<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">y9wWHqrRBV6SH33phksz3Zr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001300004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001300004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio: caracter&#237;sticas do perfil cl&#237;nico associadas a &#243;bitos hospitalares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferro</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Rom&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Bosco de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prates</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Jose</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Audrey</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Egito</surname>
            <given-names>Enilton Sergio Tabosa do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arraes</surname>
            <given-names>Magali Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Carlos Bento de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Adib Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>16</fpage>
      <lpage>21</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados &#224; maior chance de &#243;bitos hospitalares em pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio (RM), que tenham apresentado fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. M&#201;TODOS: No per&#237;odo de 2000 a 2003, foi analisada uma s&#233;rie consecutiva de 397 pacientes submetidos a RM que desenvolveram FA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Esses pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos (G), sendo o G1 formado pelos pacientes que sobreviveram (n=369) e o G2, por aqueles que faleceram na fase hospitalar (n=28). Foram realizados os testes t de Student e do qui-quadrado, sendo p significativo quando &lt; 0,05. RESULTADOS: A an&#225;lise comparativa entre o G1 e o G2 demonstrou n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto a idade (67,3 &#177; 8,4 anos vs 69,3 &#177; 9,6 anos; p = 0,4), sexo masculino (75,9% vs 64,3%; p = 0,1), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (75,3% vs 85,7%; p = 0,2) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (17% vs 17%; p = 1). O G2 apresentou maiores taxas de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (14,6% vs 28,6%; p = 0,05), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 40% (12,2% vs 32,1%; p = 0,003), acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio (0,8% vs 17,9%; p = 0,03), interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea pr&#233;via (19,5% vs 39,3%; p = 0,01), e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;via (19,3% vs 35,7%; p = 0,03). CONCLUS&#195;O: Antecedentes de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, RM, interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e d&#233;ficit ventricular grave foram mais freq&#252;entes no grupo que faleceu na fase hospitalar, sugerindo poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre esses fatores e maior chance de &#243;bito no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de RM.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>&#243;bito</kwd>
        <kwd>evolu&#231;&#227;o fatal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio: caracter&#237;sticas do perfil cl&#237;nico associadas a &#243;bitos hospitalares</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira; Carlos Rom&#233;rio Ferro; Jo&#227;o Bosco de Oliveira; Guilherme Jose Prates; Audrey Torres; Enilton Sergio Tabosa do Egito; Magali Santos Arraes; Luis Carlos Bento de Souza; Adib Domingos Jatene; Leopoldo Soares Piegas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Identificar fatores associados &#224; maior chance de &#243;bitos hospitalares em pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio (RM), que tenham apresentado fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> No per&#237;odo de 2000 a 2003, foi analisada uma s&#233;rie consecutiva de 397 pacientes submetidos a RM que desenvolveram FA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Esses pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos (G), sendo o G1 formado pelos pacientes que sobreviveram (n=369) e o G2, por aqueles que faleceram na fase hospitalar (n=28). Foram realizados os testes <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> e do qui-quadrado, sendo p significativo quando <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A an&#225;lise comparativa entre o G1 e o G2 demonstrou n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto a idade (67,3 &#177; 8,4 anos <italic>vs</italic> 69,3 &#177; 9,6 anos; p = 0,4), sexo masculino (75,9% <italic>vs</italic> 64,3%; p = 0,1), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (75,3% <italic>vs</italic> 85,7%; p = 0,2) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (17% <italic>vs</italic> 17%; p = 1). O G2 apresentou maiores taxas de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (14,6% <italic>vs</italic> 28,6%; p = 0,05), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 40% (12,2% <italic>vs</italic> 32,1%; p = 0,003), acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio (0,8% <italic>vs</italic> 17,9%; p = 0,03), interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea pr&#233;via (19,5% <italic>vs</italic> 39,3%; p = 0,01), e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;via (19,3% <italic>vs</italic> 35,7%; p = 0,03). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Antecedentes de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, RM, interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e d&#233;ficit ventricular grave foram mais freq&#252;entes no grupo que faleceu na fase hospitalar, sugerindo poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre esses fatores e maior chance de &#243;bito no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de RM.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, cirurgia tor&#225;cica, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, &#243;bito, evolu&#231;&#227;o fatal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o freq&#252;ente no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca, que acomete cerca de 10% a 40% dos pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio (RM). Sabe-se que 70% dos casos ocorrem nos primeiros tr&#234;s dias, com pico no segundo dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diferentemente dos casos n&#227;o-cir&#250;rgicos, a FA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria n&#227;o possui etiologia bem definida, embora estudos recentes sugeram mecanismo multifatorial, incluindo estresse oxidativo, inflama&#231;&#227;o, fibrose atrial, produ&#231;&#227;o excessiva de catecolaminas, e mudan&#231;as no t&#244;nus auton&#244;mico e na express&#227;o das conexinas. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es resultam em aumento da dispers&#227;o da refratariedade atrial bem como da forma&#231;&#227;o de um substrato pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmico<sup>5-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Alguns fatores de risco est&#227;o relacionados a aumento da ocorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. Entre eles destacam-se: idade avan&#231;ada, hist&#243;ria de FA parox&#237;stica, infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melito, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, descontinua&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos beta-adren&#233;rgicos antecedendo a cirurgia, tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, isquemia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, uso de aminas vasoativas e necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica por mais de 24 horas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>10-12</sup>.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a dessa arritmia ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio est&#225; associada ao aumento de duas vezes da morbidade e da mortalidade cardiovasculares. H&#225; maior ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e de acidente isqu&#234;mico-cerebral, ambos relacionados ao maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e, conseq&#252;entemente, ao elevado custo com a opera&#231;&#227;o<sup>13-17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi realizado com pacientes que apresentaram FA ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio, com o objetivo de identificar eventuais caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos hospitalares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este &#233; um estudo de coorte n&#227;o-concorrente, de popula&#231;&#227;o fixa, que incluiu 1.390 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia coronariana, submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio isolada com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Representa o registro de cirurgias desse tipo realizadas no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2003, no Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, em S&#227;o Paulo, SP. Desses pacientes, 993 (73%) n&#227;o apresentaram FA nas primeiras 24 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e 397 (26%) apresentaram FA. A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes com FA era de 67,6 &#177; 8,7 anos, e 297 (75%) desses pacientes eram do sexo masculino. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo o grupo 1 formado pelos 369 (93%) sobreviventes na fase hospitalar e que apresentavam m&#233;dia de idade de 67,3 &#177; 8,4 anos, dos quais 277 (75%) eram do sexo masculino, e o grupo 2, pelos 28 (7%) pacientes que faleceram e que apresentavam m&#233;dia de idade de 69,3 &#177; 9,6 anos, dos quais 18 (64,3%) eram do sexo masculino.</p>
    <p>Foi feita an&#225;lise comparativa das seguintes vari&#225;veis do perfil cl&#237;nico entre os grupos: sexo, idade, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melito, tabagismo, dislipidemia, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (de acordo com a ventriculografia e classificada como se segue: discreta, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o entre 50% e 60%; moderada, 40% a 49%; e grave, &lt; 40%), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;via e interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea pr&#233;via. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram avaliadas quanto &#224;s taxas de revers&#227;o, &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da arritmia (<underline>&lt;</underline> 24 horas <italic>vs</italic> &gt; 24 horas) e &#224; terap&#234;utica utilizada para tentativa de revers&#227;o (amiodarona <italic>vs</italic> quinidina <italic>vs</italic> cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica).</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foram empregados o teste do qui-quadrado quando a vari&#225;vel comparada entre os grupos foi categ&#243;rica e o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>, quando num&#233;rica. Valores de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05 foram considerados significativos. Para avaliar se a FA &#233; um fator de risco independente de &#243;bito hospitalar foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>Para identificar eventuais preditores de &#243;bito hospitalar em pacientes que apresentaram FA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, tendo sido inclu&#237;das nesse modelo as vari&#225;veis com valor de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,1 na an&#225;lise univariada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes do estudo est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0016-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quanto ao perfil cl&#237;nico, os pacientes que morreram na fase hospitalar apresentaram mais freq&#252;entemente acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabs. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0016-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0016-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o foi registrada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s taxas e ao tempo de ocorr&#234;ncia da revers&#227;o da FA, assim como &#224; terapia utilizada para obten&#231;&#227;o dessa revers&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0016-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0016-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo de an&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram: sexo masculino, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, tabagismo, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vias. Nenhuma dessas vari&#225;veis foi preditora independente de &#243;bito nos paciente com FA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0016-00004-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A mortalidade hospitalar dos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com FA nas primeiras 24 horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi mais elevada quando comparada &#224; dos pacientes sem essa arritmia (7% <italic>vs</italic> 2,1%; p &lt; 0,001). Na an&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, a FA n&#227;o foi preditora de &#243;bito hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Das 28 causas de &#243;bito dos pacientes com FA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio que faleceram, 26 foram cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>At&#233; recentemente, a FA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria era considerada um evento transit&#243;rio, com progn&#243;stico benigno. Entretanto, v&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que essa entidade est&#225; associada a aumento significativo da morbidade e da mortalidade a curto e longo prazos<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente registro da evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar de pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio, a mortalidade dos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com FA foi mais elevada quando comparada &#224; daqueles sem essa arritmia.</p>
    <p>Estudos relatam que a presen&#231;a de FA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria aumenta o risco de acidente encef&#225;lico cerebral isqu&#234;mico, taquicardia ventricular e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes com FA ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio t&#234;m maior risco de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles que n&#227;o desenvolvem essa afec&#231;&#227;o (3,3% <italic>vs</italic> 1,4%)<sup>2</sup>. A presen&#231;a de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico nesses pacientes aumenta em cinco vezes a taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>O reconhecimento dos fatores de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia para a ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas profil&#225;ticas e terap&#234;uticas nesses pacientes, com o objetivo de diminuir as taxas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia renal, pneumonia, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e &#243;bitos precoces e tardios<sup>7-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diversos fatores de risco est&#227;o relacionados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de FA, sendo a idade avan&#231;ada um dos mais importantes e preditor independente dessa arritmia ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca, em especial ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Nesse caso, os &#225;trios poder&#227;o se encontrar dilatados, hipertrofiados ou com &#225;reas de fibrose, comprometendo a estrutura e a fun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal. Esses pacientes, freq&#252;entemente, s&#227;o portadores de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e diabetes melito, al&#233;m de apresentarem reduzida reserva cardiopulmonar, quando comparados aos mais jovens<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, pacientes que faleceram na fase hospitalar apresentaram maiores taxas de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;via, interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea pr&#233;via, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave, sugerindo poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre essas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e maior chance de &#243;bitos.</p>
    <p>O infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; considerado preditor independente de mortalidade nos pacientes que desenvolvem FA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>4</sup>. &#201; descrito que a oclus&#227;o ou a estenose importante do segmento proximal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) s&#227;o importantes preditores dessa arritmia. Isso acontece pelo fato de o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo do &#225;trio direito, do n&#243; sinoatrial e do n&#243; atrioventricular ser realizado na ACD quando esta tem domin&#226;ncia na circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana<sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva est&#227;o associadas com o desenvolvimento de FA na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, em especial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca<sup>4,23</sup>. Por sua vez, essa arritmia est&#225; relacionada a maior mortalidade precoce ou tardia no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio, o que est&#225; diretamente relacionado ao grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Stahle e cols.<sup>24</sup> demonstraram taxa de mortalidade operat&#243;ria de 6,6% em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o <underline>&lt;</underline> 35%, em contraste com 2,6% naqueles com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Acredita-se que pacientes com antecedente de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica) tenham algumas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas (como, por exemplo, substrato isqu&#234;mico e disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica), que podem contribuir para o aumento da mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Medidas profil&#225;ticas em pacientes considerados de risco elevado para desenvolvimento de FA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio podem representar uma estrat&#233;gia capaz de diminuir a morbidade e a mortalidade nesses pacientes. O uso de betabloqueadores no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, por exemplo, &#233; considerado medida eficaz na profilaxia dessa arritmia<sup>10,11,14,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo permitem identificar caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas associadas &#224; mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio que apresentaram FA nas primeiras 24 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes que faleceram apresentavam perfil cl&#237;nico mais grave, ou seja, maior associa&#231;&#227;o de co-morbidades, e na an&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica n&#227;o foi identificado nenhum preditor independente de &#243;bito hospitalar. &#201; poss&#237;vel que n&#227;o apenas uma caracter&#237;stica isolada seja determinante de &#243;bito nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m uma associa&#231;&#227;o de co-morbidades.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse estudo foi financiado com recursos pr&#243;prios do investigador.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica &#224; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o desse estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira </p>
        <p> Rua Ab&#237;lio Soares, 625/64 A </p>
        <p> 04005-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dinaldo@cardiol.br">dinaldo@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 21/06/06; revisado recebido em 01/03/07; aceito em 07/03/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Postoperative atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft: clinical factors associated with in-hospital death</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with a higher likelihood of in-hospital death in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) who developed atrial fibrillation (AF) postoperatively. METHODS: The authors analyzed data from 397 consecutive patients submitted to CABG that developed AF postoperatively between 2000 and 2003. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (G1) comprised patients who survived (n=369); and group 2 (G2) comprised patients who died during hospital stay (n=28). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test and chi-square test, and p values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: A comparative analysis between G1 and G2 showed that there was no difference between the groups as regards age (67.3 &#177; 8.4 versus 69.3 &#177; 9.6; p = 0.4), male gender (75.9% versus 64.3%; p = 0.1), systemic arterial hypertension (75.3% versus 85.7%; p = 0.2) and congestive heart failure (17% versus 17%; p = 1). Group 2 presented higher rates for previous acute myocardial infarction (14.6% versus 28.6%; p = 0.05), left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 40% (12.2% versus 32.1%; p = 0.003), previous cerebrovascular accident (0.8% versus 17.9%; p = 0.03), previous percutaneous coronary intervention (19.5% versus 39.3%; p = 0.01) and previous CABG (19.3% versus 35.7%; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Clinical history of acute myocardial infarction, CABG, percutaneous coronary intervention, cerebrovascular accident and severe ventricular dysfunction were significantly more frequent in the group that died during hospital stay, which suggests a possible association of these factors with a higher likelihood of death following CABG.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>thoracic surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>death</kwd>
        <kwd>fatal outcome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Postoperative atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft: clinical factors associated with in-hospital death</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira; Carlos Rom&#233;rio Ferro; Jo&#227;o Bosco de Oliveira; Guilherme Jose Prates; Audrey Torres; Enilton Sergio Tabosa do Egito; Magali Santos Arraes; Luis Carlos Bento de Souza; Adib Domingos Jatene; Leopoldo Soares Piegas</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanatorio S&#237;rio - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To identify factors associated with a higher likelihood of in-hospital death in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) who developed atrial fibrillation (AF) postoperatively.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The authors analyzed data from 397 consecutive patients submitted to CABG that developed AF postoperatively between 2000 and 2003. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (G1) comprised patients who survived (n=369); and group 2 (G2) comprised patients who died during hospital stay (n=28). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test and chi-square test, and p values d" 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A comparative analysis between G1 and G2 showed that there was no difference between the groups as regards age (67.3 &#177; 8.4 <italic>versus</italic> 69.3 &#177; 9.6; p = 0.4), male gender (75.9% <italic>versus</italic> 64.3%; p = 0.1), systemic arterial hypertension (75.3% <italic>versus</italic> 85.7%; p = 0.2) and congestive heart failure (17% <italic>versus</italic> 17%; p = 1). Group 2 presented higher rates for previous acute myocardial infarction (14.6% <italic>versus</italic> 28.6%; p = 0.05), left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 40% (12.2% <italic>versus</italic> 32.1%; p = 0.003), previous cerebrovascular accident (0.8% <italic>versus</italic> 17.9%; p = 0.03), previous percutaneous coronary intervention (19.5% <italic>versus</italic> 39.3%; p = 0.01) and previous CABG (19.3% <italic>versus</italic> 35.7%; p = 0.03).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Clinical history of acute myocardial infarction, CABG, percutaneous coronary intervention, cerebrovascular accident and severe ventricular dysfunction were significantly more frequent in the group that died during hospital stay, which suggests a possible association of these factors with a higher likelihood of death following CABG.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Atrial fibrillation; thoracic surgery; myocardial revascularization; death; fatal outcome.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a frequent complication after heart surgery which affects approximately 10% to 40% of the patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. It is known that 70% of the cases occur within the first three days, with a peak at the second day postoperatively<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Unlike nonsurgical cases, the etiology of postoperative AF is not well defined, although recent studies suggest that a multifactoral mechanism is involved which includes oxidative stress, inflammation, atrial fibrosis, excessive production of cathecolamines, changes in autonomic tonus and in the expression of connexins. These changes result in an increase of atrial refractive index dispersion and in the formation of a pro-arrythmic substrate<sup>5-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some risk factors are related to an increase in the occurrence of postoperative AF, such as old age, history of paroxistic AF, previous myocardial infarction, left ventricular dysfunction, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, discontinuation of beta adrenergic drugs prior to surgery, aortic cross-clamp time, use of extracorporeal circulation, postoperative ischemia, use of vasoactive amines and the need for mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours postoperatively<sup>10-12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The presence of this arrhythmia following coronary artery bypass graft surgery is associated with a two-fold increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. There is a higher occurrence of heart failure and cerebral ischemic accident, both related to longer hospital stay, and consequently, with very high surgery costs<sup>13 -17</sup>.</p>
      <p>We carried out a study with patients who presented atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery to identify any characteristics related to the occurrence of in-hospital death.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a nonconcurring cohort study, with a fixed population that included 1,490 patients with coronary failure who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery with extracorporeal circulation. It reflects the record of surgeries of this type carried out in the period from January 2000 to December 2003 in our institution.</p>
      <p>Of these patients, 993 (73%) did not present AF in the first 24 hours postoperatively, whereas 397 (26%) did. The mean age of patients with atrial fibrillation was 67.6 &#177; 8.7 years; 297 (75%) of them were male. They were divided into two groups; group 1 was formed by 369 (93%) survivors during the hospital stay phase with a mean age of 67.3 &#177; 8.4 years; 277 (75%) of these were male. Group 2 was composed of the 28 (7%) deceased patients, whose mean age was 69.3 &#177; 9.6 years; 18 (64.3%) of these patients were male.</p>
      <p>We carried out a comparative analysis of the following variables of the clinical profile between the groups: gender, age, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus (DM), smoking habit, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney failure, left ventricular systolic dysfunction [according to ventriculography and classified as mild (ejection fraction between 50 and 60%), moderate (40 to 49%) and severe (&lt; 40%)], previous acute myocardial infarction, previous heart failure, previous cerebral vascular accident, previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery and previous percutaneous coronary intervention. We assessed the differences between the groups as to the rates of reversion and duration of arrhythmia (<underline>&lt;</underline> 24 hours <italic>versus</italic> &gt; 24 hours), and as to the therapeutics employed in reversion attempts (amiodarone versus quinidine versus electrical cardioversion).</p>
      <p>In the statistical analysis, when the variable compared between the groups was a categorical one, we employed the chi-square test, and for numeric variables, we employed Student's <italic>t</italic> test. Values of p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 were considered significant. We used the logistic regression model to assess whether AF is an independent risk factor for in-hospital death.</p>
      <p>In order to identify predictors of in-hospital death in patients who presented AF following coronary artery bypass graft surgery we employed the logistic regression model; variables with a value of p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.1 in the multivariate analysis were included in this model.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The demographic characteristics of the patients included in this study are shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0016-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>As regards the clinical profile, patients who died during hospital stay presented the following conditions with greater frequency: previous cerebrovascular accident, previous acute myocardial infarction, severe left ventricular dysfunction, previous percutaneous coronary intervention and previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0016-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0016-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>There was no difference between the groups as regards the rates and time of atrial fibrillation reversion, and the therapy used to achieve it (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0016-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0016-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The variables included in the multivariate analysis model with logistic regression were: male gender, previous acute myocardial infarction, smoking habit, previous cerebrovascular accident, severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction, previous percutaneous coronary intervention and previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery. None of these was an independent predictor of death in patients with postoperative AF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0016-00004-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The number of in-hospital death of patients who progressed to AF within the first 24 hours postoperatively was higher as compared with death of those without such arrhythmia (7% <italic>vs</italic> 2.1%, p &lt; 0.001). In the multivariate analysis with logistic regression, atrial fibrillation was not a predictor of in-hospital death.</p>
      <p>Of the 28 deaths of patients with postoperative AF, 26 died from cardiovascular causes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Until recently, postoperative atrial fibrillation was considered a transitory event with a benign prognosis. However, many studies have demonstrated that this condition is associated with a significant increase in short and long term morbidity and mortality<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this record on the in-hospital progression of patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery, the mortality of patients who progressed to AF was higher as compared with the mortality of those without such arrhythmia.</p>
      <p>Studies reported that the presence of postoperative AF increases the risk for ischemic cerebral accident, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients with AF after coronary artery bypass graft surgery are at a higher risk of cerebrovascular accident than those who do not develop AF (3.3% <italic>vs</italic> 1.4%)<sup>2</sup>. The presence of cerebrovascular accident in these patients causes a five-fold increase in the rate of in-hospital death<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The recognition of risk factors for the occurrence of postoperative AF is of paramount importance for the adoption of prophylactic and therapeutic measures for these patients, with a view to reducing rates of heart failure, kidney failure, pneumonia, prolonged mechanical ventilation, cerebrovascular accident and early and late deaths<sup>7-14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several risk factors are related with the occurrence of AF, with old age being one of the most important ones, as well as being an independent predictor of this arrhythmia after heart surgery, especially after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. In this case, atriums may be dilated, hypertrophied or with areas of fibrosis, thus affecting the structure and function of the sinus node. These patients frequently have atherosclerotic disease, systemic arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, in addition to reduced cardiopulmonary reserve as compared with younger patients<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, patients who died in hospital presented higher rates of previous acute myocardial infarction, previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery, previous percutaneous coronary intervention, previous cerebrovascular accident and severe left ventricular dysfunction, which suggests a possible association between these clinical characteristics and a higher likelihood of deaths.</p>
      <p>Previous acute myocardial infarction is considered an independent predictor of mortality in patients who develop atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery<sup>4</sup>. It has been described that the occlusion or major stenosis of the proximal segment of the right coronary artery (RCA) is an important predictor of such arrhythmia. This occurs due to the fact that the blood is supplied to the right atrium, the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node by the RCA when the coronary circulation is right-dominant<sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Ventricular dysfunction and congestive heart failure are associated with the development of AF in the population in general, especially after heart surgery<sup>23</sup>. This arrhythmia in turn is related to higher early or late mortality in the postoperative period following coronary artery bypass graft surgery, which is directly related to the degree of ventricular dysfunction. Stahle et al<sup>24</sup> demonstrated an operative mortality rate of 6.6% in patients with ejection fraction d" 35%, as compared with 2.6% in those patients with ejection fraction e" 50%<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is believed that patients with a history of myocardial revascularization (percutaneous or surgical) have some clinical characteristics, such as ischemic substrate, myocardial dysfunction and others that may contribute to hospital mortality increase.</p>
      <p>Prophylactic measures in patients at a high risk for developing atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery can translate into a strategy able to reduce the morbidity and mortality of these patients. For instance, the use of beta blockers preoperatively is considered an effective measure in the prophylaxis of this arrhythmia<sup>10,11,14,24</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of this study allowed us to identify clinical characteristics associated with hospital mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery who presented atrial fibrillation within the first 24 hours postoperatively.</p>
      <p>The patients who died presented a more severe clinical profile, i.e. a greater association of comorbidities, and in the multivariate analysis with logistic regression we did not identify any independent predictor of in-hospital death. It is possible that one single isolated characteristic is not a likely determinant of death in this population, but rather an association of comorbidities.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded with the investigator&#180;s own resources.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association with Graduate Work</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira</p>
          <p> Rua Ab&#237;lio Soares, 625/ 64 A</p>
          <p> 04005-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="dinaldo@cardiol.br">dinaldo@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received June 21, 2006; revised received March 1, 2007; accepted March 7, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
