for Windows, vers&#227;o 14.0, foram utilizadas para determinar preditores de risco de mortalidade hospitalar predominantes e independentes. Para tanto, foram utilizados o teste do qui-quadrado e o teste de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Na an&#225;lise multivari&#225;vel, as vari&#225;veis foram utilizadas na forma em que apresentavam maior poder discriminat&#243;rio. Todas as caracter&#237;sticas significativas (p &lt; 0,005) na an&#225;lise univari&#225;vel foram consideradas para an&#225;lise multivari&#225;vel. Foram consideradas caracter&#237;sticas de risco aquelas que tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com mortalidade hospitalar, para um alfa cr&#237;tico de 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Mortalidade hospitalar</italic> - A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 14,3%. Dos 101 &#243;bitos, 2 (1,9%) foram atribu&#237;veis &#224; biopr&#243;tese (1 por trombose na pr&#243;tese e 1 por endocardite bacteriana confirmada por hemocultura e antecedente de infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e infec&#231;&#227;o de acesso venoso), 26 (25,7%) foram de causa cir&#250;rgica (sendo 25 secund&#225;rios a sangramento e 1 por dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta), 38 (37,6%) foram de causa card&#237;aca (sendo 30 casos por fal&#234;ncia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 2 por arritmia e 6 por fal&#234;ncia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no transoperat&#243;rio), e 35 (34,6%) foram de causa n&#227;o-card&#237;aca (sendo 24 casos de s&#233;psis que conduziram a fal&#234;ncia m&#250;ltipla de &#243;rg&#227;os, 2 secund&#225;rios a dano neurol&#243;gico, 1 por embolia pulmonar e 8 por insufici&#234;ncia renal). No per&#237;odo de 1991 a 1995, foram realizados 63 procedimentos, com 9,5% de taxa de mortalidade (6 &#243;bitos); de 1996 a 2000, foram realizados 295 procedimentos, com 14,9% de taxa de mortalidade (44 &#243;bitos); e de 2001 a 2005, foram realizados 345 procedimentos, com 14,7% de taxa de mortalidade (51 &#243;bitos). </p>
    <p><italic>Fatores de risco</italic> - As caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, ditas preditores de risco, est&#227;o sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0125-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas estatisticamente significativas relacionadas &#224; mortalidade aumentada foram: sexo feminino (p &lt; 0,001), idade superior a 70 anos (p = 0,004), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p = 0,006), diabete melito (p = 0,043), creatinina s&#233;rica superior a 2,4 g/dl (p = 0,004), classe funcional (NYHA) IV (p &lt; 0,001), les&#227;o valvar mitral (p &lt; 0,001) e realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via (p = 0,005).</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas operat&#243;rias estatisticamente significativas correlacionadas com mortalidade hospitalar elevada foram cirurgia tric&#250;spide associada (p &lt; 0,001) e car&#225;ter emergencial da cirurgia (p &lt; 0,001). A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 9,4% para substitui&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, de 20,0% para substitui&#231;&#227;o mitral e de 23,0% para substitui&#231;&#227;o mitro-a&#243;rtica. A maior mortalidade no grupo da substitui&#231;&#227;o mitral &#233; compat&#237;vel com os resultados da literatura<sup>13-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cirurgia de implante valvar &#233; a segunda cirurgia card&#237;aca mais realizada na atualidade, estando associada a mortalidade hospitalar de 1% a 15%<sup>1-4</sup>. Preditores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio em cirurgia card&#237;aca valvar foram estudados a partir de 1985<sup>17</sup>. Desde ent&#227;o, t&#234;m sido constatadas varia&#231;&#245;es consider&#225;veis nos fatores determinados como preditores de mortalidade hospitalar e as diferen&#231;as entre estudos acabam dificultando a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um modelo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de riscos por m&#233;dicos cirurgi&#245;es e por grandes centros cir&#250;rgicos. </p>
    <p>Ambler e cols.<sup>1</sup> desenvolveram um modelo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para cirurgia card&#237;aca valvar levando em considera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas associadas &#224; mortalidade hospitalar elevada, como idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, sexo, tipo de les&#227;o valvar, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e/ou cirurgia tric&#250;spide associada, insufici&#234;ncia renal, diabete melito, hipertens&#227;o, baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, arritmias, n&#250;mero de cirurgias card&#237;acas pr&#233;vias e prioridade cir&#250;rgica. Os fatores de maior risco foram cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia, seguido por idade superior a 79 anos, insufici&#234;ncia renal com di&#225;lise e duas ou mais cirurgias card&#237;acas pr&#233;vias.</p>
    <p>Jamieson e cols.<sup>2</sup> identificaram 51 caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias relacionadas &#224; mortalidade tanto operat&#243;ria como hospitalar. Os fatores de risco maiores, associados &#224; taxa de mortalidade elevada, foram cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia, insufici&#234;ncia renal (estando ou n&#227;o em di&#225;lise), reopera&#231;&#227;o e classe funcional IV (NYHA). Os fatores de risco menores inclu&#237;am idade superior a 70 anos, sexo feminino, cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia, baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, acidente vascular cerebral, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, arritmias e uso de drogas inotr&#243;picas. </p>
    <p>Para Hellgrena e cols.<sup>18</sup>, as caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas a maior morbidade e mortalidade em cirurgia card&#237;aca valvar foram idade superior a 70 anos, classe funcional (NYHA) elevada, especialmente classe IV, e parada card&#237;aca no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Edwards e cols.<sup>19</sup> identificaram reopera&#231;&#227;o, car&#225;ter emergencial, insufici&#234;ncia renal e parada card&#237;aca como fatores de risco independentes para cirurgia isolada de troca valvar.</p>
    <p>Nowicki e cols.<sup>20</sup>, em seu estudo sobre fatores de risco independentes para cirurgia de troca valvar a&#243;rtica, constataram as seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade superior a 70 anos, pequena superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, creatinina elevada, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, classe funcional (NYHA) IV, parada card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, car&#225;ter emergencial, ano da cirurgia e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica associada. J&#225; na cirurgia de valva mitral, foram estatisticamente significativas as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: sexo feminino, idade avan&#231;ada, diabete melito, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, creatinina elevada, classe funcional (NYHA) IV, car&#225;ter emergencial e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.</p>
    <p>Roques e cols.<sup>21</sup>, usando dados coletados de 5.762 pacientes, de setembro a dezembro de 1995, publicaram o EuroSCORE, um preditor de mortalidade hospitalar. As vari&#225;veis significativamente associadas &#224; mortalidade elevada foram idade avan&#231;ada, creatinina, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, endocardite, car&#225;ter emergencial, m&#250;ltipla troca valvar ou procedimento tric&#250;spide e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica concomitante ou cirurgia tor&#225;cica associada.</p>
    <p>Braile e cols.<sup>22</sup>, em estudo compreendendo 663 pacientes submetidos a implante valvar de peric&#225;rdio bovino em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, no per&#237;odo de 1977 a 1988, realizado no Instituto de Mol&#233;stias Cardiovasculares de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (SP), identificaram alguns fatores que possivelmente interferiam na durabilidade das biopr&#243;teses, tais como idade e condi&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas do paciente, posi&#231;&#227;o do implante, e material e t&#233;cnica de preparo da valva a ser implantada. Os autores citam prefer&#234;ncia para implante de biopr&#243;tese em pacientes com idade superior a 21 anos, contradizendo outros estudos que n&#227;o recomendam o uso de biopr&#243;teses em pacientes com menos de 30 anos, exceto em mulheres que desejam engravidar<sup>23</sup>. A mortalidade hospitalar registrada foi de 9,2%, sendo de 13,2% para os 586 pacientes pertencentes ao grupo I (com mais de 21 anos de idade), valor inferior ao registrado na s&#233;rie deste estudo. J&#225; para os 77 pacientes do grupo II (com menos de 21 anos de idade), a mortalidade foi de 6,3%.</p>
    <p>Ainda em nosso meio, Brand&#227;o e cols.<sup>24</sup> apresentaram estudo dos fatores de risco para uma s&#233;rie de pacientes submetidos a implante de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas de duplo folheto. O tipo de pr&#243;tese utilizada, diverso do estudo dos autores e de outros citados na literatura, possivelmente modificou a distribui&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o, como a idade dos pacientes, que mostrava m&#233;dia inferior (38,7 anos). Ainda assim, a mortalidade mitral foi de 13,5%, superior &#224; a&#243;rtica, que foi de 7,5%, estando os valores comunicados em acordo com o observado no presente estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para determina&#231;&#227;o de fatores que contribu&#237;ram com a mortalidade hospitalar, foram considerados alguns dos preditores de risco identificados em estudos j&#225; citados da literatura<sup>1-11</sup>, com enfoque naqueles apresentados por Ambler e cols.<sup>1</sup>. Essa atitude decorre da pronta disponibilidade de informa&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas consideradas por esses autores e cujo registro faz parte da rotina hospitalar. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o de cada fator e a aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica de um escore baseado nessa determina&#231;&#227;o dever&#225; ser objetivo de estudo posterior. Contudo, &#233; preciso considerar que esse enfoque exclui alguns fatores de risco reconhecidos, como hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica<sup>2,25</sup>. </p>
    <p>A atual mudan&#231;a dos crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia valvar card&#237;aca decorre de pelo menos dois motivos<sup>18</sup>. Por um lado, pacientes com doen&#231;a em fase mais avan&#231;ada s&#227;o submetidos a cirurgia como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do envelhecimento natural, o que resulta em maior acometimento sist&#234;mico e em risco hospitalar aumentado. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o poderia justificar o aumento da mortalidade observado nos per&#237;odos mais recentes do estudo. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, pacientes com valvopatias menos graves est&#227;o sendo admitidos pela tend&#234;ncia de se recomendar cirurgia em estados mais precoces da doen&#231;a, o que pode determinar menor preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco e traduzir-se em menor mortalidade. Possivelmente essa popula&#231;&#227;o, que deve compreender pacientes mais jovens, realize implante de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas, o que pode ter implicado sua exclus&#227;o do presente estudo. A inclus&#227;o desses pacientes, que demonstram mortalidade hospitalar supostamente menor que a observada na popula&#231;&#227;o que implantou biopr&#243;tese, poderia ter contribu&#237;do para resultado cir&#250;rgico mais favor&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Espera-se que alguns dos fatores de risco operat&#243;rios identificados no estudo, que foram sexo feminino, idade superior a 70 anos, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, diabete, insufici&#234;ncia renal, classe funcional IV, les&#227;o valvar mitral, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, plastia tric&#250;spide associada e car&#225;ter da cirurgia, possam ter seu papel no risco minimizado, tanto por altera&#231;&#227;o em crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o (como maior precocidade) como por melhor compensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou por modifica&#231;&#227;o das rotinas operat&#243;rias. Assim, ser&#225; poss&#237;vel reduzir a mortalidade hospitalar e o custo do atendimento.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Jo&#227;o Ricardo M. Sant'Anna </p>
        <p> IC/FUC - Unidade de Pesquisa </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 </p>
        <p> 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="santana.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">santana.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 18/12/06; revisado recebido em 22/02/07; aceito em 13/03/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Hospital risk factors for bovine pericardial bioprosthesis valve implantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Identification of preoperative heart valve surgery risk factors aim to improve surgical outcomes with the possibility to offset conditions related to increased morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: Intent of this study is to identify hospital risk factors in patients undergoing bovine pericardial bioprosthesis implantation. METHODS: Retrospective study including 703 consecutive patients who underwent implantation of at least one St. Jude Medical-Biocor&#8482; bovine pericardial bioprosthesis between September 1991 and December 2005 at the Rio Grande do Sul Cardiology Institute; 392 were aortic, 250 were mitral and 61 were mitroaortic. Characteristics analyzed were gender, age, body mass index, NYHA (New York Heart Association) functional class, ejection fraction, valve lesions, systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, kidney function, arrhythmias, prior heart surgery, coronary artery bypass graft, tricuspid valve surgery and elective, urgent or emergency surgery. Main outcome was in-hospital mortality. Relationship between risk factors and in-hospital mortality was analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Were 101 (14.3%) in-hospital deaths. Characteristics with significant relationship to increased mortality were female gender (p&lt;0.001), age over 70 years (p=0.004), atrial fibrillation (p=0.006), diabetes mellitus (p=0.043), creatinine &gt; 2.4mg/dl (p=0.004), functional class IV (p&lt;0.001), mitral valve lesion (p&lt;0.001), previous heart surgery (p=0.005), tricuspid valve surgery (p&lt;0.001) and emergency surgery (p&lt;0.001). CONCLUSION: Mortality rate observed is accepted by literature and is justifiable due to the high prevalence of risk factors, showing an increased significance level for female gender, age above 70, functional class IV, tricuspid valve repairs and emergency surgery. Offsetting these factors could contribute to reduced in-hospital mortality for valve surgery.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Thoracic surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>hospital mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>bioprosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>heart valve prosthesis implantation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital risk factors for bovine pericardial bioprosthesis valve implantation</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mateus W. De Bacco; Jo&#227;o Ricardo M. Sant&#146;Anna; Gustavo De Bacco; Roberto T. Sant&#146;Anna; Marisa F. Santos; Edemar Pereira; Altamiro Reis da Costa; Paulo Roberto Prates; Renato A. K. Kalil; Ivo A. Nesralla</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia &#150; Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Identification of preoperative heart valve surgery risk factors aim to improve surgical outcomes with the possibility to offset conditions related to increased morbidity and mortality.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Intent of this study is to identify hospital risk factors in patients undergoing bovine pericardial bioprosthesis implantation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Retrospective study including 703 consecutive patients who underwent implantation of at least one St. Jude Medical-Biocor&#8482; bovine pericardial bioprosthesis between September 1991 and December 2005 at the Rio Grande do Sul Cardiology Institute; 392 were aortic, 250 were mitral and 61 were mitroaortic. Characteristics analyzed were gender, age, body mass index, NYHA (New York Heart Association) functional class, ejection fraction, valve lesions, systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, kidney function, arrhythmias, prior heart surgery, coronary artery bypass graft, tricuspid valve surgery and elective, urgent or emergency surgery. Main outcome was in-hospital mortality. Relationship between risk factors and in-hospital mortality was analyzed using logistic regression.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Were 101 (14.3%) in-hospital deaths. Characteristics with significant relationship to increased mortality were female gender (p&lt;0.001), age over 70 years (p=0.004), atrial fibrillation (p=0.006), diabetes mellitus (p=0.043), creatinine &gt; 2.4mg/dl (p=0.004), functional class IV (p&lt;0.001), mitral valve lesion (p&lt;0.001), previous heart surgery (p=0.005), tricuspid valve surgery (p&lt;0.001) and emergency surgery (p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Mortality rate observed is accepted by literature and is justifiable due to the high prevalence of risk factors, showing an increased significance level for female gender, age above 70, functional class IV, tricuspid valve repairs and emergency surgery. Offsetting these factors could contribute to reduced in-hospital mortality for valve surgery. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2007;89(2):113-118) </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Thoracic surgery; hospital mortality; risk factors; bioprosthesis; heart valve prosthesis implantation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Literature has demonstrated variable risk for heart valve replacement surgery reporting in-hospital mortality between 1% and 15%, regardless of the type of implant replacement<sup>1-4</sup>. This variation is justified by differences in the demographic characteristics of the surgical patients, perioperative techniques, valve implantation position, concomitant surgical procedures and post operative care. </p>
      <p>Surgical experience has demonstrated that factors such as advanced age, reduced body mass index, presence of kidney failure, reduced left ventricle ejection fraction, indications for emergency and repeat valve surgery, among others, contribute to increased in-hospital mortality and require greater attention from the doctors involved in the clinical and surgical patient care<sup>5-11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, retrospective studies involving a large number of patients could identify, with a greater degree of certainty, the characteristics that can affect surgical outcomes and create risk stratification models that could be used in different institutions<sup>1-4</sup>. These characteristics are called hospital risk factors and when identified and averted, can reduce surgical morbidity and mortality, as well as patient care costs. </p>
      <p>The objective of the present study is to retrospectively analyze a series of patients who underwent St. Jude medical-Biocor&#8482; bovine pericardial bioprosthesis heart valve implantations at the Rio Grande do Sul Cardiology Institute/Cardiology University Foundation, in order to identify characteristics that influence in-hospital mortality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Study design</italic> - Retrospective cohort study.</p>
      <p><italic>Population</italic> - Between September 1991 and December 2005, 703 patients were included in the study who had undergone at least one St. Jude Medical-Biocor&#8482; bovine pericardial bioprosthesis implantation at the Rio Grande do Sul Cardiology Institute; of these, 359 (51%) were male and 344 (49%) were female. Ages ranged from 17 to 88 years, mean 62.5 years and standard deviation &#177; 12.6 years. In relation to New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes, 19 (2.8%) patients were class I, 151 (22.4%) class II, 348 (51.7%) class III and 155 (23.1%) were class IV. Systemic hypertension was presented by 292 (41.5%) patients, 69 (9.8%) had diabetes mellitus, 52 (7.5%) had a body mass index (BMI) lower than 20 kg/m&#178; and 343 (49.8%) had a BMI greater than 25 kg/m&#178;. Ejection fractions were greater than 50% in 512 (80.4%) patients, between 30% and 50% in 104 (16.3%) and less than 30% in 21 (3.3%). Preoperative conditions revealed 532 (75.7%) with sinus rhythm, 152 (21.6%) with atrial fibrillation and 19 (2.7%) with atrioventricular block. Creatinine serum was greater than 2.4 g/dl in 13 (1.8%) patients and 6 (0.8%) were on dialysis.</p>
      <p><italic>Valve surgery</italic> - All patients underwent cardiopulmonary bypass during surgery with a membrane oxygenator and varying levels of hemodilution and hypothermia. The myocardium was preserved using hypothermic cardioplegia with ST. Thomas II solution. Intra and post operative care were administered as described above<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Out of the total number of patients, 506 underwent their first heart surgery, 142 had previous heart surgery and 55 had undergone two or more heart surgeries, for a total of 703 procedures. The St. Jude Medical-Biocor&#153;! bioprosthesis implantations included 250 (35.6%) isolated mitral valve procedures, 392 (55.8%) aortic valve procedures and 61 (8.6%) mitroaortic procedures. The valve replacement surgeries were combined with 158 (22.4%) coronary artery bypass grafts or repair of mechanical defects secondary to myocardial ischemia and 42 (5.9%) procedures for concomitant tricuspid valve surgery. In relation to surgery type, 635 were elective, 17 were urgent, 5 were emergency and 20 patients required repeat surgery.</p>
      <p><italic>Outcomes and risk factor definitions</italic> - The main outcome considered was death during the hospital stay for the heart valve bioprosthesis implantation surgery.</p>
      <p>The deaths were classified as: bioprosthesis related (such as thrombosis, endocarditis or dysfunction causing heart failure, regardless whether heart surgery was required); surgery related (rupture of the atrioventricular junction, bleeding); cardiac related (such as heart failure unrelated to bioprosthesis failure); or related to factors other than the heart (arising from complications of other subsystems such as neurological, renal or pulmonary). </p>
      <p>The demographic characteristics evaluated in relation to in-hospital mortality were: gender, age, cardiac arrhythmias, ejection fraction, systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, kidney failure (creatinine serum greater than 2.4 g/dl and/or on dialysis), NYHA functional class, type of valve lesion (aortic, mitral or mitroaortic) and prior heart surgery.</p>
      <p>The surgical variables evaluated were: timeframe when surgery was performed, concomitant surgery (coronary artery bypass graft and tricuspid surgery), repeat valve surgery and type of surgery (elective, urgent or emergency).</p>
      <p><italic>Ethical considerations</italic> - The research project for this study was submitted to the Research Department of the Rio Grande do Sul Cardiology Institute and was approved by the institution&#146;s Research Ethics Committee. Throughout the study, patient privacy and medical information confidentiality standards were respected. Current and retrospective patient information was obtained from the medical charts for patients who were being followed-up at the institution&#146;s clinic or by telephone contact made directly or by a clinic assistant.</p>
      <p><italic>Data analysis</italic> - Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis to determine predominant and independent risk predictors of in-hospital mortality was conducted using the software program SPSS for Windows, version 14.0. These risk predictors were determined using the chi-square test and logistic regression. In the multivariate analysis, the greatest discriminatory power of the variables was used. All significant characteristics (p&lt;0.005) in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. Risk characteristics were determined when there was a significant association with in-hospital mortality, using a critical alpha value of 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>In-hospital mortality</italic> - In-hospital mortality was 14.3%. From the 101 deaths, 2 (1.9%) were bioprosthesis related (1 case of thrombosis in the prosthesis and 1 case of bacterial endocarditis confirmed by a blood culture with previous respiratory infection and infection of the venous access); 26 (25.7%) were surgery-related (25 secondary to bleeding and 1 aorta dissection); 38 (37.6%) were heart-related (30 cases of left ventricle failure, 2 cases of arrhythmia and 6 cases of intraoperatory left ventricle failure); and 35 (34.6%) were related to factors other than the heart (24 cases of sepsis causing multiple organ failure, 2 cases secondary to neurological damage, 1 case of pulmonary embolism and 8 cases of kidney failure). Between 1991 and 1995, 63 procedures were performed, with a mortality rate of 9.5% (6 deaths); between 1996 and 2000, 295 procedures were performed with a mortality rate of 14.9% (44 deaths); and between 2001 and 2005, 345 procedures were performed with a mortality rate of 14.7% (51 deaths). </p>
      <p><italic>Risk factors</italic> - The preoperative characteristics, called risk predictors are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0125-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The statistically significant characteristics related to increased mortality were: female gender (p &lt; 0.001), age over 70 years (p = 0.004), atrial fibrillation (p = 0.006), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.043), creatinine serum higher than 2.4 g/dl (p = 0.004), NYHA functional class IV (p &lt; 0.001), mitral valve lesion (p &lt; 0.001) and previous heart surgery (p = 0.005).</p>
      <p>The statistically significant surgical characteristics related to an elevated in-hospital mortality were: concomitant tricuspid valve surgery (p&lt;0.001) and emergency surgery (p&lt; 0.001). Hospital mortality was 9.4% for aortic replacement, 20.0% for mitral valve replacement and 23.0% for mitroaortic replacement. The higher mortality rate in the mitral valve replacement group agrees with data in the medical literature<sup>13-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Valve implantation surgery is currently the second most common cardiac surgical procedure and is associated with in-hospital mortality of 1% to 15%<sup>1-4</sup>. Preoperative risk predictors in heart valve surgery have been studied since 1985<sup>17</sup>. Since then, considerable variations have been reported in the factors determined as in-hospital mortality predictors. The differences between the studies have made it more difficult for surgeons and large surgical centers to implement a risk stratification model. </p>
      <p>Ambler et al<sup>1</sup> developed a risk stratification model for heart valve surgery, considering characteristics associated to an elevated in-hospital mortality, such as age, body mass index, gender, type of valve lesion, coronary artery bypass graft and/or concomitant tricuspid valve surgery, kidney failure, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, low ejection fraction, arrhythmia, number of previous heart surgeries and surgery priority. The greatest risk factors were emergency surgery followed by age over 79 years, kidney failure with dialysis and two or more prior heart surgeries.</p>
      <p>Jamieson et al<sup>2</sup> identified 51 preoperative characteristics related to operative and in-hospital mortality. The greatest risk factors related to an elevated mortality rate were: emergency surgery, kidney failure (with or without dialysis), repeat surgery and NYHA functional class IV. Factors with lower risk included age over 70 years, female gender, urgent surgery, low ejection fraction, cerebral hemorrhage, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia and use of inotropic medications. </p>
      <p>Hellgrena et al<sup>18</sup>, found that the characteristics related to greater morbidity and mortality for heart valve surgery were: age over 70 years; elevated NYHA functional class, in particular class IV; and preoperative cardiac arrest. Edwards et al<sup>19</sup> identified repeat surgery, emergency surgery, kidney failure and cardiac arrest as independent risk factors for isolated valve replacement surgery. </p>
      <p>Nowicki et al<sup>20</sup>, in their study on independent risk factors for aortic valve replacement surgery reported the following variables: age over 70 years, small body surface, elevated creatinine, prior heart surgery, NYHA functional class IV, prior cardiac arrest, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, emergency surgery, year of the surgery and concomitant coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The following characteristics were statistically significant for mitral valve surgery: female gender, advanced age, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, previous stroke, elevated creatinine, NYHA functional class IV, emergency surgery and congestive heart failure.</p>
      <p>Roques et al<sup>21</sup>, using data collected from 5,762 patients between September and December 1995, published the EuroSCORE, a predictor of in-hospital mortality. The variables that were significantly associated with an elevated mortality were: advanced age, creatinine, prior heart surgery, left ventricle function, congestive heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, endocarditis, emergency surgery, multiple valve replacement or tricuspid procedure and concomitant coronary artery bypass graft surgery or thoracic surgery.</p>
      <p>Braile et al<sup>22</sup>, in a study including 663 patients who underwent bovine pericardial valve implantations in the mitral position between 1977 and 1988 at the Cardiovascular Disease Institute in S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (SP), identified some factors that could interfere with the durability of the bioprosthesis, such as the patient&#146;s age and metabolic conditions, the position of the implant as well as the material and technique used to prepare the valve for implantation. The authors reported that they preferred doing bioprosthesis implants in patients over 21 year of age, contradicting other studies that don&#146;t recommend the use of bioprosthesis for patients under the age of 30, except for women that wish to become pregnant<sup>23</sup>. In-hospital mortality was recorded as 9.2%; 13.2% was recorded for the 586 group I patients (over age 21) which is lower than the value found in this study series. The mortality rate for the 77 group II patients (under 21 years of age) was 6.3%.</p>
      <p>Also in Brazil, Brand&#227;o et al<sup>24</sup> presented a study of risk factors for a series of patients who underwent bileaflet mechanical prosthesis implantations. The type of prosthesis used, which was different from that used by the authors and others reported in literature, could have modified the distribution of the patient demographic characteristics such as age, that had a lower mean (38.7 years). Nevertheless, mortality for the mitral patients was 13.5%, which was higher than that for the aortic patients (7.5%), and agrees with the values observed in the present study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To determine the factors that contribute to in-hospital mortality, some risk predictors identified by other studies in literature<sup>1-11</sup> were used, with emphasis on those presented by Ambler et al<sup>1</sup>. This position was taken as the medical information considered by these authors is readily available and is routinely recorded by hospitals. Further studies on the quantification of each factor and the clinical applicability of a score based on this determination are required. Nevertheless, it must be considered that this focus excludes some known risk factors, such as pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and peripheral vascular disease<sup>2,25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The current alterations in the indication criteria for heart valve surgery is a result of at least two reasons<sup>18</sup>. On one hand, patients in late disease stages undergo surgery as a consequence of natural aging which causes a more severe attack on the system and increased in-hospital risk. This observation could justify the increased mortality observed during the more recent study periods. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, the current tendency for patients with less serious valve diseases is to recommend surgery in earlier disease stages when there is lower prevalence of risk factors and therefore lower mortality. It is possible that this population, which should include younger patients, would have had mechanical prosthesis implantations and therefore would have been excluded from this study. The inclusion of these patients, with an assumed lower in-hospital mortality rate than the bioprosthesis population, could have contributed to a more favorable surgical outcome.</p>
      <p>It is hoped that some of the surgical risk factors identified in this study (female gender, age over 70 years, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, kidney failure, NYHA functional class IV, mitral valve lesion, prior heart surgery, concomitant tricuspid valve surgery and type of surgery) will contribute to lowering the risk for altering indication criteria (earlier), improving clinical compensation or modifying surgical routines. If so, it would be possible to reduce in-hospital mortality and patient care costs.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Jo&#227;o Ricardo M. Sant&#146;Anna</p>
          <p> IC/FUC - Unidade de Pesquisa</p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370</p>
          <p> 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="santana.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">santana.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received December 18,2006; revised manuscript received February 22, 2007; accepted March 13, 2007 </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
