<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">M5zjJCPckVgmphdbMVCPPzz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001300008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900108</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001300008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e seus componentes na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca encaminhada da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Augusto Colucci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moutinho</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio Esp&#243;sito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Ver&#244;nica Alcooforado de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rachid</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>42</fpage>
      <lpage>51</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) caracteriza-se por um conjunto de fatores de risco que, quando presentes, se associam a elevadas taxas de eventos cardiovasculares, como tamb&#233;m a risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Em nosso meio, n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecida a associa&#231;&#227;o da SM nos pacientes portadores de IC cr&#244;nica est&#225;vel. OBJETIVO: Determinar, em pacientes encaminhados da Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria, a preval&#234;ncia de SM, segundo o sexo e o tipo de IC. M&#201;TODOS: De janeiro de 2005 a agosto de 2006, 144 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos em um estudo transversal. A ecocardiografia, por meio de crit&#233;rios modificados no estudo EPICA, foi utilizada para definir o tipo de IC, como tamb&#233;m sua presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi processada pelo software SAS&#174; System, vers&#227;o 6.04, sendo adotado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. RESULTADOS: SM foi observada em 111 pacientes (77%), dos quais 73 (66%) eram do sexo feminino (raz&#227;o de chance [RC] de 0,195; intervalo de confian&#231;a = 0,08-0,46; p &lt; 0,0001). IC foi identificada em 102 pacientes (71%), com o sexo feminino apresentando grande correla&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de SM: 51 pacientes (65%) (RC de 0,116; intervalo de confian&#231;a = 0,36-0,37; p &lt; 0,0001). Entre os portadores de IC, 61 pacientes (42%) apresentavam IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada e 41 (29%), IC com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (p = ns). IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada foi associada &#224; presen&#231;a de SM em 53 (87%) dos 61 pacientes (p = 0,022). CONCLUS&#195;O: A SM est&#225; fortemente associada &#224; presen&#231;a de IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada e ao sexo feminino em nossa comunidade.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>mulheres</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Associa&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e seus componentes na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca encaminhada da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>The association between metabolic syndrome and its components and heart failure in patients referred to a primary care facility</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fl&#225;vio Augusto Colucci Coelho; Marco Aur&#233;lio Esp&#243;sito Moutinho; Ver&#244;nica Alcooforado de Miranda; Leandro Reis Tavares; Maur&#237;cio Rachid; Maria Luiza Garcia Rosa; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP), Departamento de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) - Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) caracteriza-se por um conjunto de fatores de risco que, quando presentes, se associam a elevadas taxas de eventos cardiovasculares, como tamb&#233;m a risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Em nosso meio, n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecida a associa&#231;&#227;o da SM nos pacientes portadores de IC cr&#244;nica est&#225;vel. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar, em pacientes encaminhados da Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria, a preval&#234;ncia de SM, segundo o sexo e o tipo de IC. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> De janeiro de 2005 a agosto de 2006, 144 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos em um estudo transversal. A ecocardiografia, por meio de crit&#233;rios modificados no estudo EPICA, foi utilizada para definir o tipo de IC, como tamb&#233;m sua presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi processada pelo <italic>software</italic> SAS<sup>&#174;</sup> System, vers&#227;o 6.04, sendo adotado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> SM foi observada em 111 pacientes (77%), dos quais 73 (66%) eram do sexo feminino (raz&#227;o de chance [RC] de 0,195; intervalo de confian&#231;a = 0,08-0,46; p &lt; 0,0001). IC foi identificada em 102 pacientes (71%), com o sexo feminino apresentando grande correla&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de SM: 51 pacientes (65%) (RC de 0,116; intervalo de confian&#231;a = 0,36-0,37; p &lt; 0,0001). Entre os portadores de IC, 61 pacientes (42%) apresentavam IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada e 41 (29%), IC com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (p = ns). IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada foi associada &#224; presen&#231;a de SM em 53 (87%) dos 61 pacientes (p = 0,022). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A SM est&#225; fortemente associada &#224; presen&#231;a de IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada e ao sexo feminino em nossa comunidade.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de, mulheres.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by a collection of risk factors that are associated with elevated rates of cardiovascular events and the risk of developing heart failure (HF). In our field, the association of MS in stable chronic HF patients has not been established. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine the prevalence of MS in relation to gender and HF type in patients treated at a Primary Care Facility. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Between January 2005 and August 2006, 144 patients were included in a cross sectional study. An echocardiogram, using the modified criteria of the EPICA study, was performed to determine whether or not the patient had HF, and of which type. Statistical analysis was conducted using the software SAS&#153; System, version 6.04, and statistical significance was established as 5%. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> MS was observed in 111 patients (77%), of which 73 (66%) were females: odds ratio (OR) 0.195 &#150; (confidence interval - CI = 0.08 &#150; 0.46) and p&lt; 0.0001. HF was identified in 102 patients (71%) with a great correlation between females and the presence of MS: 51 patients (65%); OR 0.116 (CI = 0.36&#150; 0.37) and p &lt; 0.0001. Among the HF patients, 61 (42%) presented HF with preserved systolic function and 41 (29%) with systolic dysfunction; p = ns. HF with preserved systolic function was associated with the presence of MS in 53 (87%) of the 61 patients, p = 0.022. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In our community, MS is closely related to HF with preserved systolic function and to the female gender.</p>
    <p><bold> Key words:</bold> Metabolic syndrome; heart failure; cardiac output, low; primary health care; women.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) caracteriza-se por uma associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco, tais como aumento da cintura abdominal, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), hiperglicemia, resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica e dislipidemia (n&#237;veis reduzidos de colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade [HDL] e eleva&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides). A presen&#231;a agrupada desses fatores est&#225; associada a elevadas taxas de eventos cardiovasculares, como morte s&#250;bita, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, assim como a maior risco de desenvolvimento de diabete melito (DM)<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es adultas observa-se elevada preval&#234;ncia de SM, variando entre 25% e 35%<sup>5,6</sup>, sendo mais freq&#252;ente entre as mulheres. Diferentes crit&#233;rios t&#234;m sido utilizados para o diagn&#243;stico da SM, entre eles o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS)<sup>7</sup>, do <italic>National Cholesterol Education Program &#150; Panel III (</italic>NCEP-ATP III)<sup>8</sup> e, recentemente, da Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Diabete (FID)<sup>7-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Evid&#234;ncias epidemiol&#243;gicas cada vez mais s&#243;lidas apontam para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre SM e presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Recentemente foi identificado maior risco de aparecimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), particularmente em homens de meia-idade e idosos<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso meio n&#227;o est&#227;o estabelecidas a preval&#234;ncia de SM e seus componentes, em portadores de IC na comunidade, assim como a exist&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as entre sua preval&#234;ncia nos diferentes g&#234;neros, principalmente entre pacientes atendidos na comunidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De janeiro de 2005 a agosto de 2006, 150 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos em um estudo transversal envolvendo pacientes com suspeita cl&#237;nica de IC atendidos pelo Programa M&#233;dico de Fam&#237;lia (PMF). Os pacientes foram encaminhados ao ambulat&#243;rio especializado de IC, onde se buscou a confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de IC por meio de crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. A amostra populacional de pacientes com IC foi estimada em 100 pacientes, considerando a popula&#231;&#227;o atendida pelo PMF, que &#233; de 100 mil pacientes, e a preval&#234;ncia de IC na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, que &#233; de 1% a 2%, conforme dados do estudo de Framingham<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: suspeita de IC, presen&#231;a de dispn&#233;ia, cansa&#231;o ou edema de membros inferiores ou, ainda, pacientes assintom&#225;ticos em uso de digit&#225;lico e/ou inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina e/ou diur&#233;ticos. Todos os pacientes deveriam ser maiores de 18 anos e provenientes do PMF.</p>
    <p>Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: aus&#234;ncia de dados necess&#225;rios &#224; an&#225;lise da presen&#231;a de SM (laboratoriais) ou de IC (ecocardiogr&#225;ficos), al&#233;m de outras formas de IC que n&#227;o fossem IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada ou IC por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica, tanto uni como bidimensional, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios modificados no estudo Epidemiologia da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Aprendizagem (EPICA) para paciente com IC na comunidade<sup>11</sup>, foi utilizada para definir o tipo de IC, como tamb&#233;m sua presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia. Em conformidade com altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais e estruturais avaliadas pela ecocardiografia, foram identificados os pacientes classificados como portadores de IC.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais &#224; ecocardiografia avaliadas foram: 1) fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) &lt; 28%; 2) importante altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar associada &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE; 3) &#237;ndice de massa do VE &gt; 134 g/m&#178; nos homens e &gt; 110 g/m&#178; nas mulheres; 4) hipertrofia do septo interventricular e da parede posterior do VE segundo os par&#226;metros para idade e sexo; 5) aumento do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) segundo os par&#226;metros para idade e sexo; 6) les&#227;o valvar de moderada a grave, de origem reum&#225;tica; 7) derrame peric&#225;rdico moderado a grave; e 8) dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD).</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais que definiram o tipo de IC foram: 1) fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento &lt; 28% ou na presen&#231;a de importante altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar associada &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE (classificado como IC por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica); 2) fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento &gt; 28% sem apresentar altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar, por&#233;m estando presente aumento do AE ou do &#237;ndice de massa do VE (diferenciada pelo sexo), ou hipertrofia do septo interventricular ou da parede posterior do VE (classificado como IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada).</p>
    <p>Na admiss&#227;o para o estudo, os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente e submetidos a realiza&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise de radiografia de t&#243;rax em p&#243;stero-anterior (PA) e perfil esquerdo e de eletrocardiografia (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, tendo sido efetuados exames bioqu&#237;micos (glicemia de jejum, triglic&#233;rides e HDL), para composi&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios que comp&#245;em a SM.</p>
    <p>Para defini&#231;&#227;o dos componentes da SM pelo crit&#233;rio do NCEP-ATP III, foram utilizados os seguintes valores: 1) cintura abdominal &gt; 102 cm para homens e &gt; 88 cm para mulheres; 2) triglic&#233;rides <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl; 3) HDL-colesterol &lt; 40 mg/dl para homens e &lt; 50 mg/dl para mulheres; 4) press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mmHg x 85 mmHg; e 5) glicemia <underline>&gt;</underline> 110 mg/dl. E pelo crit&#233;rio da FID: 1) cintura abdominal &gt; 94 cm para homens e &gt; 80 cm para mulheres; 2) triglic&#233;rides <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl, 3) HDL-colesterol &lt; 40 mg/dl para homens e &lt; 50 mg/dl para mulheres; 4) PAS <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mmHg x 80 mmHg; e 5) glicemia <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 mg/dl.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes em uso de medicamentos hipoglicemiantes ou anti-hipertensivos foram pontuados como crit&#233;rio positivo. A SM foi confirmada pelo crit&#233;rio do NCEP-ATP III por meio da presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s dentro dos cinco poss&#237;veis componentes<sup>7</sup>. J&#225; para inclus&#227;o por meio dos componentes da FID, foi necess&#225;ria a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#227;o da cintura abdominal associada a outras duas altera&#231;&#245;es<sup>8,9</sup>. DM foi definido por n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg% e resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, por valores glic&#234;micos entre 100 mg% e 125 mg%.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis avaliadas nesse modelo foram idade, sexo, press&#227;o arterial, cintura abdominal, glicemia, HDL, triglic&#233;rides e &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), al&#233;m dos dados da ecocardiografia, para defini&#231;&#227;o tanto do tipo da IC como de sua presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense, tendo sido obtido o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido de todos os participantes.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> Para estimar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre presen&#231;a de IC e SM, a diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dias foi calculada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> e a diferen&#231;a de propor&#231;&#245;es e a raz&#227;o de chances (RC) de preval&#234;ncia foram calculadas com a aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste de qui-quadrado (c2). O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi o n&#237;vel de 5%. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi processada pelo <italic>software</italic> SAS<sup>&#174;</sup> System, vers&#227;o 6.04.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e metab&#243;licas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo e que foram encaminhados com suspeita de IC da Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria. Da amostra de 150 pacientes, seis foram exclu&#237;dos por serem portadores de doen&#231;a valvar moderada a grave. O estudo envolveu 144 pacientes, dos quais 82 (57%) eram do sexo feminino. Nesse grupo, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica referente &#224; m&#233;dia de idade e aos sexos. A SM pelo crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico FID foi mais freq&#252;ente, sendo observada em 103 pacientes (72%), dos quais 69 (67%) eram do sexo feminino (p &lt; 0,0001). A SM pelo crit&#233;rio do NCEP-ATP III foi observada em 65 pacientes (70%) do sexo feminino (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0042-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>IC foi confirmada, pelos crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, em 102 pacientes (71%), predominando a IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada em 61 pacientes (42%; p = ns).</p>
    <p>N&#227;o ocorreram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os componentes da SM e o sexo quando utilizada a m&#233;dia das medidas que determinam a presen&#231;a de SM. Exce&#231;&#227;o feita ao IMC, que obteve maior valor no grupo feminino (p = 0,032) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Analisando os pacientes no que se refere &#224; presen&#231;a ou &#224; aus&#234;ncia de IC, n&#227;o foi obtida signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica relacionada a idade, sexo e freq&#252;&#234;ncia dos componentes da SM. Somente foi relacionada maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia entre os portadores de IC apresentando s&#237;ndrome de resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica (p = 0,07) e DM (p = 0,09) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0042-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da SM em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de IC, foi observada maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia relacionada &#224; presen&#231;a de IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada (RC de 3,82; intervalo de confian&#231;a = 1,4-10; p = 0,005). Nesse aspecto, PAS, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), cintura abdominal (crit&#233;rio FID e NCEP-ATP III), triglic&#233;rides e IMC foram os componentes mais freq&#252;entes para a presen&#231;a de IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada.</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de componentes que determinam a SM foi utilizada para caracterizar a presen&#231;a de SM. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de IC, a maior associa&#231;&#227;o de componentes ocorreu no grupo da IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada, com presen&#231;a de 3,6 &#177; 1,0 (crit&#233;rio FID) (p = 0,009) e de 3,2 &#177; 1,1 (crit&#233;rio NCEP-ATP III) (p = 0,017) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0042-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Quando avaliada a preval&#234;ncia da SM, por ambos os crit&#233;rios (NCEP-ATP III e FID), a presen&#231;a de SM associada &#224; IC ocorreu em 79 pacientes (78%). Para ambos os grupos existiu correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o tipo de IC e os crit&#233;rios FID e NCEP-ATP III, sendo mais prevalente a presen&#231;a de IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada tanto pelo crit&#233;rio NCEP-ATP III (p = 0,020) como pelo crit&#233;rio FID (p = 0,010) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de SM foi de 49 pacientes (80%) para IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada e de 22 pacientes (54%) para IC por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, quando utilizado o crit&#233;rio FID. Pelo crit&#233;rio NCEP-ATP III, a preval&#234;ncia foi de 47 pacientes (77%) para IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada e de 21 pacientes (51%) para IC por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1">gr&#225;ficos 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g2">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g3">3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="g1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0042-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="g2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0042-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="g3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0042-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre IC e SM diferenciada pelo sexo indicou que uma mulher com IC tem chance oito vezes maior de apresentar SM comparativamente a um homem, considerando o crit&#233;rio do NCEP-ATP III e/ou o crit&#233;rio da FID (RC de 0,116; intervalo de confian&#231;a = 0,36-0,37; p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0042-00008-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo, primeiro a avaliar a presen&#231;a de SM na IC cr&#244;nica est&#225;vel encaminhada da Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria em nosso pa&#237;s, identificou elevada preval&#234;ncia de SM e IC nos pacientes encaminhados da Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria. Os crit&#233;rios do NCEP-ATP III e as novas determina&#231;&#245;es da FID foram utilizados para identificar a presen&#231;a de SM nesse cen&#225;rio. Foi observada maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de SM no sexo feminino em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo masculino (70% e 67%, respectivamente) por meio dos crit&#233;rios do NCEP-ATP III e da FID. A IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada foi o tipo de IC que mais se associou &#224; SM, sendo tamb&#233;m a forma mais prevalente entre as mulheres.</p>
    <p>A grande associa&#231;&#227;o relacionada &#224; presen&#231;a de SM com o sexo feminino pode, indiretamente, como demonstrado em estudos anteriores<sup>12,13</sup>, estar correlacionada &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es apresentadas, tais como eleva&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides (53%), adiposidade abdominal, HAS (94%) e eleva&#231;&#227;o do IMC (46%), associadas a caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias do sexo feminino, como as altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais. Assim, esses fatores podem ser as altera&#231;&#245;es determinantes desta casu&#237;stica para justificar a presen&#231;a de IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada no sexo feminino, determinando, dessa forma, as poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais apresentadas &#224; ecocardiografia como o elo na correla&#231;&#227;o encontrada neste estudo entre presen&#231;a de IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada e sexo feminino.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, a SM foi identificada como fator de risco independente para o surgimento de IC<sup>1-4,14</sup>. Os poss&#237;veis mecanismos associados &#224; SM que ocasionam a IC ainda s&#227;o especulativos. No entanto, evid&#234;ncias sugerem que a agress&#227;o da integridade celular card&#237;aca a partir da SM pode favorecer o desenvolvimento de IC, como, por exemplo, o efeito estimulador da insulina no mioc&#225;rdio de cobaias (camundongos), propiciando aumento da massa card&#237;aca e conseq&#252;ente diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco<sup>15</sup>, hiperestimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, determinado pela hiperinsulinemia, assim como sua capacidade de promover ativa&#231;&#227;o de fibroblastos em pacientes hipertensos, determinando hipertrofia do VE, aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno e fibrose<sup>16</sup>. Esse conjunto de a&#231;&#245;es determina a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e maior mortalidade.</p>
    <p>A IC conceitua-se como uma epidemia cardiovascular emergente, cujo aumento se encontra diretamente relacionado ao crescimento populacional, como tamb&#233;m ao alarmante crescimento de condi&#231;&#245;es predisponentes a sua presen&#231;a, destacando-se os componentes da SM (DM, HAS, dislipidemia e obesidade)<sup>17</sup>. Assim, &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia a identifica&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para o surgimento da IC, permitindo adequada interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A obesidade visceral, outro fator correlacionado &#224; SM, desenvolve seu papel de agress&#227;o ao mioc&#225;rdio por meio da produ&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias com a&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e sist&#234;micas, como, por exemplo, leptina, citoquinas inflamat&#243;rias (interleucinas [IL] e fator de necrose tumoral [TNF]), inibidor do ativador de plasminog&#234;nio (PAI-1) e &#225;cidos graxos livres, al&#233;m de reduzir a adiponectina<sup>18</sup>. Dessa forma, a perda da a&#231;&#227;o protetora vascular, gerada pela diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de adiponectina<sup>19,20</sup>, interligada a uma a&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria e protromb&#243;tica, determinar&#225; o substrato que ser&#225; delet&#233;rio ao sistema cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>Conceitos atuais determinam que a fisiopatologia da IC se diferencia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo e ao tipo de IC<sup>12,13</sup>. Nesses estudos, verifica-se o predom&#237;nio de IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada associada ao sexo feminino, al&#233;m de idades avan&#231;adas e menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica<sup>21</sup>. Tal fato tem correla&#231;&#227;o em registros mundiais, como demonstrado por Rodr&#237;guez-Artalejo e cols.<sup>22</sup>, em que o n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos referentes ao sexo feminino aumentou no per&#237;odo de 1980 a 2000. Esse fato &#233; muito importante e demonstra a n&#227;o-conformidade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento da IC no sexo feminino.</p>
    <p>Segundo os dados do estudo EPICA<sup>11</sup>, que avaliou pacientes portadores de IC na comunidade, a IC, no sexo feminino, ocorre em idade mais avan&#231;ada, predominando a IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada.</p>
    <p>Kenchaiah e cols.<sup>23</sup> demonstraram que o risco de IC, quando relacionado ao aumento de uma unidade no IMC, &#233; de 5% para os homens e de 7% para as mulheres, e que ao se comparar a incid&#234;ncia de IC entre obesos e n&#227;o-obesos a IC apresenta o dobro de risco, sendo esse risco maior para o sexo feminino em compara&#231;&#227;o com o sexo masculino (2,12 e 1,90, respectivamente). Outros trabalhos<sup>24</sup> sugerem que os horm&#244;nios femininos afetam a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por meio de a&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora exercida pelo estrog&#234;nio, que, em conjunto com a HAS, poderia reduzir a a&#231;&#227;o da renina e, conseq&#252;entemente, a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>Um subestudo de Framingham<sup>25</sup>, realizado entre 1950 e 1999, determinou que, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o constitu&#237;da de brancos, a preval&#234;ncia de IC &#233; maior em homens, o que poderia ser explicado pela maior incid&#234;ncia de aterosclerose no grupo masculino em rela&#231;&#227;o ao feminino. Barker e cols.<sup>26</sup> demonstraram que o aumento da epidemia de IC ocorria em uma popula&#231;&#227;o masculina idosa (&gt; 65 anos), em que o aumento de sua preval&#234;ncia estava diretamente associado ao aumento de sua incid&#234;ncia, estando, portanto, diretamente relacionado a sua maior sobrevida. Outros dados relevantes foram demonstrados por Levy e cols.<sup>27</sup>, em cujo estudo a associa&#231;&#227;o de IC com a hipertens&#227;o foi mais freq&#252;ente no sexo feminino, al&#233;m de a HAS ter determinado risco para o desenvolvimento de IC duas vezes maior no grupo masculino e tr&#234;s vezes maior no feminino.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, foi verificada expressiva subutiliza&#231;&#227;o de hipoglicemiante: em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 78 pacientes (54%) portadores de glicemia &gt; 100 mg/dl, somente 37 pacientes (47%) usavam algum tipo de hipoglicemiante oral. Outra correla&#231;&#227;o importante foi a forte tend&#234;ncia &#224; presen&#231;a de IC em portadores de DM e s&#237;ndrome de resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, com valores de p, respectivamente, de 0,07 e 0,09 e RC de 2,22 para o grupo de portadores de resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica e de 2,77 para o grupo de portadores de DM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>O <italic>US Health Maintenance Organization Study</italic> demonstrou que o aumento de 1% do n&#237;vel de hemoglobina glicosilada estava correlacionado a 15% de aumento do risco para o desenvolvimento de IC, demonstrando a importante rela&#231;&#227;o disglicemia e IC. Outra correla&#231;&#227;o importante &#233; o risco duas vezes maior de desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica e cinco vezes maior de desenvolvimento de DM em pacientes portadores de SM<sup>28</sup>. Tamb&#233;m &#233; demonstrado que a espessura da parede do VE assim como sua massa se encontram diretamente alteradas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; intoler&#226;ncia a glicose, sendo esse dado maior no sexo feminino<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um pequeno estudo observacional e prospectivo<sup>30</sup> demonstrou que pacientes tratados com glitazonas t&#234;m aumento da sobrevida com menor risco de IC, ao contr&#225;rio de outro estudo<sup>31</sup> em que as glitazonas pioraram a sobrevida e aumentaram a preval&#234;ncia de IC. Tais diverg&#234;ncias, muito provavelmente, ocorreram por causa das diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es analisadas, em que o primeiro grupo poderia ser de uma popula&#231;&#227;o portadora de cardiopatia mais bem controlada. O estudo <italic>Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial In Macrovascular Events</italic> (PROACTIVE) demonstrou maior n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es, associado a n&#227;o aumento da mortalidade<sup>32</sup>.</p>
    <p>A subutiliza&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao tratamento da SM e da IC tamb&#233;m foi verificada nos portadores de dislipidemia. Verificou-se o uso de hipolipemiante oral em apenas 18 (12,5%) pacientes dos 111 (77,1%) portadores de SM presentes no estudo. Para os portadores de IC cr&#244;nica, os grandes estudos que envolvem o uso das estatinas t&#234;m sistematicamente exclu&#237;do pacientes portadores de IC. Dessa forma, ainda permanece como alvo de discuss&#227;o o emprego das estatinas em pacientes portadores de IC cr&#244;nica<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos prospectivos, como o de Node e cols.<sup>34</sup>, demonstraram melhora da capacidade funcional em pacientes com IC que receberam estatinas comparativamente aos que receberam placebo, em que a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de TNF-a, IL-6 e pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP) foi significativamente maior no grupo sinvastatina. Outro estudo, caracterizado como prospectivo, duplo-cego e randomizado, utilizou a cerivastatina em pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada de causa n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica, determinando melhora da qualidade de vida, da capacidade f&#237;sica e da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<sup>35</sup>. Recentemente, o estudo <italic>Treating to New Targets</italic> (TNT), que incluiu 10.001 portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; 30%, avaliou a incid&#234;ncia de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o como evento prim&#225;rio por IC. O estudo concluiu que pacientes que fizeram uso de 80 mg de atorvastatina apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de 26% na taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC<sup>36</sup>. Segundo os resultados desse estudo, a incid&#234;ncia de novos casos de IC poderia ser reduzida com o uso das estatinas. A resposta para essas perguntas muito provavelmente surgir&#225; quando dois grandes estudos controlados com placebo, atualmente em andamento, estiverem conclu&#237;dos: <italic>The Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial</italic> (CORONA), que envolveu portadores de IC com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica cr&#244;nica, e o estudo do <italic>Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico</italic> (GISSI), envolvendo pacientes isqu&#234;micos e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A SM apresenta alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia em nossa comunidade, estando associada, de forma significativa, &#224; presen&#231;a de IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada e ao sexo feminino.</p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0042-00008-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Fl&#225;vio Augusto Colucci Coelho </p>
        <p> Rua Marqu&#234;s de Paran&#225;, 303 - 6&#186; andar </p>
        <p> 28800-000 - Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="flaviocolucci@yahoo.com.br">flaviocolucci@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 07/10/06; revisado recebido em 23/01/07; aceito em 01/03/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Lakka HM, Laaksonnen DE, Lakka TA, Niskanen LK, Kumpusalo E, Tuomilento J, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002; 288 (21): 2709-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2709</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <volume>288</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lakka</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laaksonnen</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lakka</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niskanen</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kumpusalo</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tuomilento</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Poirier P, Eckel RH. Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2002; 4: 448-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Obesity and cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>Curr Atheroscler Rep.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>448</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Poirier</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eckel</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Sullivan L, Parise H, Kannel WB. Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162: 1867-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1867</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <volume>162</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parise</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Ingelsson E, &#196;rnl&#246;v J, Lind L, Sundstr&#246;m J. Metabolic syndrome and risk for heart failure in middle-aged men. Heart. 2006; 92: 1409-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Metabolic syndrome and risk for heart failure in middle-aged men</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1409</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ingelsson</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#196;rnl&#246;v</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lind</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sundstr&#246;m</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21: 1414-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1414</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>King</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aubert</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herman</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002; 287: 356-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>356</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>287</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ford</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giles</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dietz</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis, and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med. 1998; 15: 539-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Definition, diagnosis, and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation</article-title>
          <source>Diabet Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>539</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alberti</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmet</surname>
              <given-names>PZ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. National Cholesterol Education Program: Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001; 285: 2486-97.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>National Cholesterol Education Program: Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2486</fpage>
          <lpage>97</lpage>
          <volume>285</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. I Diretriz Brasileira de Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 84 (supl 1): 3-28.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>I Diretriz Brasileira de Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>28</lpage>
          <volume>84</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Ho KK, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, Levy D. The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 22: 6A-13A.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>6A</fpage>
          <lpage>13A</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ho</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinsky</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Ceia F, Fonseca C, Mota T, Morais H, Matias F, de Sousa A, et al., on behalf of the EPICA Investigators. Prevalence of chronic heart failure in Southwestern Europe: the EPICA study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002; 4: 531-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence of chronic heart failure in Southwestern Europe: the EPICA study</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>531</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ceia</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mota</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morais</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matias</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Leiro MGC, Mart&#237;n MJP. Insuficiencia cardiaca. &#191;Son diferentes las mujeres? Rev Esp Cardiol. 2006; 59: 725-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Insuficiencia cardiaca: &#191;Son diferentes las mujeres?</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>725</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leiro</surname>
              <given-names>MGC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mart&#237;n</surname>
              <given-names>MJP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Ghali JK, Krause-Steinrauf HJ, Adams KF, Khan SS, Rosenberg YD, Yancy CW, et al. Gender differences in advanced heart failure: insights from the BEST study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42 (12): 2128-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Gender differences in advanced heart failure: insights from the BEST study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2128</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ghali</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krause-Steinrauf</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>KF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenberg</surname>
              <given-names>YD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yancy</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Butler J, Rodondi N, Zhu Y, Figaro K, Fazio S, Vaughan DE, et al., Health ABC Study. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 47 (8): 1595-602.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Metabolic syndrome and the risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1595</fpage>
          <lpage>602</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Butler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodondi</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figaro</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fazio</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaughan</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Holmang A, Yoshida N, Jennische E, Waldenstrom A, Bjorntorp P. The effects of hyperinsulinaemia on myocardial mass, blood pressure regulation and central haemodynamics in rats. Eur J Clin Invest. 1996; 26: 973-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The effects of hyperinsulinaemia on myocardial mass, blood pressure regulation and central haemodynamics in rats</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Clin Invest.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>973</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Holmang</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshida</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jennische</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waldenstrom</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bjorntorp</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Anderson EA, Hoffman RP, Balon TW, Sinkey CA, Mark AL. Hyperinsulinaemia produces both sympathetic neural activation and vasodilation in normal humans. J Clin Invest. 1991; 87 (6): 2246-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hyperinsulinaemia produces both sympathetic neural activation and vasodilation in normal humans</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Invest.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2246</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffman</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balon</surname>
              <given-names>TW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sinkey</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mark</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Wong CY, O'Moore-Sullivan T, Fang ZY, Haluska B, Leano R, Marwick TH. Myocardial and vascular dysfunction and exercise capacity in the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 96 (12): 1686-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Myocardial and vascular dysfunction and exercise capacity in the metabolic syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1686</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Moore-Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fang</surname>
              <given-names>ZY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haluska</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leano</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marwick</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Berg AH, Scherer PE. Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2005;96:939-49.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>939</fpage>
          <lpage>49</lpage>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berg</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scherer</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Kistorp C, Faber J, Galatius S, Gustafsson F, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, et al. Plasma adiponectin, body mass index, and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2005; 112: 1756-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Plasma adiponectin, body mass index, and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1756</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kistorp</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faber</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galatius</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gustafsson</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frystyk</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flyvbjerg</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Ingelsson E, Ris&#233;rus NEF, Berne C, Frystyk JM, Flyberg A, Alexander T, et al. Adiponectin and risk of congestive heart failure. JAMA. 2006; 295 (15): 1772-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Adiponectin and risk of congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1772</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <volume>295</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ingelsson</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ris&#233;rus</surname>
              <given-names>NEF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berne</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frystyk</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flyberg</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexander</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Gustafsson F, Torp-Pedersen C, Burchardt H, Buch P, Seibaek M, Kjoller E, et al. Female sex is associated with a better long-term survival in patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2004; 25: 129-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Female sex is associated with a better long-term survival in patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>129</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gustafsson</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torp-Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burchardt</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buch</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seibaek</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kjoller</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Rodr&#237;guez-Artalejo F, Banegas Banegas J, Guallar-Castill&#243;n P. Epidemiolog&#237;a de la insuficiencia cardiaca. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2004; 57: 163-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Epidemiolog&#237;a de la insuficiencia cardiaca</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esp Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>163</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rodr&#237;guez-Artalejo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banegas Banegas</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guallar-Castill&#243;n</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Kenchaiah S, Evans J, Levy D, Wilson P, Benjamin E, Larson M, et al. Obesity and the risk of heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 305-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Obesity and the risk of heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>305</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <volume>347</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kenchaiah</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evans</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Fischer M, Baessler A, Schunkert H. Renin angiotensin system and gender differences in the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc Res. 2002; 53: 672-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Renin angiotensin system and gender differences in the cardiovascular system</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>672</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fischer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baessler</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schunkert</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Levy D, Kenchaiah S, Larson M, Benjamin E, Kupka M, Ho K, et al. Long-term trends in the incidence of and survival with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 1397-402.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term trends in the incidence of and survival with heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1397</fpage>
          <lpage>402</lpage>
          <volume>347</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kenchaiah</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kupka</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ho</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Barker W, Mullooly J, Getchell W. Changing incidence and survival for heart failure in a well-defined older population, 1970-1974 and 1990-1994. Circulation. 2006; 113: 799-805.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Changing incidence and survival for heart failure in a well-defined older population, 1970-1974 and 1990-1994</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>799</fpage>
          <lpage>805</lpage>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barker</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mullooly</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Getchell</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Levy D, Larson M, Vasan R, Kannel W, Ho K. The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure. JAMA. 1996; 275: 1557-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1557</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <volume>275</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasan</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ho</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Grundy SM. Drug therapy of the metabolic syndrome: minimizing the emerging crisis in polypharmacy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006; 5 (4): 295-309.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Drug therapy of the metabolic syndrome: minimizing the emerging crisis in polypharmacy</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Drug Discov.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>295</fpage>
          <lpage>309</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grundy</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Rutter M, Parise H, Benjamin E, Levy D, Larson M, Meigs J, et al. Impact of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance on cardiac structure and function: sex-related differences in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2003; 107: 448-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Impact of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance on cardiac structure and function: sex-related differences in the Framingham Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>448</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rutter</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parise</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meigs</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Masoudi FA, Inzucchi SE, Wang Y, Havranek EP, Foody JAM, Krumholz HM. Thiazolidinediones, metformin, and outcomes in older patients with diabetes and heart failure: an observational study. Circulation. 2005; 111 (5): 583-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Thiazolidinediones, metformin, and outcomes in older patients with diabetes and heart failure: an observational study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>583</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Masoudi</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inzucchi</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Havranek</surname>
              <given-names>EP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foody</surname>
              <given-names>JAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krumholz</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Delea TE, Edelsberg JS, Hagiwara M, Oster G, Phillips LS. Use of thiazolidinediones and risk of heart failure in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26 (11): 2983-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Use of thiazolidinediones and risk of heart failure in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2983</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Delea</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edelsberg</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hagiwara</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oster</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phillips</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Cleland JGF, Freemantle N, Coletta AP, Clark AL. Clinical trials update from the American Heart Association: REPAIR-AMI, ASTAMI, JELIS, MEGA, REVIVE-II, SURVIVE, and PROACTIVE. Eur J Heart Fail. 2006; 8 (1): 105-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical trials update from the American Heart Association: REPAIR-AMI, ASTAMI, JELIS, MEGA, REVIVE-II, SURVIVE, and PROACTIVE</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>105</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JGF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freemantle</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coletta</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Van der Harst P, Voors AA, Van Gilst WH, B&#246;hm M, Van Veldhuisen DJ. Statins in the treatment of chronic heart failure: biological and clinical considerations. Cardiovasc Res. 2006; 71 (3): 443-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Statins in the treatment of chronic heart failure: biological and clinical considerations</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>443</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Van der Harst</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voors</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Gilst</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Veldhuisen</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Node K, Fujita M, Kitakaze M, Hori M, Liao JK. Short-term statin therapy improves cardiac function and symptoms in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2003; 108: 839-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Short-term statin therapy improves cardiac function and symptoms in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>839</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Node</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fujita</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kitakaze</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hori</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liao</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Laufs U, Wassmann S, Schackmann S, Heeschen C, Bohm M, Nickenig G. Beneficial effects of statins in patients with non-ischemic heart failure. Z Kardiol. 2004; 93: 103-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Beneficial effects of statins in patients with non-ischemic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Z Kardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>103</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Laufs</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wassmann</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schackmann</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heeschen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bohm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nickenig</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. LaRosa JC,    Grundy SM, Waters DD, Shear C, Barter P, Fruchart JC, et al. Intensive lipid    lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl    J Med. 2005; 352: 1425-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1425</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <volume>352</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>LaRosa</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grundy</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waters</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shear</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barter</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fruchart</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The association between metabolic syndrome and its components and heart failure in patients referred to a primary care facility</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by a collection of risk factors that are associated with elevated rates of cardiovascular events and the risk of developing heart failure (HF). In our field, the association of MS in stable chronic HF patients has not been established. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of MS in relation to gender and HF type in patients treated at a Primary Care Facility. METHODS: Between January 2005 and August 2006, 144 patients were included in a cross sectional study. An echocardiogram, using the modified criteria of the EPICA study, was performed to determine whether or not the patient had HF, and of which type. Statistical analysis was conducted using the software SAS&#8482; System, version 6.04, and statistical significance was established as 5%. RESULTS: MS was observed in 111 patients (77%), of which 73 (66%) were females: odds ratio (OR) 0.195 - (confidence interval - CI = 0.08 - 0.46) and p&lt; 0.0001. HF was identified in 102 patients (71%) with a great correlation between females and the presence of MS: 51 patients (65%); OR 0.116 (CI = 0.36- 0.37) and p &lt; 0.0001. Among the HF patients, 61 (42%) presented HF with preserved systolic function and 41 (29%) with systolic dysfunction; p = ns. HF with preserved systolic function was associated with the presence of MS in 53 (87%) of the 61 patients, p = 0.022. CONCLUSION: In our community, MS is closely related to HF with preserved systolic function and to the female gender.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Metabolic syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac output, low</kwd>
        <kwd>primary health care</kwd>
        <kwd>women</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>The association between metabolic syndrome and its components and heart failure in patients referred to a primary care facility</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fl&#225;vio Augusto Colucci Coelho; Marco Aur&#233;lio Esp&#243;sito Moutinho; Ver&#244;nica Alcooforado de Miranda; Leandro Reis Tavares; Maur&#237;cio Rachid; Maria Luiza Garcia Rosa; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP), Departamento de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) - Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by a collection of risk factors that are associated with elevated rates of cardiovascular events and the risk of developing heart failure (HF). In our field, the association of MS in stable chronic HF patients has not been established.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine the prevalence of MS in relation to gender and HF type in patients treated at a Primary Care Facility.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Between January 2005 and August 2006, 144 patients were included in a cross sectional study. An echocardiogram, using the modified criteria of the EPICA study, was performed to determine whether or not the patient had HF, and of which type. Statistical analysis was conducted using the software SAS&#153; System, version 6.04, and statistical significance was established as 5%.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> MS was observed in 111 patients (77%), of which 73 (66%) were females: odds ratio (OR) 0.195 &#150; (confidence interval - CI = 0.08 &#150; 0.46) and p&lt; 0.0001. HF was identified in 102 patients (71%) with a great correlation between females and the presence of MS: 51 patients (65%); OR 0.116 (CI = 0.36 &#150; 0.37) and p &lt; 0.0001. Among the HF patients, 61 (42%) presented HF with preserved systolic function and 41 (29%) with systolic dysfunction; p= ns. HF with preserved systolic function was associated with the presence of MS in 53 (87%) of the 61 patients, p = 0.022.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In our community, MS is closely related to HF with preserved systolic function and to the female gender.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Metabolic syndrome; heart failure; cardiac output, low; primary health care; women.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is characterized by a cluster of risk factors such as, elevated waist circumference, systemic hypertension (SH), hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia (reduced HDL and elevated triglyceride levels). The presence of this cluster of factors is associated with elevated rates of cardiovascular events: sudden death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and encephalic stroke as well as a higher risk to develop diabetes mellitus (DM)<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In different adult populations, an elevated prevalence of MS is observed that ranges from 25 to 35%<sup>5,6</sup>, and it is more common in women. Different criteria have been used to diagnose MS including those of WHO (World Health Organization)<sup>7</sup>, NCEP-ATP III (National Cholesterol Education Program Panel III)<sup>8</sup> and more recently the criteria of IDF (International Diabetes Federation)<sup>7-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Ever increasing amounts of solid epidemiological proof indicate an association between MS and the presence of cardiovascular alterations. Recently, a greater risk of the onset of heart failure (HF) was identified, particularly in middle aged and elderly men<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our community, the prevalence of MS and its components in HF patients and differences in relation to gender have not yet been established.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between January 2005 and August 2006, 150 patients were included in a cross sectional study involving patients with clinical suspicion of HF treated by the Family Medical Program (FMP). The patients were referred to a specialized HF outpatient clinic for diagnostic confirmation of HF by means of clinical criteria and echocardiography (ECHO). The population sample of HF patients was estimated at 100 patients based on the population of 100,000 patients treated by FMP and a HF prevalence of 1% to 2% for the overall population in accordance with data from the Framingham study<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Inclusion criteria -</italic> Patients with suspected HF &#150; presence of dyspnea, fatigue or edema in the lower limbs or asymptomatic patients using digitalis and/or ACE inhibitors and/or diuretics. All patients had to be over the age of 18 and referred by the FMP.</p>
      <p><italic>Exclusion criteria -</italic> Lack of required data for analysis of the presence of MS (Laboratory tests) or HF (echocardiography) and other types of HF that did not include: HF with preserved systolic function or HF with systolic dysfunction. The M-mode or two dimensional transthoracic echocardiogram, in accordance with the modified criteria of the EPICA study for community HF patients<sup>11</sup>, was used to determine whether or not the patient had HF and its type. The HF patients were identified according to the functional and structural alterations evaluated on the ECHO.</p>
      <p><italic>Structural alterations evaluated on the echocardiogram -</italic> 1) LV fractional shortening &lt; 28%; 2) significant segment alterations associated with LV dilation; 3) LV mass index &gt; 134 g/m&#178; in males and &gt; 110 g/m&#178; in females; 4) hypertrophy of the interventricular septum and LV posterior wall according to the parameters for age and gender; 5) increased LA (left atrium) diameter according to the parameters for age and gender; 6) moderate to severe valve lesions of rheumatic origin; 7) moderate to severe pericardial hemorrhage; 8) RV dilation.</p>
      <p><italic>Structural alterations that determined HF type -</italic> 1) fractional shortening &lt; 28% or the presence of significant segment alterations associated with LV dilation; - classified as HF with systolic dysfunction; 2) fractional shortening &gt; 28% with no segment alteration, however with the presence of increased LA, or LV mass index (differentiated by gender), or hypertrophy of the interventricular septum or LV posterior wall; - classified as HF with preserved systolic function.</p>
      <p>Upon admission to the study, the patients were clinically assessed and underwent PA and left lateral view chest x-rays, 12 lead ECG and the following biochemical tests: 1) fasting glucose; 2) triglycerides; 3) HDL cholesterol for composition of the MS criteria.</p>
      <p>Determination of the MS components in accordance with the NCEP-ATP III criterium was performed using the following values: 1) Waist circumference &gt; 102cm for males and 88cm for females; 2) Triglycerides <underline>&gt;</underline>150mg/dl; 3) HDL-c &lt; 40mg/dl for males and &lt; 50mg/dl for females; 4) SBP <underline>&gt;</underline>130X85mmHg and 5) blood glucose level <underline>&gt;</underline>110mg/dl; and in accordance with the IDF criterium: 1) Waist circumference &gt;94cm for males and 80cm for females; 2) Triglycerides <underline>&gt;</underline>150mg/dl, 3) HDL-c &lt; 40mg/dl for males and &lt; 50mg/dl for females; 4) SBP <underline>&gt;</underline>130X80mmHg and 5) blood glucose level <underline>&gt;</underline>100mg/dl.</p>
      <p>The use of hypoglycemic or antihypertensive medication was designated as a positive criterium. MS was confirmed by the NCEP ATP III criterium when three of the five possible components were present<sup>7</sup>. MS confirmation using the IDF components required an alteration in waist circumference along with two other alterations<sup>8,9</sup>. DM was determined by glucose levels <underline>&gt;</underline>126 mg% and insulin resistance by glucose values between 100 and 125 mg%.</p>
      <p>The variables evaluated in this model were: age, gender, blood pressure, waist circumference, blood glucose level, HDL, TG, BMI as well as the ECHO data to determine whether or not the patient had HF and of which type. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the Medical School of the Federal Fluminense University. All patients signed a free and informed consent form to participate in the study.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis -</italic> Mean value difference was calculated using the Student's t-test to estimate the association between the presence of HF with MS. Proportion differences and the prevalence odds ratio were calculated using the chi-square test (c2). Statistical significance was established as 5%. Statistical analysis was performed using the software program SAS&#174; System, version 6.04.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical and metabolic characteristics of the patients included in the study that were referred to the Primary Care Clinic with suspected HF are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08t1-body2">table 1</xref>. From the sample of 150 patients, six were excluded due to moderate to severe valve disease. The study involved 144 patients of which 82 (57%) were females. No statistical differences were observed in relation to mean age or gender for this group.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_08t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0042-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A higher incidence of MS was observed using the IDF diagnostic criterium, and was diagnosed in 103 patients (72%), of which 69 (67%) were females; p &lt; 0.0001. Using the NCEP-ATP III criterium, 65 patients (70%) were females; p &lt; 0.0001.</p>
      <p>HF was confirmed by the echocardigraphic criteria in 102 patients (71%) and there was a higher incidence of HF with preserved systolic functionin 61 patients (42%); p = ns.</p>
      <p>No significant differences were found between the MS components and gender when the mean value of the measurements that determined the presence of MS was used. The only exception was BMI that was higher in the female group; p = 0.032; (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>No statistical significance was found in relation to age, gender, or incidence of MS components when analyzing whether or not the patients had HF. However, the HF patients had a greater incidence of insulin resistance syndrome; p = 0.07 and DM; p = 0.09; (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_08t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0042-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Characterization of MS in relation to HF type revealed a greater incidence of HF with preserved systolic function; odds ratio (OR) 3.82 &#150; confidence interval (CI) 1.4 to 10 and p = 0.005. The most prevalent MS components associated with HF with preserved systolic function were: SBP, DBP, waist circumference (IDF and NCEP ATP III criterium), triglycerides and BMI.</p>
      <p>The presence of MS was determined using the mean values of the MS components. In relation to HF type, the greatest component association was found in the HF group with preserved systolic function with the presence of 3.6 &#177; 1.0 components (IDF criterium), p = 0.009 and 3.2 &#177; 1.1 components (NCEP-ATP III criterium), p = 0.017; (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_08t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0042-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Evaluation of the prevalence of MS, using both criteria (NCEP and IDF), the presence of MS associated with HF was found in 79 patients (78%). A significant correlation was found in both groups between HF type, IDF and NCEP criteria, of which HF with preserved systolic function had greater prevalence with both the NCEP (p = 0.020) and IDF criteria (p = 0.010). The MS prevalence was 49 patients (80%) for HF with preserved systolic function and 22 patients (54%) for HF with systolic dysfunction in accordance with the IDF criterium. Using the NCEP-ATP III criterium, MS prevalence was 47 patients (77%) for HF with preserved systolic function and 21 patients (51%) for HF with systolic dysfunction; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1-body2">Graphics 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g2-body2">2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g3-body2">3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="g1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0042-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="g2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0042-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="g3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0042-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Evaluation of the association between HF and MS by gender indicated that women with HF are 8 times more likely to present MS than men in accordance with both the NCEP and/or IDF criteria; OR 0.116 - CI 0.36 &#150; 0.37 and p&lt; 0.0001, (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08t4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_08t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0042-00008-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study, the first to evaluate the presence of MS in stable chronic HF patients treated in Primary Care facilities in Brazil, identified an elevated prevalence of MS and HF in these patients. The presence of MS in this scenario was identified using the NCEP-ATP III criteria and the new determinations of IDF. We found a greater frequency of MS in females (70% and 67%, respectively), using the NCEP-ATP III and IDF criteria. HF with preserved systolic function had a greater association with MS and was also more prevalent in females.</p>
      <p>The significant association between the presence of MS and the female gender, as demonstrated in earlier studies<sup>12,13</sup>, could be indirectly correlated to the alterations presented, such as elevated triglycerides (53%), abdominal adiposity, SH (94%) and elevation of BMI (46%), that are inherent characteristics of females like hormonal alterations. Therefore, these factors could represent the decisive alterations in our case study to justify the presence of HF with preserved systolic function in females, determining the possible structural alterations presented on the ECHO; this was the link in the correlation found in our study between the presence of HF with preserved systolic function and the female gender.</p>
      <p>Recently, MS has been identified as an independent risk factor for the onset of HF<sup>1-4,14</sup>. The possible mechanisms associated with MS that cause HF are still speculative. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that the damage to cardiac cellular integrity caused by MS can favor the development of HF. Just as the stimulating effect of insulin on the myocardium of mice leads to increased cardiac mass and consequent reduction of cardiac output<sup>15</sup>, hyper stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, caused by hyperinsulinemia, as well as its ability to promote fibroblast activation in hypertensive patients, causing LV hypertrophy, increases the production of collagen and fibrosis<sup>16</sup>. This collection of actions causes disease progression and greater mortality.</p>
      <p>HF is regarded as an emerging cardiovascular epidemic whose increase is directly related to population growth as well as the alarming increase in conditions that favor its onset, in particular the MS components - DM, SH, Dyslipidemia and Obesity<sup>17</sup>. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to identify HF risk factors that can be modified in order to enable adequate intervention.</p>
      <p>Visceral obesity, another factor correlated to MS, develops its aggressive role on the myocardium through the production of substances with cardiovascular and systemic actions,such as leptin, inflammatory cytokines (interleukins and tumor necrosis factor), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and free fatty acids in addition to promoting a reduction of adiponectin<sup>18</sup>. Therefore, the loss of the protective vascular action generated by the reduction of the adiponectin levels<sup>19,20</sup>, in conjunction with the inflammatory and prothrombotic action determines the substrate that will jeopardize the cardiovascular system.</p>
      <p>Current concepts confirm that the physiopathlogy of HF is distinct in relation to gender and HF type<sup>12,13</sup>. In these studies, it is confirmed that HF with preserved systolic function is predominately associated with females, advanced age and a lower incidence of ischemic heart disease<sup>21</sup>. This fact correlates with data throughout the world as demonstrated by Rodrigues-Artalejo et al<sup>22</sup> where the number of female deaths increased between 1980-2000. This is an important fact that demonstrates nonconformity in relation to HF treatment for females.</p>
      <p>Data from the EPICA study<sup>11</sup>, that evaluated HF patients in a community, confirmed that HF in females occurs at a more advanced age and heart failure with preserved systolic function is more predominant.</p>
      <p>Kenchaiah et al<sup>23</sup> demonstrated that the HF risk when related to an increase of one BMI unit is 5% for men and 7% for women and that when comparing the incidence of HF between obese and non-obese individuals this same increase doubles the risk which is higher for women &#150; 2.12 (females) / 1.90 (males). Other studies<sup>24</sup> suggest that the female hormones affect heart function by means of estrogen-induced vasodilatation that in conjunction with SH could reduce rennin action and consequently reduce myocardial fibrosis.</p>
      <p>A sub-study of Framingham<sup>25</sup>, conducted between 1950 and 1999, determined that in a population of white individuals, there is a greater prevalence of HF in males, which can be explained by the higher incidence of atherosclerosis in males when compared to females. Barker et al<sup>26</sup> demonstrated that the HF epidemic increase occurred in the elderly male population (&gt; 65 years), where the increased prevalence was directly associated to the increased incidence and therefore directly related to its greater survival rate. Other relevant data were demonstrated by Levy et al<sup>27</sup> where the association between HF and hypertension was more common in females; also, the risk to develop HF for individuals with SH was two-fold for males and three-fold for females.</p>
      <p>In our study, a substantial under usage of hypoglycemia-inducing medication was confirmed, where in a population of 78 patients (54%) with blood glucose levels &gt; 100mg/dl, only 37 patients (47%) used some type of oral hypoglycemia-inducing medication. Another significant correlation was the strong trend of the presence of HF in DM and insulin resistance syndrome patients, with respective p values of 0.07 and 0.09, odds ratio of 2.22 for the insulin resistant patients and 2.77 for the diabetic group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>The US Health Maintenance Organization Study, demonstrated that a 1% increase in the level of glycosylated hemoglobin correlated to an increased risk of 15% to develop HF, demonstrating the important relationship between dysglycemia and HF. Another significant correlation is that MS patients are two times more likely to develop atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and five times more likely to develop DM<sup>28</sup>. It has also been demonstrated that LV wall thickness and mass are directly altered in relation to glucose intolerance; this is higher for the female gender<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>A small observational and prospective study<sup>30</sup> demonstrated that patients treated with glitazones, had higher survival rates and lower HF risk, whereas another study<sup>31</sup> demonstrated that glitazones worsen survival rates and increase HF prevalence. These variances are probably related to the different study populations analyzed, where the first group could be a population with a better controlled heart disease. The PROACTIVE study demonstrated a greater number of hospital admissions but a stable mortality rate<sup>32</sup>.</p>
      <p>The under usage of medications related to MS and HF treatment was also confirmed in the dyslipidemia patients. The use of oral hypolipemia-inducing medication was only confirmed in 18 (12.5%) of the 111 (77.1%) MS patients in the study. For chronic HF patients, large studies involving the use of statins have systematically excluded HF patients. Therefore, the use of statins in chronic HF patients remains a topic for further discussion<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>Prospective studies, such as the one by Node et al<sup>34</sup>, demonstrated a functional capacity improvement in HF patients that received statins in comparison to those that received placebo, where a reduction in the levels of TNF-a, IL-6 and BNP were significantly greater in the sinvastatin group. Another prospective, double blind, randomized study used cerivastatin in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, confirming an improvement in quality of live, physical capacity and endothelial function<sup>35</sup>. Recently, the study called the TNT-study (Treating to New Targets) involved 10,001 patients with CAD and ejection fractions &gt; 30% to evaluate the incidence of hospital admissions as a primary HF event. The study concluded that patients taking 80mg of artorvastatin, presented a reduction of 26% in hospital admission rates for HF<sup>36</sup>. Therefore, the study concluded that statins could reduce the incidence of new HF cases. The answers to these questions will probably come to light when two large placebo-controlled studies, that are currently in progress, called CORONA, (The Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial) involving HF patients with chronic systolic dysfunction and GISSI (GISSI heart failure trial) involving ischemic and nonischemic patients are concluded<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There is a high incidence of MS in our community; this condition has a significant association with HF with preserved systolic function and also with females.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Fl&#225;vio Augusto Colluci Coelho</p>
          <p> Rua Marques de Paran&#225;, 303 - 6&#186; andar</p>
          <p> 28800-000 - Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="flaviocolucci@yahoo.com.br">flaviocolucci@yahoo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received October 7, 2006; revised received January 23, 2007; accepted March 1, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
