<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BRwSCkgGwVwD855H4HhM9Ps</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001400004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001400004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de diferentes m&#233;todos para medida do tamanho do infarto experimental cr&#244;nico em Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Daniella R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campana</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;lvaro O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>93</fpage>
      <lpage>98</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar as diferen&#231;as entre tr&#234;s m&#233;todos para medida do infarto experimental em ratos, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao m&#233;todo tradicional. M&#201;TODOS: A &#225;rea infartada por histologia (AREA), o per&#237;metro interno da cavidade infartada por histologia (PER) e o per&#237;metro interno por ecocardiograma (ECO) foram comparados ao m&#233;todo tradicional (an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica das circunfer&#234;ncias epic&#225;rdicas e endoc&#225;rdicas da regi&#227;o infartada - CIR). Utilizaram-se ANOVA de medidas repetidas, complementada com o teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Dunn, o m&#233;todo de concord&#226;ncia de Bland &amp; Altman e o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. A signific&#226;ncia foi p &lt; 0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados dados de 122 animais, ap&#243;s 3 a 6 meses do infarto. Houve diferen&#231;a na avalia&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto entre CIR e os outros tr&#234;s m&#233;todos (p &lt; 0,001): CIR = 42,4% (35,9-48,8), PER = 50,3% (39,1-57,0), AREA = 27,3% (20,2-34,3), ECO = 46,1% (39,9-52,6). Assim, a medida por &#225;rea resultou em subestima&#231;&#227;o de 15% do tamanho do infarto, enquanto as medidas por ecocardiograma e pelo per&#237;metro interno por meio de histologia resultaram em superestima&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto de 4% e 5%, respectivamente. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ECO e PER, apesar de a diferen&#231;a entre os m&#233;todos ser de apenas 1,27%, o intervalo de concord&#226;ncia variou de 24,1% a -26,7%, sugerindo baixa concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s associa&#231;&#245;es, houve correla&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas entre: CIR e PER (r = 0,88 e p &lt; 0,0001); CIR e AREA (r = 0,87 e p &lt; 0,0001) e CIR e ECO (r = 0,42 e p &lt; 0,0001). CONCLUS&#195;O: Na determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto, apesar da alta correla&#231;&#227;o, houve baixa concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Compara&#231;&#227;o de diferentes m&#233;todos para medida do tamanho do infarto experimental cr&#244;nico em Ratos</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcos F. Minicucci; Paula S. Azevedo; Daniella R. Duarte; Beatriz B. Matsubara; Luiz S. Matsubara; &#193;lvaro O. Campana; Sergio A. R. Paiva; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP - Botucatu, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar as diferen&#231;as entre tr&#234;s m&#233;todos para medida do infarto experimental em ratos, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao m&#233;todo tradicional. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> A &#225;rea infartada por histologia (AREA), o per&#237;metro interno da cavidade infartada por histologia (PER) e o per&#237;metro interno por ecocardiograma (ECO) foram comparados ao m&#233;todo tradicional (an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica das circunfer&#234;ncias epic&#225;rdicas e endoc&#225;rdicas da regi&#227;o infartada &#150; CIR). Utilizaram-se ANOVA de medidas repetidas, complementada com o teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Dunn, o m&#233;todo de concord&#226;ncia de Bland &amp; Altman e o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. A signific&#226;ncia foi p &lt; 0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram analisados dados de 122 animais, ap&#243;s 3 a 6 meses do infarto. Houve diferen&#231;a na avalia&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto entre CIR e os outros tr&#234;s m&#233;todos (p &lt; 0,001): CIR = 42,4% (35,9-48,8), PER = 50,3% (39,1-57,0), AREA = 27,3% (20,2-34,3), ECO = 46,1% (39,9-52,6). Assim, a medida por &#225;rea resultou em subestima&#231;&#227;o de 15% do tamanho do infarto, enquanto as medidas por ecocardiograma e pelo per&#237;metro interno por meio de histologia resultaram em superestima&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto de 4% e 5%, respectivamente. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ECO e PER, apesar de a diferen&#231;a entre os m&#233;todos ser de apenas 1,27%, o intervalo de concord&#226;ncia variou de 24,1% a &#150;26,7%, sugerindo baixa concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s associa&#231;&#245;es, houve correla&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas entre: CIR e PER (r = 0,88 e p &lt; 0,0001); CIR e AREA (r = 0,87 e p &lt; 0,0001) e CIR e ECO (r = 0,42 e p &lt; 0,0001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Na determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto, apesar da alta correla&#231;&#227;o, houve baixa concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2007;89(2):93-98)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio/fisiopatologia, ratos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O modelo do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio experimental vem sendo amplamente usado, h&#225; alguns anos, para o estudo das altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas que ocorrem durante e ap&#243;s o insulto isqu&#234;mico.</p>
    <p>Dentre os v&#225;rios modelos existentes, destaca-se o infarto experimental em ratos. Esse fato ocorre pela praticidade, pelo custo relativamente baixo em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros animais, mas, principalmente, pela reprodutibilidade dos resultados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos estudos cl&#237;nicos realizados posteriormente<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um dos aspectos mais relevantes desse modelo refere-se ao tamanho do infarto. Aceita-se que as conseq&#252;&#234;ncias hemodin&#226;micas agudas da oclus&#227;o coronariana guardam estreita rela&#231;&#227;o com o tamanho do infarto<sup>3-6</sup>. Cronicamente, podem ocorrer altera&#231;&#245;es na composi&#231;&#227;o, na massa, no volume e na geometria card&#237;aca, as quais s&#227;o chamadas coletivamente de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>7-9</sup>. O grau de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular est&#225; diretamente associado a pior progn&#243;stico, em raz&#227;o da maior incid&#234;ncia na forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas, ruptura ventricular, arritmias e da associa&#231;&#227;o com a progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. De maneira similar ao que ocorre com as altera&#231;&#245;es agudas, o tamanho do infarto &#233; o principal determinante da presen&#231;a e intensidade da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM)<sup>7-9</sup>. Desse modo, a determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto &#233; ponto cr&#237;tico no estudo das repercuss&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais ap&#243;s o infarto.</p>
    <p>Em estudos experimentais, o tamanho do infarto vem sendo avaliado preferencialmente por quatro diferentes m&#233;todos: 1) determina&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea infartada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, determinada por histologia ou por planimetria (nesse &#250;ltimo, a &#225;rea infartada e o montante total do mioc&#225;rdio s&#227;o avaliados com aux&#237;lio de transilumina&#231;&#227;o); 2) histologia com a determina&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;metro interno da regi&#227;o infartada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;metro total da cavidade; 3) histologia com a determina&#231;&#227;o das circunfer&#234;ncias epic&#225;rdicas e endoc&#225;rdicas dos segmentos infartados e n&#227;o-infartados e 4) ecocardiograma com a determina&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;metro interno da regi&#227;o infartada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;metro total da cavidade. A potencial limita&#231;&#227;o ao emprego dessas quatro diferentes t&#233;cnicas &#233; que o tamanho do infarto pode variar, o que depender&#225; do m&#233;todo utilizado. No entanto, o exato grau de variabilidade de cada t&#233;cnica permanece por ser determinado. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as diferen&#231;as na estimativa dos tamanhos de infarto pelos quatro diferentes m&#233;todos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O protocolo experimental do presente trabalho foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, em conformidade com os Princ&#237;pios &#201;ticos na Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal adotados pelo Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal.</p>
    <p><italic>Infarto experimental</italic> - Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos que pesavam entre 200 e 250 gramas. O infarto agudo foi produzido de acordo com m&#233;todo j&#225; descrito previamente<sup>10,11</sup>. Em resumo, os ratos foram anestesiados com &#233;ter e submetidos a toracotomia lateral esquerda. Ap&#243;s exterioriza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, o &#225;trio esquerdo foi afastado e a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda ligada com fio monon&#225;ilon 5.00 entre a sa&#237;da da art&#233;ria pulmonar e o &#225;trio esquerdo. A seguir, o cora&#231;&#227;o retornou ao t&#243;rax, os pulm&#245;es foram inflados com press&#227;o positiva e o t&#243;rax fechado por suturas com algod&#227;o 10.</p>
    <p>Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas para recupera&#231;&#227;o, alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o comercial padr&#227;o e livre acesso &#224; &#225;gua, com controle de luz &#150; ciclos de 12 horas, temperatura de aproximadamente 25&#186; C e umidade controlada.</p>
    <p><italic>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico</italic> - Ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o de 3 a 6 meses, os animais sobreviventes (n = 122) foram anestesiados com cloridrato de cetamina (50 mg/kg) e cloridrato de xilidino (1 mg/kg), por via intramuscular, para o estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico<sup>11</sup>. Ap&#243;s tricotomia da regi&#227;o anterior do t&#243;rax, os animais foram posicionados em dec&#250;bito dorsal, em canaleta especialmente projetada, a qual permite leve rota&#231;&#227;o lateral esquerda para realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, utilizando-se equipamento da Philips (modelo TDI 5500) dotado de transdutor eletr&#244;nico multifreq&#252;encial at&#233; 12 MHz. As medidas das estruturas card&#237;acas foram efetuadas nas imagens monodimensionais, obtidas com o feixe de ultra-som orientado pela imagem bidimensional, na posi&#231;&#227;o paraesternal eixo menor. Todas as medidas foram efetuadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da American Society of Echocardiography<sup>12</sup> e j&#225; validadas no modelo de ratos infartados<sup>13</sup>. O tamanho do infarto foi estimado pela determina&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;metro interno da regi&#227;o infartada (segmento hipocin&#233;tico/acin&#233;tico) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;metro total da cavidade (ECO). Esses valores foram medidos no modo bidimensional, por meio de planimetria, em dois planos paraesternais: eixo longo e eixo menor, avaliados no plano medial. </p>
    <p><italic>Estudo morfom&#233;trico</italic> - Ap&#243;s o estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, os animais foram sacrificados e os cora&#231;&#245;es retirados e dissecados, separando-se os ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo, incluindo o septo interventricular. Amostras de tecido card&#237;aco foram fixadas em solu&#231;&#227;o de formol a 10% por um per&#237;odo de 48 horas, segundo m&#233;todo j&#225; descrito<sup>14,15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os cortes histol&#243;gicos foram corados em l&#226;mina com solu&#231;&#227;o Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE) e Masson para aferi&#231;&#227;o do tecido infartado, empregando-se microsc&#243;pio LEICA DM LS acoplado a c&#226;mera de v&#237;deo, que envia imagens digitais a computador dotado de programa de an&#225;lise de imagens <italic>Image Pro-plus</italic> (<italic>Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland</italic>, USA).</p>
    <p>O tamanho do infarto foi determinado em cortes entre 5 e 6 mm do &#225;pice, pelo fato de os valores dessa regi&#227;o corresponderem &#224; m&#233;dia dos valores obtidos de cortes de todo cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>16,17</sup>. Para estimativa do tamanho do infarto por meio de an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica, foram utilizadas tr&#234;s t&#233;cnicas: determina&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea infartada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea total do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (AREA), determina&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;metro interno da regi&#227;o infartada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;metro total da cavidade (PER) e determina&#231;&#227;o das circunfer&#234;ncias epic&#225;rdicas e endoc&#225;rdicas dos segmentos infartados e n&#227;o-infartados (CIR). O tamanho do infarto determinado pelo ecocardiograma e por histologia &#233; expresso como porcentual das medidas da circunfer&#234;ncia ventricular.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Utilizou-se como refer&#234;ncia para a determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto o m&#233;todo CIR, considerado o mais confi&#225;vel para a estimativa da regi&#227;o infartada<sup>6</sup>. Assim, para a compara&#231;&#227;o das t&#233;cnicas, utilizaram-se, como refer&#234;ncia, os valores obtidos pelo m&#233;todo CIR; dessa maneira, compararam-se CIR x AREA, CIR x PER e CIR x ECO. Os procedimentos estat&#237;sticos adotados foram an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de medidas repetidas, com compara&#231;&#227;o entre as medianas, complementada com o teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Dunn; a signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05; o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman e o m&#233;todo de concord&#226;ncia de Bland &amp; Altman, que permitiu estabelecer os intervalos de concord&#226;ncia entre os resultados relacionados ao tamanho de infarto, obtidos por duas t&#233;cnicas diferentes.</p>
    <p>O m&#233;todo de Bland &amp; Altman &#233; procedimento estat&#237;stico e gr&#225;fico para compara&#231;&#227;o de dois m&#233;todos, usados para mensura&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas. O procedimento &#233; o seguinte: calcula-se a diferen&#231;a entre as medidas obtidas pelos dois m&#233;todos e a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o dessas diferen&#231;as. Se os valores das diferen&#231;as t&#234;m distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, &#233; esperado que 95% dos valores da diferen&#231;a fiquem entre a m&#233;dia &#177; 2 SD. Esse intervalo &#233; chamado de "limite de concord&#226;ncia". Se a faixa de varia&#231;&#227;o desse intervalo for grande, conclui-se n&#227;o haver concord&#226;ncia entre os dois m&#233;todos. Com o exame visual do gr&#225;fico, observa-se a grande dispers&#227;o dos dados. Se os dois m&#233;todos fossem concordantes, os valores da diferen&#231;a entre os dois iriam se situar pr&#243;ximos ao valor zero. </p>
    <p>Para as equa&#231;&#245;es de corre&#231;&#227;o, utilizamos a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear. Foram dados valores de "0" ao tamanho do infarto categorizado como pequeno, quando o valor da % de infarto encontrada era menor do que 40% nos diferentes m&#233;todos e dado o valor "1" e considerado como infarto de tamanho grande, quando o valor da % do infarto era maior ou igual a 40%. Dessa maneira, foram calculados os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade dos m&#233;todos AREA, PER e ECO em rela&#231;&#227;o ao m&#233;todo CIR.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Analisamos os dados de 122 animais. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tamanho do infarto obtido pelas diferentes t&#233;cnicas, os dados est&#227;o apresentados em mediana e intervalos interquartis. Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre CIR e os outros tr&#234;s m&#233;todos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Assim, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de diferen&#231;a entre os m&#233;todos, a medida por &#225;rea resultou em subestima&#231;&#227;o de 15% do tamanho do infarto. Por sua vez, as medidas por ecocardiograma e pelo per&#237;metro interno por meio de histologia resultaram em superestima&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto de 4% e 5%, respectivamente.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0093-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;todos tamb&#233;m mostrou diferen&#231;as entre AREA e os outros dois m&#233;todos (p &lt; 0,001). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ECO e PER, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as. Desse modo, a pr&#243;xima etapa foi analisar o intervalo de concord&#226;ncia dos dois m&#233;todos. Apesar de a diferen&#231;a entre os m&#233;todos ser de apenas 1,27%, o intervalo de concord&#226;ncia variou de 24,11% a &#150;26,65%, sugerindo baixa concord&#226;ncia entre eles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0093-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s associa&#231;&#245;es entre os m&#233;todos, houve correla&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas entre: CIR e PER, com coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,88 e p &lt; 0,0001; CIR e AREA, com coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,87 e p &lt; 0,0001; e CIR e ECO, com coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,42 e p &lt; 0,0001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, avaliamos a influ&#234;ncia do tamanho do infarto nas correla&#231;&#245;es CIR <italic>versus</italic> a raz&#227;o dos outros m&#233;todos/CIR. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre CIR e ECO/CIR, houve forte correla&#231;&#227;o negativa (r = 0,66) entre os m&#233;todos e o tamanho do infarto. Assim, a an&#225;lise mostrou maiores porcentagens de varia&#231;&#227;o, ou maiores discrep&#226;ncias, entre os m&#233;todos nos infartos pequenos (&lt;30%), sugerindo que o tamanho do infarto possa interferir na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os diferentes m&#233;todos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). Para os outros m&#233;todos, os valores dos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o foram: PER/CIR (r = 0,28) e AREA/CIR (r = 0,44).</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0093-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0093-00004-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear possibilitou a elabora&#231;&#227;o de equa&#231;&#245;es, cujo objetivo foi corrigir os valores obtidos na determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto pelos diferentes m&#233;todos em fun&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo CIR. Para o tamanho do infarto estimado pelo per&#237;metro interno, obtivemos a equa&#231;&#227;o: CIR = 10,69 + (0,662 x PER), com coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o de 82%. Para o tamanho do infarto estimado pelo ecocardiograma, obtivemos a equa&#231;&#227;o: CIR = 21,81 + (0,437 x ECO), com coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o de 17%; e para o tamanho do infarto estimado pela &#225;rea, obtivemos a equa&#231;&#227;o: 16,80 + (0,929 x AREA), com coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o de 78%.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade e especificidade em compara&#231;&#227;o com CIR, os valores encontrados foram, respectivamente: ECO (87%, 46%), PER (96%, 65%) e AREA (14%, 100%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O nosso trabalho teve por objetivo comparar diferentes m&#233;todos para determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto <italic>na fase cr&#244;nica</italic>, no modelo experimental do rato. Nossos resultados sugerem que, a despeito de boa correla&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o existe concord&#226;ncia entre os diferentes m&#233;todos.</p>
    <p>Um dos m&#233;todos utilizados para a determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto no modelo do rato foi a an&#225;lise da &#225;rea infartada, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea total do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Devemos considerar, entretanto, que ap&#243;s o infarto ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas tanto no segmento infartado como na regi&#227;o n&#227;o-infartada. Na regi&#227;o infartada, o tecido necr&#243;tico &#233; substitu&#237;do por tecido fibroso de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o. Nesse processo, que no rato dura 21 dias, ocorre reabsor&#231;&#227;o do tecido necr&#243;tico e deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno. Nas fases mais tardias da cicatriza&#231;&#227;o, ocorre contra&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fibr&#243;tica<sup>18</sup>. Na &#225;rea n&#227;o-infartada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, ocorrem diferentes graus de hipertrofia card&#237;aca, como adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; perda dos mi&#243;citos. Por causa dessas altera&#231;&#245;es, prevalece o conceito de que a determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto por volume ou &#225;rea pode resultar em erro. De fato, a reabsor&#231;&#227;o e retra&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea infartada, somadas &#224; hipertrofia da &#225;rea n&#227;o-infartada, poderiam resultar em subestima&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea infartada original<sup>6</sup>. Nossos dados est&#227;o em conson&#226;ncia com esse conceito, j&#225; que, por &#225;rea, houve diferen&#231;a, para menos, de 15% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tamanho do infarto avaliado pelas circunfer&#234;ncias endoc&#225;rdicas e epic&#225;rdicas. </p>
    <p>Outro m&#233;todo utilizado para a determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto foi a medida do per&#237;metro interno do segmento infartado, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;metro total da cavidade ventricular. Essa an&#225;lise pode ser feita por dois m&#233;todos: ecocardiograma e histologia. No entanto, a exemplo da estimativa por &#225;rea, esses m&#233;todos podem apresentar importantes limita&#231;&#245;es. Simultaneamente &#224; necrose das miofibrilas, h&#225; desintegra&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno interfibrilar. Esse fato ocasiona perda do tecido de sustenta&#231;&#227;o, o que torna a regi&#227;o mais distens&#237;vel e, conseq&#252;entemente, mais suscet&#237;vel a deforma&#231;&#245;es. Assim, pode ocorrer deslizamento de &#225;reas musculares necr&#243;ticas, com realinhamento dos mi&#243;citos na parede infartada. Como resultado, h&#225; afilamento da regi&#227;o e dilata&#231;&#227;o do segmento infartado. Essa dilata&#231;&#227;o aguda, caracterizada por adelga&#231;amento e distens&#227;o da regi&#227;o infartada, &#233; denominada expans&#227;o do infarto<sup>19</sup>. Um aspecto a ser considerado &#233; que, secund&#225;rio &#224; expans&#227;o, a determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto pelos per&#237;metros internos pode superestimar o tamanho do infarto<sup>6</sup>. Outro achado interessante de nosso estudo foi que, para o ecocardiograma, tamanhos pequenos de infarto apresentaram maiores discrep&#226;ncias nos valores do tamanho do infarto, quando comparados ao m&#233;todo CIR. Al&#233;m disso, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ecocardiograma, o procedimento cir&#250;rgico pode resultar em alguns artefatos, principalmente ader&#234;ncias, o que causaria a identifica&#231;&#227;o de segmentos com hipocinesia, mas n&#227;o relacionados ao infarto. </p>
    <p>Em concord&#226;ncia com esse conceito, nossos resultados mostraram que houve superestima&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto tanto pelo ecocardiograma como pela histologia. Um dado interessante foi que a superestima&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto pelos per&#237;metros (ecocardiograma 4% e histologia 5%) foi menos pronunciada que a subestima&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto pela &#225;rea (15%). </p>
    <p>Outro aspecto a ser considerado refere-se ao fato de que, na compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos, a presen&#231;a de correla&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas e com alto grau de coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o assegura concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos. Como exemplo, poder&#237;amos citar as compara&#231;&#245;es entre CIR e AREA. Nosso trabalho encontrou alto grau de coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos (r = 0,87), com alto grau de signific&#226;ncia (p &lt; 0,0001). Poder&#237;amos interpretar que essas t&#233;cnicas apresentaram o mesmo comportamento, no entanto n&#227;o podemos inferir que os m&#233;todos s&#227;o similares, j&#225; que n&#227;o houve concord&#226;ncia entre os valores obtidos pelos diferentes m&#233;todos. </p>
    <p>Finalmente, devemos considerar que, nesse modelo, o tamanho do infarto pode variar de 5% a 60%, dificultando a interpreta&#231;&#227;o das repercuss&#245;es do infarto. Utilizando o m&#233;todo das circunfer&#234;ncias, Pfeffer e cols.<sup>6</sup> relacionaram o tamanho do infarto com a presen&#231;a de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Para infartos menores que 20%, os animais n&#227;o apresentaram remodela&#231;&#227;o ou evid&#234;ncias de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os animais com infartos moderados, entre 20% e 40%, apresentaram graus diversos de remodela&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, mas sem presen&#231;a de sinais cl&#237;nicos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os animais com grandes infartos apresentaram importante remodela&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, com sinais cl&#237;nicos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Por essa raz&#227;o, autores, quando estudam esse modelo, usualmente separam os ratos em grupos com infartos pequenos (&lt;40%) ou grandes (<underline>&gt;</underline>40%). Em nosso estudo, o m&#233;todo que apresentou melhor capacidade de distinguir infartos menores ou maiores que 40%, quando comparado ao m&#233;todo tradicional, foi o PER, que apresentou sensibilidade de 96% e especificidade de 65%. </p>
    <p>Outros estudos compararam a estimativa do tamanho do infarto avaliado por dois m&#233;todos (ecocardiograma e por m&#233;todos histol&#243;gicos). Em trabalho pioneiro, Litwin e cols.<sup>20</sup> n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as no tamanho do infarto avaliado por ecocardiograma e por histologia. No modelo de camundongos, a exemplo do nosso estudo, foi encontrada alta correla&#231;&#227;o entre os tamanhos de infarto avaliados por histologia e ecocardiograma<sup>21</sup>. Recentemente, Nozawa e cols.<sup>22</sup>, no modelo do rato, encontraram alta correla&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;fico e histol&#243;gico para a estimativa do tamanho do infarto (r = 0,88). Entretanto, a exemplo de nosso estudo, a an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman mostrou baixa concord&#226;ncia entre os dois m&#233;todos, com intervalo de concord&#226;ncia variando de - 51,4% a +42,9%<sup>22</sup>. Portanto, as evid&#234;ncias at&#233; o momento sugerem que, apesar de "altas" correla&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o foi identificada concord&#226;ncia entre os dois m&#233;todos. Outro aspecto a ser considerado &#233; que n&#227;o encontramos estudos anteriores que fizessem a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os quatro diferentes m&#233;todos avaliados no presente trabalho.</p>
    <p>Os nossos resultados devem ser interpretados considerando-se potenciais limita&#231;&#245;es. A primeira particularidade refere-se &#224;s poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre medidas realizadas <italic>post-mortem</italic> e <italic>in vivo</italic>. As medidas no animal intacto sofrem influ&#234;ncia da press&#227;o de distens&#227;o ventricular resultante de press&#227;o diast&#243;lica e press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o coronariana. Outra particularidade &#233; o potencial efeito da fixa&#231;&#227;o nos m&#233;todos morfom&#233;tricos, j&#225; que a retra&#231;&#227;o da cicatriz pode ser distinta do m&#250;sculo normal e distorcer a &#225;rea avaliada. Esses problemas poderiam ser superados com algum grau de estiramento mioc&#225;rdico antes da fixa&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, entretanto isso n&#227;o foi feito no presente estudo. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o dispomos de dados sobre a variabilidade intra e interobservada ao ecocardiograma.</p>
    <p>Pelo exposto, os valores do tamanho do infarto apresentam pouca concord&#226;ncia entre os diferentes m&#233;todos. Esse fato deve ser considerado na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de estudos que fa&#231;am associa&#231;&#245;es entre as altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais ap&#243;s a les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica e o tamanho infarto. </p>
    <p>Em suma, na determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto no modelo experimental do rato, apesar da alta correla&#231;&#227;o, encontramos baixa concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o desse estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Leonardo A. M. Zornoff </p>
        <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP </p>
        <p> 18618-000 - Botucatu, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lzornoff@cardiol.br">lzornoff@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 05/12/06; revisado recebido em 16/02/07; aceito em 26/06/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Litwin SE. The rat model of postinfarction    heart failure. Heart Fail. 1995; 11: 82-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The rat model of postinfarction heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>82</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Litwin</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Pfeffer MA, Frohlich ED. Improvements in    clinical outcomes with the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors:    cross-fertilization between clinical and basic investigation. Am J Physiol Heart    Circ Physiol. 2006; 291: H2021-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Improvements in clinical outcomes with the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: cross-fertilization between clinical and basic investigation</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>H2021</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>291</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frohlich</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Litwin SE, Raya TE, Anderson PG, Litwin    CM, Goldman S. Induction of myocardial hypertrophy after ligation in rats decreases    ventricular dilatation and improves systolic function. Circulation. 1991; 84:    1819-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Induction of myocardial hypertrophy after ligation in rats decreases ventricular dilatation and improves systolic function</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1819</fpage>
          <lpage>27</lpage>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Litwin</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raya</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Litwin</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldman</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Fletcher PJ, Pfeffer JM, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald    E. Left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations in rats with healed    myocardial infarction: effects on systolic function. Circ Res. 1981; 49: 618-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations in rats with healed myocardial infarction: effects on systolic function</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>618</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fletcher</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Raya TE, Gay RG, Lancaster L, Aguirre M,    Moffett C, Goldman S. Serial changes in left ventricular relaxation and chamber    stiffness after large myocardial infarction in rats. Circulation. 1988; 77:    1424-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Serial changes in left ventricular relaxation and chamber stiffness after large myocardial infarction in rats</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1424</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Raya</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gay</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lancaster</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aguirre</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moffett</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldman</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Pfeffer MA, Pfeffer JM, Fishbein MC, Fletcher    PJ, Spadaro J, Kloner RA, et al. Myocardial infarct size and ventricular function    in rats. Circ Res. 1979; 503-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Myocardial infarct size and ventricular function in rats</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1979</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>503</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fishbein</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fletcher</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spadaro</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kloner</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E. Ventricular remodeling    after myocardial infarction: experimental observations and clinical implications.    Circulation. 1990; 81: 1161-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction: experimental observations and clinical implications</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1161</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Pfeffer JM, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E. Influence    of chronic captopril therapy on the infarcted left ventricle of the rat. Circ    Res. 1985; 57: 84-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Influence of chronic captopril therapy on the infarcted left ventricle of the rat</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>84</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Cohn JN, Ferrari R, Sharpe N. Cardiac remodeling     concepts and clinical implications: a consensus paper from an international    forum on cardiac remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35: 569-82. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac remodeling - concepts and clinical implications: a consensus paper from an international forum on cardiac remodeling</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>569</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cohn</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrari</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharpe</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10.  Zornoff LAM, Matsubara BB, Matsubara    LS, Paiva SAR, Spadaro J. Early rather than delayed administration of lisinopril    protects the heart after myocardial infarction in rats. Basic Res Cardiol. 2000;    95: 208-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Early rather than delayed administration of lisinopril protects the heart after myocardial infarction in rats</article-title>
          <source>Basic Res Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>208</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zornoff</surname>
              <given-names>LAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paiva</surname>
              <given-names>SAR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spadaro</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Zornoff LAM, Matsubara BB, Matsubara LS,    Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Campana, AO, et al. A exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224;    fuma&#231;a do cigarro intensifica a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular    ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006; 86:    276-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro intensifica a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>276</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zornoff</surname>
              <given-names>LAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minicucci</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campana</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Sahn DJ, DeMaria A, Kisslo J, Weyman AE.    The Committee on M-mode standardization of the American Society of Echocardiography.    Recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiography: results of    a survey of echocardiographic measurements. Circulation. 1978; 58: 1072-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Committee on M-mode standardization of the American Society of Echocardiography: Recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiography: results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1072</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sahn</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeMaria</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kisslo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weyman</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Solomon SD, Greaves SC, Ryan M, Finn P,    Pfeffer MA, Pfeffer JM. Temporal dissociation of left ventricular function and    remodeling following experimental myocardial infarction in rats. J Card Fail.    1999; 5: 213-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Temporal dissociation of left ventricular function and remodeling following experimental myocardial infarction in rats</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>213</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Solomon</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greaves</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ryan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Finn</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Zornoff LAM, Paiva SAR, Matsubara BB,    Matsubara LS, Spadaro J. Combination therapy with angiotensin converting enzyme    inhibition and AT1 receptor inhibitor on ventricular remodeling after myocardial    infarction in rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2000; 5: 203-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Combination therapy with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and AT1 receptor inhibitor on ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>203</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zornoff</surname>
              <given-names>LAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paiva</surname>
              <given-names>SAR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spadaro</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Matsubara LS, Matsubara BB, Okoshi MP,    Cicogna AC, Janicki JS. Alterations in myocardial collagen content affect rat    papillary muscle function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2000; 279: H1534-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Alterations in myocardial collagen content affect rat papillary muscle function</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>H1534</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>279</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okoshi</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cicogna</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Janicki</surname>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Spadaro J, Fishbein MC, Hare C, Pfeffer    MA, Maroko PR. Characterization of myocardial infarcts in the rat. Arch Pathol    Lab Med. 1980; 104: 179-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Characterization of myocardial infarcts in the rat</article-title>
          <source>Arch Pathol Lab Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1980</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>179</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spadaro</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fishbein</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hare</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maroko</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Oh B-H, Ono S, Rockman HR, Ross Junior    J. Myocardial hypertrophy in the ischemic zone induced by exercise in rats after    coronary reperfusion. Circulation. 1993; 87: 598-607.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Myocardial hypertrophy in the ischemic zone induced by exercise in rats after coronary reperfusion</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>598</fpage>
          <lpage>607</lpage>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>B-H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ono</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rockman</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ross Junior</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Fishbein MC, Maclean MB, Maroko PR. Experimental    myocardial infarction in the rat. Am J Pathol. 1978; 90: 55-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Experimental myocardial infarction in the rat</article-title>
          <source>Am J Pathol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>55</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fishbein</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maclean</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maroko</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Matsubara BB, Zornoff LAM. Matriz col&#225;gena    intersticial e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a expans&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica    no infarto agudo. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1995; 64: 559-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Matriz col&#225;gena intersticial e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a expans&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no infarto agudo</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>559</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zornoff</surname>
              <given-names>LAM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Litwin SE, Katz SE, Morgan PG, Douglas OS.    Serial echocardiographic assessment of the ventricular geometry and function    after large myocardial infarction in the rat. Circulation. 1994; 89: 345-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Serial echocardiographic assessment of the ventricular geometry and function after large myocardial infarction in the rat</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>345</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Litwin</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katz</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morgan</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Douglas</surname>
              <given-names>OS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Kanno S, Lerner DL, Schuessler RB, Betsuyaku    T, Yamada KA, Saffitz JE, et al. Echocardographic evaluation of ventricular    remodeling in a mouse model of myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr.    2002; 15: 601-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Echocardographic evaluation of ventricular remodeling in a mouse model of myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>601</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kanno</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lerner</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schuessler</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Betsuyaku</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamada</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saffitz</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Nozawa E, Kanashiro RM, Murad N, Carvalho    AC, Cravo SL, Campos O, et al. Performance of two-dimentional Doppler echocardiography    for the assessment of infarct size and left ventricular function in rats. Braz    J Med Biol Res. 2006; 39: 687-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Performance of two-dimentional Doppler echocardiography for the assessment of infarct size and left ventricular function in rats</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>687</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nozawa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kanashiro</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murad</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cravo</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of different methods to measure experimental chronic infarction size in the rat model</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the differences between three methods for the measurement of experimental infarction in rats in comparison to the traditional method. METHODS: Histological analysis of the infarction area (AREA), histological analysis of the internal cavity perimeter (PER) and echocardiogram analysis of the internal perimeter (ECHO) were compared to the traditional method (histological analysis of the epicardial and endocardial circumferences of the infarction region - CIR). Repeated ANOVA measurements were used in conjunction with the Dunn multiple comparison test, the Bland and Altman concordance method and the Spearman correlation test. Significance was established as p &lt; 0.05. RESULTS: The data of 122 animals were analyzed, 3 to 6 months after the infarction. Infarction size assessments revealed differences between CIR and the other three methods (p &lt; 0.001): CIR = 42.4% (35.9-48.8), PER = 50.3% (39.1-57.0), AREA = 27.3% (20.2-34.3), ECHO = 46.1% (39.9-52.6). Therefore, measurement by area underestimated the infarct size by 15%, whereas the echocardiogram and histological internal perimeter measurements overestimated the infarct size by 4% and 5%, respectively. In relation to ECHO and PER, even though the difference between the methods was only 1.27%, the concordance interval ranged from 24.1% to -26.7%, suggesting a low level of concordance between the methods. In relation to associations, statistically significant correlations were found between: CIR and PER (r = 0.88 and p &lt; 0.0001); CIR and AREA (r = 0.87 and p &lt; 0.0001) and CIR and ECHO (r = 0.42 and p &lt; 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Despite the high level of correlation, there was a low level of concordance between the methods to define infarct size.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Comparison of different methods to measure experimental chronic infarction size in the rat model</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcos F. Minicucci; Paula S. Azevedo; Daniella R. Duarte; Beatriz B. Matsubara; Luiz S. Matsubara; &#193;lvaro O. Campana; Sergio A. R. Paiva; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP - Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the differences between three methods for the measurement of experimental infarction in rats in comparison to the traditional method.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Histological analysis of the infarction area (AREA), histological analysis of the internal cavity perimeter (PER) and echocardiogram analysis of the internal perimeter (ECHO) were compared to the traditional method (histological analysis of the epicardial and endocardial circumferences of the infarction region - CIR). Repeated ANOVA measurements were used in conjunction with the Dunn multiple comparison test, the Bland and Altman concordance method and the Spearman correlation test. Significance was established as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The data of 122 animals were analyzed, 3 to 6 months after the infarction. Infarction size assessments revealed differences between CIR and the other three methods (p &lt; 0.001): CIR = 42.4% (35.9-48.8), PER = 50.3% (39.1-57.0), AREA = 27.3% (20.2-34.3), ECHO = 46.1% (39.9-52.6). Therefore, measurement by area underestimated the infarct size by 15%, whereas the echocardiogram and histological internal perimeter measurements overestimated the infarct size by 4% and 5%, respectively. In relation to ECHO and PER, even though the difference between the methods was only 1.27%, the concordance interval ranged from 24.1% to &#150;26.7%, suggesting a low level of concordance between the methods. In relation to associations, statistically significant correlations were found between: CIR and PER (r = 0.88 and p &lt; 0.0001); CIR and AREA (r = 0.87 and p &lt; 0.0001) and CIR and ECHO (r = 0.42 and p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Despite the high level of correlation, there was a low level of concordance between the methods to define infarct size.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Myocardial infarction/physiopatology; rats.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The experimental acute myocardial infarction model has been widely used for some years now to study physiopathological alterations that occur during and after ischemic attacks.</p>
      <p>Among the various models in existence, the experimental infarction in rat models is the most prominent. This is largely due to the fact that it is practical, owing to its relatively low cost in comparison to other animal models, but is mainly due to the reproducibility of results in comparison to subsequent clinical studies<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>One of the most relevant aspects of this model is the infarction size. It is accepted that the acute hemodynamic consequences of a coronary occlusion are closely related to infarction size<sup>3-6</sup>. Chronically, alterations in the composition, mass, volume and cardiac geometry can occur that are collectively called cardiac remodeling<sup>7-9</sup>. The degree of ventricular remodeling is directly associated with a worse diagnosis due to a greater incidence in the formation of aneurisms, ventricular rupture, arrhythmias and the association with progressive ventricular dysfunction. Similar to the acute alterations, the infarct size is the main determining factor for the presence and intensity of ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (AMI)<sup>7-9</sup>. Therefore, defining the infarction size is a critical point in the study of morphological and functional repercussions after infarction.</p>
      <p>In experimental studies, infarction size has been preferentially evaluated by four different methods: 1) definition of the infarction area in relation to the left ventricle area using histology or planimetry (with planimetry, the infarction area and total myocardial area are evaluated using transillumination); 2) histological analysis to define the internal perimeter of the infarcted region in relation to the total cavity perimeter; 3) histological analysis to define the epicardial and endocardial circumferences of the infarcted and noninfarcted segments and 4) echocardiogram to define the internal perimeter of the infarcted region in relation to the total cavity perimeter. The potential limitation of these four different techniques is that the infarction size can vary depending on the method used. However, the exact degree of variability for each technique has not yet been determined. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the differences in infarction size estimates using the four different methods. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The experimental protocol for the present study was approved by our institution&#146;s Ethics Commission for Animal Experiments, in accordance with the Ethical Principles for Animal Experiments adopted by the Brazilian College of Animal Experiments.</p>
      <p><italic>Experimental infarction</italic> - Male Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 250 grams were used for the experiment. The acute infarction was produced in accordance with the previously described method<sup>10,11</sup>. In short, the rats were anesthetized with ether and undewent left lateral thoracotomies. After exteriorization of the heart, the left atrium was separated and the left coronary artery was ligated with #5.00 mononylon thread between the exit point of the pulmonary artery and left atrium. Next, the heart was returned to the chest, the lungs were inflated with positive pressure and the thorax was closed with #10 cotton sutures.</p>
      <p>The animals were kept in cages during recovery, received standard commercial feed and were allowed free access to water in a room with controlled humidity and temperature, approximately 25&#186;C, and a 12 hour light - dark cycle.</p>
      <p><italic>Echocardiograph Study</italic> - After an observation period of 3 to 6 months, the surviving animals (n = 122) were anesthetized with cetamine chloride (50 mg/kg) and xylidine chloride (1 mg/kg) that was injected in the muscle for the echocardiograph study<sup>11</sup>. After trichotomy of the anterior chest region, the animals were placed in the supine position in a specially designed channel that enabled slight lateral left rotation for the test that was conducted using Philips equipment (model TDI 5500) with an electronic transducer with a multi-frequency range of up to 12 MHz. Measurements of the cardiac structures were taken from the M-mode images, using the two dimensional image to direct the ultrasound beam in the parasternal short axis position. All measurements were taken in accordance with the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>12</sup> and previously validated in the infarcted rats model<sup>13</sup>. Infarction size was estimated by defining the internal perimeter of the infarcted region (hypokinetic/akinetic segment) in relation to the total cavity perimeter (ECHO). These values were measured in the two dimensional mode using planimetry in two parasternal views: long and short axis, evaluated in the medial plane. </p>
      <p><italic>Morphometric study</italic> - After the echocardiography study, the animals were sacrificed, their hearts were removed and dissected, and the right and left ventricles, including the interventricular septum, were separated. Cardiac tissue samples were fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution for 48 hours using a previously described method<sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The histological sections were stained on a slad with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Masson agents to assess the infarction tissue, using a LEICA DM LS microscope attached to a video camera that sent digital images to a computer equipped with the image analysis program, Image Pro-plus (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA).</p>
      <p>The infarction size was determined in sections 5 to 6 mm from the apex, since the values in this region correspond to the mean of the values obtained from sections of the entire heart<sup>16,17</sup>. Three histological analysis techniques were used to estimate the infarction size: definition of the infarction area in relation to the total area of the left ventricle (AREA), definition of the internal perimeter of the infarction region in relation to the total cavity perimeter (PER) and definition of the epicardial and endocardial circumferences of the infarcted and noninfarcted segments (CIR). The echocardiogram and histological infarction sizes are expressed as a percentile of the ventricular circumference measurements.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - The CIR method was used as a reference to determine infarction size, since it is regarded as the most reliable method to estimate the infarction region<sup>6</sup>. Therefore, the CIR measurements were used as a reference to compare the following values: CIR <italic>vs</italic> AREA, CIR <italic>vs</italic> PER and CIR <italic>vs</italic> ECHO. The statistical procedures adopted were: variance analysis for repeated measurements, to compare the median values, as well as the Dunn multiple comparison test. Significance was established as p &lt; 0.05. The Spearman correlation test and Bland &amp; Altman concordance method were used to establish the concordance intervals between the results for the infarction sizes obtained by the two different techniques.</p>
      <p>The Bland &amp; Altman method is a statistical and graphical procedure to compare two methods used to measure the clinical variables. The procedure is as follows: the difference between the measurements obtained from the two methods as well as the mean and standard deviation of these differences are calculated. If the values of the differences have a normal distribution, it is expected that 95% of these values will be between the mean &#177; 2 SD. This interval is called the "concordance limit". If this interval presents a significant range of variation, it is presumed that there is no concordance between the two methods. Visual examination of the graph reveals significant data dispersion. If there was concordance between the two methods, the difference values would be located close to the zero mark. </p>
      <p>Linear regression analysis was used for the correction equations. Values of "0" were given to the infarctions classified as small, when the % value of the infarction was less than 40% for the different methods and values of "1" were given to the infarctions classified as large, when the % value of the infarction was greater than or equal to 40%. Therefore, the sensitivity and specificity values for the methods AREA, PER and ECHO were calculated in relation to the CIR method.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We analyzed the data of 122 animals. The data in regard to the infarction sizes obtained using the different techniques are presented as medians and interquartile intervals. Significant statistical differences were found between CIR and the other three methods (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig.1</xref>). As a result, the degree of difference between the area measurement methods, underestimated the infarction size by 15%. In turn, the echocardiogram and histological internal perimeter measurements, overestimated the infarction size by 4% and 5%, respectively.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0093-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Comparisons between methods also revealed differences between the AREA methods and the other two techniques (p &lt; 0.001). In relation to ECHO and PER no differences were found. Therefore, the next step was to analyze the concordance interval of the two methods. Even though the difference between the methods was only 1.27%, the concordance interval ranged from 24.11% to -26.65%, suggesting a low level of concordance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0093-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In relation to associations between the methods, statistically significant correlations were found between: CIR and PER, with a correlation coefficient of 0.88 and p &lt; 0.0001; CIR and AREA with a correlation coefficient of 0.87 and p &lt; 0.0001; and CIR and ECHO with a correlation coefficient of 0.42 and p &lt; 0.0001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). In addition, we evaluated the influence of the infarction size in the correlations CIR <italic>versus</italic> the ratio of the other methods/CIR. In the comparison between CIR and ECHO/CIR, a strong negative correlation (r = 0.66) was found between the methods and infarction size. Therefore, the analysis demonstrated greater variation percentages, or greater discrepancies between the methods for small infarctions (&lt;30%) suggesting that the infarction size can interfere in the comparison between the different methods (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). For the other methods, the correlation coefficient values were: PER/CIR (r = 0.28) and AREA/CIR (r = 0.44).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0093-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-02-0093-00004-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The linear regression analysis made it possible to prepare equations in order to correct the values obtained in defining the infarction size, using different methods in relation to the CIR method. For the estimated infarction size using the internal perimeter, we obtained the equation: CIR = 10.69 + (0.662 x PER), with a determination coefficient of 82%. For the infarction size estimated by the echocardiogram, we obtained the equation: CIR = 21.81 + (0.437 x ECHO), with a determination coefficient of 17%; for the infarction size estimated by area, we obtained the equation: 16.80 + (0.929 x AREA), with a determination coefficient of 78%.</p>
      <p>In the sensitivity and specificity analysis in comparison with CIR, the values found were, respectively: ECHO (87%, 46%), PER (96%, 65%) and AREA (14%, 100%). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to compare the different methods to determine infarction size during the chronic phase in the experimental rat model. Our results suggest that, despite the good correlation, there is no concordance between the different methods. </p>
      <p>One of the methods used to define the infarction size in the rat model was the analysis of the infarction area in relation to the total area of the left ventricle. Nevertheless, we should consider that after the infarction, dynamic alterations occur in both the infarcted and noninfarcted segments. In the infarcted region, the necrotic tissue is substituted by a fibrous scar tissue. In this process, that lasts 21 days in the rats, the necrotic tissue is reabsorbed and collagen is deposited. In the later stages of healing, the fibrotic area contracts<sup>18</sup>. In the noninfarcted area of the left ventricle, varying degrees of cardiac hypertrophy occur, to compensate for the loss of myocytes. Due to these alterations, the prevailing concept is that definition of infarction size using volume or area can result in errors. In fact the reabsorption and retraction of the infarcted area, added to the hypertrophy in the noninfarcted area, could result in underestimation of the infarction size when compared to the original infarction area<sup>6</sup>. Our data agree with this concept, since, by area, there was a difference of 15% less in relation to the infarction size evaluated using the endocardiac and epicardiac circumferences.</p>
      <p>Another method used to determine the infarction size, was the measuring of the internal perimeter of the infarcted segment in relation to the total perimeter of the ventricular cavity. This analysis can be made using two methods: echocardiogram and histology. Nevertheless, in the case of estimations by area, these methods can present significant limitations. In conjunction with the myofibrilla necrosis, the interfibrillar collagen disintegrates. This fact causes loss of connective tissue, making the region more susceptible to distensions and consequent deformations. Therefore, the necrotic muscle areas could shift, realigning the myocytes on the infarcted wall. As a result, the region becomes thinner and the infarcted region dilates. This acute dilatation, marked by the thinning and distension of the infarcted zone, is called infarct expansion<sup>19</sup>. One aspect to be considered is that, secondary to the expansion, the definition of the infarction size using the internal perimeters can overestimate the infarct size<sup>6</sup>. Another interesting finding in our study was that, when compared to the CIR method, the echocardiogram presented greater discrepancies for small infarctions. Additionally, in relation to the echocardiogram, the surgical procedure can cause some artifacts, mainly adherences, that could identify hypokinetic segments that are not related to the infarction.</p>
      <p>In agreement with this concept, our results demonstrate that the infarction size was overestimated with both the echocardiogram and histology. An interesting point is that the overestimation of the infarct size using the perimeters (echocardiogram 4% and histology 5%) was less pronounced than the underestimation with the area method (15%). </p>
      <p>Another aspect to be considered, is the fact that when comparing the methods, statistically significant correlations with a high degree of correlation coefficients do not ensure concordance between the methods. As an example, we can cite the comparisons between CIR and AREA. Our study found a high degree of correlation coefficients between the methods (r=0.87) and a high significance level (p &lt; 0.0001). We can construe that these techniques presented the same behavior; however we cannot infer that the methods are similar since there was no concordance between the values obtained using the different methods. </p>
      <p>Finally, we should consider that in this model, the infarction size can range from 5% to 60%, making it difficult to interpret the repercussions of the infarction. Using the circumference method, Pfeffer and associates<sup>6</sup> related the infarction size to the presence of cardiac remodeling and ventricular dysfunction. For infarctions less than 20%, the animals did not present remodeling or evidence of ventricular dysfunction. The animals with moderate infarctions, between 20% and 40%, presented various degrees of remodeling and ventricular dysfunction, but did not present clinical signs of heart failure. The animals with large infarctions presented significant remodeling and ventricular dysfunction with clinical signs of heart failure. For this reason, when studying this model, the authors usually separate the rats into groups with small (&lt;40%) or large (&gt;40%) infarctions. In our study, the method that presented the best capacity to distinguish between infarctions less than or greater than 40%, in comparison to the traditional method, was PER that presented sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 65%. </p>
      <p>Other studies have compared the estimated infarction size using two methods (echocardiogram and histological methods). In a groundbreaking study, Litwin and associates<sup>20</sup> did not find any differences in the infarction sizes evaluated by echocardiogram and histology. In the mice model, as in the case of our study, a high correlation was found between the infarction sizes evaluated by histology and echocardiograms<sup>21</sup>. Recently, Nozawa and associates<sup>22</sup> using the rat model, found a high correlation between the echocardiograph and histology methods to estimate infarction size (r = 0.88). Nevertheless, as in the case of our study, the Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated low concordance between the two methods, with a concordance interval ranging from &#150;51.4% to +42.9%<sup>22</sup>. Therefore, to date the evidence suggests that despite the "high" correlations, concordance between the two methods has not been identified. Another aspect to be considered is that we did not find any previous studies that compared the four different methods evaluated in the present study.</p>
      <p>Our results should be interpreted considering potential limitations. The first distinction is the possible difference between the <italic>post-mortem</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> measurements. Measurements of the intact animal are influenced by the pressure of ventricular distension caused by diastolic and coronary perfusion pressures. Another distinction is the potential effect of the fixation in the morphometric methods, since the scar retraction could be different from the normal muscle and distort the area evaluated. These problems could be overcome with some degree of myocardial stretching before fixing the heart, however this was not done in the present study. Additionally, we did not prepare echocardiogram data for intra and interobserver variability.</p>
      <p>As shown, the infarction size values present a low level of concordance between the different methods. This fact should be considered when interpreting studies that associate morphological and functional alterations after the ischemic lesion and the infarction size. </p>
      <p>In closing, despite the high correlation in the definition of infarction size using the experimental rat model, we found a low level of concordance between the methods.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</p>
          <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</p>
          <p> Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP</p>
          <p> 18618-000 - Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lzornoff@cardiol.br">lzornoff@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received December 5, 2006; revised manuscript received February 16, 2007; accepted June 26, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
