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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dXh7dKyPsvnWB6StLxbfzzK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001400007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001400007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico na identifica&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em idosos com incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#243;es</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago J&#244;natas Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Thaiana Arag&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Travassos</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teles</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;via Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Martha Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>D'Oliveira Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Argemiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Bahia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>111</fpage>
      <lpage>118</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica (ICT) &#233; freq&#252;ente em pacientes idosos e pode limitar o papel do teste ergom&#233;trico na identifica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor da ICT, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, no diagn&#243;stico da DAC. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 3.308 pacientes, desses, 804 eram idosos (idade &gt;65 anos) que se submeteram a ecocardiografia sob estresse pelo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico (EEEF). Com base na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) alcan&#231;ada durante o teste ergom&#233;trico, subdivididos em dois grupos: G1 - 150 pacientes que n&#227;o atingiram 85% da FC preconizada para a idade e G2 - 654 pacientes que conseguiram atingir. Os grupos foram comparados quanto a caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, &#237;ndice de contratilidade segmentar do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE) e cineangiocoronariografia (CACG). RESULTADOS: As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas foram similares entre os grupos. O IMVE foi maior em G1 do que em G2, tanto no repouso (1.09 &#177; 0.21 versus 1.04 &#177; 0,15) quanto ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o (1.15 &#177; 0.29 versus 1.08 &#177; 0.2) (p &lt; 0,001). As anormalidades na contratilidade das paredes foram mais freq&#252;entes em G1 do que em G2 (55% versus 37%; p &lt; 0,05), sugerindo que pacientes idosos com ICT apresentam maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de DAC. Realizou-se CACG em 69% das EEEF positiva para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. No G1, 91% dos pacientes com EEEF positivo para isquemia realmente eram portadores doen&#231;a obstrutiva arterial coronariana (&gt;50%) versus 84,5% em G2. CONCLUS&#195;O: A ICT est&#225; associada &#224; maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis em popula&#231;&#227;o idosa e adiciona valor preditivo positivo &#224; EEEF ao identificar pacientes com DAC obstrutiva.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia sob estresse</kwd>
        <kwd>incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica</kwd>
        <kwd>idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>coronariopatia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico na identifica&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em idosos com incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Thiago J&#244;natas Santos G&#243;es<sup>I</sup>; Thaiana Arag&#227;o Santana<sup>I</sup>; Isabela Souza Silva<sup>I</sup>; Thiago Figueiredo Travassos<sup>I</sup>; L&#237;via Dantas Teles<sup>I</sup>; Martha Azevedo Barreto<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto-Filho<sup>I</sup>; Argemiro D'Oliveira Junior<sup>II</sup>; Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas - Aracaju, SE - Salvador, BA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica (ICT) &#233; freq&#252;ente em pacientes idosos e pode limitar o papel do teste ergom&#233;trico na identifica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o valor da ICT, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, no diagn&#243;stico da DAC. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 3.308 pacientes, desses, 804 eram idosos (idade &gt;65 anos) que se submeteram a ecocardiografia sob estresse pelo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico (EEEF). Com base na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) alcan&#231;ada durante o teste ergom&#233;trico, subdivididos em dois grupos: G1 &#150; 150 pacientes que n&#227;o atingiram 85% da FC preconizada para a idade e G2 &#150; 654 pacientes que conseguiram atingir. Os grupos foram comparados quanto a caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, &#237;ndice de contratilidade segmentar do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE) e cineangiocoronariografia (CACG). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas foram similares entre os grupos. O IMVE foi maior em G1 do que em G2, tanto no repouso (1.09 &#177; 0.21 <italic>versus</italic> 1.04 &#177; 0,15) quanto ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o (1.15 &#177; 0.29 <italic>versus</italic> 1.08 &#177; 0.2) (p &lt; 0,001). As anormalidades na contratilidade das paredes foram mais freq&#252;entes em G1 do que em G2 (55% <italic>versus</italic> 37%; p &lt; 0,05), sugerindo que pacientes idosos com ICT apresentam maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de DAC. Realizou-se CACG em 69% das EEEF positiva para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. No G1, 91% dos pacientes com EEEF positivo para isquemia realmente eram portadores doen&#231;a obstrutiva arterial coronariana (&gt;50%) <italic>versus</italic> 84,5% em G2. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A ICT est&#225; associada &#224; maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis em popula&#231;&#227;o idosa e adiciona valor preditivo positivo &#224; EEEF ao identificar pacientes com DAC obstrutiva. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2007;89(2):111-118)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ecocardiografia sob estresse, incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica, idoso, coronariopatia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O segmento da popula&#231;&#227;o que mais cresce s&#227;o os indiv&#237;duos com idade superior ou igual a 65 anos. No Brasil, estima-se que, em 2025, teremos uma popula&#231;&#227;o de idosos superior a 27 milh&#245;es de pessoas<sup>1</sup>; atualmente, a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) representa a principal causa de morte na terceira idade. </p>
    <p>Sabe-se que existe uma alta preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a anat&#244;mica (70% mediante estudos de necropsia)<sup>2</sup>, mas apenas de 20% a 30% dos idosos apresentam manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de DAC. Existem certas peculiaridades da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do geronte que podem ser atribu&#237;das a essa discrep&#226;ncia: a presen&#231;a de "equivalentes anginosos" (dispn&#233;ia, fadiga, s&#237;ncope)<sup>3</sup>. A angina t&#237;pica de esfor&#231;o geralmente &#233; menos intensa ou ausente pela ocorr&#234;ncia, freq&#252;ente, de sedentarismo e incapacidade f&#237;sica e cognitiva, ocorrendo, apenas, em metade dos coronariopatas<sup>4</sup>. H&#225; tamb&#233;m alta preval&#234;ncia de isquemia silenciosa<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) &#233; o exame n&#227;o-invasivo mais utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica de DAC<sup>6</sup>. Entretanto, uma limita&#231;&#227;o potencial desse m&#233;todo na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa &#233; que a incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica (ICT) &#233; muito prevalente nessa faixa et&#225;ria e pode limitar o aparecimento das altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST que se correlacionam com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>7</sup>. Todavia, a ICT, definida como a fal&#234;ncia em atingir 85% da FC m&#225;xima preconizada para a idade<sup>8</sup>, &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade e de incid&#234;ncia de DAC<sup>9,10</sup>. As raz&#245;es para essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o est&#227;o devidamente esclarecidas, embora v&#225;rios mecanismos tenham sido propostos, tais como: severidade da DAC, dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), hiperatividade parassimp&#225;tica, disfun&#231;&#227;o e isquemia do n&#243;dulo sinusal e idade avan&#231;ada<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia sob estresse pelo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico (EEEF) constitui uma metodologia n&#227;o-invasiva de DAC que &#233; estabelecida para diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, especialmente quando se verificam bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo do feixe de His, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda e s&#237;ndrome de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o<sup>13</sup>. O desequil&#237;brio entre a oferta e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio leva a altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas que s&#227;o provocadas pela isquemia, as quais ocorrem numa seq&#252;&#234;ncia temporal de fen&#244;menos fisiopatol&#243;gicos, descritos por Heyndrickx e cols.<sup>14</sup>, denominada "cascata isqu&#234;mica", que &#233; caracterizada temporalmente por: heterogenicidade de perfus&#227;o, altera&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, discinergia regional, mudan&#231;as no eletrocardiograma e angina<sup>14</sup>. Portanto, a EEEF &#233; capaz de detectar altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas mais precocemente que o TE. Contudo, o papel da EEEF em pacientes que n&#227;o conseguem atingir a FC subm&#225;xima ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem elucidado. Especulamos que a EEEF, por ser mais sens&#237;vel que o TE convencional e capaz de detectar altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares do VE em repouso, pode contribuir de maneira significativa nesse subgrupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>A presente investiga&#231;&#227;o tem como objetivo avaliar o valor da ICT, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, no diagn&#243;stico da DAC mediante a EEEF, considerando-se como padr&#227;o-ouro, para efeitos comparativos, a cineangiocoronariografia (CACG).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2000 a outubro de 2005, 3.308 pacientes consecutivos portadores de DAC comprovada ou suspeita foram encaminhados ao Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia da Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas (Aracaju, SE) para realiza&#231;&#227;o da EEEF. Os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos que regem a experimenta&#231;&#227;o humana foram cuidadosamente seguidos, e todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento informado. O trabalho foi liberado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes com janelas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas desfavor&#225;veis em repouso eram mantidos no estudo, pois um n&#250;mero expressivo destes apresenta melhora significativa desse par&#226;metro de qualidade no p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o imediato. Caso n&#227;o houvesse melhora da janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica, mesmo no p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o, o paciente era descartado da an&#225;lise. Foram exclu&#237;dos 66 pacientes. Dos 3.308 pacientes, avaliaram-se 804 (24,3%) que apresentavam idade &gt; 65 anos e janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica favor&#225;vel (grupo idoso). </p>
    <p>Para an&#225;lise, subdividimos os pacientes idosos em dois grupos: grupo G1 - idosos que n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram 85% da FC preconizada para a idade e grupo G2 - idosos que alcan&#231;aram 85% da FC preconizada para a idade ou ultrapassaram-na durante o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em esteira ergom&#233;trica (protocolo de Bruce). </p>
    <p>Na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica cardiol&#243;gica, registramos presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de sintomas como angina t&#237;pica ou at&#237;pica, antecedentes pessoais de DAC, uso de medica&#231;&#245;es e fatores de risco para DAC. Definiu-se hipercolesterolemia como n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de colesterol total superior a 200 mg/dl (ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas) e hipertrigliceridemia como n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de tiglic&#233;rides superior a 150 mg/dl (ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas) ou uso de agente antilip&#234;mico (vastatinas e/ou fibratos). Considerou-se hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica quando os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos aferidos no membro superior, em repouso, eram <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 x 90 mmHg ou havia refer&#234;ncia de tratamento com medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva.</p>
    <p>O diabete melito foi definido pela presen&#231;a de glicemia em jejum, acima de 126 mg/dl, ou pelo uso de insulina ou agentes hipoglicemiantes orais. Definiu-se infarto do mioc&#225;rdio antigo por meio de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e/ou exames complementares realizados anteriormente, como eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma e cinecoronariografia.</p>
    <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es isoladas ou associadas para o exame foram: avalia&#231;&#227;o de precordialgia (561 pacientes), pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia n&#227;o-card&#237;aca (23 pacientes), presen&#231;a de TE positivo sem caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de DAC (293 pacientes), TE negativo com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de DAC (191 pacientes), estratifica&#231;&#227;o de DAC j&#225; estabelecida (148 pacientes) e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (59 pacientes).</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram examinados em per&#237;odo p&#243;s-prandial de refei&#231;&#227;o leve. No dia em que realizavam o exame, eles se mantinham afastados de qualquer atividade f&#237;sica excessiva e o betabloqueador foi suspenso quatro dias antes do exame. Toda a investiga&#231;&#227;o foi conduzida com o indiv&#237;duo em respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea de ar atmosf&#233;rico, em sala com temperatura constante em torno de 20&#186;C a 24&#186;C.</p>
    <p>O estudo consistia na realiza&#231;&#227;o de investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica completa (anamnese e exame f&#237;sico), seguida de eletrocardiograma (ECG) de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es e ecocardiograma de repouso. Em seguida, realizava-se o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em esteira rolante e, finalmente, logo ap&#243;s este, procedia-se, novamente, &#224; aquisi&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma. A CACG foi indicada para os pacientes que apresentaram EEEF positiva para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p><italic>Teste ergom&#233;trico</italic> - Todos os pacientes realizaram o TE segundo o protocolo de Bruce, e o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico foi interrompido quando se ultrapassava a FC m&#225;xima preconizada para a idade ou quando surgiam os seguintes sintomas e/ou sinais: dor precordial, dispn&#233;ia, fadiga muscular, hipertens&#227;o (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt; 220 mmHg), hipotens&#227;o, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope e arritmias graves. Durante a prova, os indiv&#237;duos eram mantidos monitorizados, continuadamente, mediante o ECG de tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>O TE era considerado positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica quando se constatava infradesnivelamento horizontal ou descendente do segmento ST, ou infradesnivelamento superior a 1 mm para homem ou 1,5 mm para mulher. Na vig&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas compat&#237;veis com BCRE, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, s&#237;ndrome de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o e uso de medicamentos (digital), o exame era considerado n&#227;o-diagn&#243;stico<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p><italic>Ecocardiografia sob estresse pelo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico</italic> - O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado em todos os participantes desta investiga&#231;&#227;o, observando-se os aspectos t&#233;cnicos classicamente descritos por Shiller e cols.<sup>16</sup>. Inicialmente, o estudo era realizado com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de aparelho de ecocardiografia bidimensional, com o volunt&#225;rio em repouso e sem a interven&#231;&#227;o de nenhum medicamento, na posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo a 45&#186;, ou com obliq&#252;idade adequada &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas satisfat&#243;rias, nas janelas ac&#250;sticas paraesternais (longitudinal e transversal) e apicais (duas e quatro c&#226;maras). Essa t&#233;cnica tamb&#233;m era empregada para aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens logo ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico ainda com a FC elevada e no per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Todas as imagens assim obtidas eram selecionadas, dispostas lado a lado em formato qu&#225;druplo, para serem analisadas de forma comparativa com diferentes n&#237;veis de FC, por dois ecocardiografistas experientes de nosso servi&#231;o, possuidores de n&#237;vel III, conforme preconizado pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>17</sup>. O espessamento parietal segmentar do VE foi avaliado quantitativamente com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do modelo de 16 segmentos e graduado em: 1 (normal), 2 (hipocin&#233;tico), 3 (acin&#233;tico) e 4 (discin&#233;tico). </p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de escore da contratilidade do mioc&#225;rdio, por sua vez, foi obtido somando-se o escore de cada segmento visibilizado e dividindo-se o valor encontrado por 16, que &#233; o n&#250;mero de segmentos do VE. O indiv&#237;duo era considerado normal se todos os segmentos com mobilidade preservada em repouso apresentavam resposta hiperdin&#226;mica ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o. Quanto ao tipo de resposta isqu&#234;mica, a EEEF foi assim classificada: a) isqu&#234;mica quando surgia altera&#231;&#227;o de movimenta&#231;&#227;o segmentar do VE induzida pelo esfor&#231;o; b) isquemia fixa quando se verificava anormalidade segmentar em repouso, permanecendo inalterada ap&#243;s a execu&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio e c) isquemia fixa e induzida quando o esfor&#231;o propiciava a piora de altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar previamente existente ou provocava o surgimento de anormalidade em outra regi&#227;o do VE<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os registros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos obtidos durante a sess&#227;o experimental foram efetuados com aparelhos Hewlett-Packard/Phillips SONOS 5500, mediante transdutor de 2,5 mHz tamb&#233;m da Hewlett-Packard/Phillips, e gravados em videocassete Sony e Display V&#237;deo Digital. </p>
    <p><italic>Cineangiocoronariografia (CACG)</italic> - A CACG foi realizada nos pacientes que apresentaram EEEF positiva para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, utilizando-se a t&#233;cnica de Judkins, preferencialmente por via femoral direita<sup>18</sup>. Os angiogramas assim obtidos foram analisados por hemodinamicista experiente de nosso servi&#231;o, usando sistema de escore quantitativo. Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo, esses pacientes foram subdivididos em cinco grupos: a) coron&#225;rias normais; b) coron&#225;rias tortuosas, finas; c) ponte mioc&#225;rdica ou espasmo coronariano; d) obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana entre 30%-50% e e) obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana superior a 50%. Portanto, o exame era considerado positivo quando se detectava a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o obstrutiva em art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica superior a 50%.</p>
    <p>O c&#225;lculo do valor preditivo positivo para cada tipo de EEEF positivo (isqu&#234;mico, isqu&#234;mico fixo e isqu&#234;mico fixo e induzido) foi realizado comparando-se com o resultado da CACG<sup>19</sup>. </p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram processadas utilizando-se o programa SPSS 11.5. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram caracterizadas como m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o, e as categ&#243;ricas descritas por n&#250;mero de casos e porcentuais. Realizou-se o teste qui-quadrado (c&#178;) para compara&#231;&#227;o das modalidades de EEEF positiva com os resultados da CACG, e o <italic>odds ratio</italic> foi utilizado para associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis do comportamento da FC (grupos G1 e G2) e os resultados da EEEF. Foram considerados significativos os valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas - Foram estudados 331 homens (41%) e 473 mulheres (59%), com idade m&#233;dia de 71,04 &#177; 5,07 (varia&#231;&#227;o de 65 a 89) anos. O grupo G1 foi constitu&#237;do de 150 (18,6%) idosos e o grupo G2 de 654 (81,4%).</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224;s indica&#231;&#245;es para a EEEF, s&#243; houve diferen&#231;a significativa quando se realizou teste ergom&#233;trico positivo sem caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de DAC (p = 0,0001) e teste ergom&#233;trico negativo com caracter&#237;sticas de DAC (p = 0,041), os quais foram mais prevalentes no G2. </p>
    <p>Os grupos G1 e G2 apresentaram dados antropom&#233;tricos semelhantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). Os fatores de risco para DAC associados ou isolados foram: dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabete melito, tabagismo e antecedentes familiares. Esses fatores n&#227;o demonstraram diferen&#231;as quando se compararam G1 e G2.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0111-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos assintom&#225;ticos com angina at&#237;pica e t&#237;pica. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a eventos pr&#233;vios - Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, angioplastia percut&#226;nea transluminal coronariana, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e BRE, os grupos foram semelhantes, exceto quanto &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, que apresentou uma maior preval&#234;ncia no grupo G1 (p = 0,037). O uso de bloqueadores beta-adren&#233;rgicos era mais prevalente no grupo G1 (p = 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). </p>
    <p><italic>Teste ergom&#233;trico</italic> - A dura&#231;&#227;o do teste de esfor&#231;o foi, em m&#233;dia, no grupo G1: 3,9 &#177; 2,2 minutos, e no grupo G2: 5,7 &#177; 3,34 minutos (p = 0,001). No pico do esfor&#231;o, houve diferen&#231;a significativa do n&#237;vel de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica atingida (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0111-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de angina t&#237;pica foi mais freq&#252;ente no grupo G1 (p = 0,001). As altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas definidas como infradesnivelamentos do segmento ST de car&#225;ter ascendente, descendente e horizontalizado foram observadas mais freq&#252;entemente no grupo G2 (p = 0,001). As arritmias severas (taquicardia ventricular sustentada) e simples (extra-s&#237;stoles supraventriculares, ventriculares e taquicardia supraventricular n&#227;o-sustentada) foram semelhantes nos dois grupos, bem como a necessidade de interrup&#231;&#227;o do exame por hipertens&#227;o arterial (PA &gt; 220 x 120 mmHg)<sup>20</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0111-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As raz&#245;es de interrup&#231;&#227;o dos exames foram: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o-sustentada (34 pacientes), precordialgia t&#237;pica (53 pacientes), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (111 pacientes) e dispn&#233;ia (10 pacientes).</p>
    <p>Nenhum paciente apresentou complica&#231;&#245;es como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e/ou &#243;bito. </p>
    <p><italic>Ecocardiografia sob estresse pelo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico</italic> - O grupo G1 apresentou 45% de resultados normais e 55% foram considerados isqu&#234;micos. O grupo G2 apresentou 63% de resultados normais e 37% foram considerados isqu&#234;micos (p = 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0111-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O IMVE foi significativamente maior no grupo G1 em repouso (p = 0,001) e no esfor&#231;o (p = 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>Dentre os isqu&#234;micos do grupo G1, 34 (41,0%) foram isqu&#234;micos transit&#243;rios, 28 (33,7%) isqu&#234;micos fixos e 21 (25,3%) isqu&#234;micos fixo + induzido. Do grupo G2, 126 (51,4%) foram isqu&#234;micos transit&#243;rios, 79 (32,2%) isqu&#234;micos fixos e 39 (15,9%) isqu&#234;micos fixo + induzido (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0111-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O <italic>odds ratio</italic> para o grupo G1 foi de 1.798 (intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC)] =1,346-2,402 e de 0,869 para o G2 (IC = 0,808-0,935). Portanto, em nosso estudo, os idosos do grupo G1 apresentaram um risco de 2,06 de serem portadores de DAC (IC = 1,44-2,96). </p>
    <p><italic>Cineangiocoronariografia (CACG)</italic> - A CACG foi realizada nos pacientes que apresentavam EEEF positiva para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. No grupo G1, dos 83 pacientes com EEEF alterada, 57 (68,7%) realizaram a CACG; no grupo G2 de 244 pacientes com EEEF alterada, 168 (68,8%) submeteram-se a CACG.</p>
    <p>No grupo G1, 91% dos pacientes com EEEF positiva foram considerados verdadeiro-positivos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, enquanto no grupo G2 verificaram-se 84,5% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0111-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste ergom&#233;trico, especialmente na popula&#231;&#227;o de idosos, a ICT &#233; um achado comum. Embora trabalho recente<sup>21 </sup>tenha sugerido que a ICT &#233; preditor independente de risco cardiovascular, ainda n&#227;o &#233; utilizada de maneira sistem&#225;tica como marcador de risco cardiovascular, muitas vezes interrompendo-se a investiga&#231;&#227;o da DAC ap&#243;s esse tipo de resultado. </p>
    <p>A resposta cronotr&#243;pica durante o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico reflete uma regula&#231;&#227;o extremamente complexa que se correlaciona com idade, capacidade funcional, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso, balan&#231;o auton&#244;mico e severidade das obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas. V&#225;rios s&#227;o os mecanismos propostos para explicar a incapacidade em se alcan&#231;ar 85,0% ou mais da FC m&#225;xima durante o exerc&#237;cio isot&#244;nico. Em nosso estudo, investigamos a hip&#243;tese de associa&#231;&#227;o entre ICT e altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares da contratilidade em repouso e/ou durante esfor&#231;o, al&#233;m de avaliar seu valor no diagn&#243;stico de DAC mediante EEEF, comparativamente &#224; CACG. Avaliamos 804 pacientes com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos, e verificaram-se os seguintes resultados: a) a ICT foi associada &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia dos tr&#234;s tipos de resposta isqu&#234;mica: isqu&#234;mica transit&#243;ria, fixa e fixa + induzida (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>) e b) a menor preval&#234;ncia de ecocardiogramas normais no grupo G1 (45,0% <italic>versus</italic> 63,0%; p = 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Estes achados t&#234;m duas implica&#231;&#245;es potenciais: mecan&#237;stica e cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>A primeira implica&#231;&#227;o sugere que, por meio de mecanismos ainda n&#227;o totalmente esclarecidos, a isquemia transit&#243;ria e/ou fixa associa-se a d&#233;ficit cronotr&#243;pico durante a atividade f&#237;sica. O fen&#244;meno ICT foi observado de maneira significativamente maior nos pacientes que tamb&#233;m apresentavam altera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade segmentar &#224; ecocardiografia em repouso. Alguns autores sugerem que tal fen&#244;meno pode ser decorrente de mecanismo protetor, evitando-se aumento do MVO<sub>2</sub>. Essa explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; corroborada pelo achado de que a resposta da press&#227;o arterial tamb&#233;m est&#225; deprimida nesse subgrupo, ou seja, o duplo produto (par&#226;metro indireto do MVO<sub>2</sub>) encontra-se reduzido.</p>
    <p>A segunda implica&#231;&#227;o potencial do nosso estudo &#233; que confirma que a EEEF &#233; uma metodologia extremamente &#250;til para ser empregada nos pacientes que n&#227;o atingem FC subm&#225;xima. Em nossa casu&#237;stica, 55% dos idosos que n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram a FC preconizada apresentavam EEEF alterada. Deve-se ressaltar que o valor preditivo positivo da EEEF nesse subgrupo foi de 91%. Portanto, ante esse dado, &#233; importante prosseguir a investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica para DAC nos idosos que n&#227;o atingem FC subm&#225;xima na ergometria. </p>
    <p>Um ponto interessante e que refor&#231;a os nossos achados acerca do valor preditor da ICT &#233; que n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas entre vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas como idade, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca basal e preval&#234;ncia de diabete melito entre os dois grupos. Portanto, na nossa casu&#237;stica estes n&#227;o foram fatores potenciais de confus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Elhendy e cols.<sup>22</sup> demonstraram que a ICT em pacientes submetidos a EEEF &#233; preditora de morte e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o-fatal, associando-se a severidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e extens&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Este estudo est&#225; em acordo com nossos achados quanto ao uso da metodologia e ao valor das informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>Azarbal e cols.<sup>23</sup> demonstraram que a resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico era marcador preditor de morte card&#237;aca mais importante que a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica demonstrada pela tomografia computadorizada com emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons para estudo da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Nossos achados tamb&#233;m demonstraram que os portadores de DAC mais severas s&#227;o do grupo G1. </p>
    <p>Um estudo recente demonstrou que mecanismos como disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, aumento dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e aumento dos pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos podem sugerir o porqu&#234; de a ICT ser preditora de risco cardiovascular e aumento da mortalidade<sup>24</sup>. Outro estudo analisou a resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao exerc&#237;cio e concluiu que esta est&#225; associada com aterosclerose carot&#237;dea, independentemente de fatores de risco estabelecidos em homens sadios, o que poderia contribuir para alta incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular nos indiv&#237;duos com ICT<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo foi o fato de a preval&#234;ncia do uso de betabloqueadores ter sido maior no grupo G1 que no grupo G2. Apesar de o agente ter sido suspenso com quatro dias de anteced&#234;ncia, n&#227;o podemos excluir o efeito residual.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos por meio da EEEF, sugerimos que: 1) a EEEF &#233; uma metodologia segura e muito &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes idosos que n&#227;o conseguem atingir a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca subm&#225;xima; 2) a ICT freq&#252;entemente observada em idosos n&#227;o deve ser subestimada ou considerada fisiol&#243;gica. Nossos dados sugerem que a ICT est&#225; associada &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares do VE, ou seja, cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica; 3) a ICT adiciona valor preditivo positivo &#224; EEEF ao identificar pacientes com DAC obstrutiva. </p>
    <p>Esses achados devem suscitar novos estudos para avaliar se a ICT em outras faixas et&#225;rias tem o mesmo significado observado nos idosos. Al&#233;m disso, os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos nesse processo ainda precisam ser elucidados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira, pela Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira </p>
        <p> Pra&#231;a Graccho Cardoso, 76/402 </p>
        <p> 49015-180 - Aracaju, SE - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jlobelem@cardiol.br">jlobelem@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 01/01/07; revisado recebido em 16/03/07; aceito em 26/03/07. </p>
  </body>
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            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choi</surname>
              <given-names>YH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Exercise stress echocardiography in the identification of coronary artery disease in the elderly with chronotropic incompetence</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Chronotropic incompetence (CTI) is frequent in elderly patients and may limit the role of the exercise test in the identification of coronary artery disease (CAD) in this population. OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of CTI in an elderly population in the diagnosis of CAD. METHODS: A total of 3,308 patients were studied, 804 were elderly individuals (age &gt; 65 years) who underwent exercise stress echocardiography (ESE). Based on the heart rate (HR) reached during the exercise test, were divided into two groups: G1 150 patients who did not reach 85% of the age-predicted HR, and G2 654 patients who did. The groups were compared to clinical characteristics, segmental left ventricular contractility rate (WMSI) and coronary angiography (CAG). RESULTS: Clinical characteristics were similar between the groups. WMSI was higher in G1 than in G2, both at rest (1.09 &#177; 0.21 versus 1.04 &#177; 0.15) and after exercise (1.15 &#177; 0.29 versus 1.08 &#177; 0.2) (p &lt; 0.001). Abnormalities in wall contractility were more frequent in G1 than in G2 (55% versus 37%; p &lt; 0.05), thus suggesting that elderly with CTI have a higher frequency of CAD. CAG was performed in 69% ESE positive for myocardial ischemia. In the G1 group, 91% of the ESE were true positive versus 84.5% in G2, that is, presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (&gt; 50%). CONCLUSION: CTI is associated with a higher frequency of contractile alterations in the elderly population and adds a positive predictive value to ESE in the identification of patients with obstructive CAD.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiography, stress</kwd>
        <kwd>aged</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Exercise stress echocardiography in the identification of coronary artery disease in the elderly with chronotropic incompetence</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Thiago J&#244;natas Santos G&#243;es<sup>I</sup>; Thaiana Arag&#227;o Santana<sup>I</sup>; Isabela Souza Silva<sup>I</sup>; Thiago Figueiredo Travassos<sup>I</sup>; L&#237;via Dantas Teles<sup>I</sup>; Martha Azevedo Barreto<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto-Filho<sup>I</sup>; Argemiro D&#146;Oliveira Junior<sup>II</sup>; Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS)</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) and Hospital S&#227;o Lucas - Aracaju, SE, Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Chronotropic incompetence (CTI) is frequent in elderly patients and may limit the role of the exercise test in the identification of coronary artery disease (CAD) in this population.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the value of CTI in an elderly population in the diagnosis of CAD.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 3,308 patients were studied, 804 were elderly individuals (age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years) who underwent exercise stress echocardiography (ESE). Based on the heart rate (HR) reached during the exercise test, were divided into two groups: G1 150 patients who did not reach 85% of the age-predicted HR, and G2 654 patients who did. The groups were compared to clinical characteristics, segmental left ventricular contractility rate (WMSI) and coronary angiography (CAG).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Clinical characteristics were similar between the groups. WMSI was higher in G1 than in G2, both at rest (1.09 &#177; 0.21 versus 1.04 &#177; 0.15) and after exercise (1.15 &#177; 0.29 versus 1.08 &#177; 0.2) (p &lt; 0.001). Abnormalities in wall contractility were more frequent in G1 than in G2 (55% versus 37%; p &lt; 0.05), thus suggesting that elderly with CTI have a higher frequency of CAD. CAG was performed in 69% ESE positive for myocardial ischemia. In the G1 group, 91% of the ESE were true positive versus 84.5% in G2, that is, presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (&gt; 50%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> CTI is associated with a higher frequency of contractile alterations in the elderly population and adds a positive predictive value to ESE in the identification of patients with obstructive CAD. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2007;89(2):100-106)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Echocardiography, stress; aged; coronary disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Individuals with age higher than or equal to 65 years comprise the fastest growing segment of the population. In Brazil, an elderly population greater than 27 million persons is estimated by 2025<sup>1</sup>; currently, coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in the third age. </p>
      <p> A high prevalence of structural disease is known to occur (70% according to autopsy studies<sup>2</sup>); however, only 20% to 30% of the elderly have clinical manifestations of CAD. Certain peculiarities of the ischemic disease in the elderly may be attributed to this discrepancy: the presence of "anginal equivalents" (shortness of breath, fatigue, syncope)<sup>3</sup>. Typical effort angina is usually less severe or absent because of the common presence of a sedentary life style and physical and cognitive disabilities and occurs only in half of the coronary disease patients<sup>4</sup>. Silent ischemia is also highly prevalent<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Exercise test (ET) is the most frequently used noninvasive test for diagnostic and prognostic assessment of CAD<sup>6</sup>. However, a potential limitation of this method in the elderly population is that chronotropic incompetence (CTI) is highly prevalent in this age bracket and may limit the appearance of ST-segment abnormalities correlated with myocardial ischemia<sup>7</sup>. Nonetheless, CTI, which is defined as a failure to reach 85% of the maximum age-predicted HR<sup>8</sup>, is an independent predictor of mortality and incidence of CAD<sup>9-10</sup>. The reasons for this association are not properly explained, although several mechanisms have been proposed, such as: severity of CAD, left ventricular (LV) dilatation, parasympathetic hyperactivity, sinus node dysfunction and ischemia, and advanced age<sup>11-12</sup>. </p>
      <p>Exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) is a noninvasive method established for the diagnosis and risk stratification of CAD, especially when complete left bundle branch block, left ventricular overload, and preexcitation syndrome are present<sup>13</sup>. The unbalance between oxygen supply and demand leads to myocardial changes that are caused by ischemia, and these alterations occur in a time sequence of pathophysiological phenomena described by Heyndrickx et al<sup>14</sup> and called "ischemic cascade", which is temporally characterized by heterogeneous perfusion, metabolic changes, diastolic dysfunction, regional dyskinesia, electrocardiographic changes, and angina<sup>14</sup>. Therefore, ESE is able to detect ischemic alterations earlier than ET. However, the role of ESE in patients who are unable to reach the submaximal HR remains not fully explained. We hypothesize that ESE may bring a significant contribution to this subgroup of patients, since it is more sensitive than conventional ET and able to detect resting segmental LV changes.</p>
      <p>The objective of the present investigation is to assess the value of CTI in an elderly population in the diagnosis of CAD using ESE, considering coronary angiography (CAG) as the gold standard for comparative purposes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From December, 2000 to October, 2005, 3,308 consecutive patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease were referred to the Laboratory of Echocardiography of <italic>Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</italic> (city of Aracaju, State of Sergipe, Brazil) to undergo ESE. The ethical principles that guide human experimentation were carefully observed, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of <italic>Universidade Federal de Sergipe</italic>. </p>
      <p>Patients with unfavorable echocardiographic windows at rest remained in the study, because a considerable number of them showed a significant improvement of this quality parameter in the immediate post-exercise period. If no improvement in the echocardiographic window was observed even in the post-exercise period, the patient was then excluded from the analysis. A total of 66 patients were excluded. Of the 3,308 patients, 804 (24.3%) with age &gt; 65 years and favorable echocardiographic windows were evaluated (elderly group).</p>
      <p>For the analysis, the elderly patients were divided into two groups: G1 group &#150; elderly patients who did not reach 85% of the age-predicted HR, and G2 group &#150; elderly patients who reached 85% of the age-predicted HR or above during exercise in an exercise treadmill (Bruce protocol). </p>
      <p>In the cardiologic history, the presence or absence of symptoms such as typical or atypical angina, past medical history of CAD, use of medications, and risk factors for CAD were recorded. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as serum total cholesterol levels higher than 200 mg/dl (after a 12-hour fasting), and hypertriglyceridemia as serum triglyceride levels higher than 150 mg/dl (after a 12-hour fasting), or use of lipid-lowering agents (vastatins and/or fibrates). Systemic hypertension was considered when pressure levels taken in the upper limb, at rest, were <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 x 90 mmHg or when the patient referred the use of antihypertensive medication.</p>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus was defined by the presence of fasting glucose levels above 126 mg/dl, or by the use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. Previous myocardial infarction was defined by the past medical history and/or laboratory tests such as electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and coronary angiography performed earlier.</p>
      <p>Single or combined indications for the test were: assessment of chest pain (561 patients), preoperative assessment of noncardiac surgery (23 patients), presence of a positive ET with no clinical characteristics of CAD (293 patients), negative ET with clinical characteristics of CAD (191 patients), stratification of an already established CAD (148 patients), and risk stratification after myocardial infarction (59 patients).</p>
      <p>All patients were examined after having a light meal. On the day the patients underwent the test, they avoided any excessive physical activity, and beta-blocker was discontinued four days prior to the test. All the investigation was conducted with the individual breathing spontaneously in room air, at a constant room temperature of approximately 20&#186;C to 24&#186;C.</p>
      <p>The study consisted of the performance of a complete clinical investigation (history taking and physical examination) followed by a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and resting echocardiogram. Next, patients underwent physical exertion on a treadmill and, right after, another echocardiogram was obtained. CAG was indicated for the patients who presented an ESE positive for myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p><italic>Exercise test</italic> - All patients underwent ET according to the Bruce protocol, and the exercise was interrupted whenever the maximum age-predicted HR was exceeded, or in the presence of the following signs and/or symptoms: chest pain, shortness of breath, muscle fatigue, hypertension (systolic blood pressure &gt; 220 mmHg), hypotension, presyncope, and severe arrhythmias. During the test, the individuals were continuously monitored with a three-lead ECG.</p>
      <p>ET was considered positive for myocardial ischemia when we observed a horizontal or downsloping ST-segment depression, or higher than 1 mm for men and 1.5 mm for women, 80 ms after the J point. In the presence of electrocardiographic changes suggestive of CLBBB, left ventricular hypertrophy, preexcitation syndrome, and use of medication (digitalis), the test was considered nondiagnostic<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Exercise stress echocardiography</italic> - Echocardiographic study was performed in all participants of this investigation, according to the technical aspects classically described by Schiller et al<sup>16</sup>. Initially, the study was performed using a two-dimensional echocardiography system, with the volunteer at rest, in the absence of any medication, in the left lateral position at 45&#186;, or at an inclination appropriate to obtain satisfactory echocardiographic images in the parasternal (long axis and short axis) and apical (two and four chambers) acoustic windows. This technique was also used for image acquisition right after the exercise, when the HR was still elevated, and in the recovery period. </p>
      <p>All images thus obtained were selected and displayed side by side in a quadruple format, to be analyzed comparatively at different HR levels by two skilled echocardiographers from our service, both with level III training, as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>17</sup>. Segmental LV wall thickening was quantitatively assessed with a 16-segment model, and rated as: 1 (normal), 2 (hypokinetic), 3 (akynetic), and 4 (dyskinetic).</p>
      <p>The wall motion score index, in turn, was obtained by summing up the score of each segment visualized and dividing the amount found by 16, which is the number of LV segments. Individuals were considered normal if all the segments with preserved mobility at rest had a hyperdynamic response after exercise. As regards the type of ischemic response, the ESE was classified as follows: a) ischemic, when an abnormal exercise-induced segmental LV wall motion was present; b) fixed ischemic, when abnormal segmental wall motion was observed at rest, and remained unchanged after exercise and c) fixed and induced ischemic, when exercise worsened the preexisting segmental abnormality or caused the appearance of abnormality in additional LV areas<sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Echocardiographic records obtained during the experimental session were performed with Hewlett-Packard/Phillips SONOS 5500 systems equipped with Hewlett-Packard/Phillips 2.5-mHz transducers, and recorded in Sony and Display Video Digital videocassettes. </p>
      <p><italic>Coronary angiography (CAG)</italic> - CAG was performed in the patients who had an ESE positive for myocardial ischemia, using the Judkins technique, preferably via the right femoral vein<sup>18</sup>. The angiograms thus obtained were analyzed by a skilled hemodynamicist from our service, using a quantitative score system. After undergoing the procedure, these patients were divided into five subgroups: a) normal coronary arteries; b) narrow, tortuous coronary arteries; c) myocardial bridge or coronary spasm; d) coronary stenosis between 30%-50%; and e) coronary stenosis greater than 50%. Therefore, the test was considered positive when an epicardial coronary artery stenosis greater than 50% was detected.</p>
      <p>The positive predictive value for each type of positive ESE (ischemic, fixed ischemic, or fixed and induced ischemic) was calculated in comparison to the result of CAG<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 11.5 software program. Quantitative variables were expressed as means and standard deviation, and categorical variables were expressed as number of cases and percentages. The chi-square (c&#178;) test was performed for the comparison of positive ESE modalities with the results of CAG, and the odds ratio was used for the associations between variables of HR behavior (G1 and G2 groups) and ESE results. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Clinical characteristics</italic> - A total of 331 men (41%) and 473 women (59%), with a mean age of 71.04 &#177; 5.07 years (ranging from 65 to 89 years) was studied. The G1 group was comprised of 150 (18.6%) elderly individuals and the G2 group of 654 (81.4%).</p>
      <p>As regards the indications for ESE, a significant difference was only observed when a positive exercise test was performed without clinical characteristics of CAD (p = 0.0001), and a negative exercise test was performed with clinical characteristics of CAD (p = 0.041), and these were more prevalent in the G2 group.</p>
      <p>G1 and G2 groups had similar anthropometric measurements (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). Associated or isolated risk factors for CAD were: dyslipidemia, systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tobacco smoking, and a positive family history. No difference was observed in relation to these factors when G1 and G2 were compared.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0111-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No significant differences were found between the asymptomatic group, the group with atypical angina, and that with typical angina. </p>
      <p><italic>In relation to previous events</italic> - myocardial revascularization, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, previous myocardial infarction, and LBBB, the groups were similar except for myocardial revascularization, which was more prevalent in the G1 group (p = 0.037). The use of beta-adrenergic blockers was more prevalent in the G1 group (p = 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). </p>
      <p><italic>Exercise test</italic> - The mean exercise test duration was 3.9 &#177; 2.2 minutes in the G1 group, and 5.7 &#177; 3.34 minutes in the G2 group (p = 0.001). At peak exercise, there was a significant difference in the level of systolic blood pressure achieved (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0111-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Typical angina was more frequent in the G1 group (p = 0.001). Electrocardiographic changes defined as upsloping, downsloping and horizontal ST-segment depression were more frequently observed in the G2 group (p = 0.001). The frequency of severe arrhythmias (sustained ventricular tachycardia) and simple arrhythmias (supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles, and nonsustained supraventricular tachycardia) were similar in the two groups, as well as the need for test interruption due to high blood pressure (BP &gt; 220 x 120 mmHg)<sup>20</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0111-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The reasons for test interruption were: nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (34 patients), typical chest pain (53 patients), systemic hypertension (111 patients), and shortness of breath (10 patients).</p>
      <p>No patients presented complications such as myocardial infarction and/or death. </p>
      <p><italic>Exercise stress echocardiography</italic> - The G1 group had 45% of normal results and 55% were considered ischemic. The G2 group had 63% of normal results and 37% were considered ischemic (p = 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0111-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>SLVCR was significantly higher in the G1 group both at rest (p = 0.001) and during exercise (p = 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Among the ischemic responses in the G1 group, 34 (41.0%) were transient ischemic, 28 (33.7%) were fixed ischemic, and 21 (25.3%) were fixed + induced ischemic responses. In the G2 group, 126 (51.4%) were transient ischemic, 79 (32.2%) were fixed ischemic, and 39 (15.9%) were fixed + induced ischemic responses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0111-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p> The odds ratio for the G1 group was 1.798 (CI =1.346-2.402), and 0.869 for the G2 group (CI = 0.808-0.935). Therefore, in our study, the G1 group elderly had a 2.06 risk of having CAD (CI = 1.44-2.96). </p>
      <p><italic>Coronary angiography (CAG)</italic> - CAG was performed in patients who had an ESE positive for myocardial ischemia. In the G1 group, of the 83 patients with an abnormal ESE, 57 (68.7%) underwent CAG; in the G2 group, of the 244 patients with an abnormal ESE, 168 (68.8%) underwent CAG.</p>
      <p>In the G1 and G2 groups, 91% and 84.5% of the patients with a positive ESE were considered true positives for myocardial ischemia, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0111-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>CTI is a common finding during exercise tests, especially in the elderly population. Although a recent study<sup>21</sup> had suggested that CTI is an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk, it has not yet been systematically used as a cardiovascular risk marker, and the investigation of CAD is frequently interrupted after this type of finding.</p>
      <p>The chronotropic response during exercise reflects a very complex regulation that is correlated with age, functional capacity, resting heart rate, autonomic balance, and severity of coronary stenoses. Several mechanisms are proposed to explain the inability to reach 85.0% of the maximal HR or more during isotonic exercises. In our study, we investigated the hypothesis of the association between CTI and segmental contractility changes at rest and/or during exercise, in addition to assessing its value in the diagnosis of CAD using ESE, in comparison with CAG. We evaluated 804 patients with age equal to or higher than 65 years, and found the following results: a) CTI was associated with a higher prevalence of the three types of ischemic response: transitory ischemic, fixed, and fixed + induced (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>); and b) a lower prevalence of normal echocardiograms in the G1 group (45.0% versus 63.0%; p = 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). These finding have two potential implications: mechanistic and clinical implications.</p>
      <p>The first one suggests that, by means of not fully understood mechanisms, the transitory and/or fixed ischemia is associated with a chronotropic deficit during physical activity. The CTI phenomenon was more significantly observed in patients who also presented segmental contractility alterations on resting echocardiography. Some authors suggest that this phenomenon may result from a protective mechanism to avoid an increased MVO<sub>2</sub>. This explanation is corroborated by the finding that the blood pressure response is also depressed in this subgroup, that is, the double product (indirect MVO<sub>2</sub> parameter) is reduced.</p>
      <p>The second potential implication of our study is that it confirms that ESE is a very useful method to be used in patients who do not reach the submaximal HR. In our case series, 55% of the elderly individuals who did not reach the predicted HR had an abnormal ESE. We should point out that the positive predictive value of ESE in this subgroup was 91%. Therefore, in light of this result, it is important to continue the diagnostic investigation for CAD in elderly individuals who do not reach the submaximal HR on the exercise test.</p>
      <p>An interesting point that corroborates our findings on the predictive value of CTI is that we did not find significant differences between clinical variables such as age, baseline heart rate, and prevalence of diabetes mellitus between the two groups. Therefore, in our case series these were not potential confounding factors.</p>
      <p>Elhendy et al<sup>22</sup> demonstrated that CTI in patients undergoing ESE is predictive of death and nonfatal myocardial infarction and is associated with the severity of left ventricular dysfunction and extension of myocardial ischemia. This study is consistent with our findings as regards the methodology used and the values obtained in this group of patients.</p>
      <p>Azarbal et al<sup>23</sup> demonstrated that the chronotropic response to exercise was a more important marker predictive of cardiac death than the myocardial ischemia observed on positron emission tomography scan for the study of myocardial perfusion. Our findings also demonstrated that patients with more severe CAD were in the G1 group.</p>
      <p>A recent study demonstrated that mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction, increased inflammation markers, and increased natriuretic peptides may suggest why CTI is predictive of cardiovascular risk and increased death<sup>24</sup>. Another study analyzed the chronotropic response to exercise and concluded that it is associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis, regardless of risk factors established for healthy males, and this could contribute to a high incidence of cardiovascular disease in individuals with CTI<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>A limitation of the present study was the fact that the use of betablockers was more prevalent in the G1 than in the G2 group. Although the agent had been discontinued four days earlier, its residual effect cannot be excluded.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the assessment of patients with <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years of age by using ESE, we suggest that: 1) ESE is a safe and very useful method to assess elderly patients who are not able to reach the submaximal heart rate; 2) CTI frequently observed in the elderly should not be underestimated or deemed physiological; our data suggest that CTI is associated with a higher prevalence of segmental LV alterations, that is, ischemic heart disease; 3) CTI adds a positive predictive value to ESE by identifying patients with obstructive CAD.</p>
      <p>These findings should encourage further studies to evaluate whether CTI in other age brackets has the same meaning as that observed in the elderly. In addition, pathophysiological mechanisms involved in this process still remain unclear. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis doctoral submitted by Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira, from Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira</p>
          <p> Pra&#231;a Graccho Cardoso, 76/402</p>
          <p> 49015-180 - Aracaju, SE - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jlobelem@cardiol.br">jlobelem@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received January 1, 2007; revised manuscript received March 16, 2007; accepted March 26, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
