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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fqk4y6nW9h8LYBhyWdxg9TS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001400006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001400006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Os efeitos da press&#227;o positiva intermitente e do incentivador respirat&#243;rio no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romanini</surname>
            <given-names>Walmir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Muller</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Pires</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Katherine Athayde Teixeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olandoski</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sardetto</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Diniz Afonso da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>105</fpage>
      <lpage>110</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: As complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares s&#227;o causas freq&#252;entes do aumento de morbi-mortalidade nos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca. A fisioterapia respirat&#243;ria tem auxiliado na recupera&#231;&#227;o destes pacientes. OBJETIVO: Analisar o efeito fisioterap&#234;utico da aplica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva intermitente (RPPI) e do incentivador respirat&#243;rio (IR) em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. M&#201;TODOS: Quarenta pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: um submetido &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o do RPPI (n=20) e o outro ao IR (n=20). Os pacientes foram avaliados nos momentos: pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 24&#170;, 48&#170; e 72&#170; horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, sendo aplicados os recursos no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Analisaram-se os seguintes par&#226;metros: satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (SpO2), freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR), volume minuto (VM), volume corrente (VC), press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (Pi m&#225;x) e press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (Pe m&#225;x). RESULTADOS: Nas vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas os grupos foram considerados homog&#234;neos. No grupo submetido &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o com o RPPI identificou-se aumento da SpO2 na 48&#170; (p=0,007) e na 72&#170; horas (p=0,0001) quando comparado ao grupo IR. Nos par&#226;metros: FR, VM e VC na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. No grupo submetido ao IR a Pe m&#225;x na 24&#170; (p=0,02) e na 48&#170; (p=0,01) horas apresentaram um aumento significativo. CONCLUS&#195;O: Com o objetivo de reverter mais precocemente a hipoxemia, o RPPI mostrou-se mais eficiente em compara&#231;&#227;o ao IR; entretanto, para melhorar a for&#231;a dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios, o IR foi mais efetivo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Terapia f&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>fisioterapia respirat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>cuidados p&#243;s operat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os efeitos da press&#227;o positiva intermitente e do incentivador respirat&#243;rio no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Walmir Romanini<sup>I, II</sup>; Andrea Pires Muller<sup>I, II</sup>; Katherine Athayde Teixeira de Carvalho<sup>I</sup>; Marcia Olandoski<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Rocha Faria-Neto<sup>I</sup>; Felipe Luiz Mendes<sup>II</sup>; Evandro Antonio Sardetto<sup>II</sup>; Francisco Diniz Afonso da Costa<sup>I, II</sup>; Luiz C&#233;sar Guarita-Souza<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>PUCPR e Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba - Curitiba, PR - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> As complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares s&#227;o causas freq&#252;entes do aumento de morbi-mortalidade nos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca. A fisioterapia respirat&#243;ria tem auxiliado na recupera&#231;&#227;o destes pacientes. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar o efeito fisioterap&#234;utico da aplica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva intermitente (RPPI) e do incentivador respirat&#243;rio (IR) em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Quarenta pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: um submetido &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o do RPPI (n=20) e o outro ao IR (n=20). Os pacientes foram avaliados nos momentos: pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 24&#170;, 48&#170; e 72&#170; horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, sendo aplicados os recursos no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Analisaram-se os seguintes par&#226;metros: satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>), freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR), volume minuto (VM), volume corrente (VC), press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (Pi<sub>m&#225;x</sub>) e press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (Pe<sub>m&#225;x</sub>). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Nas vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas os grupos foram considerados homog&#234;neos. No grupo submetido &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o com o RPPI identificou-se aumento da SpO<sub>2</sub> na 48&#170; (p=0,007) e na 72&#170; horas (p=0,0001) quando comparado ao grupo IR. Nos par&#226;metros: FR, VM e VC na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. No grupo submetido ao IR a Pe<sub>m&#225;x</sub> na 24&#170; (p=0,02) e na 48&#170; (p=0,01) horas apresentaram um aumento significativo. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Com o objetivo de reverter mais precocemente a hipoxemia, o RPPI mostrou-se mais eficiente em compara&#231;&#227;o ao IR; entretanto, para melhorar a for&#231;a dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios, o IR foi mais efetivo. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2007;89(2):105-110)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Terapia f&#237;sica (especialidade), fisioterapia respirat&#243;ria, cuidados p&#243;s operat&#243;rios, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cirurgia de revascularizac&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; realizada h&#225; mais de 30 anos<sup>1</sup>; entretanto, as complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares s&#227;o causas importantes do aumento da morbidade e da mortalidade nos pacientes submetidos a esse procedimento<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais pulmonares identificadas nos pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica dependem de v&#225;rios fatores, como a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, as co-morbidades associadas (obesidade, tabagismo, sedentarismo, idade), o tipo e o tempo de cirurgia, a necessidade ou n&#227;o e o tempo de utiliza&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, a intensidade da manipula&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e a presen&#231;a de drenos pleurais<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>A fisioterapia &#233; freq&#252;entemente utilizada na preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento de complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias como as atelectasias, derrames pleurais e pneumonias tentando acelerar o processo de recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar<sup>4</sup>, pois o seu pleno restabelecimento ocorre apenas ap&#243;s 15 dias do ato cir&#250;rgico<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existem alguns recursos utilizados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da fisioterapia respirat&#243;ria no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca, como manobras de fisioterapia, press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua na via a&#233;rea (CPAP), press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua em dois n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos nas vias a&#233;reas (BIPAP), press&#227;o positiva expirat&#243;ria (EPAP), respira&#231;&#227;o com press&#227;o positiva intermitente (RPPI) e incentivador respirat&#243;rio (IR), que s&#227;o recursos seguros e de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o em pacientes em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Existem diferen&#231;as t&#233;cnicas entre esses recursos, pois cada um atua de uma forma espec&#237;fica na recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, existem d&#250;vidas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao melhor m&#233;todo a ser utilizado em determinadas complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; analisar o efeito da aplica&#231;&#227;o da RPPI e do IR na fun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da PUCPR sob o registro 669, tendo sido encaminhado &#224; Conep. Os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Quarenta pacientes foram submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, no per&#237;odo entre agosto de 2005 e abril de 2006, na Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba. O estudo foi prospectivo e os pacientes foram randomizados por meio de sorteio, previamente &#224; cirurgia, e divididos em dois grupos: RPPI: 20 pacientes, IR: 20 pacientes. (N&#227;o houve necessidade de mudan&#231;a dos pacientes de grupo por crit&#233;rio cl&#237;nico).</p>
    <p>O grupo RPPI foi composto de 40% de mulheres e 60% homens, e o IR, 20% de mulheres e 80% de homens (p=ns).</p>
    <p>Os pacientes do grupo RPPI foram submetidos a aplica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva intermitente (RPPI), por meio do Reanimador de Muller (RM), da marca Engesp<sup>&#174;</sup>, com uma m&#225;scara facial de borracha por dez minutos, um intervalo de cinco minutos e nova aplica&#231;&#227;o de dez minutos. O grupo IR foi submetido a aplica&#231;&#227;o do incentivador respirat&#243;rio orientado a volume, da marca <italic>Voldyne</italic> modelo 5000<sup>&#174;</sup>, (<italic>Sherwood Medical</italic>, USA), pelo mesmo tempo e intervalo.</p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio os pacientes foram submetidos a espirometria por meio do equipamento Microlab<sup>&#174;</sup>, produzido pela Micro Medical Ltda., modelo microlab 3500, para an&#225;lise dos valores preditos das seguintes vari&#225;veis: VEF1 (volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo) e rela&#231;&#227;o entre VEF1/CVF (&#237;ndice de Tiffenau). Os pacientes deveriam apresentar padr&#245;es de normalidade ou dist&#250;rbio ventilat&#243;rio leve para serem inclu&#237;dos no estudo. </p>
    <p>Foram avaliadas as vari&#225;veis pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias: idade, peso, altura, &#237;ndice massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), tempo de cirurgia e de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, quantidade e localiza&#231;&#227;o dos drenos.</p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios analisados foram: satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>%) em ar ambiente por meio do ox&#237;metro de pulso da marca Nonin<sup>&#174;</sup> modelo 9500, volume corrente (VC) (VC = VM (volume minuto) / FR (freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria) por meio do ventil&#244;metro<italic> Whigth</italic> da marca <italic>Respirameter<sup>&#174;</sup></italic>, modelo <italic>Ferraris</italic> &#150; Mark 8, press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (Pi<sub>m&#225;x</sub>) e press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (Pe<sub>m&#225;x</sub>) pelo equipamento da marca Gerar<sup>&#174;</sup>. Esses dados foram coletados nas 24&#170;, 48&#170; e 72&#170; horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, testou-se a hip&#243;tese nula de m&#233;dias iguais na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento com IR e do RM versus a hip&#243;tese alternativa de m&#233;dias diferentes. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos dois grupos definidos pelo tipo de recurso, foi usado o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras independentes. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento respirat&#243;rio foi usado o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras pareadas. Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de pontes foi usado o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. Valores de p&lt;0,05 indicaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas no pr&#233; e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias entre os dois grupos estudados. Dessa forma, os grupos foram considerados homog&#234;neos e puderam ser comparados entre si.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vari&#225;vel &#237;ndice de Tiffenau (VEF1/CVF), os pacientes submetidos a aplica&#231;&#227;o do IR obtiveram a m&#233;dia de 81,95&#177;11,41%, e os submetidos ao RPPI, de 81,80&#177;7,01% (p=0,96). A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes do grupo IR variou de 57,10&#177;9,88 anos, e do RPPI, 56,40&#177;8,89 anos (p=0,81). O IMC n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica, pois os pacientes submetidos a aplica&#231;&#227;o do IR apresentaram m&#233;dia de 26,82&#177;3,12 Kg/cm&#178;, e os do grupo RPPI, 28,64&#177;5,12 Kg/cm&#178; (p=0,18). Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), os pacientes submetidos a aplica&#231;&#227;o do IR tiveram m&#233;dia de 57,50&#177;11,53 minutos, e os do grupo RPPI, 54&#177;9,26 minutos (p=0,29). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; quantidade e &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o dos drenos, 100% dos pacientes apresentavam dreno no mediastino. No grupo IR, 75% dos pacientes apresentavam dreno no t&#243;rax, e no grupo RPPI, 80% (p=ns). Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de pontes, a m&#233;dia dos pacientes submetidos a aplica&#231;&#227;o do IR foi de 2,90&#177;0,79 pontes/paciente e os do grupo RPPI 2,80&#177;0,70.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>, %) nos pacientes que foram submetidos a aplica&#231;&#227;o do IR a m&#233;dia da SpO<sub>2</sub>, na avalia&#231;&#227;o 24&#170; hora ap&#243;s a cirurgia foi de 88,50% antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o e 89,55% ap&#243;s (p=0,20). Na 48&#186; hora a varia&#231;&#227;o foi de 86,10% para 87,15% (p=0,15). Na 72&#170; hora houve um aumento de 89,90% para 91,15% (p= 0,05). J&#225; nos pacientes que foram submetidos a aplica&#231;&#227;o do RPPI a m&#233;dia da satura&#231;&#227;o de SpO<sub>2</sub> na avalia&#231;&#227;o da 24&#170; hora ap&#243;s a cirurgia foi de 88,50% para 88,45% (p=0,96). Na 48&#170; hora foi de 89,40% para 92% (p=0,001). Na 72&#170; hora a varia&#231;&#227;o foi de 93,35% para 94,70% (p=0,05). Quando comparados os dois grupos entre si observou-se diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em favor do RPPI na 48&#170; hora (p=0,007) e 72&#170; hora (p=0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0105-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR) dos pacientes que foram submetidos a aplica&#231;&#227;o do IR, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica nos tr&#234;s per&#237;odos analisados. Nos pacientes submetidos a aplica&#231;&#227;o do RPPI, a m&#233;dia da FR na 24&#170; hora ap&#243;s a cirurgia variou de 23,75 i/min para 20,30 i/min (p=0,005). Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao par&#226;metro de volume minuto (VM), apesar de ter sido identificada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica nos pacientes submetidos a aplica&#231;&#227;o do IR na 24&#170; hora (11.725,95 para 12.653,50 ml p=0,03) e nos pacientes que foram submetidos a aplica&#231;&#227;o do RPPI na 48&#170; hora (13.145 para 14.034 ml p= 0,02), em todos os demais per&#237;odos n&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as significantes nem intra- nem intergrupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do par&#226;metro volume corrente (VC), n&#227;o foi identificada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa nem no grupo submetido a aplica&#231;&#227;o do IR nem no grupo RPPI, bem como na compara&#231;&#227;o entre eles.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0105-00006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A Pi<sub>m&#225;x</sub> nos pacientes que foram submetidos a aplica&#231;&#227;o do IR n&#227;o sofreu altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nos tr&#234;s per&#237;odos avaliados; entretanto, no grupo RPPI identificou-se aumento significativo desse par&#226;metro na 48&#170; hora, pois o seu valor variou de 34 para 38 cmH<sub>2</sub>O (p=0,03). Quando comparados os dois grupos entre si, observou-se diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa com aumento da Pi<sub>m&#225;x</sub> na 48&#170; hora (p=0,04) antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o do recurso, e na 72&#170; hora (p=0,04), em favor do grupo de pacientes que foram submetidos a aplica&#231;&#227;o do IR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0105-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; Pe<sub>m&#225;x</sub>, n&#227;o foi identificado diferen&#231;a significativa nem no grupo submetido ao IR, tampouco no grupo submetido ao RPPI isoladamente; entretanto, houve um aumento desse par&#226;metro no grupo IR, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao RPPI na 24&#170; hora (p=0,02) e na 48&#170; hora (p=0,01) ap&#243;s os procedimentos, e na 48&#170; hora (p=0,004) previamente a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos recursos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0105-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0105-00006-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O entendimento das bases fisiopatol&#243;gicas do desenvolvimento da disfun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria &#233; fundamental para avaliar as complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas e na defini&#231;&#227;o das abordagens terap&#234;uticas<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>As repercuss&#245;es pulmonares que ocorrem no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, como esternotomia, anestesia, presen&#231;a de drenos tor&#225;cicos que alteram a fun&#231;&#227;o da mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria com diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume residual (VR), da capacidade pulmonar total, capacidade vital (CV) e capacidade residual funcional (CRF), levando a atelectasias, alteram a rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o, iniciando o processo de altera&#231;&#245;es da PaCO<sub>2</sub>, PaO<sub>2</sub><sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O conhecimento de doen&#231;as ou disfun&#231;&#245;es pulmonares que podem acompanhar a hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via dos pacientes, como doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC), tabagismo, obesidade e idade, &#233; importante fator a ser observado, visto que o sucesso da recupera&#231;&#227;o pulmonar no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio depende tamb&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o e das condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias que analisam o risco cir&#250;rgico ao qual o paciente ir&#225; ser submetido<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria do nosso estudo, os grupos foram considerados homog&#234;neos, pois n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica nas seguintes vari&#225;veis: &#237;ndice de Tiffenau (VEF1/CVF), volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo (VEF1), idade, peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio: o tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), o n&#250;mero e localiza&#231;&#227;o dos drenos no mediastino e no t&#243;rax, n&#250;mero de pontes e os agentes analg&#233;sicos. Dessa forma, foi poss&#237;vel avaliar os grupos entre si.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>), observou-se hipoxemia nos tr&#234;s momentos de nossa avalia&#231;&#227;o, tanto antes como ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos recursos. A hipoxemia &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica que em alguns pacientes pode ter repercuss&#245;es como acidose metab&#243;lica, isquemia mesent&#233;rica, insufici&#234;ncia renal<sup>11</sup>. Segundo Malbowisson, a hipoxemia pode ser desencadeada pela circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) que causa edema intersticial alveolar e, conseq&#252;entemente, atelectasia pulmonar, que geralmente se localiza em bases pulmonares<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo identificou-se aumento significativo da SpO<sub>2</sub> quando comparados os dois grupos, com melhora no grupo que foi submetido a aplica&#231;&#227;o do RPPI na 48&#170; e na 72&#170; horas. Na an&#225;lise por grupos isoladamente, o grupo RPPI obteve melhora da SpO<sub>2</sub> com signific&#226;ncia na 48&#170; hora ap&#243;s a cirurgia. A tend&#234;ncia de melhora da SpO<sub>2</sub> do grupo RPPI em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IR pode ser justificada pelo fato do RPPI ser um processo passivo de expans&#227;o pulmonar, n&#227;o necessitando de trabalho respirat&#243;rio ativo, que nesse momento inicial da recupera&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia pode levar ao aumento de dor, restringindo a expans&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e alterando a rela&#231;&#227;o V/Q.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores obtidos da SpO<sub>2</sub> em repouso, isto &#233;, antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o dos recursos, identificou-se que no grupo submetido a aplica&#231;&#227;o do RPPI na 72&#170; hora a hipoxemia j&#225; estava revertida, enquanto no grupo IR mantinha valores inferiores &#224; normalidade. Dessa forma, nota-se que a oferta de O<sub>2</sub> gerada pelo RPPI foi mais efetiva do que a carga imposta pelo IR para expans&#227;o pulmonar. Sendo assim, evidenciou-se que at&#233; 72 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio deve-se valorizar a oferta de O<sub>2</sub> mediante terapia assistida por press&#227;o, em vez de aumentar o seu consumo, na expectativa de ganhar for&#231;a muscular. Com isso, a balan&#231;a entre a oferta e consumo de O<sub>2</sub> obteve melhor equil&#237;brio no grupo submetido ao RPPI.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo incentivador respirat&#243;rio (IR), a manuten&#231;&#227;o da hipoxemia nos primeiros dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio deveu-se a dificuldade da expans&#227;o pulmonar pelos fatores restritivos, como a dor e a presen&#231;a dos drenos tor&#225;cicos.</p>
    <p>Segundo West, existe correla&#231;&#227;o entre o volume minuto (VM), volume corrente (VC) e freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR). No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca, o valor do volume minuto pode se manter dentro dos valores de refer&#234;ncia, por&#233;m, &#224; custa de um baixo volume corrente e de uma elevada freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, que pode levar o paciente a fadiga dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios, insatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio e at&#233;, em alguns casos, insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Analisando-se os par&#226;metros do VM, VC e da FR, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos, ou seja, tanto a re-expans&#227;o pulmonar estimulada pelo RPPI, que &#233; um mecanismo passivo, como a aplica&#231;&#227;o do IR, que &#233; um mecanismo ativo, obtiveram efeitos semelhantes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. O VM &#233; o produto do c&#225;lculo do VC multiplicado pela FR. A aplica&#231;&#227;o dos recursos RPPI e IR melhorou o VC. Isso pode ser justificado na avalia&#231;&#227;o isolada de cada grupo. O VM aumentou significativamente na 24&#170; hora ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do IR e na 48&#170; hora ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do RPPI. O VC n&#227;o obteve registros de valores significativos, quando comparados os grupos entre si e nem na avalia&#231;&#227;o isolada, por&#233;m a sua m&#233;dia foi maior ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o de cada recurso.</p>
    <p>Segundo Bott, a indica&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica do RPPI nas primeiras horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio restabelece mais rapidamente os volumes e capacidades pulmonares. Enfatiza ainda que as complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias s&#227;o freq&#252;entes em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgias card&#237;acas, e que o decr&#233;scimo do VC nas primeiras horas &#233; um achado bastante comum e que traz conseq&#252;&#234;ncias sist&#234;micas s&#233;rias em decorr&#234;ncia da hipoxemia celular<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores da FR, observou-se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o desse par&#226;metro na an&#225;lise por grupo isoladamente na 24&#170; hora ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do RPPI. Esse fato pode ser justificado em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de uma melhor sincroniza&#231;&#227;o do tempo inspirat&#243;rio durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o do RPPI, o que fez diminuir o esfor&#231;o respirat&#243;rio. Subjetivamente, identificou-se que esse esfor&#231;o tamb&#233;m foi menor pela aplica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva exercida pelo RPPI. Sabe-se que quanto menor o esfor&#231;o, menor &#233; o gasto energ&#233;tico e menor o consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios. A diminui&#231;&#227;o do trabalho da respira&#231;&#227;o melhora a convers&#227;o de energia pelo metabolismo aer&#243;bio nas fibras musculares, principalmente de cadeia pesada, fibras do tipo I de contra&#231;&#227;o lenta presente nos adultos em 50% das fibras diafragm&#225;ticas<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>A ventila&#231;&#227;o com press&#227;o positiva n&#227;o-invasiva (RPPI) &#233; um m&#233;todo eficiente de suporte ventilat&#243;rio passivo utilizado para reduzir o trabalho respirat&#243;rio tentando retomar a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar normal, podendo prevenir fadiga da musculatura respirat&#243;ria. J&#225; o incentivador respirat&#243;rio consiste no incremento de um esfor&#231;o inspirat&#243;rio com inten&#231;&#227;o de melhorar a distribui&#231;&#227;o do volume pulmonar, permitindo uma ventila&#231;&#227;o uniforme durante o in&#237;cio da inspira&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m, aumenta o gradiente transpulmonar e altera o trabalho respirat&#243;rio<sup>16-17</sup>.</p>
    <p>O pico da disfun&#231;&#227;o diafragm&#225;tica p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, com diminui&#231;&#227;o de sua for&#231;a, ocorre no per&#237;odo entre duas e oito horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia, retornando aos valores pr&#233;-cir&#250;rgicos em quinze dias, aproximadamente. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es ocorrem em resposta ao ato cir&#250;rgico e podem evoluir para complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias quando modificam o curso inicialmente previsto para a recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. As complica&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade contr&#225;til do diafragma representada diretamente pela redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (Pi<sub>m&#225;x</sub>) e expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (Pe<sub>m&#225;x</sub>)<sup>18-19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados obtidos da Pi<sub>m&#225;x</sub> em nosso estudo, houve um aumento significativo no grupo aplicado o IR, quando comparado ao grupo RPPI na 48&#170; e na 72&#170; horas. No grupo submetido a aplica&#231;&#227;o do RPPI, identificou-se uma melhora significativa da fun&#231;&#227;o muscular respirat&#243;ria inspirat&#243;ria na 48&#170; hora. Esses resultados podem ter sido identificados em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da retirada dos drenos tor&#225;cicos, realizada em torno de 36 horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia, pois com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da dor provocada pela presen&#231;a do dreno o paciente apresenta maior facilidade para contra&#231;&#227;o da musculatura respirat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; Pe<sub>m&#225;x</sub>, essa apresentou aumento significativo no grupo submetido a aplica&#231;&#227;o do IR, quando comparado ao grupo RPPI, na 24&#170; e na 48&#170; horas, ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do recurso.</p>
    <p>Pode-se justificar o incremento da Pi<sub>m&#225;x</sub> e da Pe<sub>m&#225;x</sub> do grupo que foi aplicado o IR em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do trabalho por ele gerado. Nesse recurso ocorre um maior recrutamento de unidades motoras e, por conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, maior for&#231;a muscular. O aumento da Pe<sub>m&#225;x</sub> pode ser atribu&#237;do ao aumento da distens&#227;o transversal da musculatura respirat&#243;ria, gerado pelo trabalho resistido na inspira&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que a expira&#231;&#227;o &#233; um processo passivo de retra&#231;&#227;o el&#225;stica<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>A pequena melhora intergrupo da Pi<sub>m&#225;x</sub> pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; homogeneidade dos grupos, j&#225; que a carga tolerada pelo indiv&#237;duo durante o exerc&#237;cio &#233; aquela que a individualidade de cada um permite durante uma inspira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima, de acordo com estatura, peso e dor ventilat&#243;ria dependente.</p>
    <p>A for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria aumenta diretamente com a melhora cl&#237;nica do paciente no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, provavelmente pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da dor em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da retirada dos drenos, pela melhora dos componentes el&#225;sticos da caixa tor&#225;cica pelo processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s retirada dos drenos o paciente melhora seu grau de mobilidade atingindo melhor postura, diminuindo, conseq&#252;entemente, o grau da fraqueza muscular respirat&#243;ria e melhorando seu mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esse fato justifica a melhora da Pi<sub>m&#225;x</sub> somente na 48&#170; hora ap&#243;s a cirurgia no grupo RPPI, uma vez que a expans&#227;o tor&#225;cica &#233; assistida, diferentemente no grupo IR, onde o trabalho &#233; ativo. A melhora intergrupo identificada no grupo RPPI pode estar relacionada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da dor ventilat&#243;ria dependente, permitindo maior obten&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o transtor&#225;cica.</p>
    <p>A melhor mobilidade tor&#225;cica condicionada ao RPPI em decorr&#234;ncia do incremento da capacidade inspirat&#243;ria permite ao diafragma melhor amplitude de incurs&#227;o, a qual pode condicionar as fibras vermelhas de alta capacidade oxidativa, resistente &#224; fadiga, gerar maior press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica, resultando no aumento da Pi<sub>m&#225;x</sub>.</p>
    <p>&#201; necess&#225;rio ressaltar que nenhum desses recursos, tanto o IR como o RPPI, &#233; utilizado para treinamento muscular respirat&#243;rio, e sim pela fisioterapia respirat&#243;ria como recursos de re-expans&#227;o pulmonar. Ainda existem diferen&#231;as quanto &#224; forma de aplica&#231;&#227;o e ao princ&#237;pio do tratamento entre eles. Sugere-se uma aplica&#231;&#227;o individualizada de cada recurso para situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas espec&#237;ficas que o paciente apresente.</p>
    <p>Existe uma diferen&#231;a funcional entre a respira&#231;&#227;o com press&#227;o positiva intermitente (RPPI) e incentivador respirat&#243;rio (IR). O RPPI &#233; uma t&#233;cnica de expans&#227;o pulmonar que injeta ar pressurizado nas vias a&#233;reas. O IR &#233; um dispositivo para executar exerc&#237;cios respirat&#243;rios que fornece aos pacientes est&#237;mulos visuais do volume inspirado durante uma inspira&#231;&#227;o ativa, melhorando a capacidade respirat&#243;ria<sup>8,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com o objetivo de se reverter a hipoxemia mais precocemente nas primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, o RPPI foi mais eficiente em compara&#231;&#227;o ao IR. Entretanto, para melhorar a for&#231;a dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios sugere-se que o IR tenha sido mais efetivo.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</italic> - N&#227;o foram analisados a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, tanto pr&#233; como p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o hemograma e as complica&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia renal, dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos e hidreletrol&#237;tico, pois o seguimento do estudo foi de apenas 72 horas e n&#227;o faziam parte dos objetivos do estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Luiz C&#233;sar Guarita-Souza </p>
        <p> Rua Silveira Peixoto,1062/162 </p>
        <p> 80240-120 - Curitiba, PR - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="guaritasouzalc@hotmail.com">guaritasouzalc@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 11/12/06; artigo revisado recebido em 16/2/07; artigo aceito em 13/3/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The effects of intermittent positive pressure and incentive spirometry in the postoperative of myocardial revascularization</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Pulmonary complications are important causes of morbidity and fatalities among patients subject to cardiac surgery. The respiratory physiotherapy has been aiding in the recovery of these patient ones. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the physiotherapeutic effect of intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) and incentive spirometry (IS) in patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery. METHODS: Forty patients were divided in two groups: one was submitted to IPPB (n=20) and the other to IS (n=20). The patients were evaluated at the preoperative period and 24, 48 and 72 hours postoperatively, with the resources being applied in the postoperative period. The following parameters were analyzed: oxygen saturation (SpO2), respiratory frequency (RF), minute volume (MV), current volume (CV), maximum inspiratory pressure (Ip max) and maximum expiratory pressure (Ep max). RESULTS: The groups were considered homogeneous regarding the demographic and clinical variables. In the group submitted to IPPB, an increase in SpO2 was observed 48 (p=0.007) and 72 h (p=0.0001) after surgery, when compared to the IS group. As for the RF, MV and CV variables, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups. The group submitted to IS showed a significant increase in the Epmax 24 (p=0.02) and 48 (p=0.01) h after surgery. CONCLUSION: Aiming at reversing hypoxemia earlier, IPPB showed to be more efficient when compared to IS; however, IS was more effective in improving respiratory muscle strength.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Physical therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>postoperative care</kwd>
        <kwd>respiratory physical therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The effects of intermittent positive pressure and incentive spirometry in the postoperative of myocardial revascularization</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Walmir Romanini<sup>I, II</sup>; Andrea Pires Muller<sup>I, II</sup>; Katherine Athayde Teixeira de Carvalho<sup>I</sup>; Marcia Olandoski<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Rocha Faria-Neto<sup>I</sup>; Felipe Luiz Mendes<sup>II</sup>; Evandro Antonio Sardetto<sup>II</sup>; Francisco Diniz Afonso da Costa<sup>I, II</sup>; Luiz C&#233;sar Guarita-Souza<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>PUCPR e Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba - Curitiba, PR - Brasil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Pulmonary complications are important causes of morbidity and fatalities among patients subject to cardiac surgery. The respiratory physiotherapy has been aiding in the recovery of these patient ones.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the physiotherapeutic effect of intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) and incentive spirometry (IS) in patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Forty patients were divided in two groups: one was submitted to IPPB (n=20) and the other to IS (n=20). The patients were evaluated at the preoperative period and 24, 48 and 72 hours postoperatively, with the resources being applied in the postoperative period. The following parameters were analyzed: oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>), respiratory frequency (RF), minute volume (MV), current volume (CV), maximum inspiratory pressure (Ip<sub>max</sub>) and maximum expiratory pressure (Ep<sub>max</sub>).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The groups were considered homogeneous regarding the demographic and clinical variables. In the group submitted to IPPB, an increase in SpO<sub>2</sub> was observed 48 (p=0.007) and 72 h (p=0.0001) after surgery, when compared to the IS group. As for the RF, MV and CV variables, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups. The group submitted to IS showed a significant increase in the Epmax 24 (p=0.02) and 48 (p=0.01) h after surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Aiming at reversing hypoxemia earlier, IPPB showed to be more efficient when compared to IS; however, IS was more effective in improving respiratory muscle strength. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2007;89(2):94-99)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Physical therapy (speciality); postoperative care; respiratory physical therapy; myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The myocardial revascularization surgery has now been performed for more than thirty years<sup>1</sup>; nevertheless, pulmonary complications are important causes of increased morbidity and mortality in patients submitted to this procedure<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Pulmonary function alterations identified in patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery depend on several factors, such as the preoperative pulmonary function, associated co-morbidities (obesity, smoking, sedentarism, age) type and time of surgery, the necessity or not and duration of extracorporeal circulation (ECC), the intensity of the surgical manipulation and the presence of pleural drainage<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Physical therapy is frequently used in the prevention and treatment of postoperative pulmonary complications such as atelectasis, pleural effusion and pneumonia in an attempt to accelerate the process of pulmonary function recovery<sup>4</sup>, as the full recovery occurs only 15 days after the surgical procedure<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some resources can be used to perform the respiratory physical therapy in the postoperative period of heart surgery, such as physical therapy maneuvers, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), bilevel positive airway pressure (BIPAP), expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP), intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) and incentive spirometry (IS), which are safe and easy-to-apply resources that can be applied during the postoperative period. There are technical differences among these resources, as each one has a specific action in the recovery of pulmonary function and respiratory mechanics<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, there are questions on which is the best resource for specific postoperative complications of myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
      <p>The aim of the present study is to analyze the physiotherapeutic effect of intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) and incentive spirometry (IS) in patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of PUCPR, process # 669 and it was sent to Conep. The patients signed a written informed consent form prior to enrollment.</p>
      <p>Forty patients were submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery from August 2005 to April 2006, at the Hospital of the <italic>Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba. The study was prospective and the patients were randomized by drawing lots, prior to the surgery, and divided into 2 groups: IPPB: 20 patients; IS: 20 patients. (It was not necessary to change patients from the groups due to clinical criteria).</italic></p>
      <p>The IPPB group consisted of 40% women and 60% men, and the IS group consisted of 20% women and 80% men (p=ns).</p>
      <p>The patients in the IPPB group were submitted to intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) through a M&#252;ller Reanimator (MR) manufactured by Engesp&#153;!, with a rubber facial mask for ten minutes, followed by a 5-minute interval and a new application for 10 minutes. The IS group was submitted to volume-oriented incentive spirometry, using a Voldyne model 5000&#8482;, (Sherwood Medical, USA), for the same time and interval. </p>
      <p>During the preoperative period, the patients were submitted to spirometry in a Microlab&#153;! equipment manufactured by Micro Medical Ltda., microlab 3500 model, for the analysis of the predicted values of the following variables: FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second) and the FEV1/FVC (forced vital capacity) ratio (Tiffeneau index). The patients had to present normal respiratory patterns or mild respiratory dysfunction in order to be enrolled in the study. </p>
      <p>The following pre- and postoperative variables were assessed: age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), time of surgery and of extracorporeal circulation, number and location of drains.</p>
      <p>The following postoperative parameters were assessed: oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>) in ambient air measured by a pulse oxymeter manufactured by Nonin&#153;!, model 9500, current volume (CV) (CV = MV (minute volume)/RF (respiratory frequency), measured in a Whigth ventilometer manufactured by Respirameter&#153;!, model Ferraris &#150; Mark 8, maximum inspiratory pressure (Ip<sub>max</sub>) and maximum expiratory pressure (Ep<sub>max</sub>), which was measured in a Gerar&#8482; equipment. These data were collected 24, 48 and 72 hours after surgery. </p>
      <p>At the statistical analysis, the null hypothesis for equal means in the pre- and post-treatment evaluation with IS and of the MR vs the alternative hypothesis of different means was tested. Student&#146;s t test was used for independent samples to compare the two groups defined by the type of resource. When comparing the pre- and post-respiratory treatment evaluation moments, Student&#146;s t test was used for paired samples. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the groups regarding the number of bypass grafts. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was no statistically significant difference between the demographic and clinical variables in the pre- and postoperative periods between the two groups studied. Thus, the two groups were considered to be homogeneous and could be compared between them. </p>
      <p>Regarding the Tiffeneau index (FEV1/FVC ratio), the patients submitted to IS presented a mean of 81.95&#177;11.41%, and those submitted to IPPB, of 81.80&#177;7.01% (p=0.96). The mean age of the patients in the IS group was 57.10&#177;9.88 years and it was 56.40&#177;8.89 years in the IPPB group (p=0.81). BMI did not present statistical difference, as the patients submitted to IS presented a mean of 26.82&#177;3.12 Kg/cm&#178;, and those in the IPPB, presented 28.64&#177;5.12 Kg/cm&#178; (p=0.18). Regarding the time of extracorporeal circulation (ECC), the patients submitted to IS had a mean of 57.50&#177;11.53 minutes, whereas those in the IPPB group had a mean of 54&#177;9.26 minutes (p=0.29). Concerning the number and location of drains, 100% of the patients presented a mediastinal drain. In the IS group, 75% of the patients presented a chest drain, compared to 80% of the patients in the IPPB group (p=ns). Regarding the number of bypass grafts, the mean of patients submitted to IS was 2.90&#177;0.79 bypass grafts/patient and in the IPPB group, 2.80&#177;0.70. Regarding the analysis of oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>, %), in the patients who were submitted to IS, the mean SpO<sub>2</sub> 24 h after the surgery was 88.50% before IS and 89.55% after IS (p=0.20); after 48 h, the variation was 86.10% to 87.15% (p=0.15) and after 72 h there was an increase from 89.90% to 91.15% (p= 0.05). Regarding the patients that were submitted to IPPB, the mean of SpO<sub>2</sub> 24 h after the surgery increased from 88.50% to 88.45% (p=0.96); after 48 h, it increased from 89.40% to 92% (p=0.001) and after 72 h, the variation was 93.35% to 94.70% (p=0.05). When the two groups were compared between them, a statistical difference was observed concerning IPPB after 48 h (p=0.007) and after 72 hours (p=0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0105-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The analysis of the respiratory frequency (RF) of the patients submitted to IS showed no statistical difference in the three periods analyzed. In the patients submitted to IPPB, the mean RF 24 h after the surgery varied from 23.75 i/min to 20.30 i/min (p=0.005). When the two groups were compared, no statistical difference was observed.</p>
      <p>Regarding the minute volume (MV) parameter, although a statistical difference was identified in patients submitted to IS 24 h after surgery (11,725.95 to 12,653.50 ml; p=0.03) as well as in the patients that were submitted to IPPB 48 h after surgery (13,145 to 14,034 ml; p= 0.02), no significant differences, either intra- or inter-groups, were identified in any of the remaining periods (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2</xref>). Regarding the assessment of the current volume (CV) parameter, no statistically significant difference was observed in either the IS group or the IPPB group, as well as in the comparison between them.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0105-00006-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The Ip<sub>max</sub> of patients submitted to IS did not undergo significant alterations in the three assessed periods; however, in the IPPB group, a significant increase in this parameter was identified 48 h after surgery, as its value varied from 34 to 38 cmH<sub>2</sub>O (p=0.03). When the two groups were compared between them, a statistically significant difference was observed with an increase of Ip<sub>max</sub> 48 h before the resource was applied (p=0.04) and 72 h after the surgery, in the group that was submitted to IS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0105-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the Ep<sub>max</sub>, no significant difference was observed either in the IS group or the IPPB group separately; however, there was an increase in this parameter in the IS group, when compared to the IPPB group, 24 h (p=0.02) and 48 h (p=0.01) after the resources were applied, and 48 h (p=0.004) before the resources were applied (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Fig. 3</xref>)</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0105-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0105-00006-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The knowledge of the physiopathological bases of the development of postoperative pulmonary dysfunction is essential to assess the pulmonary complications that occur after surgical interventions and to define therapeutic approaches<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The pulmonary complications that take place in the postoperative period of myocardial revascularization surgery, such as sternotomy, anesthesia, presence of chest drains that alter the function of respiratory mechanics with a decrease in residual volume (RV), total pulmonary capacity, vital capacity (VC) and functional residual capacity (FRC), which lead to atelectasis, alter the ventilation/perfusion ratio and initiate the process of PaCO<sub>2</sub>, PaO<sub>2 </sub>alterations<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The knowledge of pulmonary diseases or dysfunctions that can accompany the previous history of the patients, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), smoking, obesity and age, is an important factor to be observed, as the success of pulmonary recovery in the postoperative period also depends on the preoperative assessment and status, which evaluate the surgical risk the patient will be submitted to<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>At the preoperative analysis of the present study the groups were considered homogenous, as there was no statistical difference regarding the following variables: Tiffenau index (FEV1/FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), age, weight, height, BMI; time of extracorporeal circulation (ECC), number and location of drains in the mediastinum and thorax, number of bypass grafts and analgesic agents in the postoperative period. Hence, it was possible to evaluate the groups between them. </p>
      <p>Regarding the oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>, %), hypoxemia was observed at the three moments of the evaluation, before as well as after the resources were applied. Hypoxemia is a systemic complication that can cause conditions such as metabolic acidosis, mesenteric ischemia and renal failure<sup>11</sup>. According to Malbowisson, hypoxemia can be triggered by the ECC, which causes alveolar interstitial edema and, consequently, pulmonary atelectasis, generally located in pulmonary bases<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, a significant increase in SpO<sub>2</sub> was observed when the two groups were compared, with an improvement observed in the group submitted to IPPB 48 and 72 h after surgery. When the analysis of the groups was carried out separately, the IPPB group achieved significant improvement of the SpO<sub>2</sub> 48 hrs after surgery. The trend to improvement of SpO<sub>2 </sub>in the IPPB group in relation to the IS group may be justified by the fact that IPPB is a passive pulmonary expansion process that does not need an active respiratory work, which can lead to pain increase at the initial moment of recovery from surgery, restricting the respiratory expansion and altering the V/Q ratio. </p>
      <p>Concerning the values obtained for SpO<sub>2 </sub>at rest, i.e., before the resources were applied, it was observed that in the group submitted to IPPB, hypoxemia was reverted 72 h after surgery, whereas the IS group maintained levels below the normal range. Therefore, it can observed that the O<sub>2</sub> offer generated by the IPPB was more effective than the load imposed by IS for pulmonary expansion. Consequently, it was observed that up to 72 h postoperatively, the O<sub>2 </sub>offer through pressure-assisted therapy must be appreciated, instead of increasing O<sub>2</sub> consumption in order to attain muscular strength gain. As a result, the balance between O<sub>2</sub> offer and consumption presented a better equilibrium in the group submitted to IPPB.</p>
      <p>Regarding the group submitted to incentive spirometry (IS), the maintenance of hypoxemia within the first postoperative days was due to the difficulty of achieving pulmonary expansion caused by restrictive factors such as pain and the presence of chest drains.</p>
      <p>According to West, there is a correlation between the minute volume (MV), current volume (CV) and respiratory frequency (RF). During the postoperative period of heart surgery, the minute volume values can remain within the reference range, although on account of a low CV and high RF, which can lead the patient to respiratory muscle fatigue, oxygen insaturation and even respiratory failure, in some cases<sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>When analyzing the MV, CV and RF parameters, there was no significant difference between the groups, i.e., both the IPPB-stimulated pulmonary expansion, which is a passive mechanism, and the use of IS, which is an active mechanism, attained similar effects in the postoperative period. The MV is the product of the calculation of the CV multiplied by the RF. The use of IPPB and IS improved the CV. This can be justified in the isolated evaluation of each group. The MV increased significantly 24 h after the use of the IS and 48 h after the use of the IPPB. The CV did not achieve significant values either when the groups were compared between them or in the isolated evaluation; however, its mean was higher after the resources were applied. </p>
      <p>According to Bott, the therapeutic indication of IPPB within the first hours of the postoperative period re-establishes the pulmonary volumes and capacity earlier. The author also emphasizes that respiratory complications are frequent in the postoperative period of heart surgery and that a decrease in the CV within the first hours is a very common finding, which brings severe systemic consequences caused by cell hypoxemia<sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>Regarding the RF values, a decrease in this parameter was observed at the isolated analysis per group, 24 h after the IPPB was applied. This fact can be justified due to a better synchronization of the inspiratory time during the IPPB, which decreases the respiratory effort. Subjectively, it was also observed that this effort was lower due to the positive pressure exercised by the IPPB. It is known that the lower the effort, the lower the energy expenditure and oxygen consumption by the respiratory muscles. The decrease in the respiratory work improves the energy conversion by the aerobic metabolism in the muscular fibers, especially of heavy-chain fibers, slow-contracting type I fibers present in 50% of the diaphragm fibers in adults<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is an efficient method of passive ventilatory support used to reduce ventilatory work when trying to regain normal pulmonary function, which can prevent respiratory muscle fatigue. The incentive spirometer consists in the increase of the inspiratory effort aiming at improving the distribution of the pulmonary volume, allowing uniform ventilation during the start of inspiration. However, it increases the transpulmonary gradient and alters the respiratory work<sup>16-17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The peak of postoperative diaphragm dysfunction, with a decrease in its strength, occurs between 2 and 8 h postoperatively, with a return to pre-operative values occurring within 2 weeks, approximately. These alterations occur in response to the surgical procedure and can progress to respiratory complications when they modify the initially predicted course for postoperative recovery. The complications are related to the decrease of the contractile capacity of the diaphragm, directly represented by Ip<sub>max</sub> and Ep<sub>max</sub> decrease<sup>18-19</sup>. Regarding the Ip<sub>max</sub> results obtained in the present study, there was a significant increase in the group submitted to IS when compared to the group submitted to IPPB, 48 and 72 h postoperatively. In the group submitted to IPPB, there was a significant improvement in the inspiratory respiratory muscular function 48 h postoperatively. These results might have been identified due to the removal of thoracic drains carried out around 36 h after the surgery, as the patients present better respiratory muscle contraction in the absence of the drain, which causes pain. Regarding the Ep<sub>max</sub>, it showed a significant increase in the group submitted to IS when compared to the IPPB group, 24 and 48 h after the resource was applied.</p>
      <p>The increase in Ip<sub>max</sub> and Ep<sub>max</sub> can be justified in the group submitted to IS as a consequence of the work generated by the resource. This resource results in a higher recruitment of motor units and consequently generates higher muscular strength. </p>
      <p>The Ep<sub>max </sub>increase can be attributed to the increased transversal distension of the respiratory muscle generated by the resisted work during inspiration, as the expiration is a passive process of elastic retraction<sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>The small intergroup improvement regarding Ip<sub>max</sub> can be attributed to the homogeneity of the groups, as the load tolerated by the individual during exercise is that allowed by each one&#146;s individuality during a maximum inspiration, according to height, weight and ventilation-dependent pain. The respiratory muscle strength directly increases with the patient&#146;s clinical improvement in the postoperative period, probably due to the pain decrease as a consequence of the removal of drains and the improvement of the elastic components of the thorax through the healing process. After the drain removal, the patient improves the degree of mobility and attains a better posture, consequently decreasing the degree of respiratory muscle weakness and improving its mechanism of action<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>This fact justifies the improvement of Ip<sub>max</sub> only after 48 h postoperatively in the IPPB group, as the thoracic expansion is assisted, differently from the IS group, where the work is active. The intergroup improvement identified in the IPPB group can be related to the decrease in the ventilation-dependent pain, allowing better transthoracic pressure. </p>
      <p>The better thoracic mobility related to IPPB, caused by the increase in the respiratory capacity allows the diaphragm better amplitude of incursion, which can condition the high-oxidative red fibers, which are fatigue-resistant, to generate higher intrathoracic pressure, resulting in an increase of Ip<sub>max</sub>.</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy the fact that neither of these resources, the IS as well as the IPPB, is used in respiratory muscle training, but in respiratory physiotherapy as pulmonary re-expansion resources. There are some questions regarding the form of use and the treatment principle between them. An individualized use of each resource is suggested for the specific clinical situations presented by the patients. </p>
      <p>There is a functional difference between intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) and incentive spirometry (IS). IPPB is a pulmonary expansion technique that injects pressurized air into the airways. The IS is a device to perform respiratory exercises that provides visual stimulation to patients of the inspired volume during an active inspiration, improving respiratory capacity<sup>8,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aiming at reversing hypoxemia earlier, within the first 72 h after the myocardial revascularization surgery, the IPPB was more efficient in comparison to the IS. However, it is suggested that IS was the most effective in improving respiratory muscle strength.</p>
      <p><italic>Study limitations</italic> - The left ventricular ejection fraction, either pre- or postoperative, was not evaluated, as well as whole blood count and systemic postoperative complications such as heart failure, kidney failure, metabolic and hydroelectrolytic disorders, as they were not part of the study aim and follow-up consisted of only 72 hours.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Luiz C&#233;sar Guarita-Souza</p>
          <p> Rua Silveira Peixoto, 1062/162</p>
          <p> 80240-120 - Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="guaritasouzalc@hotmail.com">guaritasouzalc@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received December 11, 2006; revised manuscript received February 16, 2007; accepted March 13, 2007 </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
