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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GWmrpghy4994LgVLfjDpsRq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001300011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900111</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001300011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 4/2007: mulher, 21 anos, com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, que apresentou choque hemorr&#225;gico e coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada ap&#243;s ooforectomia por cisto ovariano roto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Silva Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Canzian</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>64</fpage>
      <lpage>71</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CORRELA&#199;&#195;O ANATOMOCL&#205;NICA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caso 4/2007 - Mulher, 21 anos, com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, que apresentou choque hemorr&#225;gico e coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada ap&#243;s ooforectomia por cisto ovariano roto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#225;rcio Silva Miguel Lima; Ant&#244;nio Laurinavicius; Mauro Canzian</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, choque hemorr&#225;gico, coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada, ovariectomia.</p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo feminino de 21 anos de idade foi encaminhada ao hospital no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de laparotomia exploradora indicada em raz&#227;o de abdome agudo hemorr&#225;gico.</p>
    <p>A paciente tinha hist&#243;ria de cardiopatia desde o nascimento. Ainda lactente, foi observado cansa&#231;o e na avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de sopro card&#237;aco. Aos dois anos de idade foi submetida a cateterismo card&#237;aco que revelou achados compat&#237;veis com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. O ecocardiograma mostrou hipertrofia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma dessa &#233;poca (1991) apresentava ritmo sinusal, intervalo PR 80 mseg, presen&#231;a de onda delta positiva em I, II, aVF, V<sub>1</sub> e V<sub>6</sub>, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda e altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular tipo "strain" (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Evoluiu na inf&#226;ncia com cansa&#231;o aos esfor&#231;os grandes e palpita&#231;&#245;es, sintomas que permaneceram at&#233; a idade de 20 anos, quando se iniciaram epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope precedidos de dor precordial desencadeada por esfor&#231;os moderados. Recebia prescri&#231;&#227;o de atenolol at&#233; os 18 anos (2003), quando foi substitu&#237;do pelo carvedilol.</p>
    <p>Foram realizados v&#225;rios eletrocardiogramas din&#226;micos em registros de 24 horas, que revelaram extra-s&#237;stoles atriais e ventriculares pouco freq&#252;entes e isoladas at&#233; 2004, quando houve o registro de taquicardia ventricular sustentada.</p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico (jun/2004) mostrava press&#227;o arterial 120x85 mmHg, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 80 bpm, semiologia pulmonar normal, bulhas normofon&#233;ticas e sopro sist&#243;lico 2+/6+ em &#225;rea mitral. O exame do abdome revelou f&#237;gado a 3 cm do rebordo costal direito.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (jun/2004) mostrou ritmo sinusal, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 62 bpm, PR curto, S&#194;QRS + 90&#176; para frente, onda delta positiva em V<sub>1,</sub> ondas Q em V<sub>5</sub> e V<sub>6</sub>, e altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico n&#227;o era significativamente diferentemente do padr&#227;o que apresentava desde 2002 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Havia hipertrofia acentuada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao ecocardiograma. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi interpretada como normal apesar de a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o com base no ecocardiograma ter sugerido fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica rebaixada. Na revis&#227;o do exame, atribuiu-se a interpreta&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o rebaixada ao movimento assincr&#244;nico do septo interventricular (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Depois do epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ncope, a investiga&#231;&#227;o eletrofisiol&#243;gica foi aprofundada. O estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, realizado em junho de 2004, revelou a presen&#231;a de duas vias an&#244;malas de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular do est&#237;mulo card&#237;aco &#150; uma de topografia p&#243;stero-septal esquerda e outra de topografia lateral esquerda.</p>
    <p>A paciente foi submetida a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia da via p&#243;stero-septal com sucesso. A outra via n&#227;o foi abordada em raz&#227;o da longa dura&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o. Recebeu alta hospitalar com prescri&#231;&#227;o de losartana 50 mg, carvedilol 50 mg e AAS 100 mg, tendo evolu&#237;do com diminui&#231;&#227;o das crises de palpita&#231;&#245;es e sem recorr&#234;ncia da s&#237;ncope.</p>
    <p>Foi reinternada em mar&#231;o de 2005 para abla&#231;&#227;o da via an&#244;mala p&#243;stero-lateral. Depois da abla&#231;&#227;o, a paciente apresentou freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 28 bpm, seguida de parada card&#237;aca em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso, a qual foi revertida. Persistiu com choque cardiog&#234;nico, havendo necessidade de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal e uso de agentes vasoativos.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma (2005) revelou acentuada hipertrofia, dilata&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica diminu&#237;da, novamente atribu&#237;da ao movimento paradoxal do septo.</p>
    <p>A paciente se recuperou progressivamente e recebeu alta hospitalar.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> mostra os dados evolutivos do eletrocardiograma din&#226;mico.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Depois de dois meses (13/5/2005), procurou atendimento m&#233;dico de emerg&#234;ncia em hospital de seu bairro por forte dor abdominal. O exame cl&#237;nico mostrou sinais considerados sugestivos de irrita&#231;&#227;o peritoneal e anemia. Foi feito diagn&#243;stico de abdome agudo por ruptura de cisto ovariano. A paciente foi internada, submetida a ooforectomia esquerda e recebeu alta hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Uma semana depois, a paciente continuava com dor abdominal e houve piora da dispn&#233;ia. Foi atendida no Pronto-Socorro do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, quando, depois da avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, foi submetida a nova laparotomia exploradora. A opera&#231;&#227;o revelou resqu&#237;cios de sangramento anterior, sem sangramento ativo e presen&#231;a de hematoma retroperitoneal. Foi realizada cauteriza&#231;&#227;o em local da ooforectomia e a paciente evoluiu com choque e sangramento difuso em ferida operat&#243;ria e em locais de pun&#231;&#227;o venosa cut&#226;nea. Foram administrados, al&#233;m das medidas terap&#234;uticas para controle da press&#227;o arterial, concentrados de hem&#225;cias e plasma fresco. A paciente foi transferida para o InCor.</p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico (20/5/2005), a press&#227;o arterial era 90x60 mmHg, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 80 bpm, os pulm&#245;es n&#227;o apresentavam altera&#231;&#227;o semiol&#243;gica, o cora&#231;&#227;o era r&#237;tmico, sem modifica&#231;&#227;o da ausculta. Havia hepatomegalia discreta e dor no local da incis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, mas n&#227;o havia edema.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (20/5/2005) revelou ritmo sinusal, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 83 bpm, PR curto, S&#194;QRS + 90&#176; para frente, onda delta positiva em V<sub>1</sub>, ondas Q em V<sub>5</sub> e V<sub>6</sub> e altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais (21/5/2005) mostravam hemoglobina 8 g/dl, hemat&#243;crito 26%, leuc&#243;citos 6.300/mm&#179;, plaquetas 153.000/mm&#179;, creatininemia 1,2 mg/dl, glicemia 92 mg/dl, s&#243;dio s&#233;rico 137 mEq/l e pot&#225;ssio 5,8 mEq/l. A paciente continuou com choque e sangramento difuso refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento e veio a falecer (22/5/2005).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse caso cl&#237;nico relata uma paciente jovem com diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH), diagnosticada pouco tempo ap&#243;s o nascimento. Por defini&#231;&#227;o, a CMH &#233; doen&#231;a de etiologia gen&#233;tica caracterizada por significativa hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica sem causa identific&#225;vel clinicamente, ou seja, o aumento da massa muscular mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o deve estar relacionado a potenciais etiologias como a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica ou a estenose a&#243;rtica, por exemplo<sup>1</sup>. A preval&#234;ncia da CMH na popula&#231;&#227;o geral &#233; de aproximadamente 1:500<sup>2</sup>. &#201; a cardiopatia de origem gen&#233;tica mais freq&#252;ente, encontrada em 0,5% dos pacientes n&#227;o-selecionados encaminhados rotineiramente a servi&#231;o de ecocardiograma. As faixas et&#225;rias mais acometidas s&#227;o crian&#231;as mais velhas e adultos jovens.</p>
    <p>A hipertrofia &#233; geralmente assim&#233;trica tendo como regi&#245;es mais freq&#252;entemente afetadas, em ordem decrescente, o septo, o &#225;pice e a regi&#227;o m&#233;dio-ventricular. A cavidade ventricular pode ser normal, mas em graus avan&#231;ados tende a ser diminu&#237;da, obliterada no final da s&#237;stole. Histologicamente, a CMH se caracteriza por hipertrofia de miocardi&#243;citos, desarranjo celular e fibrose.</p>
    <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; muito vari&#225;vel, mas a tr&#237;ade que deve chamar a aten&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico &#233; a associa&#231;&#227;o de dispn&#233;ia, dor tor&#225;cica e s&#237;ncope em indiv&#237;duo jovem, sintomas claramente apresentados pela paciente em quest&#227;o. A dispn&#233;ia foi o sintoma mais precoce, e esse sintoma pode ter evolu&#231;&#227;o progressiva, dependendo da eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica por diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia e pela conhecida obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica de via de sa&#237;da ventricular esquerda. Tardiamente, a dispn&#233;ia pode ser causada pela disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>A dor tor&#225;cica referida pela paciente &#233; explicada pela isquemia mioc&#225;rdica que &#233; desencadeada tanto pelo aumento da demanda metab&#243;lica como tamb&#233;m pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o coronariana relacionada &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o de grandes vasos com pontes mioc&#225;rdicas e redu&#231;&#227;o luminal. Observa-se ainda altera&#231;&#227;o na microcircula&#231;&#227;o com baixa rela&#231;&#227;o capilar-mi&#243;cito.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico da paciente mostrou um sopro compat&#237;vel com insufici&#234;ncia mitral, que pode ocorrer na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, sobretudo quando h&#225; grande movimento anterior sist&#243;lico da valva mitral. Tipicamente, &#233; evidenciado sopro sist&#243;lico ao longo da borda esternal esquerda que varia de intensidade e dura&#231;&#227;o com manobras que alteram o enchimento ventricular, como manobra de Valsava e movimento de agachar-levantar.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico da paciente foi feito ainda na primeira inf&#226;ncia, por meio de exames complementares. N&#227;o existem achados patognom&#244;nicos em exames complementares para diagnosticar a CMH. O ECG mostra sinais cl&#225;ssicos de hipertrofia ventricular, como aumento de amplitude do QRS com desvio do eixo para esquerda e altera&#231;&#227;o de repolariza&#231;&#227;o. No caso cl&#237;nico, observou-se tamb&#233;m ind&#237;cio de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o, representado pelas ondas delta, mas que tamb&#233;m podem ocorrer em hipertr&#243;ficos sem pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o. O melhor exame para diagn&#243;stico e acompanhamento &#233; o ecocardiograma, que avalia tanto a parte estrutural, definindo-se a magnitude de aumento da massa mioc&#225;rdica, como tamb&#233;m a resultante funcional que seria a presen&#231;a de gradiente intracavit&#225;rio, movimento anterior da valva mitral, com ou sem insufici&#234;ncia mitral, al&#233;m da fun&#231;&#227;o global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Conforme relatado, o movimento assincr&#244;nico do septo interventricular dificultou sobremaneira a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Nesse caso, outros m&#233;todos poderiam ter sido utilizados, como a ventriculografia por radiois&#243;topos, obtendo-se medida mais objetiva da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. A resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m poderia ser empregada na mensura&#231;&#227;o, tendo excepcional defini&#231;&#227;o estrutural, tendendo a se tonar o exame padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia no diagn&#243;stico dessa doen&#231;a, especialmente nas formas n&#227;o-obstrutivas. Apesar de a paciente ter sido submetida a cineangiocoronariografia, esse exame n&#227;o &#233; fundamental para se estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico. Tem como principal papel avaliar de forma mais acurada as press&#245;es intracavit&#225;rias definindo a presen&#231;a e a magnitude de gradientes.</p>
    <p>&#201; de suma import&#226;ncia a defini&#231;&#227;o da exist&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, a qual &#233; definida como gradiente maior que 30 mmHg no repouso ou maior que 50 mmHg em testes provocativos, como pelo uso de dobutamina. O gradiente obtido no ecocardiograma da paciente (15 mmHg) n&#227;o representa, portanto, obstru&#231;&#227;o &#224; via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que ocorre em 30% a 50% dos pacientes. Nesse caso, na aus&#234;ncia de gradiente intraventricular expressivo, manobras provocativas devem ser usadas para identificar potencial obstru&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo na via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>A mortalidade anual da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica &#233; de 1% a 6%, sendo a maioria de forma s&#250;bita. Em um estudo epidemiol&#243;gico abordando pacientes n&#227;o-selecionados, foram observados tr&#234;s grandes grupos de modalidades de morte relacionadas a cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica: morte s&#250;bita, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e acidente vascular cerebral associado a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A paciente evoluiu com dor tor&#225;cica, s&#237;ncope e arritmia maligna detectada ao Holter, o que elevaria seu estado cl&#237;nico a um alto risco de morte s&#250;bita, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m que esse evento catastr&#243;fico &#233; mais freq&#252;ente em pacientes mais jovens<sup>3</sup>. O consenso das sociedades americana e europ&#233;ia de Cardiologia em cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, chefiado, dentre outros, pelo Prof. Barry Maron, aponta a s&#237;ncope inexplicada e a taquicardia ventricular sustentada espont&#226;nea como fatores de risco maiores para morte s&#250;bita. Outros fatores s&#227;o: parada card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita, espessura de parede superior a 30 mm, resposta hipotensora ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico e taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o-sustentada (TVNS) no Holter<sup>4</sup>. &#201; importante salientar que 5% dos pacientes sem nenhum fator de risco identificado podem ter morte s&#250;bita<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>S&#237;ncope associada a taquicardia ventricular sustentada foi a principal indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de dispositivo cardioversor/desfibrilador (CDI) para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita em um estudo cujo objetivo foi validar essa terap&#234;utica<sup>6</sup>. Importante tamb&#233;m nesse estudo foi o fato de que a grande maioria das arritmias malignas ocorreu em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos ou com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe II, durante a inatividade ou em atividades leves. O CDI efetivamente protegeu os pacientes de alto risco revertendo taquicardias ventriculares sustentadas e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Deve-se ter em mente, contudo, que o CDI &#233; de alto custo e que n&#227;o &#233; in&#243;cuo, uma vez que choques inapropriados pioram a qualidade de vida, assim como tamb&#233;m podem, paradoxalmente, desencadear arritmias potencialmente letais. Agentes antiarrit&#237;micos n&#227;o se mostraram eficazes na prote&#231;&#227;o contra morte s&#250;bita<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) n&#227;o representa a melhor alternativa para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, pois traz resultados inconclusivos<sup>5</sup>. Behr e cols.<sup>7</sup> avaliaram a acur&#225;cia do EEF em determinar o risco de morte s&#250;bita em pacientes portadores de CMH. A realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo em popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco com hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope e TVNS no Holter induziu taquicardias polim&#243;rficas, arritmia essa que tamb&#233;m pode ser induzida em um ter&#231;o das pessoas sem cardiopatia. Outro fato relevante &#233; que em um ter&#231;o dos recuperados de morte s&#250;bita n&#227;o se conseguiu induzir nenhuma arritmia. Por&#233;m, no caso em quest&#227;o, observa-se clara tentativa de tratamento das vias acess&#243;rias de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o, uma indica&#231;&#227;o pertinente.</p>
    <p>A concomit&#226;ncia de achados caracter&#237;sticos da CMH e de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular por via acess&#243;ria na mesma paciente leva a questionar a poss&#237;vel liga&#231;&#227;o entre as duas condi&#231;&#245;es, al&#233;m da mera casualidade. Tal associa&#231;&#227;o, embora incomum, j&#225; foi constatada por diversos autores e tem sido motivo de especula&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica e fisiopatol&#243;gica. Braunwald e cols.<sup>8</sup> hipotetizaram que a ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular an&#244;mala poderia resultar em hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica regional e que, por sua vez, a hipertrofia localizada poderia prejudicar o efeito isolante do anel atrioventricular. Uma condi&#231;&#227;o levaria, portanto, a uma maior incid&#234;ncia da outra. No entanto, observa&#231;&#245;es posteriores sugerem que a associa&#231;&#227;o dos dois fen&#243;tipos poderia ser limitada a determinados grupos familiares (com padr&#227;o de heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante) refletindo ent&#227;o uma etiologia gen&#233;tica espec&#237;fica e distinta da observada nos casos de CMH isolada. J&#225; foi descrita uma grande fam&#237;lia na qual uma muta&#231;&#227;o no cromossomo 7q3 manifestou-se como hipertrofia ventricular, pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou ambas<sup>9</sup>. Esses pacientes apresentavam, por&#233;m, algumas caracter&#237;sticas peculiares: o exame histol&#243;gico revelava propor&#231;&#227;o de fibrose superior &#224; comumente encontrada na CMH isolada (mas j&#225; relatada em varias s&#233;ries de casos de CMH associada a Wolff-Parkinson-White) e observou-se uma incid&#234;ncia maior de bloqueio atrioventricular total. A evolu&#231;&#227;o para dilata&#231;&#227;o parece ser significativamente mais freq&#252;ente nos pacientes com ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es quando comparados com portadores de CMH isolada<sup>10</sup>; e esse poderia ser o caso da paciente em quest&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A terap&#234;utica &#233; heterog&#234;nea, condizente com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. O tratamento cl&#237;nico com agentes cronotr&#243;picos negativos est&#225; na primeira linha, tendo-se como prefer&#234;ncia os betabloqueadores. Os antagonistas de canal de c&#225;lcio do tipo n&#227;o-dihidropirid&#237;nicos (verapamil e diltiazem) e a disopiramida (antiarr&#237;tmico do tipo IA) s&#227;o alternativas como monoterapia nos pacientes intolerantes ao betabloqueador ou como terapia adjuvante. A paciente foi inicialmente tratada com atenolol, com resultado n&#227;o-favor&#225;vel, o que pode ocorrer em uma minoria dos casos.</p>
    <p>A refratariedade ao tratamento cl&#237;nico &#233; indica&#231;&#227;o ao uso de terapias invasivas para CMH. Dispon&#237;veis est&#227;o o uso de marcapasso dupla c&#226;mara, o infarto septal por inje&#231;&#227;o de &#225;lcool absoluto por cateteriza&#231;&#227;o seletiva de um ramo septal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior e a cirurgia de miotomia-miectomia septal, esta &#250;ltima com mais experi&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel e resultados favor&#225;veis consistentes publicados na literatura. Essas medidas est&#227;o indicadas em casos refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento cl&#237;nico, como mencionado, e em casos com importante obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE, o que n&#227;o se aplica ao caso descrito. Como terapia &#224; total refratariedade cl&#237;nica e invasiva, e para est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, tem-se a indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel &#233; minoria. Felizmente, a grande maioria dos pacientes &#233; assintom&#225;tica durante toda a vida. Em recente publica&#231;&#227;o, Arteaga e cols.<sup>11</sup> demonstraram em um seguimento de at&#233; 17 anos (m&#233;dia de sete anos) que a evolu&#231;&#227;o geral da CMH &#233; benigna, observando-se uma sobrevida acumulada de 87,9% em 15 anos. Em tempo, notaram como principais causas de morte relacionadas &#224; doen&#231;a &#150; a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional segundo a NYHA e a espessura de parede maior que 30 mm, esta &#250;ltima j&#225; evidenciada em estudo espec&#237;fico pr&#233;vio<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entre 5% e 10% dos pacientes, a CMH evolui para disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica acentuada com progressivo afilamento da parede ventricular e dila&#231;&#227;o da cavidade. A evolu&#231;&#227;o para ICC ainda na fase infantil &#233; um fator progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel importante. Mas, conforme observado neste relato de caso, essa n&#227;o foi a evolu&#231;&#227;o final. A paciente apresentou um evento agudo hemorr&#225;gico abdominal (ruptura de cisto ovariano) com complica&#231;&#245;es posteriores, evento esse pass&#237;vel de ocorrer em uma mulher jovem e sem rela&#231;&#227;o causal com a cardiopatia de base.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>(Dr. M&#225;rcio Silva Miguel Lima, Dr. Ant&#244;nio Laurinavicius)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, com acentuada disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; evento final &#150; coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Necropsia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O cad&#225;ver apresentava-se em anasarca e, &#224; abertura das cavidades tor&#225;cicas e abdominais, foram evidenciados aproximadamente 280 ml de l&#237;quido transparente, de colora&#231;&#227;o amarelo-citrino, no saco peric&#225;rdico, al&#233;m de cole&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica de aproximadamente 1.560 ml no abdome. O cora&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se intensamente aumentado de volume, pesando 834 g ap&#243;s a abertura das cavidades e retirada de co&#225;gulos. Chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o a difusa hipertrofia do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular, sendo a parede livre do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo discretamente mais espessa do que o septo interventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3</xref>). &#193;trios e cavidade ventricular direita n&#227;o se mostraram dilatados, contrastando com o discreto aumento de volume da cavidade ventricular esquerda. Corte transversal no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio ventricular mostrou extensas &#225;reas confluentes de fibrose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">fig. 4</xref>), difusamente distribu&#237;dos. &#192; an&#225;lise microsc&#243;pica do mioc&#225;rdio foi observada difusa hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos, al&#233;m de extenso desarranjo de fibras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">fig. 5</xref>). Folhetos valvares, assim como art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, n&#227;o exibiram altera&#231;&#245;es dignas de nota.</p>
    <fig id="f3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O f&#237;gado, assim como os pulm&#245;es, apresentava sinais macro e microsc&#243;picos de congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica. Al&#233;m disso, constatou-se a presen&#231;a de microtrombos em sinus&#243;ides hep&#225;ticos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">fig. 6</xref>) e em vasos pulmonares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">fig. 7</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f7">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Nos rins foram observados infartos focais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>(Dr. Mauro Canzian)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; trombose recente em microvasculatura hep&#225;tica e pulmonar compat&#237;vel com coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada; necrose tubular aguda secund&#225;ria a choque hipovol&#234;mico; infartos focais antigos dos rins.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>(Dr. Mauro Canzian)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de paciente jovem portadora de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, hospitalizada em urg&#234;ncia em virtude de abdome agudo hemorr&#225;gico secund&#225;rio a ruptura de cisto ovariano, duas semanas antes do &#243;bito. Foi submetida a laparotomia exploradora que evidenciou conte&#250;do hemorr&#225;gico na cavidade abdominal. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio recente foi constatada nova cole&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica peritoneal, tendo evolu&#237;do com choque refrat&#225;rio, ainda que submetida a m&#250;ltiplas transfus&#245;es sang&#252;&#237;neas e reposi&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica. A paciente foi ent&#227;o submetida a nova laparotomia exploradora, evoluindo com quadro cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada (CIVD) no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio da nova interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. &#192; an&#225;lise microsc&#243;pica foram observados focos de trombose aguda em microcircula&#231;&#227;o, principalmente no f&#237;gado, corroborando a hip&#243;tese de CIVD.</p>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica &#233; uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica de penetr&#226;ncia vari&#225;vel relativamente comum (1:500 na popula&#231;&#227;o geral)<sup>13</sup>, tamb&#233;m conhecida como estenose suba&#243;rtica hipertr&#243;fica idiop&#225;tica ou cardiomiopatia obstrutiva hipertr&#243;fica, que se caracteriza fundamentalmente por hipertrofia do mioc&#225;rdio, na aus&#234;ncia de outras poss&#237;veis causas. O quadro cl&#237;nico &#233; bastante vari&#225;vel, podendo-se observar desde sintomas praticamente impercept&#237;veis at&#233; importantes limita&#231;&#245;es da atividade f&#237;sica e arritmias recorrentes<sup>14</sup>. Em seu padr&#227;o morfol&#243;gico cl&#225;ssico ocorre espessamento desproporcional e assim&#233;trico do septo ventricular, predominantemente em sua regi&#227;o suba&#243;rtica, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; parede livre do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; por&#233;m em 10% dos casos tal assimetria n&#227;o &#233; observada<sup>15</sup>. Como evidenciado no presente caso, os principais achados microsc&#243;picos s&#227;o extensa hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos, associada a desarranjo de fibras e a fibrose intersticial<sup>15,16</sup>. &#201; a principal causa de morte s&#250;bita em jovens e uma importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes idosos. Mais de 150 muta&#231;&#245;es em dez diferentes genes codificadores de prote&#237;nas sarcom&#233;ricas j&#225; foram identificados. A maior parte das altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas foi observada nos codificadores da cadeia pesada da beta-miosina, da troponina T card&#237;aca, da alfa-tropomiosina e da prote&#237;na C ligante de miosina<sup>15,17,18</sup>. A taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a entidades como morte s&#250;bita, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca terminal ou acidente vascular cerebral fatal &#233; de 1% a 2%<sup>14</sup>, e grande parte dos pacientes apresenta expectativa de vida similar ao restante da popula&#231;&#227;o. Em geral, o aumento da mortalidade correlaciona-se diretamente ao desenvolvimento de complica&#231;&#245;es<sup>13</sup>, como o presente caso em que o &#243;bito se deu provavelmente em virtude de choque hipovol&#234;mico, com poss&#237;vel contribui&#231;&#227;o s&#233;ptica, ainda que nenhum foco infeccioso tenha sido evidenciado macro ou microscopicamente. Os infartos renais focais antigos foram provavelmente acarretados pela migra&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica de microtrombos formados nas c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>(Dr. Mauro Canzian)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M, Maisch B, Mautner B, O'Connell J, et al. Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the definition and classification of the cardiomyopathies. Circulation. 1996; 93: 841-2.</p>
    <p>2. Rick AN, David RH. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 1320-7.</p>
    <p>3. Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Spirito P, Casey SA, Bellone P, Gohman TE, et al. Epidemiology of hypertrophic cadiomyopathy-related death. Circulation. 2000; 102: 858-64.</p>
    <p>4. Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK, Kappenberger LJ, Kuhn HJ, Seidman CE, et al. ACC/ESC expert consensus document: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42: 1687-713.</p>
    <p>5. Maron BJ, Estes MNA, Maron MS, Almquist AK, Link MS, Udelson JE. Primary prevention of sudden death as a novel treatment strategy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2003; 107: 2872-5.</p>
    <p>6. Maron BJ, Shen WK, Link MS, Epstein AE, Amquist AK, Daubert JP, et al. Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 365-73.</p>
    <p>7. Behr ER, Elliott P, Mckenna WJ. Role of invasive EP testing in the evaluation and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Card Electrophysiol Rev. 2002; 6: 482-6.</p>
    <p>8. Braunwald E, Morrow A, Cornell W. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Clinical, homodynamic and angiographic manifestations. Am J Med. 1960; 29: 924-45.</p>
    <p>9. MacRae CA, Ghaisas N, Kass S, Donnelly S, Basson CT, Watkins HC, et al. Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with WPW syndrome maps to a locus on chromosome 7q3. J Clin Invest. 1995; 96: 1216-20.</p>
    <p>10. Shibata M, Yamakado T, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Isaka N, Nakano T. Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with WPW syndrome progressing to ventricular dilation. Am Heart J. 1996; 131 (6): 1223-5.</p>
    <p>11. Arteaga E, Ianni BM, Fernandes F, Mady C. Benign outcome in a long-term follow-up of patients with hypertrophy cardiomyopathy in Brazil. Am Heart J. 2005; 149: 1099-105.</p>
    <p>12. Spirito P, Bellone P, Harris KM. Magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of sudden death in hypertrophy cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 1778-85.</p>
    <p>13. Maron BJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. JAMA. 2002; 287: 1308-20.</p>
    <p>14. Elliott P, McKenna WJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 2004; 363: 1881-91.</p>
    <p>15. Schoen FJ. The Heart. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease, 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2004. p. 555-618.</p>
    <p>16. Higuchi ML, Aiello VD, Gutierrez PS. Cora&#231;&#227;o. In: Brasileiro G F&#186;. Bogliolo Patologia. 7a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2006. p. 408-456.</p>
    <p>17. Marian AJ, Roberts R. The molecular genetic basis for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2001; 33: 655-70.</p>
    <p>18. Kovacic JC, Muller D. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: state-of-the-art review, with focus on the management of outflow obstruction. Intern Med J. 2003; 33: 521-9.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Vera D. Aiello </p>
        <p> InCor - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
    <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>) Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 4/2007: a 21 year-old woman with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who presented hemorrhagic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation following oophorectomy due to ovarian cyst rupture</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ANATOMOPATHOLOGICAL SESSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case 4/2007 - A 21 year-old woman with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who presented hemorrhagic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation following oophorectomy due to ovarian cyst rupture</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#225;rcio Silva Miguel Lima; Ant&#244;nio Laurinavicius; Mauro Canzian</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic; shock, hemorrhagic; disseminated intravascular coagulation; ovariectomy.</p>
      <p>A 21-year-old female patient was referred to the hospital during the postoperative phase of an exploratory laparotomy for hemorrhagic acute abdomen.</p>
      <p>The patient had a history of heart disease since birth. While still an infant, dyspnea was observed and at the medical evaluation a heart murmur was diagnosed. At the age of two, she underwent cardiac catheterization that revealed findings consistent with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The echocardiography showed left ventricular hypertrophy, with preserved systolic function (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11t1-body2">table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_11t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>At that time (1991), the electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm, with a PR interval of 80 msec, presence of a positive delta wave in leads I, II, aVF, V<sub>1</sub>, and V<sub>6</sub>, left ventricular overload, and strain-type alterations in ventricular repolarization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f1-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_11f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The condition progressed during childhood with the patient experiencing dyspnea during physical exertion and heart palpitations; these symptoms remained until 20 years of age when she began to experience syncopal episodes preceded by precordial pain and triggered by medium-level efforts. She took prescribed atenolol until the age of 18 (2003), when the drug was replaced by carvedilol.</p>
      <p>Several dynamic 24-hour electrocardiograms were performed, which revealed few and isolated atrial and ventricular extrasystoles until 2004, when sustained ventricular tachycardia was recorded.</p>
      <p>Upon physical examination (June 2004), blood pressure was 120/85 mmHg, heart rate was 80 bpm, with normal pulmonary findings, regular heart rate and rhythm, and a 2+/6+ mitral systolic murmur. Abdominal examination revealed that the liver was located 3 cm from the right costal margin.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram (June 2004) revealed sinus rhythm, a heart rate of 62 bpm, a short P-R interval, S&#194;QRS +90&#176; tending forward, positive delta wave in V<sub>1</sub>, Q waves in V<sub>5</sub> e V<sub>6</sub>, and alterations in ventricular repolarization. The electrocardiographic pattern was not significantly different from the pattern the patient had shown since 2002 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_11f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Marked left ventricular hypertrophy was observed on the echocardiogram. The systolic function was interpreted as normal even though the first echocardiogram-based assessment had suggested lowered systolic function. When the test was reviewed, the interpretation of the lowered function was attributed to the asynchronous movement of the interventricular septum (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11t1-body2">table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>After the syncopal episodes, an in-depth electrophysiological investigation was performed. An electrophysiological study performed in June 2004 revealed the presence of two anomalous pathways of atrioventricular cardiac impulse conduction &#150; one of left posteroseptal topography and another of left lateral topography.</p>
      <p>The patient underwent successful radiofrequency ablation of the posteroseptal pathway. The other pathway was not accessed due to the long duration of the procedure. The patient was discharged and prescribed treatment with losartan 50 mg, carvedilol 50 mg, and acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg, which reduced the chest palpitation crises and prevented the recurrence of syncope.</p>
      <p>The patient was readmitted in March 2005 to undergo ablation of the posterolateral pathway. After the procedure, the heart rate decreased to 28 bpm, followed by cardiac arrest in the presence of pulseless electrical activity, which was reversed. The cardiogenic shock persisted, requiring orotracheal intubation and use of vasoactive drugs.</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram made in 2005 showed marked hypertrophy, left ventricular dilation and reduced systolic function, once again attributed to the paroxysmal movement of the septum.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows dynamic electrocardiogram progression data.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The patient recovered progressively and was discharged from hospital.</p>
      <p>Two months later (May 13, 2005), she sought medical care at the emergency department of a nearby hospital due to severe abdominal pain. The clinical examination showed signs suggestive of peritoneal irritation and anemia. The diagnosis was acute abdomen due to a ruptured ovarian cyst. The patient was readmitted, underwent left oophorectomy, and was discharged from hospital.</p>
      <p>One week later, the patient still had abdominal pain and her dyspnea worsened. She was seen at the emergency room of the <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic> and, after medical evaluation, underwent a new exploratory laparotomy. Surgery revealed signs of prior bleeding, with no active bleeding, and the presence of a retroperitoneal hematoma. After cauterization of the site of the prior oophorectomy, the patient progressed to shock and diffuse bleeding of the operative wound and percutaneous venous puncture sites. Besides treatment measures to control blood pressure, she was transfused with packed red cells and fresh plasma, and transferred to InCor.</p>
      <p>On physical examination (May 20, 2005), the patient's blood pressure was 90/60 mmHg, her heart rate was 80 bpm, the lungs showed no abnormalities, and the heart sounds were rhythmic with no auscultatory changes. Mild hepatomegaly and pain were evident at the site of the operative wound, but no edema was observed.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram (May 20, 2005) showed sinus rhythm, a heart rate of 83 bpm, a short P-R interval, S&#194;QRS +90 tending forward, a positive delta wave in V<sub>1</sub>, Q waves in V<sub>5</sub> and V<sub>6</sub>, as well as alterations in ventricular repolarization.</p>
      <p>Laboratory test findings (May 21, 2005) were: hemoglobin 8 g/dl, hematocrit 26%, leucocytes 6300/mm&#179;, platelets 153000/mm&#179;, creatininemia 1.2 mg/dl, blood glucose 92 mg/dl, serum sodium 137 mEq/l and potassium 5.8 mEq/l. The patient remained in shock with diffuse bleeding refractory to treatment and died on May 22, 2005.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical aspects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is the clinical case of a young female patient diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomiopathy (HCM) shortly after birth. By definition, HCM is a disease of genetic etiology characterized by marked myocardial hypertrophy with no clinically identifiable cause, that is, the increase in myocardial mass should not be related to potential etiologies such as systemic blood pressure or aortic stenosis, for instance<sup>1</sup>. The prevalence of HCM in the population is approximately 1:500.<sup>2</sup> It is the most common genetic heart disease, and is observed in 0.5% of the non-selected patients routinely referred to undergo echocardiogram. The age groups most affected are older children and young adults.</p>
      <p>Hypertrophy is usually asymmetric, and the areas more frequently affected are (in decreasing frequency order): the septum, the apex, and the midventricular region. The ventricular cavity may be normal, but in advanced stages it tends to be reduced in size, and at end-systole is obliterated. From the histological point of view, HCM is characterized by myocardiocyte hypertrophy, fiber disarray and fibrosis.</p>
      <p>Clinical presentation varies a lot, but the outstanding triad for diagnosis is the association of dyspnea, thoracic pain, and syncope in young individuals, symptoms clearly observed in the patient in question. Dyspnea was the earliest symptom. Dyspnea may have a progressive development depending on the elevation of diastolic blood pressure due to reduced complacency and the well-known dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Later, dyspnea may be caused by systolic dysfunction.</p>
      <p>The chest pain reported by the patient was due to myocardial ischemia triggered both by increased metabolic demand and reduced coronary perfusion due to obstruction of the left ventricular outflow, or the alteration of large vessels with myocardial bridges and reduction of vessel lumen diameter. Alterations in the microcirculation with a low capillary-to-myocyte ratio are also observed.</p>
      <p>The physical examination revealed a murmur compatible with mitral insufficiency, which may occur in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy especially when there is a large anterior systolic movement of the mitral valve. Typically, a systolic murmur is heard along the left sternal border and varies in intensity and duration during maneuvers that alter ventricular filling, such as the Valsalva maneuver and moving from squatting to standing.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of this patient was made during infancy through ancillary tests. There are no pathognomic findings on these tests to corroborate a diagnosis of CHS. The ECG shows classic signs of ventricular hypertrophy, such as increased QTS amplitude with left axis deviation and repolarization changes. In the clinical case we present, there was also a sign of preexcitation represented by delta waves, but this can occur also in patients with hypertrophy without preexcitation. The best test for a diagnosis and further follow-up is the echocardiogram that assesses both the structural aspect, defining the extent of myocardial mass increase, as well as the resulting functional consequences, i.e., the presence of an intracavitary gradient, anterior movement of the mitral valve with or without mitral insufficiency, and also the overall function of the left ventricle. According to the report, the asynchronous movement of the septum made it very difficult to assess the systolic function. In this case, other methods could have been used, such as radioisotope ventriculography enabling a more objective measure of the ejection fraction. Cardiac magnetic resonance could also be employed for the measurement, as the technique has exceptional structural resolution and will likely become the "gold standard" test for this diagnosis, especially for the non-obstructive forms of the disease. Although this patient had undergone coronary angiography, this test is not fundamental for a diagnosis. Its main role is to assess the intracavitary pressures more accurately and define the presence and size of the gradients.</p>
      <p>It is extremely important to define whether there is left ventricular outflow tract obstruction or not; this obstruction is defined as a gradient greater than 30mmHg at rest or greater than 50mmHg under provocative tests, as with the use of dobutamine. Therefore, the echocardiographic gradient of the patient (15mmHg) does not represent left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, which occurs in 30% to 50% of the patients. In this case, in the absence of a significant intraventricular gradient, provocative maneuvers can be used to identify a potential left ventricular outflow obstruction.</p>
      <p>The annual mortality rate due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ranges from 1% to 6%, and most cases are of sudden death. In an epidemiological study conducted with non-selected patients, three large groups of types of death were observed<bold>:</bold> sudden death, heart failure and cerebrovascular accident associated with atrial fibrillation.<sup>3</sup></p>
      <p>The patient progressed with chest pain, syncope, and malignant arrhythmia detected by Holter monitoring, which meant that her clinical state could lead to a high risk of sudden death, considering that this fatal event is more frequent in young patients<sup>3</sup>. The consensus about hypertrophic cardiomyopathy reached by the American and European Societies of Cardiology, headed by Professor Barry Maron, among others, indicates unexplained syncope and sustained spontaneous ventricular tachycardia as the major risk factors for sudden death. Other factors are prior cardiac arrest, family history of sudden cardiac death, wall thickness of more than 30 mm, hypotensive response to physical exertion, and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) detected by Holter monitoring<sup>4</sup>. It is important to emphasize that 5% of the patients without any known risk factor may experience sudden death<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Syncope associated with sustained ventricular tachycardia was the main indication for the use of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) as the primary preventive measure against sudden death in a study conducted to validate this therapy<sup>6</sup>. In the study, it was also important to observe that the great majority of malignant arrhythmias occurred in asymptomatic patients or those with Class II heart failure, during physical inactivity or light activities. The ICD effectively protected high-risk patients by reverting sustained ventricular tachycardias and ventricular fibrillation. On the other hand, it must be remembered that ICDs are expensive and not innocuous, since inappropriate shocks may worsen quality of life and can, paradoxically, even trigger potentially lethal arrhythmias. Antiarrhythmic drugs have not been proven effective in preventing sudden death<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>An electrophysiological study (EPS) is not the best alternative for risk stratification since it renders inconclusive results<sup>5</sup>. Berh et al<sup>7</sup> assessed the accuracy of EPS to determine the risk of sudden death in patients with HCM. Conduction of the study in a high-risk population with a history of syncope and NSVT during Holter monitoring induced polymorphic tachycardias, a type of arrhythmias that can also be induced in one-third of individuals with no heart disease. Another important factor is that in one-third of the patients who recovered from sudden death, no arrhythmia could be induced. In the case of this patient, however, an attempt was clearly made to treat the preexcitation accessory pathways, a pertinent indication.</p>
      <p>The concomitant findings characteristic of HCM and ventricular preexcitation by an accessory pathway in the same patient lead us to question a possible connection, beyond mere coincidence, between both conditions. Such an association, although uncommon, has already been noted by several authors and has been the subject of etiological and physiopathological speculation. Braunwald et al<sup>8</sup> have hypothesized that anomalous ventricular activation could result in regional myocardial hypertrophy and that, on the other hand, localized hypertrophy could hinder the isolation effect of the atrioventricular ring. One condition could, therefore, lead to a greater incidence of the other. Nevertheless, later observations suggest that the association of both phenotypes could be restricted to some familial groups (with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance), thus reflecting a specific genetic etiology distinct from that observed in cases of isolated HCM. A large family has been described in which a mutation in chromosome 7q3 was expressed as ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular preexcitation, or both<sup>9</sup>. However, these patients had a few peculiar characteristics: the histological test revealed a larger proportion of fibrosis than what is commonly found in isolated HCM (although already reported in several series of cases of HCM associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White), as well as a higher incidence of total atrioventricular blockage. Progression to dilatation seems to be significantly more frequent among patients with both conditions when compared to those with isolated HCM<sup>10</sup>, and this could be the case of the patient in question.</p>
      <p>Treatment is heterogeneous, consistent with the clinical presentation. Clinical treatment with negative chronotropic drugs is first-line therapy, and beta-blockers are the preferred agents. The nondihydropiridinic calcium channel antagonists (verapamil and diltiazem), and disopiramide (a type IA antiarrhythmic drug) are monotherapy alternatives for patients who can not tolerate beta-blockers or as adjuvant therapy. This patient was initially treated with atenolol, but the results were not favorable, as it happens in a minority of cases.</p>
      <p>Refractoriness to clinical treatment is an indication for invasive therapies in HCM. These include the use of a double-chamber pacemaker, alcohol septal ablation by selective catheterization of a septal branch of the anterior descending artery, and septal myotomy-myomectomy that has a larger number of cases and results published in the literature. These measures are indicated for refractory cases as mentioned above, and in cases with significant left-ventricular outflow obstruction, which is not applicable to this case. Cardiac transplantation is the treatment indicated in cases of total clinical and invasive refractoriness to treatment, as well as advanced-stage heart failure.</p>
      <p>Adverse progression of the disease occurs in a minority of cases. Fortunately, the great majority of patients remain asymptomatic throughout life. In a recent publication, Arteaga et al<sup>11</sup> showed that, in a follow-up period of up to 17 years (average of 7 years), the overall progression of HCM was benign, with a 15-year accumulated survival rate of 87.9%. They observed that the main causes of disease-related death correlated with the NYHA functional classification and a wall thickness greater than 30 mm, a characteristic already established in a specific study conducted earlier<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 5% to 10% of the patients, HCM progresses to marked systolic dysfunction with progressive left ventricular wall thinning and cavity enlargement. Onset of CHF during childhood is a significant unfavorable prognostic factor. Nevertheless, as was the case here, CHF was not the final development. The patient experienced an acute abdominal hemorrhagic event (ruptured ovarian cyst) with later complications, a problem that may affect any young woman and has no causal relationship with the underlying heart disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Dr. M&#225;rcio Silva Miguel Lima, Dr. Ant&#244;nio Laurinavicius)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Diagnostic hypothesis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with marked diastolic dysfunction; final event &#150; disseminated intravascular coagulation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Autopsy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The corpse was in anasarca and, at the opening of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, approximately 280 ml of a clear yellow citrine-colored fluid were found in the pericardial sac, as well as a hemorrhagic collection of nearly 1560 ml in the abdomen. The heart was significantly enlarged, weighing 834 g. After opening of the cavities and removal of blood clots, diffuse hypertrophy of the ventricular myocardium was noteworthy, and the free left ventricular wall was slightly thicker than the interventricular septum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-body2">figure 3</xref>). The atria and the right ventricular cavity were not enlarged, contrasting with the mild increase in left ventricular cavity volume. A cross-section at the mid third of the ventricle showed large confluent areas of diffusely distributed fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4-body2">figure 4</xref>). Microscopic analysis showed diffuse hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes and extensive fiber disarray (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5-body2">figure 5</xref>). Valve leaflets, as well as coronary arteries, showed no significant changes.</p>
      <fig id="f3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The liver and lungs presented gross- and microscopic signs of chronic passive congestion. Additionally, microthrombi were found in the hepatic sinusoids (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6-body2">figure 6</xref>) and in pulmonary vessels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7-body2">figure 7</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f7-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0064-00011-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Focal infarctions were observed in the kidneys.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Dr. Mauro Canzian)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anatomopathological diagnoses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; alterations secondary to congestive heart failure; recent thrombosis in hepatic and pulmonary microvasculature consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation; acute tubular necrosis secondary to hypovolemic shock; early focal infarction in the kidneys.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Dr. Mauro Canzian)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is the case of a young female patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who had been hospitalized under emergency conditions due to hemorrhagic acute abdomen secondary to the rupture of an ovarian cyst two weeks before her death. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy that revealed intra-abdominal hemorrhage. In the early postoperative phase, a new peritoneal hemorrhagic collection was found, which progressed with refractory shock despite multiple blood transfusions and volemic replacement. The patient underwent a new exploratory laparotomy, and progressed postoperatively to a clinical condition consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Microscopic analysis revealed foci of acute microcirculation thrombosis, especially in the liver, which corroborated the hypothesis of DIC.</p>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a relatively common genetic disease of variable penetrance (1:500 in the overall population)<sup>13</sup>. It is also known as idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, characterized primarily by myocardial hypertrophy in the absence of other possible causes. The clinical picture varies from virtually imperceptible symptoms to significant limitations of physical activity and recurring arrhythmias<sup>14</sup>. Its classical morphological pattern is a disproportionate and asymmetric thickening of the ventricular septum, predominantly in its subaortic region relative to the free left ventricular wall, although in 10% of the cases such asymmetry is not found<sup>15</sup>. As evidenced in the present case, the main microscopic findings are extensive cardiomyocyte hypertrophy associated with fiber disarray and interstitial fibrosis<sup>15,16</sup>. It is the main cause of sudden death among young individuals and an important cause of morbidity-mortality in elderly patients. More than 150 mutations in ten different genes codifying sarcomeric proteins have been identified. Most of the genetic mutations have been found in the gene encoding the beta-myosin heavy chain, cardiac troponin T, alpha-tropomyosin, and myosin-binding protein C<sup>15,17,18</sup>. The rate of complications associated with entities such as sudden death, terminal heart failure, or fatal cerebrovascular accident is 1% to 2%<sup>14</sup>, and a significant percentage of the patients have a life expectancy similar to that of the rest of the population. In general, the increase in mortality rates correlates directly with the development of complications<sup>13</sup>, as in the present case in which death was probably due to hypovolemic shock, with a possible septic contribution, even though no infectious foci were found, whether gross- or microscopically. The early focal renal infarctions were probably due to the systemic migration of microthrombi formed in the left cardiac chambers.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Dr. Mauro Canzian)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M, Maisch B, Mautner B, O'Connell J, et al. Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the definition and classification of the cardiomyopathies. Circulation. 1996; 93: 841-2.</p>
      <p>2. Rick AN, David RH. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 1320-7.</p>
      <p>3. Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Spirito P, Casey SA, Bellone P, Gohman TE, et al. Epidemiology of hypertrophic cadiomyopathy-related death. Circulation. 2000; 102: 858-64.</p>
      <p>4. Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK, Kappenberger LJ, Kuhn HJ, Seidman CE, et al. ACC/ESC expert consensus document: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42: 1687-713.</p>
      <p>5. Maron BJ, Estes MNA, Maron MS, Almquist AK, Link MS, Udelson JE. Primary prevention of sudden death as a novel treatment strategy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2003; 107: 2872-5.</p>
      <p>6. Maron BJ, Shen WK, Link MS, Epstein AE, Amquist AK, Daubert JP, et al. Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 365-73.</p>
      <p>7. Behr ER, Elliott P, Mckenna WJ. Role of invasive EP testing in the evaluation and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Card Electrophysiol Rev. 2002; 6: 482-6.</p>
      <p>8. Braunwald E, Morrow A, Cornell W. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Clinical, homodynamic and angiographic manifestations. Am J Med. 1960; 29: 924-45.</p>
      <p>9. MacRae CA, Ghaisas N, Kass S, Donnelly S, Basson CT, Watkins HC, et al. Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with WPW syndrome maps to a locus on chromosome 7q3. J Clin Invest. 1995; 96: 1216-20.</p>
      <p>10. Shibata M, Yamakado T, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Isaka N, Nakano T. Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with WPW syndrome progressing to ventricular dilation. Am Heart J. 1996; 131 (6): 1223-5.</p>
      <p>11. Arteaga E, Ianni BM, Fernandes F, Mady C. Benign outcome in a long-term follow-up of patients with hypertrophy cardiomyopathy in Brazil. Am Heart J. 2005; 149: 1099-105.</p>
      <p>12. Spirito P, Bellone P, Harris KM. Magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of sudden death in hypertrophy cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 1778-85.</p>
      <p>13. Maron BJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. JAMA. 2002; 287: 1308-20.</p>
      <p>14. Elliott P, McKenna WJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 2004; 363: 1881-91.</p>
      <p>15. Schoen FJ. The Heart. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease, 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2004. p. 555-618.</p>
      <p>16. Higuchi ML, Aiello VD, Gutierrez PS. Cora&#231;&#227;o. In: Brasileiro G F&#186;. Bogliolo Patologia. 7a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2006. p. 408-456.</p>
      <p>17. Marian AJ, Roberts R. The molecular genetic basis for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2001; 33: 655-70.</p>
      <p>18. Kovacic JC, Muller D. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: state-of-the-art review, with focus on the management of outflow obstruction. Intern Med J. 2003; 33: 521-9.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
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            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
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          <p> InCor</p>
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          <p>
            <email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
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      </p>
      <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Associated editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>) Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
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