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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ggNXQBRbJXJCGwybsjjrg8J</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001400005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O bloqueio da s&#237;ntese do &#243;xido n&#237;trico promove aumento da hipertrofia e da fibrose card&#237;aca em ratos submetidos a treinamento aer&#243;bio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo Celso Dutra de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Penteado</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Martins Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martin-Pinge</surname>
            <given-names>Marli Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Oct&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Vicente de Paula Antunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Blanco</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Henrique Dutra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Valdo Jos&#233; Dias da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Uberaba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>99</fpage>
      <lpage>104</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: O presente estudo avaliou as adapta&#231;&#245;es teciduais card&#237;acas em ratos submetidos a treinamento aer&#243;bio, ap&#243;s o bloqueio da s&#237;ntese de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO). M&#201;TODOS: Os animais (n = 48) foram divididos em quatro grupos: sedent&#225;rios (grupo CONTROLE), hipertensos ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de Ng-nitro-L-arginina metil &#233;ster durante sete dias (grupo L-NAME), treinados por meio de nata&#231;&#227;o durante oito semanas (grupo TREINADO) e treinados e tratados com L-NAME na &#250;ltima semana (grupo TREINADO L-NAME). Em todos os animais foi registrada a press&#227;o arterial (PA) e realizada a avalia&#231;&#227;o morfom&#233;trica card&#237;aca. RESULTADOS: Os grupos L-NAME e TREINADO L-NAME apresentaram-se hipertensos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais (p &lt; 0,05), por&#233;m a eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA no grupo TREINADO L-NAME foi significativamente menor em rela&#231;&#227;o ao L-NAME (p &lt; 0,05). Os grupos TREINADO e TREINADO L-NAME apresentaram &#237;ndice de peso card&#237;aco maior que os grupos CONTROLE e L-NAME (p &lt; 0,05). Tamb&#233;m apresentaram maiores &#237;ndices de &#225;rea card&#237;aca macrosc&#243;pica e de fibrose card&#237;aca em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais (p &lt; 0,05) e, quando comparados, o grupo TREINADO L-NAME mostrou-se significativamente superior (p &lt; 0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: O bloqueio a curto prazo da s&#237;ntese de NO, em animais sedent&#225;rios, induziu hipertens&#227;o, sem no entanto causar hipertrofia card&#237;aca. Nos animais treinados, a inibi&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese de NO atenuou a hipertens&#227;o e promoveu hipertrofia card&#237;aca com aumento expressivo da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, sugerindo importante papel do NO nas adapta&#231;&#245;es teciduais card&#237;acas induzidas pelo treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico</kwd>
        <kwd>&#243;xido n&#237;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomegalia</kwd>
        <kwd>fibrose endomioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O bloqueio da s&#237;ntese do &#243;xido n&#237;trico promove aumento da hipertrofia e da fibrose card&#237;aca em ratos submetidos a treinamento aer&#243;bio </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hugo Celso Dutra de Souza; Daniel Martins Dias Penteado; Marli Cardoso Martin-Pinge; Oct&#225;vio Barbosa Neto; Vicente de Paula Antunes Teixeira; Jo&#227;o Henrique Dutra Blanco; Valdo Jos&#233; Dias da Silva</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP, Universidade Estadual de Londrina e Faculdade de Medicina do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro - Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Londrina, PR - Uberaba, MG - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O presente estudo avaliou as adapta&#231;&#245;es teciduais card&#237;acas em ratos submetidos a treinamento aer&#243;bio, ap&#243;s o bloqueio da s&#237;ntese de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Os animais (n = 48) foram divididos em quatro grupos: sedent&#225;rios (grupo CONTROLE), hipertensos ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de Ng-nitro-L-arginina metil &#233;ster durante sete dias (grupo L-NAME), treinados por meio de nata&#231;&#227;o durante oito semanas (grupo TREINADO) e treinados e tratados com L-NAME na &#250;ltima semana (grupo TREINADO L-NAME). Em todos os animais foi registrada a press&#227;o arterial (PA) e realizada a avalia&#231;&#227;o morfom&#233;trica card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os grupos L-NAME e TREINADO L-NAME apresentaram-se hipertensos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais (p &lt; 0,05), por&#233;m a eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA no grupo TREINADO L-NAME foi significativamente menor em rela&#231;&#227;o ao L-NAME (p &lt; 0,05). Os grupos TREINADO e TREINADO L-NAME apresentaram &#237;ndice de peso card&#237;aco maior que os grupos CONTROLE e L-NAME (p &lt; 0,05). Tamb&#233;m apresentaram maiores &#237;ndices de &#225;rea card&#237;aca macrosc&#243;pica e de fibrose card&#237;aca em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais (p &lt; 0,05) e, quando comparados, o grupo TREINADO L-NAME mostrou-se significativamente superior (p &lt; 0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O bloqueio a curto prazo da s&#237;ntese de NO, em animais sedent&#225;rios, induziu hipertens&#227;o, sem no entanto causar hipertrofia card&#237;aca. Nos animais treinados, a inibi&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese de NO atenuou a hipertens&#227;o e promoveu hipertrofia card&#237;aca com aumento expressivo da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, sugerindo importante papel do NO nas adapta&#231;&#245;es teciduais card&#237;acas induzidas pelo treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2007;89(2):99-104)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o, exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico, &#243;xido n&#237;trico, cardiomegalia, fibrose endomioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A descoberta de fatores end&#243;genos derivados do endot&#233;lio, em especial o &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO)<sup>1</sup>, iniciou um novo cap&#237;tulo na compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e dos m&#233;todos de preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento. </p>
    <p>O NO, al&#233;m de sua potente a&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora, promove outros importantes efeitos vasculares, renais e card&#237;acos, incluindo a a&#231;&#227;o antiagregante plaquet&#225;ria, a modula&#231;&#227;o do ritmo de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular e o efeito sobre os remodelamentos vascular e card&#237;aco<sup>2,3</sup>. Por sua vez, a diminui&#231;&#227;o end&#243;gena da produ&#231;&#227;o do NO est&#225; relacionada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o, hipercolesterolemia, diabete ou arteriosclerose<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao remodelamento card&#237;aco, o NO parece ser um importante fator end&#243;geno na modula&#231;&#227;o do crescimento hipertr&#243;fico, tanto de modo indireto, por meio de seu efeito hipotensivo, via dilata&#231;&#227;o arterial perif&#233;rica, promovendo diminui&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga, como pela dilata&#231;&#227;o do sistema venoso, diminuindo a pr&#233;-carga<sup>5,6</sup>. Adicionalmente, outros estudos demonstraram que o NO tamb&#233;m participaria do remodelamento card&#237;aco por meio mais direto, uma vez que sua diminui&#231;&#227;o promoveria altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas significativas, como focos de necrose, aumento da fibrose, apoptose, diminui&#231;&#227;o da angiog&#234;nese card&#237;aca e conseq&#252;ente hipertrofia patol&#243;gica<sup>7-11</sup>. Entretanto, os efeitos da inibi&#231;&#227;o tanto aguda como cr&#244;nica da s&#237;ntese de NO com an&#225;logos da L-arginina, como Ng-monometil-L-arginina (L-NMMA) ou Ng-nitro-L-arginina metil &#233;ster (L-NAME), que resultam em conseq&#252;ente eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA), apresentam dados controversos na literatura no que se refere ao desenvolvimento de hipertrofia card&#237;aca<sup>2,3,12-15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio tem sido muito utilizado como terapia anti-hipertensiva, com o objetivo de atenuar os efeitos dos fatores de risco cardiovascular. Al&#233;m disso, tem sido demonstrado que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio, al&#233;m de promover importantes altera&#231;&#245;es no controle auton&#244;mico cardiocirculat&#243;rio<sup>16-18</sup>, tamb&#233;m promoveria adapta&#231;&#245;es teciduais, principalmente card&#237;acas<sup>19-21</sup>. Essas adapta&#231;&#245;es seriam caracterizadas por hipertrofia card&#237;aca exc&#234;ntrica (adi&#231;&#227;o de sarc&#244;meros em s&#233;rie), melhorando a fun&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, o que promoveria aumento da expectativa de vida e preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos card&#237;acos. Apesar de diversos mecanismos terem sido apontados para explicar tais adapta&#231;&#245;es, a eventual participa&#231;&#227;o do NO nessa modalidade de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica fisiol&#243;gica decorrente do treinamento f&#237;sico foi pouco investigada.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, este estudo, baseando-se nas afirma&#231;&#245;es descritas anteriormente, teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do bloqueio a curto prazo da s&#237;ntese do NO sobre as adapta&#231;&#245;es teciduais card&#237;acas em ratos submetidos a treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os procedimentos experimentais envolvidos na pesquisa em quest&#227;o foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto/USP.</p>
    <p><italic>Animais</italic> - Ratos Wistar machos (120 g a 150 g) foram separados em caixas individuais com temperatura controlada (21&#186;C) e ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas. Os animais foram tratados com ra&#231;&#227;o e &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic> por tr&#234;s dias antes do in&#237;cio do procedimento experimental. </p>
    <p><italic>Grupos experimentais</italic> - Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais: 1) grupo de ratos normotensos tratados com ra&#231;&#227;o e &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic> durante oito semanas (grupo CONTROLE; n = 12); 2) grupo de ratos tratados com ra&#231;&#227;o e &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic> durante oito semanas e com L-NAME dissolvido na &#225;gua de beber (70 mg/kg) na &#250;ltima semana (grupo L-NAME; n = 12); 3) grupo de ratos treinados por meio de nata&#231;&#227;o durante oito semanas (grupo TREINADO; n = 12) e 4) grupo de ratos treinados por meio de nata&#231;&#227;o durante oito semanas e tratados na &#250;ltima semana com L-NAME (grupo TREINADO L-NAME; n = 12). </p>
    <p><italic>Treinamento f&#237;sico</italic> - O treinamento f&#237;sico foi realizado durante oito semanas por meio de nata&#231;&#227;o em aqu&#225;rio de vidro (100 cm de comprimento, 80 cm de largura e 80 cm de altura) com &#225;gua preaquecida &#224; temperatura de 30&#186;C. O treinamento era precedido por duas semanas de adapta&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio na &#225;gua, ou seja, o tempo inicial de adapta&#231;&#227;o ao treinamento foi de 10 minutos, aumentando nesse per&#237;odo at&#233; atingir 45 minutos. O treinamento aer&#243;bio, ap&#243;s a adapta&#231;&#227;o, foi realizado em subgrupos de quatro animais durante uma hora por dia, seis dias por semana. Os grupos de animais n&#227;o-treinados foram submetidos ao estresse da &#225;gua por dois minutos durante o mesmo per&#237;odo dos treinados. </p>
    <p><italic>Protocolo experimental</italic> - No sexto dia da &#250;ltima semana, os animais foram submetidos a cirurgia, sob anestesia de tribromoetanol (250 mg/kg, i.p.), com implante de c&#226;nula na art&#233;ria femoral para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da PA. Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, os animais permaneceram 24 horas em recupera&#231;&#227;o sob o mesmo tratamento. O registro da PA em animais acordados foi realizado durante 30 minutos por meio do acoplamento de c&#226;nula arterial a um transdutor de press&#227;o (ADInstruments &#150; MLT0380), que enviava o sinal a um amplificador (ADInstruments &#150; ML110), o qual fornecia o sinal para um sistema computadorizado de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados (ADInstruments &#150; PowerLab 8/30). Ap&#243;s registro da PA, os animais foram sacrificados e os cora&#231;&#245;es foram retirados, fotografados e fixados em formalde&#237;do (10%). Morfometria macrosc&#243;pica foi realizada por meio do <italic>software</italic> Image J (NIH, 2004), seguindo o manual de opera&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel eletronicamente<sup>22</sup>. A seguir, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram seccionados transversalmente em duas regi&#245;es, ambas com 3 mm de espessura: a primeira, na altura da inser&#231;&#227;o da veia cava inferior no &#225;trio direito; e a segunda, no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Ap&#243;s as sec&#231;&#245;es, os dois fragmentos obtidos foram processados para rotina de inclus&#227;o em parafina. Os m&#233;todos histoqu&#237;micos utilizados foram: colora&#231;&#245;es da hematoxilina-eosina (HE), para mensura&#231;&#227;o da espessura do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e Picro-s&#237;rius, para quantifica&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas de fibrose card&#237;aca. Ap&#243;s colora&#231;&#227;o por HE e Picro-s&#237;rius, a espessura do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, bem como a &#225;rea de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, foram quantificadas por meio de c&#226;mara de v&#237;deo acoplada ao microsc&#243;pio de luz comum, que enviava as imagens do microsc&#243;pio a um sistema analisador de imagens (KS 300 Kontron-Zeiss<sup>&#174;</sup>). Esse sistema &#233; constitu&#237;do, basicamente, por um microsc&#243;pio de luz acoplado a uma c&#226;mara de v&#237;deo em cores, a um monitor de v&#237;deo de alta defini&#231;&#227;o, e a uma unidade de processamento com placa para captura de v&#237;deo. A espessura do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de cada caso foi estimada fazendo-se quatro medi&#231;&#245;es distribu&#237;das uniformemente pela &#225;rea vis&#237;vel no v&#237;deo, abrangendo os lados direito, esquerdo, superior e inferior do corte transversal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo sobre a l&#226;mina. A l&#226;mina foi colocada em uma posi&#231;&#227;o antes do condensador e foi utilizada objetiva com aumento de cinco vezes para essas medidas. Um valor m&#233;dio de espessura do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi calculado para cada caso a partir dos quatro valores de espessura medida nas quatro posi&#231;&#245;es distintas marcadas sobre o corte transversal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fibrose card&#237;aca foi utilizado o m&#233;todo do c&#225;lculo da m&#233;dia acumulada, estimando o n&#250;mero de campos representativos. Em cada caso foram quantificados oito campos. Para o c&#225;lculo da fibrose foi determinada a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica dos oito campos. Utilizou-se um microsc&#243;pio de luz comum e um filtro polarizador para que as &#225;reas de fibrose estivessem evidenciadas pela colora&#231;&#227;o Picro-s&#237;rius e quantificadas morfometricamente.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Os resultados foram apresentados como m&#233;dias &#177; erros padr&#227;o das m&#233;dias (EPM). Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi elaborada uma planilha eletr&#244;nica e as informa&#231;&#245;es foram analisadas por meio do programa eletr&#244;nico Sigma-Stat<sup>&#174;</sup>, vers&#227;o 2.03. A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis normais homoced&#225;sticas foi feita utilizando-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia ANOVA associada ao teste <italic>post-hoc</italic> de Tukey. Foram consideradas estatisticamente significantes as diferen&#231;as em que p era menor que 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os grupos L-NAME e TREINADO L-NAME apresentaram-se hipertensos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos CONTROLE e TREINADO. Quando os grupos hipertensos foram comparados, o grupo L-NAME apresentou-se significativamente mais hipertenso que o grupo TREINADO L-NAME (p &lt; 0,05). Quanto &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), o grupo L-NAME apresentou-se taquic&#225;rdico em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais (p &lt; 0,05). Por outro lado, os grupos TREINADO e TREINADO L-NAME apresentaram-se bradic&#225;rdicos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CONTROLE (p &lt; 0,001). Quando comparados, o grupo TREINADO L-NAME apresentou bradicardia mais intensa que o grupo TREINADO (p &lt; 0,05). Esses dados est&#227;o apresentados, de forma resumida, na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0099-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> apresenta os par&#226;metros morfom&#233;tricos card&#237;acos em todos os grupos estudados. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1A</xref> representa o &#237;ndice de peso card&#237;aco (mg/g) de todos os grupos, demonstrando que os grupos TREINADO (3,57 &#177; 0,04 mg/g) e TREINADO L-NAME (3,79 &#177; 0,08 mg/g) apresentaram aumento em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos CONTROLE (3,2 &#177; 0,04 mg/g) e L-NAME (3,29 &#177; 0,04 mg/g) (p &lt; 0,05). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1A</xref> tamb&#233;m demonstra que o grupo TREINADO L-NAME apresentou &#237;ndice de peso card&#237;aco superior ao do grupo TREINADO (p &lt; 0,05). Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1B</xref> verifica-se que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos estudados quanto &#224; espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1C</xref>, por sua vez, demonstra que na an&#225;lise da &#225;rea macrosc&#243;pica card&#237;aca n&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos CONTROLE (1,20 &#177; 0,05 mm&#178;) e L-NAME (1,14 &#177; 0,03 mm&#178;), embora os grupos TREINADO (1,49 &#177; 0,03 mm&#178;) e TREINADO L-NAME (1,66 &#177; 0,03 mm&#178;) tenham diferido dos anteriores e entre si (p &lt; 0,05), tendo o grupo TREINADO L-NAME apresentado os maiores valores. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1D</xref> representa a an&#225;lise do porcentual de fibrose card&#237;aca por &#225;rea em todos os grupos estudados, demonstrando que os grupos TREINADO (0,71 &#177; 0,07%) e TREINADO L-NAME (0,86 &#177; 0,03%) apresentaram maior porcentual de fibrose em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos CONTROLE (0,56 &#177; 0,03%) e L-NAME (0,60 &#177; 0,05%) (p &lt; 0,05), e que, quando comparados, o grupo TREINADO L-NAME tamb&#233;m apresentou o maior porcentual (p &lt; 0,05). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref> apresenta um corte histol&#243;gico representativo de cada grupo estudado e evidencia o aumento da fibrose encontrada nos grupos TREINADO e TREINADO L-NAME.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0099-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0099-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O bloqueio da s&#237;ntese do NO com L-NAME em ratos n&#227;o-treinados promoveu hipertens&#227;o arterial, por&#233;m n&#227;o foi observada qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o morfom&#233;trica vis&#237;vel no tecido card&#237;aco comparativamente ao grupo de normotensos n&#227;o-treinados. Por outro lado, o treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio, por meio da nata&#231;&#227;o, atenuou a hipertens&#227;o arterial induzida pelo L-NAME na &#250;ltima semana de treinamento. Adicionalmente, o bloqueio da s&#237;ntese do NO durante sete dias, em ratos submetidos a treinamento aer&#243;bio, induziu altera&#231;&#245;es morfom&#233;tricas card&#237;acas significativas.</p>
    <p>Ao que tudo indica, a atenua&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial no grupo treinado e tratado na &#250;ltima semana com L-NAME evidencia o efeito preventivo do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na evolu&#231;&#227;o desse modelo de hipertens&#227;o arterial experimental. Entretanto, com o presente estudo n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel apontar o mecanismo respons&#225;vel pela atenua&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o. Por sua vez, diversos estudos que demonstraram a import&#226;ncia da atividade f&#237;sica como preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial apontaram alguns mecanismos que poderiam contribuir para a atenua&#231;&#227;o da PA, tanto em animais experimentais como em humanos. Entre os mecanismos apontados, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica tanto card&#237;aca como vascular associada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica parecem envolvidas<sup>18,23,24</sup>. Outros estudos demonstraram que o treinamento f&#237;sico promoveria diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA, por meio da queda do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, al&#233;m de diminui&#231;&#227;o das catecolaminas s&#233;ricas e do estresse oxidativo<sup>25-27</sup>. Adicionalmente, tamb&#233;m parece ocorrer melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora endotelial e altera&#231;&#245;es do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona<sup>28-32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; aus&#234;ncia de hipertrofia card&#237;aca, em ratos n&#227;o-treinados e submetidos a hipertens&#227;o experimental por meio do tratamento com L-NAME, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o tempo de inibi&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese do NO por sete dias n&#227;o seja suficiente para induzir hipertrofia. Diversos autores demonstraram a exist&#234;ncia de hipertrofia card&#237;aca promovida pelo bloqueio cr&#244;nico da s&#237;ntese do NO em estudos com mais de quatro semanas de tratamento, embora com doses di&#225;rias de L-NAME menores que a utilizada neste estudo<sup>3,33</sup>. Por outro lado, o presente estudo se prop&#244;s a investigar o comportamento da PA e das altera&#231;&#245;es morfom&#233;tricas card&#237;acas em animais submetidos a protocolo pr&#233;vio de treinamento aer&#243;bio, cujo objetivo maior foi avaliar a capacidade do treinamento pr&#233;vio em atenuar essas poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es, portanto de forma preventiva. O fato relevante deste estudo foi observar que, embora n&#227;o tenha sido evidenciada no animal sedent&#225;rio hipertenso, a hipertrofia card&#237;aca esteve presente nos grupos de animais submetidos a treinamento aer&#243;bio pr&#233;vio durante oito semanas. Os dois grupos apresentaram, aparentemente, hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica, uma vez que n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na espessura do ventr&#237;culo entre todos os grupos estudados associada a aumento da &#225;rea-macro dos grupos treinados. Esse tipo de hipertrofia card&#237;aca, denominado hipertrofia fisiol&#243;gica, &#233; conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do remodelamento induzido pelo exerc&#237;cio, principalmente o aer&#243;bio, decorrendo de adapta&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas, como o estiramento da parede ventricular pela sobrecarga de volume promovida pelo aumento do retorno venoso. Tal estiramento induz o cardiomi&#243;cito a adicionar sarc&#244;meros em s&#233;rie, aumentando, dessa forma, a for&#231;a contr&#225;til<sup>34</sup>. Por outro lado, a hipertrofia card&#237;aca conc&#234;ntrica, presente em condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas como a hipertens&#227;o arterial, decorre da adi&#231;&#227;o de sarc&#244;meros em paralelo, por&#233;m com grande prolifera&#231;&#227;o de fibroblastos e conseq&#252;ente aumento da matriz extracelular (fibrose), da apoptose e da necrose tecidual. Esse conjunto de eventos, conseq&#252;entemente, leva &#224; fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>34,35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora neste estudo n&#227;o tenha sido observada hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, caracter&#237;stica do estado hipertensivo, foi evidenciado grande aumento da fibrose no grupo TREINADO L-NAME, demonstrando importante papel do NO no remodelamento card&#237;aco induzido pelo exerc&#237;cio. Tamb&#233;m foi observado aumento, embora em menor grau, da fibrose card&#237;aca no grupo TREINADO, por&#233;m sabe-se que esse aumento &#233; comum, uma vez que resulta da hipertrofia fisiol&#243;gica conseq&#252;ente ao aumento proporcional de todos os constituintes teciduais, ou seja, tecido contr&#225;til (cardiomi&#243;cito) e tecido n&#227;o-contr&#225;til (tecido conjuntivo e matriz extracelular)<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>O aumento consider&#225;vel da forma&#231;&#227;o de fibrose apresentado no grupo TREINADO L-NAME parece refletir o importante papel do NO no remodelamento card&#237;aco induzido pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Alguns autores demonstraram que a hipertrofia patol&#243;gica induzida pelo permanente estado hipertensivo &#233; decorrente da a&#231;&#227;o de fatores humorais, principalmente a angiotensina II<sup>36</sup>. A cascata intracelular de eventos, induzida por esses fatores, parece promover, entre outros efeitos, aumento da fibrose card&#237;aca, eleva&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel da apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos, depress&#227;o contr&#225;til e disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em resposta &#224; &#223;-estimula&#231;&#227;o, evoluindo progressivamente para cardiomiopatia letal<sup>37-39</sup>. O NO, nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, tem o papel de impedir ou atenuar a hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de fibroblastos card&#237;acos e a apoptose do cardiomi&#243;cito. Esse efeito parece depender da produ&#231;&#227;o e da libera&#231;&#227;o de bradicinina via receptor AT<sub>2</sub>R da angiotensina II, levando &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o do NO (bradicinina/NO-dependente), contrapondo a hipertrofia patol&#243;gica induzida pela ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor AT1<sup>11</sup>. Por outro lado, embora o mecanismo ainda n&#227;o tenha sido elucidado, o NO tamb&#233;m est&#225; envolvido no processo da angiog&#234;nese, o que explicaria o aumento da fibrose card&#237;aca observada no grupo TREINADO L-NAME<sup>40</sup>. O exerc&#237;cio, de forma geral, induz a angiog&#234;nese em diversos tecidos, quando estimulados. No m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco n&#227;o &#233; diferente, e o aumento da demanda induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio promove o aumento da angiog&#234;nese intramioc&#225;rdica<sup>10</sup>. Como a produ&#231;&#227;o do NO estava bloqueada pelo L-NAME, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a fibrose encontrada resulte da diminui&#231;&#227;o do processo de angiog&#234;nese decorrente da diminui&#231;&#227;o da vasculariza&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos. Entretanto, mais estudos ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer os mecanismos pelos quais o NO atuaria no processo da angiog&#234;nese em condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas e no exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O bloqueio a curto prazo da s&#237;ntese do NO com L-NAME causou grave hipertens&#227;o, mas n&#227;o promoveu hipertrofia card&#237;aca nos animais sedent&#225;rios n&#227;o-treinados. Em ratos submetidos a treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio pr&#233;vio, a inibi&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese de NO acarretou menor eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA, por&#233;m associada a aumento expressivo da hipertrofia card&#237;aca e da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. Tais achados, possivelmente, sugerem um importante papel do NO no remodelamento card&#237;aco observado na hipertrofia card&#237;aca fisiol&#243;gica do treinamento f&#237;sico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP e FAEPA.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Hugo Celso Dutra de Souza </p>
        <p> Rua Lu&#237;s Basso, 130 </p>
        <p> 14040-150 - Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="hugocds@fmrp.usp.br">hugocds@fmrp.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 08/12/06; revisado recebido em 23/01/07; aceito em 26/02/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Nitric oxide synthesis blockade increases hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis in rats submitted to aerobic training</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to evaluate cardiac tissue adaptations in rats submitted to aerobic training after nitric oxide (NO) synthesis blockade. METHODS: The animals (n=48) were divided into four groups: sedentary (CONTROL group); hypertensive after administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester for 7 days (L-NAME Group); trained for 8 weeks through swimming exercises (TRAINED Group);trained and treated with L-NAME during the last week (L-NAME TRAINED Group). All the animals were submitted to the experiment procedures for blood pressure (BP) readings and cardiac morphometric evaluation. RESULTS: In comparison to the other groups, the L-NAME and L-NAME TRAINED groups were hypertensive (p&lt;0.05); however, BP elevation in the L-NAME TRAINED group was significantly lower than the L-NAME group (p&lt;0.05). The heart weight indexes for the TRAINED and L-NAME TRAINED groups were higher than the CONTROL and L-NAME groups (p&lt;0.05). Also they had presented higher rates of macroscopic cardiac area and cardiac fibrosis in relation to the rest (p&lt;0.05); comparisons revealed that the values for the L-NAME TRAINED group were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) than the others. CONCLUSION: Short term NO synthesis blockade in sedentary animals induced hypertension but did not cause cardiac hypertrophy. In the trained animals, the inhibition of NO synthesis attenuated hypertension, induced cardiac hypertrophy and significantly increased myocardial fibrosis, indicating that NO plays an important role in cardiac tissue adaptations caused by aerobic exercise.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>nitric oxide</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomegaly</kwd>
        <kwd>endomyocardial fibrosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Nitric oxide synthesis blockade increases hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis in rats submitted to aerobic training</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hugo Celso Dutra de Souza; Daniel Martins Dias Penteado; Marli Cardoso Martin-Pinge; Oct&#225;vio Barbosa Neto; Vicente de Paula Antunes Teixeira; Jo&#227;o Henrique Dutra Blanco; Valdo Jos&#233; Dias da Silva</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Faculdade de Medicina do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro - Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP, Londrina, PR, Uberaba, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The objective of the present study was to evaluate cardiac tissue adaptations in rats submitted to aerobic training after nitric oxide (NO) synthesis blockade.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The animals (n=48) were divided into four groups: sedentary (CONTROL group); hypertensive after administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester for 7 days (L-NAME Group); trained for 8 weeks through swimming exercises (TRAINED Group);trained and treated with L-NAME during the last week (L-NAME TRAINED Group). All the animals were submitted to the experiment procedures for blood pressure (BP) readings and cardiac morphometric evaluation.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In comparison to the other groups, the L-NAME and L-NAME TRAINED groups were hypertensive (p&lt;0.05); however, BP elevation in the L-NAME TRAINED group was significantly lower than the L-NAME group (p&lt;0.05). The heart weight indexes for the TRAINED and L-NAME TRAINED groups were higher than the CONTROL and L-NAME groups (p&lt;0.05). Also they had presented higher rates of macroscopic cardiac area and cardiac fibrosis in relation to the rest (p&lt;0.05); comparisons revealed that the values for the L-NAME TRAINED group were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) than the others.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Short term NO synthesis blockade in sedentary animals induced hypertension but did not cause cardiac hypertrophy. In the trained animals, the inhibition of NO synthesis attenuated hypertension, induced cardiac hypertrophy and significantly increased myocardial fibrosis, indicating that NO plays an important role in cardiac tissue adaptations caused by aerobic exercise. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertension; exercise; nitric oxide; cardiomegaly; endomyocardial fibrosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The discovery of endothelial derived endogenous factors, particularly nitric oxide (NO)<sup>1</sup>, began a new chapter in the understanding of cardiovascular pathology mechanisms, as well as in methods of prevention and treatment. </p>
      <p>NO, in addition to its potent vasodilator action, induces other important vascular, renal and cardiac effects including inhibiting platelet aggregation, modulation of the glomerular filtration rate and effect on vascular and cardiac remodeling<sup>2,3</sup>. In turn the diminished endogenous NO production is related to the reduction of endothelial-dependent vasodilatation in patients with hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes or arteriosclerosis<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In relation to cardiac remodeling, NO seems to be an important endogenous factor in the modulation of hypertrophic growth, both indirectly through its hypotensive effect via peripheral artery dilatation, promoting afterload reduction and through via ditation of the venous system reducing the preload<sup>5,6</sup>. Additionally, other studies have shown that NO is also more directly involved in cardiac remodeling, since its reduction causes significant morphological alterations such as necrosis foci, increased fibrosis, apoptosis, reduction of cardiac angiogenesis and consequent pathological hypertrophy<sup>7-11</sup>. Nevertheless, literature on cardiac hypertrophy development and the effects of acute or chronic NO synthesis inhibition with L-arginine analogous agents, such as N<sup>G</sup>-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) or N<sup>G</sup>-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) that result in the consequent elevation of BP is controversial<sup>2,3,12-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, aerobic exercise has been widely used as an anti-hypertensive therapy to attenuate the effects of cardiovascular risk factors. It has also been demonstrated that aerobic exercise, in addition to promoting significant alterations in cardiocirculatory autonomic control<sup>16-18</sup>, also induces tissue adaptations, mainly in the heart<sup>19-21</sup>. These adaptations promote excentric cardiac hypertrophy (addition of sarcomeres in series), which improves ejection function, promotes increased life expectancy and helps prevent cardiac events. Even though various mechanisms have been indicated to explain these adaptations, very few studies have been conducted on the possible participation of NO in this physiological myocardial hypertrophy modality as a result of physical exercise.</p>
      <p>Thus, based on the abovementioned facts, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of short term NO synthesis blockade on cardiac tissue adaptations in rats submitted to aerobic exercise.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All experimental procedures involved in this study were approved by the ethics committee for animal experiments of the University of S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto School of Medicine.</p>
      <p><italic>Animals</italic> - Male Wistar rats (120 &#150; 150g) were separated in individual cages with controlled temperature (21&#186;C) and a 12 hour light/dark cycle. The animals were given animal feed and water <italic>ad libitum</italic> for 3 days before the start of the experimental procedure.</p>
      <p><italic>Experiment groups</italic> - The animals were divided into 4 experimental groups: 1) normotensive rats treated with animal feed and water <italic>ad libitum</italic> for 8 weeks (CONTROL group; n=12); 2) rats treated with animal feed and water <italic>ad libitum</italic> for 8 weeks, with L-NAME dissolved in the drinking water (70mg/kg) during the last week (L-NAME group; n=12); 3) rats submitted to swim training for 8 weeks (TRAINED group; n=12); 4) rats submitted to swim training for 8 weeks and given L-NAME during the last week (L-NAME TRAINED group; n=12). </p>
      <p><italic>Physical training</italic> - The 8-week swim training program was conducted in a glass aquarium (100 cm long, 80 cm wide and 80 cm high) with heated water (30&#186;C). Before beginning the training program, the animals were submitted to a two-week adaptation program, that is, the water exercise began with 10 minutes and was gradually increased to 45 minutes. After the adaptation program, the animals were further divided into subgroups of 4 animals and trained for 1 hour per day, 6 days per week. The animal groups that were not trained were submitted to water stress for 2 minutes per day during the training timeframe. </p>
      <p><italic>Experimental protocol</italic> - On the sixth day of the last week, the animals underwent surgery with tribromoethanol anesthesia (250 mg/kg, i.p.), to insert the femoral artery cannula for BP monitoring. The animals remained sedated with tribromoethanol for 24 hours after the surgery. When the animals came to, BP was recorded for 30 minutes using a pressure transducer (ADInstruments &#150; MLT0380) connected to the artery cannula that sent the signal to an amplifier (ADInstruments &#150; ML110) and then to a computerized data acquisition system (ADInstruments - PowerLab 8/30). After the BP measurements were recorded, the animals were sacrificed and their hearts were removed, photographed and fixed in formaldehyde (10%). The macroscopic morphometry was conducted using Image J (NIH, 2004) software as per the instructions in the online operation manual<sup>22</sup>. Next, 3mm thick cross sections of the heart were taken from two regions: one at the entry point of the inferior vena cava into the right atrium and the other at the mid third of the left ventricle. The two section fragments were then processed and embedded in paraffin. The histochemical methods used were: hematoxylin&#150;eosin (HE) staining to measure left ventricle thickness, and Picro-sirius staining to quantify the cardiac fibrosis areas. After HE and Picro-sirius staining, the left ventricle thickness and myocardial fibrosis area were quantified using a video camera connected to a standard light microscope that sent the microscopy images to an image analysis system (KS 300 Kontron-Zeiss&#153;). This system is basically comprised of a standard light microscope connected to a color video camera, a high definition video monitor and a processing unit with a video card.</p>
      <p>The left ventricle thickness of each case was estimated using four equally distributed measurements in the area visible on the video which covered the right, left, upper and lower sides of left ventricle cross section on the slide. The slide was positioned before the condenser and an x5 objective lens was used for these measurements. An average left ventricle thickness was calculated for each case using the measurements from the four distinct positions on the left ventricle cross section. Quantification of cardiac fibrosis was performed using the accumulated mean calculation method, estimating the number of representative fields. Eight fields were quantified for each case. Fibrosis was calculated using the arithmetic mean of the eight fields. A standard light microscope and polarizer filter were used for visualization of the Pico-sirius stained fibrosis areas; these areas were quantified morphometrically.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - The results were presented as MEAN &#177; SEM. A computer spreadsheet was prepared for statistical analysis of the information using the software program Sigma-Stat&#153;, version 2.03. Analysis of normal homoscedastic variables was conducted using ANOVA variance analysis with the Tukey post-hoc test. Statistically significant difference was established as p less than 5% (p&lt;0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows that the L-NAME and L-NAME TRAINED groups were hypertensive in relation to the CONTROL and TRAINED groups. Comparison of the hypertensive groups revealed that the L-NAME group was significantly more hypertensive than the L-NAME TRAINED group (p&lt;0.05). In relation to heart rate (HR) the L-NAME group, in comparison to the other groups, was tachycardic (p&lt;0.05). On the other hand, the TRAINED and L-NAME TRAINED groups were bradycardic in relation to the CONTROL group (p&lt;0.001). When compared to the TRAINED group, the L-NAME TRAINED group presented more intense bradycardia (p&lt;0.05). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the morphometric cardiac parameters for all study groups. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1A</xref> represents the heart weight index (mg/g) for all groups and shows increases for the TRAINED (3.57 &#177; 0.04 mg/g) and L-NAME TRAINED (3.79 &#177; 0.08 mg/g) groups in relation to the CONTROL (3.2 &#177; 0.04 mg/g) and L-NAME (3.29 &#177; 0.04 mg/g) groups (p&lt;0.05). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1A</xref> also shows that the L-NAME TRAINED group presented higher heart weight indexes than the TRAINED group (p&lt;0.05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0099-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <label>Figure 1B</label>
        <p content-type="label"><xref/><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1C</xref> demonstrates that the cardiac macroscopic areas were unaltered for the CONTROL (1.20 &#177; 0.05 mm<sup>2</sup>) and L-NAME (1.14 &#177; 0.03 mm<sup>2</sup>) groups; however, alterations were seen in the TRAINED (1.49 &#177; 0.03 mm<sup>2</sup>) and L-NAME TRAINED (1.66 &#177; 0.03 mm<sup>2</sup>) groups in comparison to previous and individual measurements (p&lt;0.05), and the L-NAME TRAINED group presented the highest values. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1D</xref> represents the analysis of cardiac fibrosis percentages by area for all study groups and shows that the TRAINED (0.71 &#177; 0.07 %) and L-NAME TRAINED (0.86 &#177; 0.03 %) groups presented greater percentages of fibrosis in relation to the CONTROL (0.56 &#177; 0.03 %) and L-NAME groups (0.60 &#177; 0.05 %) (p&lt;0.05), and when compared, the L-NAME TRAINED group also presented the highest percentage (p&lt;0.05). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows a representative histological section for each study group and demonstrates the increased fibrosis found in the TRAINED and L-NAME TRAINED groups.</p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0099-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0099-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The NO synthesis blockade using L-NAME in the sedentary rats caused hypertension, however, no visible morphometric alterations were observed in the cardiac tissue when compared with the sedentary normotensive group. On the other hand, aerobic swim training alleviated the L-NAME induced hypertension during the last week of exercise. Additionally, the NO synthesis blockade during seven days in rats submitted to aerobic exercise induced significant morphometric cardiac alterations.</p>
      <p>According to all indications, attenuation of hypertension in the TRAINED AND L-NAME TRAINED groups, demonstrated the preventative effect of physical exercise during the progression of this experimental hypertension model. Nevertheless, in this study we were not able to identify the mechanism responsible for hypertension attenuation. On the other hand, various studies have demonstrated the importance of physical activity as a preventative measure and treatment for hypertension indicate some mechanisms that could contribute to BP attenuation for both experimental animals and humans. Among the mechanisms indicated, it appears that the reduction of cardiac and vascular sympathetic activity associated with diminished peripheral vascular resistance is involved<sup>18,23,24</sup>. Other studies also demonstrated that physical training promotes BP reduction through the drop in cardiac output, reduction of serum catecholamine levels and oxidative stress<sup>25-27</sup>. Improvement in endothelial vasodilatation function and alterations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system also appear to be involved<sup>28-32</sup>.</p>
      <p>In relation to the absence of cardiac hypertrophy in the sedentary rats submitted to experimental L-NAME induced hypertension, it is possible that NO synthesis inhibition over a period of seven days was not sufficient to cause hypertrophy. Various authors that have demonstrated cardiac hypertrophy induced by chronic NO synthesis blockade, used treatment timeframes of more than four weeks even though the daily L-NAME doses were lower than those used in our study<sup>3,33</sup>. On the other hand, the purpose of the present study was to investigate blood pressure trends and cardiac morphometric alterations in animals submitted to an established aerobic exercise protocol with the main objective of evaluating the ability of the established training program to preventively attenuate these alterations. The relevant fact of this study was the observation that the hypertensive sedentary animals did not present cardiac hypertrophy. whereas the animals submitted to the 8-week aerobic exercise program did. It appears that the two groups presented excentric hypertrophysince, for all study groups, no difference was observed in ventricle thicknesses which coul be associated with an increase in the macro area of the trained groups. This type of cardiac hypertrophy, called physiologic, is a result of remodeling induced by exercise and in particular aerobic exercise. It is caused by mechanical adaptations such as ventricle wall dilation due to the volume overload induced by the increased venous return. This dilation causes the cardiomyocytes to add sarcomeres in series which increases contractile strength<sup>34</sup>. On the other hand, concentric cardiac hypertrophy occurs in pathological conditions such as hypertension. It is caused by the addition of sarcomeres in parallel, however, with a large proliferation of fibroblasts, which increases the extracellular matrix (fibrosis), apoptosis and necrotic tissue. As a consequence, this series of events leads to heart failure<sup>34,35</sup>.</p>
      <p>Even though concentric hypertrophy, characteristic of the hypertension, was not observed in this study, the L-NAME TRAINED animals presented significant increases of fibrosis, demonstrating the important role of NO in exercise induced cardiac remodeling. The TRAINED group also presented increased cardiac fibrosis, although to a lesser degree, however, it is well known that this is common and is a result of physiological hypertrophy due to the proportional increase of all tissue components, or in other words, contractile tissue (cardiomyocyte) and non-contractile tissue (connective tissue and extracellular matrix)<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>The considerable increase of fibrosis presented by the L-NAME TRAINED group seems to reflect the important role of NO in exercise induced cardiac remodeling. Some authors have demonstrated that hypertension induced pathological hypertrophy is a result of the action of humoral factors, mainly angiotensin II<sup>36</sup>. The intracellular cascade of events induced by these factors appears to promote, among other effects, increased cardiac fibrosis, considerable cardiomyocyte apoptosis elevation, contractile depression and cardiac dysfunction in response to b-stimulation which gradually progresses to lethal cardiomyopathy<sup>37-39</sup>. The role of NO, in these situations is to prevent or attenuate myocardial hypertrophy, cardiac fibroblast proliferation and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. This effect appears to depend on the production and release of bradykinin via the AT<sub>2</sub>R angiotensin II receptor, leading to the formation of NO (bradykinin/NO-dependent), offsetting the pathological hypertrophy induced by the activation of the AT<sub>1 </sub>receptor<sup>11</sup>. On the other hand, even though the mechanism is unclear, NO is also involved in the angiogenesis process, which explains the increased cardiac fibrosis observed in the L-NAME TRAINED group<sup>40</sup>. Generally speaking, exercise induces angiogenesis in various tissues when they are stimulated. This is also true for the heart muscle and the increased demand induced by exercise promotes increased intramyocardial angiogenesis<sup>10</sup>. Since the NO production was blocked by L-NAME, it is possible that the fibrosis was caused by the reduction in the angiogenesis process as a result of the diminished cardiomyocyte vascularization. Nevertheless, further studies are required to clarify the NO mechanisms in the angiogenesis process in relation to pathological conditions and exercise.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the short term NO synthesis blockade with L-NAME caused severe hypertension but did not promote cardiac hypertrophy in the sedentary animals. In the rats submitted to the established aerobic exercise program, the inhibition of the NO synthesis resulted in a lower BP elevation; however, it was associated with a significant increase of cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis. These findings, suggest the potentially significant role of NO in the cardiac remodeling observed in the physiological cardiac hypertrophy resulting from physical exercise.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FAPESP and FAEPA.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Hugo Celso Dutra de Souza</p>
          <p> Rua Lu&#237;s Basso, 130</p>
          <p> 14040-150 - Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="hugocds@fmrp.usp.br">hugocds@fmrp.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received December 8, 2006; revised manuscript received January 23, 2007; accepted February 26, 2007</p>
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