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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hrXQhqDGBQ5VMQSq5XCTXPj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001300003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001300003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o total do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paulo</surname>
            <given-names>Brofman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moutinho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laura</surname>
            <given-names>Barboza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maximiliano</surname>
            <given-names>Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alexandre</surname>
            <given-names>Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lidia</surname>
            <given-names>Zitynski</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dalton</surname>
            <given-names>Pr&#233;coma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alexandre</surname>
            <given-names>Varela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ravanelli</surname>
            <given-names>Marcel Rogers</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>11</fpage>
      <lpage>15</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a opera&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) em pacientes com importante disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. M&#201;TODOS: Foram submetidos a opera&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem CEC, 405 pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) abaixo de 35%. A opera&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com aux&#237;lio de estabilizador por suc&#231;&#227;o e ponto de LIMA. As anastomoses distais foram feitas primeiro. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 405 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 63,4&#177;9,78 anos, sendo 279 do sexo masculino (68,8%). Quanto a fatores de risco, 347 eram hipertensos, 194 tabagistas, 202 dislipid&#234;micos e 134 diab&#233;ticos. Encontravam-se em classe funcional III e IV 260 pacientes. Eram renais cr&#244;nicos 20 pacientes, em programa de di&#225;lise. Foram operados em car&#225;ter de emerg&#234;ncia 51 pacientes, e 33 j&#225; apresentavam opera&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. A FE m&#233;dia foi de 27,2&#177;3,54%. O EUROSCORE m&#233;dio foi de 8,46&#177;4,41. O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de anastomoses foi 3,03&#177;1,54 por paciente. Necessitaram de bal&#227;o intra&#243;rtico ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica 49 pacientes (12%), e 73 (18%) necessitaram de suporte inotr&#243;pico no per&#237;odo transoperat&#243;rio. Quanto a complica&#231;&#245;es, 2 (0,49%) apresentaram insufici&#234;ncia renal, 2 apresentaram mediastinite (0,49%), 7 (1,7%) necessitaram de reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento, 5 (1,2%) apresentaram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e 70 (17,3%) apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Houve 18 &#243;bitos (4,4%). CONCLUS&#195;O: Com base nesses dados, conclu&#237;mos que a opera&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &#233; segura e eficaz, sendo uma alternativa para pacientes de alto risco. Os resultados obtidos foram superiores ao previsto pelo EUROSCORE.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o total do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodrigo Milani; Paulo Brofman; Jos&#233; Augusto Moutinho; Laura Barboza; Maximiliano Guimar&#227;es; Alexandre Barbosa; Lidia Zitynski; Dalton Pr&#233;coma; Alexandre Varela; Marcel Rogers Ravanelli; Francisco Maia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular - Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia/PUC - Curitiba, PR - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a opera&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) em pacientes com importante disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram submetidos a opera&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem CEC, 405 pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) abaixo de 35%. A opera&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com aux&#237;lio de estabilizador por suc&#231;&#227;o e ponto de LIMA. As anastomoses distais foram feitas primeiro. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram avaliados 405 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 63,4&#177;9,78 anos, sendo 279 do sexo masculino (68,8%). Quanto a fatores de risco, 347 eram hipertensos, 194 tabagistas, 202 dislipid&#234;micos e 134 diab&#233;ticos. Encontravam-se em classe funcional III e IV 260 pacientes. Eram renais cr&#244;nicos 20 pacientes, em programa de di&#225;lise. Foram operados em car&#225;ter de emerg&#234;ncia 51 pacientes, e 33 j&#225; apresentavam opera&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. A FE m&#233;dia foi de 27,2&#177;3,54%. O EUROSCORE m&#233;dio foi de 8,46&#177;4,41. O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de anastomoses foi 3,03&#177;1,54 por paciente. Necessitaram de bal&#227;o intra&#243;rtico ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica 49 pacientes (12%), e 73 (18%) necessitaram de suporte inotr&#243;pico no per&#237;odo transoperat&#243;rio. Quanto a complica&#231;&#245;es, 2 (0,49%) apresentaram insufici&#234;ncia renal, 2 apresentaram mediastinite (0,49%), 7 (1,7%) necessitaram de reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento, 5 (1,2%) apresentaram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e 70 (17,3%) apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Houve 18 &#243;bitos (4,4%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Com base nesses dados, conclu&#237;mos que a opera&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &#233; segura e eficaz, sendo uma alternativa para pacientes de alto risco. Os resultados obtidos foram superiores ao previsto pelo EUROSCORE.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A opera&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea teve seus primeiros dados apresentados em grandes s&#233;ries de pacientes no in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 1980<sup>1,2</sup>. Sua aplica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o aumentou muito at&#233; o final da d&#233;cada de 1990, quando trabalhos publicados apresentando t&#233;cnicas de exposi&#231;&#227;o da parede posterior do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>3</sup> e os novos estabilizadores de tecido desenvolvidos pela ind&#250;stria biom&#233;dica, dando um novo impulso a esse tipo de opera&#231;&#227;o. Nos Estados Unidos, houve um aumento significativo no n&#250;mero de pacientes coronariopatas operados sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, indo de 6,9% dos casos operados em 1999 para mais de 25% em 2002, com estimativa de esse porcentual alcan&#231;ar aproximadamente 50% ao final 2005. Entretanto, apesar do aumento do n&#250;mero de casos operados, h&#225; uma relut&#226;ncia em se aplicar essa t&#233;cnica em pacientes com importante disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em raz&#227;o de um temor quanto a uma maior instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e a um aumento na mortalidade. Est&#225; documentado que pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda t&#234;m uma evolu&#231;&#227;o menos favor&#225;vel na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio quando comparados com pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal<sup>4</sup>. Tem sido especulado que a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea pode aumentar o dano do mioc&#225;rdio em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular por ativa&#231;&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria, altera&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo vazio, impedindo o fluxo para regi&#245;es isqu&#234;micas e pior preserva&#231;&#227;o do movimento do septo interventricular<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar os resultados imediatos da opera&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea em pacientes com importante disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, comparando-se os resultados encontrados com o previsto pelo EUROSCORE.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre janeiro de 2000 e dezembro de 2005, 405 pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 35% foram submetidos a opera&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Ap&#243;s a dissec&#231;&#227;o dos enxertos realizados de maneira convencional<sup>6</sup>, o peric&#225;rdio foi aberto e aplicou-se o ponto de LIMA<sup>3</sup>. A dose de heparina empregada foi de 2 mg/kg. De uma maneira geral, as anastomoses distais foram feitas, primeiro, iniciando-se pelos vasos da parede inferior, seguindo-se a parede lateral e, finalmente, a parede anterior. Normalmente, a aorta foi pin&#231;ada parcialmente apenas uma vez para realiza&#231;&#227;o das anastomoses proximais. <italic>Shunts</italic> intracoronarianos foram utilizados em alguns casos e todos os pacientes foram operados com aux&#237;lio de estabilizador de suc&#231;&#227;o. Para confec&#231;&#227;o da anastomose distal, a art&#233;ria abordada tinha sua por&#231;&#227;o proximal oclu&#237;da temporariamente com fio prolene 4-0 apoiado em sonda nasog&#225;strica fina.</p>
    <p>Ao t&#233;rmino de todas as anastomoses, a dose inicial de heparina foi revertida em 75%. Todos os pacientes fizeram uso de nitroglicerina durante o transoperat&#243;rio, sendo mantido por todo o per&#237;odo de perman&#234;ncia na CTI. Os pacientes que apresentaram instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica durante a indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica tiveram, al&#233;m do uso de agentes vasoativos, a inser&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o intra&#243;rtico antes do in&#237;cio da obten&#231;&#227;o dos enxertos. Os pacientes que durante as manobras para exposi&#231;&#227;o dos vasos apresentavam press&#227;o sist&#243;lica inferior a 60 mmHg tiveram a manobra temporariamente suspensa e foi iniciado suporte com dopamina, em uma dose de 5 mg/kg aumentando-se quando necess&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 405 pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 35%, submetidos a opera&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea entre janeiro de 2000 e dezembro de 2005. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 63,4&#177;9,78 anos, variando de 39 a 88 anos. Duzentos e setenta e nove pacientes (68,8%) eram do sexo masculino e 126 pacientes (31,2%) eram do sexo feminino. Quanto a fatores de risco relacionados &#224; coronariopatia, 134 pacientes (33%) eram diab&#233;ticos, 194 (47,9%) eram tabagistas, 202 (49,8%) apresentavam dislipidemia e 343 (84,6%) eram hipertensos. Em cinq&#252;enta e dois pacientes (12,8%) n&#227;o foi detectado nenhum fator de risco para doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria. Vinte pacientes (4,9%) apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, e 33 (8,1%) j&#225; haviam sido submetidos a opera&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0011-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classe funcional, 40 pacientes (9,9%) encontravam-se em classe I, 105 (25,9%) em classe II, 158 (39,1%) em classe III, e 102 pacientes (25,1%) encontrava-se em classe funcional IV. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia encontrada foi de 27,2&#177;3,54%, variando de 16% a 35%. O EUROSCORE m&#233;dio desse grupo foi de 8,46&#177;4,41 pontos, variando de 3 a 24 pontos. Cinq&#252;enta e um pacientes (12,8%) foram operados em situa&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0011-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Foi realizado um total de 1.229 anastomoses distais, com m&#233;dia de 3,03&#177;1,54 anastomoses por paciente, variando de uma a seis anastomoses. Trezentos e vinte pacientes (79%) receberam ao menos um enxerto arterial, e 102 pacientes (25,1%) foram revascularizados apenas com enxertos arteriais. Quarenta e nove pacientes (12%) necessitaram do uso de bal&#227;o intra&#243;rtico pela instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica, e 73 pacientes (18%) fizeram uso de agentes vasoativos no per&#237;odo transoperat&#243;rio em raz&#227;o da hipotens&#227;o quando das manobras para exposi&#231;&#227;o dos vasos. Nenhum paciente necessitou de nova inser&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra&#243;rtico no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. O tempo m&#233;dio de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica foi de 4,17&#177;2,89 horas, variando de zero a 23 horas. Quarenta e sete pacientes (11,6%) foram extubados na sala de opera&#231;&#227;o. Trezentos e cinco pacientes (75,3%) permaneceram menos de duas noites na UTI, e desses, 68 pacientes (16,7%) permaneceram apenas uma noite em UTI. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a sangramento observado pelos drenos, ocorreu uma varia&#231;&#227;o de 150 a 1.900 ml, com m&#233;dia de 620,6&#177;155,8 ml por pacientes. Sete pacientes (1,7%) necessitaram de reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento.</p>
    <p>Dentre as complica&#231;&#245;es observadas no per&#237;odo de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, dois pacientes (0,49%) apresentaram insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, dois pacientes (0,49%) apresentaram mediastinite, cinco pacientes (1,2%) apresentaram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e setenta pacientes (17,3%) tiveram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>). Houve um caso de acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico nesta s&#233;rie.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0011-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Houve 18 &#243;bitos (4,4%), sendo nove &#243;bitos (2,2%) relacionados a causas cardiol&#243;gicas, dois &#243;bitos (0,49%) por infec&#231;&#227;o generalizada, um &#243;bito (0,24%) por insufici&#234;ncia renal, tr&#234;s &#243;bitos (0,74%) por broncopneumonia, um &#243;bito de causa metab&#243;lica (0,24%), um &#243;bito por sangramento (0,24%), e um &#243;bito por acidente vascular cerebral (0,24%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0011-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com a introdu&#231;&#227;o de manobras que permitiram a exposi&#231;&#227;o de todos os vasos do cora&#231;&#227;o com m&#237;nima instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica<sup>3</sup>, bem como o aperfei&#231;oamento nos estabilizadores de tecido e a introdu&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>shunts</italic> intracoron&#225;rios<sup>7</sup>, as opera&#231;&#245;es para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea tiveram um grande aumento em seu interesse, visto que a limita&#231;&#227;o inicial de n&#227;o ser poss&#237;vel abordar vasos das paredes lateral e posterior estava superada, tornando vi&#225;vel a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>As publica&#231;&#245;es iniciais apresentadas no fim da d&#233;cada de 1990<sup>8-12</sup> comparavam as opera&#231;&#245;es com e sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, por&#233;m todos os trabalhos foram realizados em pacientes de baixo risco, com o grupo que apresentava importante disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda sendo exclu&#237;do da maioria desses estudos. Isso pode refletir um certo receio de se aplicar as opera&#231;&#245;es sem CEC em pacientes de alto risco. A nosso ver, n&#227;o &#233; o que podemos observar avaliando dois estudos<sup>13,14</sup>, onde claramente se v&#234; que os pacientes de alto risco s&#227;o os que mais se beneficiam das opera&#231;&#245;es sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>Pacientes com importante disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda submetidos a opera&#231;&#227;o convencional para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio t&#234;m sido amplamente estudados<sup>15,16</sup>, por&#233;m os poucos artigos publicados comparando opera&#231;&#245;es com e sem CEC em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 35%<sup>17-19</sup> apresentam algumas diferen&#231;as importantes entre os grupos o que pode dificultar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais clara dos resultados.</p>
    <p>Arom e cols.<sup>17</sup> compararam retrospectivamente dois grupos de pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 35%, sendo 45 operados sem CEC e 132 operados com CEC, tendo realizado uma m&#233;dia de 2,8 pontes por paciente no grupo sem CEC contra 3,3 no grupo com CEC. A incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ventila&#231;&#227;o prolongada e tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi menor no grupo sem CEC. Em outros dois estudos<sup>18,19</sup>, apresentados por Sternik e cols., tamb&#233;m comparando os dois tipos de opera&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 35%, os autores encontraram uma menor incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade imediata, bem como mortalidade em m&#233;dio prazo no grupo de pacientes operados sem CEC. Entretanto, vale ressaltar que nessa casu&#237;stica o n&#250;mero de pontes por paciente foi bem menor no grupo sem CEC, 1,9 contra 3,5, o que pode refletir uma doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria menos importante no primeiro grupo.</p>
    <p>Um importante estudo publicado<sup>14</sup> foi o de Goldstein e cols., que avaliaram 100 pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o total do mioc&#225;rdio com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 30%. Foram realizadas 3,5 pontes por paciente; a incid&#234;ncia de mediastinite, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, AVC, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi menor que a observada pelo banco de dados da STS. A mortalidade imediata foi de 3%, contra uma mortalidade esperada de 5,3%. Em seus coment&#225;rios, os autores atribu&#237;ram a baixa mortalidade obtida a alguns fatores. Primeiro foi a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o total do mioc&#225;rdio, que j&#225; demonstrou aumentar a sobrevida precoce em jovens e idosos<sup>20,21</sup>. Segundo, o uso mais liberal de bal&#227;o intra&#243;rtico possibilita uma maior estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica permitindo as manobras necess&#225;rias sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o. E finalmente, talvez o mais importante, a presen&#231;a de um anestesista atento, vigiando constantemente os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos. Os autores conclu&#237;ram dizendo que as opera&#231;&#245;es sem CEC nesse grupo de pacientes s&#227;o seguras e efetivas, e que o uso mais liberal do bal&#227;o intra&#243;rtico deve ser preconizado nesse subgrupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>No final de 2005, Puskas e cols.<sup>22</sup> publicaram os resultados de uma metan&#225;lise comparando as opera&#231;&#245;es com CEC e as sem CEC. No grupo de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, a opera&#231;&#227;o sem CEC apresentou resultados superiores quando avaliada a mortalidade em 30 dias, 3,8% contra 6,9%, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial 14,1% contra 17,3%, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal 36,7% contra 52,7%, uso de agentes inotr&#243;picos 3,7% contra 7,2%, disfun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar 2,7% contra 4,1% e uso de bal&#227;o intra&#243;rtico 76,6% contra 91,4%. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o a acidente vascular cerebral, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento e mediastinite, isso nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Os autores conclu&#237;ram dizendo que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o sem CEC deve ser considerada nos pacientes de alto risco.</p>
    <p>Em nossa s&#233;rie, foram avaliados 405 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 63,4&#177;9,78 anos. Duzentos e sessenta pacientes (64,1%) encontravam-se em classe funcional III e IV, e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do grupo foi de 27,2&#177;3,54%, mostrando ser esse um grupo de alto risco para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. O n&#250;mero de anastomoses distais realizadas, 3,03&#177;1,54 por paciente, mostra que foi poss&#237;vel a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o total do mioc&#225;rdio. N&#227;o foram utilizados enxertos arteriais nos pacientes operados em car&#225;ter de emerg&#234;ncia, bem como em alguns pacientes em que a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda j&#225; havia sido utilizada previamente. A incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es foi similar nesse grupo a outras apresentadas em pacientes sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Nenhum paciente necessitou de convers&#227;o para circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade (4,4%), ficou abaixo da esperada (8,46%), e apenas 2,2% dos &#243;bitos foram relacionados &#224; causa cardiol&#243;gica.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, baseados nesses dados e em relatos da literatura, especialmente no trabalho de Puskas e cols.<sup>22</sup>, podemos afirmar que a opera&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &#233; segura, apresentando taxas de mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es baixas. Esse tipo de opera&#231;&#227;o deve ser considerado nos pacientes de alto risco para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse estudo foi financiado com recursos pr&#243;prios do investigador.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica &#224; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o desse estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rodrigo Milani </p>
        <p> Rua Sergio Pereira da Silva, 74 - casa 2 </p>
        <p> 82100-210 - Curitiba, PR - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="grmilani@cardiol.br">grmilani@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 26/04/06; revisado recebido em 12/09/06; aceito em 09/10/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Off-pump total myocardial revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess off-pump myocardial revascularization in patients with significant left ventricular dysfunction. METHODS: Four hundred and five patients with an ejection fraction less than 35% underwent myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation. The procedure was performed with the aid of a suction stabilizer and the LIMA stitch. The distal anastomoses were performed first. RESULTS: A total of 405 patients were evaluated whose mean age was 63.4&#177;9.78 years. Two hundred and seventy-nine patients were men (68.8%). With regard to risk factors, 347 patients were hypertensive, 194 were smokers, 202 were dyslipidemic, and 134 had diabetes. Two hundred and sixty patients were classified as NYHA functional class III and IV. Twenty patients suffered from chronic renal disease and were under dialysis. Fifty-one underwent emergency surgery, and 33 had been previously operated on. The mean ejection fraction was 27.2&#177;3.54%. The mean EuroSCORE was 8.46&#177;4.41. The mean number of anastomoses performed was 3.03&#177;1.54 per patient. Forty-nine patients (12%) needed an intra-aortic balloon inserted after induction of anesthesia, whereas 73 (18%) needed inotropic support during the perioperative period. As to complications, 2 patients (0.49%) had renal failure, 2 had mediastinitis (0.49%), 7 (1.7%) needed to be reoperated because of bleeding, 5 patients (1.2%) suffered acute myocardial infarction, and 70 patients (17.3%) experienced atrial fibrillation. Eighteen (4.4%) patients died. CONCLUSION: Based on the data above, we concluded that myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction is a safe and effective technique, and an alternative for high-risk patients. Results obtained were better than those predicted by EuroSCORE.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>no extracorporeal circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>left ventricular dysfunction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Off-pump total myocardial revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rodrigo Milani; Paulo Brofman; Jos&#233; Augusto Moutinho; Laura Barboza; Maximiliano Guimar&#227;es; Alexandre Barbosa; Lidia Zitynski; Dalton Pr&#233;coma; Alexandre Varela; Marcel Rogers Ravanelli; Francisco Maia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Department of Cardiovascular Surgery - Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia/PUC (Pontifical Catholic University) - Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess off-pump myocardial revascularization in patients with significant left ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Four hundred and five patients with an ejection fraction less than 35% underwent myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation. The procedure was performed with the aid of a suction stabilizer and the LIMA stitch. The distal anastomoses were performed first.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A total of 405 patients were evaluated whose mean age was 63.4&#177;9.78 years. Two hundred and seventy-nine patients were men (68.8%). With regard to risk factors, 347 patients were hypertensive, 194 were smokers, 202 were dyslipidemic, and 134 had diabetes. Two hundred and sixty patients were classified as NYHA functional class III and IV. Twenty patients suffered from chronic renal disease and were under dialysis. Fifty-one underwent emergency surgery, and 33 had been previously operated on. The mean ejection fraction was 27.2&#177;3.54%. The mean EuroSCORE was 8.46&#177;4.41. The mean number of anastomoses performed was 3.03&#177;1.54 per patient. Forty-nine patients (12%) needed an intra-aortic balloon inserted after induction of anesthesia, whereas 73 (18%) needed inotropic support during the perioperative period. As to complications, 2 patients (0.49%) had renal failure, 2 had mediastinitis (0.49%), 7 (1.7%) needed to be reoperated because of bleeding, 5 patients (1.2%) suffered acute myocardial infarction, and 70 patients (17.3%) experienced atrial fibrillation. Eighteen (4.4%) patients died.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Based on the data above, we concluded that myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction is a safe and effective technique, and an alternative for high-risk patients. Results obtained were better than those predicted by EuroSCORE.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Myocardial revascularization, no extracorporeal circulation, left ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The off-pump myocardial revascularization surgery showed its first results from large series of patients in the early 1980s<sup>1,2</sup>. Its application did not increase significantly until the late 1990s, when studies were published about techniques for exposing the posterior wall of the heart<sup>3</sup> and the use of new tissue stabilizer devices developed by the biomedical industry, giving a new momentum to this type of surgical procedure. In the United States, there was a significant increase in the number of coronary artery disease patients undergoing off-pump CABG, from 6.9% of cases in 1999 to more than 25% in 2002, with an estimate that this percentage would reach 50% by the end of 2005. Nevertheless, despite the increase in the number of patients operated, there is still reluctance to employ this technique in patients with significant ventricular dysfunction because of the fear of greater hemodynamic instability and increased mortality. It has been documented that patients with left ventricular dysfunction experience a less favorable progression following myocardial revascularization when compared to patients with normal ventricular function<sup>4</sup>. It has been speculated that extracorporeal circulation may increase the injury to the myocardium in patients with ventricular dysfunction due to activation of the inflammatory response and geometric changes in the empty ventricle, blocking the flow to the ischemic areas and worsening the preservation of the interventricular septal motion<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this study was to assess the immediate results of the off-pump myocardial revascularization procedure in patients with significant left ventricular dysfunction, and compare the results with those predicted by EuroSCORE.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between January 2000 and December 2005, 405 patients with an ejection fraction less than 35% underwent off-pump myocardial revascularization. After graft dissection in the conventional fashion<sup>6</sup>, the pericardium was opened and the LIMA stitch was applied<sup>3</sup>. Heparin was used at a dose of 2 mg/kg of body weight. As a rule, distal anastomoses were performed first, starting with the inferior wall vessels, followed by the lateral wall and the anterior wall vessels. The aorta was partially clamped only once in order to perform the proximal anastomoses. Intracoronary shunts were needed in a few cases, and all patients were operated with the aid of a suction stabilizer. To perform the distal anastomosis, the artery had its proximal portion temporarily occluded with a 4-0 prolene thread supported by a thin nasogastric probe.</p>
      <p>When all anastomoses were completed, the initial heparin dose was reversed by 75%. All patients received nitroglycerin during the surgery, and also during the entire period in ICU. Patients who experienced hemodynamic instability during the induction of anesthesia, besides receiving vasoactive drugs, had an intra-aortic balloon inserted before grafts were obtained. In patients whose systolic pressure was below 60 mmHg during the vessel exposure maneuvers, the procedure was temporarily interrupted and a 5 mg/kg dose of dopamine was given and increased as necessary.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between January 2000 and December 2005, 405 patients with an ejection fraction of less than 35% underwent myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation. Their mean age was 63.4&#177;9.78 years, ranging from 39 to 88 years. Two hundred and seventy-nine patients (68.8%) were men and 126 (31.2%) were women. With regard to risk factors for coronary artery disease, 134 patients (33%) had diabetes, 194 (47.9%) were smokers, 202 (49.8%) had dyslipidemia, and 343 (84.6%) were hypertensive. Fifty-two patients (12.8%) had no detectable risk factor for coronary disease. Twenty patients (4.9%) had chronic renal failure, and 33 (8.1%) had undergone previous revascularization procedures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0011-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>As to functional class, 40 patients (9.9%) were classified as NYHA class I, 105 (25.9%) were class II, 158 (39.1%) were class III, and 102 patients (25.1%) were class IV. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 27.2&#177;3.54%, ranging from 16 to 35%. The mean EuroSCORE in this group was 8.46&#177;4.41, ranging from 3 to 24 scores. Fifty-one patients (12.8%) underwent emergency surgery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0011-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A total of 1,229 distal anastomoses were performed, with a mean of 3.03&#177;1.54 per patient, ranging from 1 to six anastomoses. Three hundred and twenty patients (79%) received at least one arterial graft, whereas 102 (25.1%) patients underwent revascularization with arterial grafts only. Forty-nine patients (12%) needed an intra-aortic balloon inserted because of hemodynamic instability after induction of anesthesia, and 73 patients (18%) were administered vasoactive drugs during the perioperative period due to hypotension triggered by the maneuvers to expose the vessels. No patient needed a new intra-aortic balloon inserted postoperatively. The mean duration of mechanical ventilation was 4.17&#177;2.89 hours, ranging from zero to 23 hours. Forty-seven patients (11.6%) were extubated in the operating room. Three hundred and five patients (75.3%) remained less than two nights at the ICU, and 68 of them (16.7%) remained just one night. Bleeding through the drains ranged from 150 to 1900 ml, with a mean of 620.6&#177;155.8 ml per patient. Seven patients (1.7%) needed to be reoperated due to bleeding.</p>
      <p>With regard to complications observed during the postoperative period, 2 patients (0.49%) had acute renal failure, 2 patients (0.49%) had mediastinitis, 5 patients (1.2%) suffered acute myocardial infarction, and 70 patients (17.3%) had atrial fibrillation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). There was a case of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident in this group of patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0011-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Eighteen patients died (4.4%): 9 (2.2%) of them of cardiac causes, 2 (0.49%) due to generalized infection, 1 (0.24%) due to acute renal failure, 3 (0.74%) due to bronchopneumonia, 1 (0.24%) due to metabolic causes, 1 (0.24%) due to bleeding and 1 (0.24%) due to hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0011-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>With the introduction of maneuvers that allow the exposure of all heart vessels with minimal hemodynamic instability<sup>3</sup>, the improvement in tissue stabilizer devices, and the introduction of intra-coronary shunts<sup>7</sup>, renewed interest was stimulated in myocardial revascularization operations without extracorporeal circulation. The initial limitation of not being able to approach the vessels of the lateral and posterior walls was overcome, making it feasible to perform total myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation.</p>
      <p>The first studies published at the end of the 1990s<sup>8-12</sup> compared operations with and without extracorporeal circulation, but most had been conducted with low-risk patients, excluding the group with significant left ventricular dysfunction. This may reflect a certain fear of performing off-CPB operations in high-risk patients. From our point of view, this is not the case in two studies that we evaluated<sup>13,14</sup>, in which one can clearly see that high-risk patients are the ones who benefit most from off-pump surgery.</p>
      <p>Cases of patients with major left ventricular dysfunction who underwent conventional surgery for the revascularization of the myocardium have been analyzed at length<sup>15,16</sup>; nevertheless, the few articles published comparing surgeries with and without CPB in patients with ejection fractions under 35%<sup>17-19</sup>, present a few important differences between the groups, and this may difficultate a clear evaluation of the results.</p>
      <p>Arom et al<sup>17</sup>, retrospectively compared two groups of patients with ejection fractions less than 35%, in which 45 were operated without CPB and 132 operated with CPB. On average, 2.8 bypasses per patient were performed in the group without CPB, and 3.3 in the group with CPB. The incidence of atrial fibrillation, need for prolonged respiratory assistance, and the length of hospital stay was lower in the group without CPB. In two other studies<sup>18,19</sup>, Sternik et al also compared the two types of procedures in patients with ejection fractions less than 35% and found a lower incidence of complications, immediate mortality, and mid-term mortality in the group of patients who underwent surgery without CPB. However, it is worth mentioning that in this series, the number of bypasses per patient was much smaller in the group without CPB (1.9 <italic>vs</italic> 3.5), possibly reflecting a less significant degree of coronary disease in the first group.</p>
      <p>A key study published<sup>14</sup> by Goldstein et al evaluated 100 patients with an ejection fraction less than 30% who had undergone total myocardial revascularization. Each patient received, on average, 3.5 bypasses; the incidence of mediastinitis, chronic renal failure, cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction, and atrial fibrillation was lower than that observed by the STS database. Immediate mortality rate was 3% against a predicted 5.3% rate. In their comments, the authors attributed the low mortality rate to several factors. First, the total myocardial revascularization that has already been shown to increase early survival in young and old people<sup>20,21</sup>. Second, a more liberal use of the intra-aortic balloon guarantees a greater hemodynamic stability, thus allowing the necessary maneuvers to be performed on the heart. And, finally, perhaps the most important factor was the presence of an attentive anesthesiologist closely monitoring the hemodynamic parameters. The authors concluded by saying that operations without CPB in this group of patients are safe and effective, and that a more liberal use of the intra-aortic balloon should be recommended for this subgroup of patients.</p>
      <p>At the end of 2005, Puskas et al<sup>22</sup> published the results of a meta-analysis comparing operations with and without CPB. In the group of patients with left ventricular dysfunction, the off-CPB operation produced better results concerning 30-day mortality (3.8% <italic>vs</italic> 6.9%), atrial fibrillation (14.1% <italic>vs</italic> 17.3%), renal dysfunction (36.7% <italic>vs</italic> 52.7%), use of inotropic drugs (3.7% <italic>vs</italic> 7.2%), pulmonary dysfunction (2.7% <italic>vs</italic> 4.1%), and use of the intra-aortic balloon (76.6% <italic>vs</italic> 91.4%). No difference was observed as to cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction, reoperation due to bleeding and mediastinitis in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. The authors concluded that the use of off-CPB revascularization should be considered for high-risk patients.</p>
      <p>In our study, 405 patients were evaluated, with a mean age of 63.4&#177;9.78 years. Two hundred and sixty patients (64.1%) were classified as NYHA functional class III and IV, and the mean ejection fraction of the group was 27.2&#177;3.54%, showing that this is a high-risk group for myocardial revascularization. The number of distal anastomoses performed, 3.03&#177;1.54 per patient, shows that total myocardial revascularization was possible. No arterial grafts were used in patients who underwent emergency surgery or in those whose left internal thoracic artery had been previously used. The incidence of complications in this group was similar to those experienced by patients without ventricular dysfunction. No patient needed to be switched to extracorporeal circulation. The mortality rate (4.4%) was less than the predicted rate (8.46%), and only 2.2% of the deaths were related to cardiac causes.</p>
      <p>In concluding, based on these data and on reports in medical literature, particularly the work carried out by Puskas et al<sup>22</sup>, we can say that myocardial revascularization surgery without extracorporeal circulation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction is safe and has low rates of mortality and complications. This type of operation should be considered for patients with a high risk for myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded with the investigator&#180;s own resources.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association with Graduate Work</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Rodrigo Milani</p>
          <p> Rua Sergio Pereira da Silva, 74 - casa 2</p>
          <p> 82100-210 - Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="grmilani@cardiol.br">grmilani@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received April 26, 2006; revised received September 12, 2006; accepted October 9, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
