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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KBfXxgRngkyGXHNvq6C6rvn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001300005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com amiodarona em moderada dosagem no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233; segura e eficaz em pacientes de alto risco para desenvolver essa arritmia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Geovanini</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucylara Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Gisele de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miguel</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel A. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Glauser</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakiri</surname>
            <given-names>Kenji</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Santa Cruz </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>22</fpage>
      <lpage>27</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a profilaxia com amiodarona em moderada dosagem, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca (revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e/ou cirurgia valvar), reduz a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em pacientes de alto risco para desenvolver essa arritmia. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo cl&#237;nico, randomizado e prospectivo, realizado em 68 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 64 anos e 59% dos participantes eram do sexo masculino. Os pacientes com tr&#234;s ou mais fatores de risco para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, de acordo com a literatura, foram randomizados em dois grupos, para receber ou n&#227;o profilaxia com amiodarona no primeiro dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A dose administrada foi de 600 mg/dia a 900 mg/dia, por via intravenosa, no primeiro dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, seguida de 400 mg/dia por via oral at&#233; a alta hospitalar ou at&#233; completar sete dias. Os demais pacientes, com dois ou menos fatores de risco, foram seguidos at&#233; a alta hospitalar. Todos os pacientes foram observados por monitoriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e/ou eletrocardiografia. RESULTADOS: No grupo que recebeu amiodarona, 7% dos pacientes apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, enquanto no grupo controle 70% desenvolveram a arritmia. Nos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o-randomizados (com dois ou menos fatores de risco), apenas 24% apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. CONCLUS&#195;O: O uso profil&#225;tico de amiodarona foi eficaz na preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial nos pacientes com tr&#234;s ou mais fatores de risco para essa arritmia. Esse tratamento pode ser ben&#233;fico na redu&#231;&#227;o da perman&#234;ncia na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e, conseq&#252;entemente, nas complica&#231;&#245;es advindas do maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>amiodarona</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>cuidados p&#243;s operat&#243;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com amiodarona em moderada dosagem no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233; segura e eficaz em pacientes de alto risco para desenvolver essa arritmia </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Renato Jorge Alves; Glaucylara Reis Geovanini; Gisele de Brito; Gabriel A. S. Miguel; Val&#233;ria A. Glauser; Kenji Nakiri</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia de S&#227;o Paulo - Hospital Santa Cruz - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar se a profilaxia com amiodarona em moderada dosagem, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca (revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e/ou cirurgia valvar), reduz a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em pacientes de alto risco para desenvolver essa arritmia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo cl&#237;nico, randomizado e prospectivo, realizado em 68 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 64 anos e 59% dos participantes eram do sexo masculino. Os pacientes com tr&#234;s ou mais fatores de risco para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, de acordo com a literatura, foram randomizados em dois grupos, para receber ou n&#227;o profilaxia com amiodarona no primeiro dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A dose administrada foi de 600 mg/dia a 900 mg/dia, por via intravenosa, no primeiro dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, seguida de 400 mg/dia por via oral at&#233; a alta hospitalar ou at&#233; completar sete dias. Os demais pacientes, com dois ou menos fatores de risco, foram seguidos at&#233; a alta hospitalar. Todos os pacientes foram observados por monitoriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e/ou eletrocardiografia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> No grupo que recebeu amiodarona, 7% dos pacientes apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, enquanto no grupo controle 70% desenvolveram a arritmia. Nos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o-randomizados (com dois ou menos fatores de risco), apenas 24% apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O uso profil&#225;tico de amiodarona foi eficaz na preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial nos pacientes com tr&#234;s ou mais fatores de risco para essa arritmia. Esse tratamento pode ser ben&#233;fico na redu&#231;&#227;o da perman&#234;ncia na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e, conseq&#252;entemente, nas complica&#231;&#245;es advindas do maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial/terapia, amiodarona, cirurgia tor&#225;cica, cuidados p&#243;s operat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; a arritmia mais comumente encontrada no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. Seu aparecimento pode ocorrer por m&#250;ltiplos mecanismos<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia dessa arritmia &#233; de cerca de 11% a 40% p&#243;s-revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, mas pode chegar a 50% dos casos p&#243;s-cirurgia valvar<sup>2-4</sup>. Geralmente ocorre entre o primeiro e o quinto dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, sendo mais prevalente nos indiv&#237;duos com mais de 65 anos de idade<sup>5-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar da possibilidade de retorno espont&#226;neo ao ritmo sinusal ap&#243;s seis a oito semanas<sup>9</sup>, essa arritmia aumenta o tempo de perman&#234;ncia na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), elevando-se, assim, o risco de o paciente contrair infec&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e de apresentar instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entre os principais fatores de risco que contribuem para o aparecimento dessa arritmia est&#227;o: idade avan&#231;ada, sexo masculino, doen&#231;a valvar, aumento atrial, arritmias pr&#233;vias, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, interrup&#231;&#227;o do uso de betabloqueadores, uso de digoxina, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e anemia<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que quanto maior o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco maior ser&#225; a chance de ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>A profilaxia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial pode ser eficazmente realizada por betabloqueadores e tamb&#233;m por amiodarona. Por outro lado, o uso de verapamil, digoxina e/ou procainamida n&#227;o mostrou benef&#237;cio<sup>12,14-17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em geral, a efic&#225;cia da amiodarona equivale ou &#233; maior que a das demais drogas com as mesmas indica&#231;&#245;es e n&#227;o existe consenso sobre uma dose &#243;tima. Sua posologia deve ser a menor poss&#237;vel para o melhor efeito desejado, no intuito de se evitar os efeitos colaterais, geralmente dose-dependentes. Esses foram os motivos que levaram os autores deste estudo a escolher a amiodarona, f&#225;rmaco pertencente &#224; classe III dos antiarr&#237;tmicos. Essa droga tem a capacidade de relaxar a musculatura lisa e diminuir a resist&#234;ncia tanto coronariana como vascular perif&#233;rica. Sua a&#231;&#227;o prolonga o potencial de a&#231;&#227;o e a refratariedade de todas as fibras card&#237;acas, sem afetar o potencial de repouso. Reduz tamb&#233;m as freq&#252;&#234;ncias sinusal e atrioventricular (AV) e prolonga o tempo de condu&#231;&#227;o AV. Al&#233;m disso, pode desencadear aumento do intervalo QT e aparecimento de onda U. Pode ser indicada para tratar arritmias ventriculares, taquicardia parox&#237;stica supraventricular, fibrila&#231;&#227;o e <italic>flutter</italic> atrial. Al&#233;m disso, mostrou-se segura e eficaz na preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ao contr&#225;rio dos estudos pr&#233;vios, realizados com terap&#234;utica profil&#225;tica ainda no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, n&#227;o existem trabalhos cient&#237;ficos evidenciando benef&#237;cio em pacientes de alto risco, e, portanto, mais suscet&#237;veis a essa arritmia, com interven&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica iniciada apenas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo cl&#237;nico e prospectivo, realizado de agosto de 2004 a fevereiro de 2005, em 68 pacientes, sendo 59% do sexo masculino e com m&#233;dia de idade de 64 anos. Os pacientes foram submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva (revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e/ou cirurgia valvar) com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram definidos para os pacientes que apresentassem tr&#234;s ou mais fatores de risco arritmog&#234;nicos para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, de acordo com a literatura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>). Esse crit&#233;rio foi adotado por m&#233;todo estat&#237;stico (an&#225;lise multivariada conhecida como &#225;rvore CART &#150; <italic>Classification and Regression Tree</italic>) em estudo previamente realizado, mas ainda n&#227;o publicado, segundo o qual a presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s ou mais fatores de risco, dentre os listados na literatura, aumentaria a incid&#234;ncia dessa arritmia no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0022-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ap&#243;s inclus&#227;o, os pacientes foram selecionados para uma segunda randomiza&#231;&#227;o, sendo divididos em dois grupos: amiodarona (grupo 1) e controle (grupo 2). Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o e o modelo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o utilizado na sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes est&#227;o descritos nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>, respectivamente.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0022-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0022-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os pacientes do grupo 1 receberam, no primeiro dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, amiodarona por via intravenosa na dose de 600 mg a 900 mg em 24 horas, seguida de 400 mg/dia por via oral, at&#233; completar sete dias de tratamento ou at&#233; a alta hospitalar. Os pacientes do grupo 2 seguiram tratamento convencional. Aqueles com dois ou menos fatores de risco e que n&#227;o seriam randomizados para profilaxia com a medica&#231;&#227;o do estudo foram observados at&#233; a alta hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes do estudo foram avaliados por meio de eletrocardiografias e/ou monitoriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> Para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e fatores de risco, foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher; para comparar a m&#233;dia das idades dos pacientes, o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>; e para avaliar a efic&#225;cia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona na preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, o teste exato de Fisher. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia das idades dos pacientes entre os grupos (grupos com at&#233; dois fatores de risco, com tr&#234;s ou mais fatores de risco, com e sem amiodarona), foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncias (ANOVA). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado no estudo foi de 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 68 pacientes analisados, 33 (49%) apresentavam dois ou menos fatores de risco e foram observados at&#233; a alta hospitalar. Os 35 (51%) restantes, que possu&#237;am tr&#234;s ou mais fatores de risco, foram randomizados para receber ou n&#227;o amiodarona (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>). No grupo que recebeu amiodarona (n = 15), apenas um paciente (7%) desenvolveu fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, enquanto no grupo controle (n = 20), sem profilaxia, 14 pacientes (70%) desenvolveram a arritmia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>). Dessa forma, verificou-se que o grupo que recebeu amiodarona apresentou menor ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0022-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="t4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0022-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Daqueles que n&#227;o foram randomizados para receber amiodarona, visto possu&#237;rem dois ou menos fatores de risco, apenas oito pacientes (24%) apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, enquanto 25 (76%) n&#227;o desenvolveram essa afec&#231;&#227;o. O fator idade, j&#225; estabelecido pela literatura como fator de risco relevante para a ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca, apresentou-se elevado nesta casu&#237;stica, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabs. 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">6</xref>). Esse achado provavelmente decorreu da elevada idade dessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi o tipo de cirurgia mais prevalente, ocorrendo em 79,7% dos casos analisados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tab. 7</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t7">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0022-00005-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="t5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0022-00005-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="t6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0022-00005-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanece como a complica&#231;&#227;o mais freq&#252;ente do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. Sua incid&#234;ncia varia, de acordo com a literatura, em 20% a 50% dos casos, dependendo do tipo de cirurgia (mais freq&#252;ente nas cirurgias valvares)<sup>1-4</sup>. Essa co-morbidade prolonga o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI, fato que pode levar a diversas complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    <p>Idade avan&#231;ada dos pacientes e associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco contribuem para maior taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>15,19</sup>. Neste estudo, o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco (tr&#234;s) foi fator determinante na sele&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos para a profilaxia ou n&#227;o com amiodarona.</p>
    <p>Muitos estudos cl&#237;nicos t&#234;m avaliado a efetividade das interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas para redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia dessa arritmia<sup>18-22</sup>. Contudo, esses ensaios s&#227;o, em geral, pouco significativos estatisticamente para estimar o efeito desses tratamentos na redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar ou na ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral. A principal indica&#231;&#227;o na profilaxia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca ainda &#233; a redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e a redu&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es como o acidente vascular cerebral<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos randomizados avaliaram a profilaxia dessa arritmia com medicamentos, tais como amiodarona, betabloqueador, sotalol e at&#233; marcapasso biatrial. A efetividade desses f&#225;rmacos na redu&#231;&#227;o de ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca foi confirmada. Todavia, a redu&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral ainda foi inconclusiva<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudo com administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de at&#233; 1 g/dia de amiodarona, comparado a placebo, j&#225; evidenciou a seguran&#231;a e a efetividade dessa droga na redu&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca<sup>19</sup>. A efic&#225;cia da administra&#231;&#227;o oral tamb&#233;m j&#225; foi analisada em estudo cl&#237;nico controlado com placebo, sendo de 2 g/dia de um a quatro dias antes da cirurgia e de 400 mg/dia at&#233; sete dias depois da cirurgia<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo n&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via dos pacientes para demonstrar a efetividade da amiodarona na preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. O f&#225;rmaco foi iniciado apenas no primeiro dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio nos indiv&#237;duos selecionados (de alto risco). Al&#233;m disso, o que diferencia este de outros estudos realizados previamente &#233; que a dosagem de amiodarona empregada, tanto na dose de ataque (600 mg/24 horas a 900 mg/24 horas por via intravenosa) como na de manuten&#231;&#227;o (400 mg/dia por via oral at&#233; a alta hospitalar ou at&#233; completar sete dias), foi menor, portanto com menos risco de eventos adversos para os pacientes.</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, tais como betabloqueador, sotalol e amiodarona, em terapia combinada ou n&#227;o, tamb&#233;m j&#225; demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. Em estudos em que o antiarr&#237;tmico foi a amiodarona houve redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar<sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste trabalho tamb&#233;m foi verificada redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar no grupo que recebeu profilaxia com amiodarona, quando comparado ao grupo controle (dois e cinco dias, respectivamente).</p>
    <p>A administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de amiodarona para preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, em pacientes selecionados quanto aos fatores de risco (tais como idade avan&#231;ada, cirurgia valvar, portadores de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e outros analisados), demonstrou boa rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade a favor da profilaxia<sup>23,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>A efic&#225;cia da profilaxia com amiodarona na ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca foi confirmada neste estudo. O esquema terap&#234;utico utilizado protegeu 93% daqueles indiv&#237;duos com tr&#234;s ou mais fatores de risco, enquanto no grupo controle 70% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m de comprovar a necessidade de uma sele&#231;&#227;o mais rigorosa, na qual se incluem pacientes de maior risco (portadores de tr&#234;s ou mais dos fatores de risco supracitados), este estudo demonstrou o benef&#237;cio dessa terap&#234;utica em dose moderada e iniciada somente no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amiodarona mostrou-se segura e eficaz na preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca em pacientes com tr&#234;s ou mais fatores de risco arritmog&#234;nicos. Essa profilaxia mostrou-se segura e poder&#225; reduzir o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, bem como as complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas decorrentes do prolongamento da estadia em UTI.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse estudo foi financiado com recursos pr&#243;prios do investigador.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica &#224; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o desse estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Renato Jorge Alves </p>
        <p> Unidade Coronariana </p>
        <p> Rua Santa Cruz, 398 </p>
        <p> 04122-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rjorge@cardiol.br">rjorge@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 23/11/06; revisado recebido em 23/01/07; aceito em 13/03/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevention of atrial fibrillation with moderate doses of amiodarone in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery is safe and effective in patients with high risk for developing this arrhythmia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess if prophylaxis with moderate doses of amiodarone in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valve surgery), reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with high risk for developing this arrhythmia. METHODS: A randomized and prospective clinical study involving 68 patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery. Mean age was 64 years and 59% of participants were males. Patients with three or more risk factors for atrial fibrillation, according to the literature, were randomized into two groups to receive or not prophylaxis with amiodarone in the first postoperative day. The dose administered ranged from 600 mg/day to 900 mg/day, intravenously, on the first postoperative day, followed by 400 mg/day orally until hospital discharge or until completing seven days. The other patients, who presented two or fewer risk factors, were followed up until hospital discharge. All patients were evaluated by means of cardiac and/or electrocardiographic monitoring. RESULTS: In the group treated with amiodarone, 7% of patients presented atrial fibrillation, whereas in the control group 70% of patients developed arrhythmia. Among the non-randomized individuals (with two or fewer risk factors), only 24% presented atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSION: The prophylactic use of amiodarone was effective in the prevention of atrial fibrillation in patients with three or more risk factors for this arrhythmia. This treatment can be useful to reduce stay at the Intensive Care Unit and, consequently, the complications originating from longer hospitalization.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>amiodarone</kwd>
        <kwd>thoracic surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>postoperative care</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Prevention of atrial fibrillation with moderate doses of amiodarone in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery is safe and effective in patients with high risk for developing this arrhythmia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Renato Jorge Alves; Glaucylara Reis Geovanini; Gisele de Brito; Gabriel A. S. Miguel; Val&#233;ria A. Glauser; Kenji Nakiri</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia de S&#227;o Paulo - Hospital Santa Cruz - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess if prophylaxis with moderate doses of amiodarone in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valve surgery), reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with high risk for developing this arrhythmia.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A randomized and prospective clinical study involving 68 patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery. Mean age was 64 years and 59% of participants were males. Patients with three or more risk factors for atrial fibrillation, according to the literature, were randomized into two groups to receive or not prophylaxis with amiodarone in the first postoperative day. The dose administered ranged from 600 mg/day to 900 mg/day, intravenously, on the first postoperative day, followed by 400 mg/day orally until hospital discharge or until completing seven days. The other patients, who presented two or fewer risk factors, were followed up until hospital discharge. All patients were evaluated by means of cardiac and/or electrocardiographic monitoring.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In the group treated with amiodarone, 7% of patients presented atrial fibrillation, whereas in the control group 70% of patients developed arrhythmia. Among the non-randomized individuals (with two or fewer risk factors), only 24% presented atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The prophylactic use of amiodarone was effective in the prevention of atrial fibrillation in patients with three or more risk factors for this arrhythmia. This treatment can be useful to reduce stay at the Intensive Care Unit and, consequently, the complications originating from longer hospitalization.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Atrial fibrillation/therapy; amiodarone; thoracic surgery; postoperative care.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. It can occur due to multiple mechanisms<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of this arrhythmia is approximately of 11% to 40% after coronary artery bypass grafting, but it can reach 50% of cases after valve surgery<sup>2-4</sup>. It generally occurs between the first and fifth postoperative days, and it is more prevalent in patients over 65 years<sup>5-8</sup> of age.</p>
      <p>Although spontaneous recovery of sinus rhythm may occur after 6 to 8 weeks<sup>9</sup>, this arrhythmia increases the time spent at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), thus increasing the risk of nosocomial infections and hemodynamic instability<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the main risk factors contributing to the onset of this arrhythmia are: old age, male gender, valve disease, increased atrial size, previous arrhythmias, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, previous cardiac surgery, discontinuation of betablockers, use of digoxin, ventricular dysfunction and anemia<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is known that the more risk factors, the greater the likelihood of atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Prophylaxis of atrial fibrillation can be effectively performed using betablockers or amiodarone. On the other hand, the use of verapamil, digoxin and/or procainamide has not brought any benefits<sup>12,14-17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The efficacy of amiodarone is generally equivalent or greater than that of other drugs with the same indications, and there is no consensus regarding an optimum dose. It must be administered at the lowest possible dosage for the best intended effect, in order to avoid side effects that are generally dose-dependent. These are the reasons that made the authors of this study choose amiodarone, a class-III- antiarrhythmic drug. This drug is able to relax the smooth muscles and decrease both coronary and peripheral vascular resistance. Its effect prolongs the action potential and refractoriness of all cardiac fibers, without affecting the resting potential. It also reduces the sinus and atrioventricular (AV) rates and prolongs the AV conduction time. Additionally, it may trigger widening of QT interval and appearance of the U-wave. It can be indicated to treat ventricular arrhythmias, supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia, fibrillation and atrial flutter. Moreover, it has also shown to be safe and effectivve in the prevention of atrial fibrillation in cardiac surgery postoperative period<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Contrary to previous studies carried out with prophylactic treatment as early as in the preoperative period, there are no scientific studies demonstrating the benefits for high risk patients - who are therefore more susceptible to this arrhythmia - of pharmacological intervention started only in the postoperative period.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A prospective clinical study carried out between August 2004 and February 2005 in 68 patients, with 59% males and a mean age of 64 years. The patients underwent elective cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass graft and/or valve surgery) with cardiopulmonary bypass.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were defined for patients presenting three or more risk factors for atrial fibrillation according to the literature (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). This criterion was adopted from a statistical method (a multivariate analysis known as CART &#150; Classification and Regression Tree) used in a previous study performed but not yet published, which stated that the presence of three or more risk factors among those listed in the literature would increase the incidence of this arrhythmia in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0022-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>After inclusion, patients were selected for a second randomization and were divided into two groups: Amiodarone (Group 1) and Control (Group 2). The exclusion criteria and the stratification model used to select patients are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">3</xref>, respectively.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0022-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0022-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>On the first postoperative day, Group 1 patients received intravenous amiodarone at a dose between 600 mg and 900 mg, in 24 hours, followed by 400 mg/day, orally, until completion of seven-day treatment or hospital discharge. Group 2 patients followed the conventional treatment. Those with two or fewer risk factors and who would not be randomized for prophylaxis with the study medication were followed up until hospital discharge.</p>
      <p>All patients were evaluated by means of electrocardiography and/or cardiac monitoring.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - To evaluate the association between the occurrence of atrial fibrillation and risk factors we used the Fisher's exact test. Student's <italic>t</italic> test was used to compare the mean age of patients. The evaluation of amiodarone efficacy in the prevention of atrial fibrillation was carried out using Fisher's exact test. To compare the mean age between the groups (groups with up to two, groups with three or more risk factors, and groups with and without amiodarone), we used the variance analysis (ANOVA). The significance level in this study was 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 68 patients analyzed, 33 (49%) presented two or fewer risk factors and were followed up until hospital discharge. The remaining 35 (51%) patients who had three or more risk factors were randomized to receive or not amiodarone (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). In the group treated with amiodarone (n = 15), only one patient (7%) developed atrial fibrillation, whereas in the control group (n = 20), without prophylaxis, 14 patients (70%) developed arrhythmia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref>). Hence, it was observed that the group treated with amiodarone presented lower incidence of atrial fibrillation (significance level of 5%).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0022-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0022-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Among those patients not randomized to receive amiodarone for presenting two or fewer risk factors, only 8 patients (24%) presented atrial fibrillation, while 25 (76%) did not develop this condition. The age factor, already established in the literature as a relevant risk factor for the occurrence of atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery, was high in this case series, but there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5-body2">Tables 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6-body2">6</xref>). This finding probably occurred due to the advanced age of this population. Coronary artery bypass grafting was the most prevalent type of surgery, occurring in 79.7% of the cases analyzed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_05t7-body2">Table 7</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_05t7-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0022-00005-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0022-00005-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0022-00005-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation remains the most frequent complication in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. According to the literature, its incidence ranges from 20% to 50% of cases, depending on the type of surgery (more frequent in valve surgeries)<sup>1-4</sup>. This comorbidity prolongs hospital stay, which can lead to several clinical complications.</p>
      <p>Patients with advanced age and the association of risk factors contribute to higher rate of atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period<sup>15,19</sup>. In this study, the number of risk factors (three) was the determining factor in the selection of individuals for the prophylaxis - or not - with amiodarone.</p>
      <p>Several clinical trials have evaluated the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions in reducing the incidence of this arrhythmia<sup>18-22</sup>. However, these trials are generally not much statistically significant when the effects of these treatments on shorter hospital stay or on the occurrence of stroke are estimated to estimate. The main indication in the prophylaxis of atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery is still a reduced hospital stay and less complications, such as strokes<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some randomized studies assessed the prophylaxis of this arrhythmia with drugs such as amiodarone, betablocker, sotalol and a biatrial pacemaker. The effectiveness of these drugs in the reduction of atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery was confirmed. However, a decreased incidence of strokes is still inconclusive<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>A study with intravenous administration of amiodarone up to 1 g/day compared with placebo has already shown safety and effectiveness of this drug in reducing atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery<sup>19</sup>. The efficacy of oral administration has also been analyzed in a placebo-controlled study at a dose of 2 g/day, from one to four days before surgery, and 400 mg/day up to seven days after surgery<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study did not require previous admission of patients to show the effectiveness of amiodarone in the prevention of atrial fibrillation. The drug was initiated only on the first postoperative day in selected patients (high risk). Additionally, what differentiates this study from other previous studies is the fact that the dose of amiodarone used, both the loading dose (600 mg/24 hours to 900 mg/24 hours, intravenously) and the maintenance dose (400 mg/day orally until hospital discharge or completion of seven days), was lower; therefore, with fewer risks of adverse events to the patients.</p>
      <p>The comparison between antiarrhythmic drugs, such as betablockers, sotalol and amiodarone, either as combination therapy or not, has also shown significant reduction in atrial fibrillation in the cardiac surgery postoperative period. In studies where the antiarhythmic agent used was amiodarone, there was a reduction in hospital stay<sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study we also observed a shorter hospital stay in the group receiving prophylaxis with amiodarone, as compared to the control group (two and five days, respectively).</p>
      <p>The intravenous administration of amiodarone to prevent atrial fibrillation in patients selected according to risk factors (such as advanced age, valve surgery, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other risk factors analyzed) showed a good cost-effectiveness ratio favoring prophylaxis<sup>23,24</sup>.</p>
      <p>The efficacy of prophylactic amiodarone against atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery was confirmed in this study. The drug regimen used protected 93% of patients with three or more risk factors, whereas in the control group, 70% of individuals presented atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p>In addition to confirming the need of a more strict selection including patients at a higher risk (with three or more of the above-mentioned risk factors), this study showed the benefit of this drug treatment at a moderate dose, initiated only in the postoperative period.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It was demonstrated that amiodarone is safe and effective in prevention of atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery in patients with three or more risk factors for arrhythmia. This prophylaxis proved to be safe and it may reduce hospitalization periods as well as the clinical complications resulting from prolonged stay at ICU.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded with the investigator&#180;s own resources.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association with Graduate Work</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Renato Jorge Alves</p>
          <p> Unidade Coronariana</p>
          <p> Rua Santa Cruz, 398</p>
          <p> 04122-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rjorge@cardiol.br">rjorge@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received November 23, 2006; revised received January 23, 2007; accepted March 13, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
