<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RNfqjcgDtFJbkhGrDNqVCXx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007001300001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08900101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007001300001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Controle do tempo de protrombina em sangue capilar e venoso em pacientes com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral: correla&#231;&#227;o e concord&#226;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>L&#250;cia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Eros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Glotz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Ambulat&#243;rio de Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>89</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>5</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O uso de anticoagulantes orais (ACO) &#233; comum na pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica, tendo como principais indica&#231;&#245;es a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e pr&#243;teses valvares. Os pacientes em uso de ACO necessitam de controle freq&#252;ente do tempo de protrombina (TP). Novos sistemas port&#225;teis de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, para medida do tempo de protrombina, sem necessidade da coleta de sangue por venopun&#231;&#227;o, facilitam a rotina desses pacientes. OBJETIVO: Comparar as medidas do TP realizadas pelo sistema Coaguchek S&#174;, em sangue capilar, com o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o em sangue venoso. M&#201;TODOS: Cento e vinte e sete pacientes em acompanhamento no ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o do Instituto de Cardiologia foram submetidos ao m&#233;todo convencional e coleta de sangue capilar da polpa digital para medida com o sistema Coaguchek S&#174;. RESULTADOS: A idade foi de 58&#177;14 anos, 90% eram brancos. As indica&#231;&#245;es de ACO foram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial 49,6% e pr&#243;teses valvares 37,0%. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o r s foi 0,90 (p&lt;0,0001; IC:95% 0,87-0,93) entre o sistema em estudo e o controle. A medida de concord&#226;ncia entre pacientes com INR &lt;2, entre 2 e 3,5 e &gt; 3,5 foi de Kappa 73,5%. O sistema Coaguchek S&#174; superestimou o INR em 0,15&#177;0,85 unidades. Valores acima de 3,5 unidades de INR mostram discrep&#226;ncia importante entre as duas t&#233;cnicas. CONCLUS&#213;ES: O sistema Coaguchek S&#174; mostrou boa correla&#231;&#227;o e bom grau de concord&#226;ncia quando comparado com o controle, com resultados menores que 4. Por&#233;m, valores de INR acima de 3,5 ainda necessitam de confirma&#231;&#227;o com o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>protrombina</kwd>
        <kwd>cumar&#237;nicos</kwd>
        <kwd>tempo de protrombina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Controle do tempo de protrombina em sangue capilar e venoso em pacientes com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral: correla&#231;&#227;o e concord&#226;ncia </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria; L&#250;cia Campos Pellanda; Eros Magalh&#227;es; Gustavo Glotz de Lima</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia/Ambulat&#243;rio de Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o &#150; Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul &#150; Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O uso de anticoagulantes orais (ACO) &#233; comum na pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica, tendo como principais indica&#231;&#245;es a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e pr&#243;teses valvares. Os pacientes em uso de ACO necessitam de controle freq&#252;ente do tempo de protrombina (TP). Novos sistemas port&#225;teis de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, para medida do tempo de protrombina, sem necessidade da coleta de sangue por venopun&#231;&#227;o, facilitam a rotina desses pacientes. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar as medidas do TP realizadas pelo sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup>, em sangue capilar, com o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o em sangue venoso. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Cento e vinte e sete pacientes em acompanhamento no ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o do Instituto de Cardiologia foram submetidos ao m&#233;todo convencional e coleta de sangue capilar da polpa digital para medida com o sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup>. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A idade foi de 58&#177;14 anos, 90% eram brancos. As indica&#231;&#245;es de ACO foram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial 49,6% e pr&#243;teses valvares 37,0%. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o r<sub>s</sub> foi 0,90 (p&lt;0,0001; IC:95% 0,87-0,93) entre o sistema em estudo e o controle. A medida de concord&#226;ncia entre pacientes com INR &lt;2, entre 2 e 3,5 e &gt; 3,5 foi de Kappa 73,5%. O sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> superestimou o INR em 0,15&#177;0,85 unidades. Valores acima de 3,5 unidades de INR mostram discrep&#226;ncia importante entre as duas t&#233;cnicas. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> O sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> mostrou boa correla&#231;&#227;o e bom grau de concord&#226;ncia quando comparado com o controle, com resultados menores que 4. Por&#233;m, valores de INR acima de 3,5 ainda necessitam de confirma&#231;&#227;o com o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Anticoagulantes, protrombina, cumar&#237;nicos, tempo de protrombina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tratamento de pacientes que necessitam de terapia com anticoagulantes orais (antagonistas da vitamina K, varfarina ou femprocumona) tornou-se mais f&#225;cil com o desenvolvimento de sistemas de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o port&#225;teis para medida do tempo de protrombina<sup>1</sup>. Esses sistemas n&#227;o necessitam de coleta venosa de sangue, sendo o teste feito por meio de pun&#231;&#227;o da polpa digital, com coleta de sangue capilar, para an&#225;lise em fita reagente e dispositivo digital<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esse tipo de teste possui grande facilidade de execu&#231;&#227;o, podendo ser realizado em qualquer lugar, tanto no domic&#237;lio do paciente quanto em cl&#237;nicas de atendimento prim&#225;rio ou hospitais<sup>3,4</sup>. Esses aparatos utilizam tecnologia de microfluidos, com v&#225;rios m&#233;todos de detec&#231;&#227;o, para gerar uma medida do tempo de protrombina sem a necessidade de coleta de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico.</p>
    <p>Hoje existem v&#225;rios dispositivos de controle do tempo de protrombina<sup>5</sup>. O Servi&#231;o de Trombofilias da Cl&#237;nica Mayo j&#225; utiliza, para o controle dos pacientes em uso de anticoagulante, o sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> (Roche Diagnostics, Indian&#225;polis, Ind, USA)<sup>6</sup>. Nenhum desses aparelhos foi comparado com medidas laboratoriais, de forma prospectiva em situa&#231;&#245;es reais de uso, em nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
    <p>O controle do efeito anticoagulante dos antagonistas da vitamina K &#233; usualmente realizado por interm&#233;dio da medida do tempo de protrombina venoso. Exige venopun&#231;&#227;o, t&#233;cnicos habilitados para tal procedimento, tempo de transporte da amostra para o laborat&#243;rio e t&#233;cnicos em bioqu&#237;mica para a an&#225;lise da amostra.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; comparar o sistema de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de tempo de protrombina Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> com o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o utilizado em um hospital de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia, em pacientes acompanhados em ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o especializado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo transversal, no per&#237;odo de abril de 2006, envolvendo 127 pacientes consecutivos, em uso de anticoagulantes orais e acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IC/FUC), um hospital terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia no Sul do pa&#237;s. Nesse ambulat&#243;rio especializado s&#227;o acompanhados aproximadamente 1.200 pacientes adultos e pedi&#225;tricos por m&#234;s.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos a coleta sang&#252;&#237;nea realizada por venopun&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste do tempo de protrombina no laborat&#243;rio de an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas de nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o, e, simultaneamente, a coleta de sangue capilar da polpa digital para medida no sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup>. As amostras foram recoletadas em caso de erros pr&#233;-anal&#237;ticos (pun&#231;&#227;o da polpa digital ineficaz, sangue aplicado de forma err&#244;nea na fita reagente).</p>
    <p>O sistema de ponta Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> &#233; um dispositivo port&#225;til, alimentado por baterias, que consiste de um fot&#244;metro laser. Para realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste, uma gota de sangue capilar, de aproximadamente 10 &#181;l, foi coletada da polpa do dedo indicador dos pacientes. O dispositivo com lanceta, SoftCLix (Boehringer-Manheim, Germany), foi o instrumento utilizado para pun&#231;&#227;o da polpa digital. A gota foi, ent&#227;o, depositada em fitas reagentes contendo tromboplastina e part&#237;culas de ferro que se misturaram com o sangue. No instante em que o sangue inicia o processo de coagula&#231;&#227;o, a atividade das part&#237;culas de &#243;xido f&#233;rrico diminui at&#233; o momento em que elas ficam completamente im&#243;veis. As mudan&#231;as na mobilidade foram medidas por fotometria para determina&#231;&#227;o do tempo de protrombina.</p>
    <p>O m&#233;todo convencional foi realizado por meio de venopun&#231;&#227;o com retirada de 10 ml de sangue venoso em tubo de ensaio com citrato de s&#243;dio 3,2%, o qual, ap&#243;s a coleta, foi imediatamente enviado para o laborat&#243;rio central da Institui&#231;&#227;o. A dosagem do tempo de protrombina venoso foi executada no laborat&#243;rio com tromboplastina humana, Thromborel S<sup>&#174;</sup> (Dade Behring, Newark, USA), em sistema automatizado CA-500 (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan), com valores de ISI = 1. As prepara&#231;&#245;es de tromboplastina foram utilizadas conforme recomenda&#231;&#227;o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada no SPSS v. 12 SPSS inc e Medcalc v.8.2. Os dados cont&#237;nuos de mensura&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica e capilar do tempo de protrombina em unidades de "<italic>international normalized ratio</italic>" (INR) foram analisados com uso do coeficiente de Spearman (r<sub>s</sub>). Esses dados, de mensura&#231;&#227;o venosa e capilar do tempo de protrombina na forma de INR, foram tamb&#233;m transformados em <italic>ranks</italic> para an&#225;lise da diferen&#231;a entre os valores obtidos e o erro padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A diferen&#231;a entre os m&#233;todos estudados (<italic>bias</italic>) foi comparada com a m&#233;dia das duas medidas, demonstrada de forma gr&#225;fica conforme o m&#233;todo de Bland-Altman<sup>7</sup>, para evidenciar tend&#234;ncias e erros sistem&#225;ticos. Os limites de concord&#226;ncia entre as duas t&#233;cnicas foram calculados como a diferen&#231;a das m&#233;dias &#177;1,96 desvio padr&#227;o. Para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre pacientes para vari&#225;vel sob a forma categ&#243;rica (INR &lt;2, entre 2 e 3,5 e &gt; 3,5) foi utilizado o &#237;ndice Kappa<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tamanho amostral estimado para detectar um r<sub>s</sub>=0,9, com erro alfa de 5% e beta de 20%, seria de sete medidas com cada m&#233;todo; por&#233;m, para realiza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo de Bland e Altman, conforme orienta&#231;&#227;o dos autores, um tamanho amostral maior de 100 &#233; indicado<sup>9</sup>. O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado no Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa de nosso hospital, todos os pacientes concordaram com termo de consentimento informado para participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo podem ser observadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>. A principal indica&#231;&#227;o da necessidade do uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral na popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo foi de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 63 pacientes. As demais indica&#231;&#245;es podem ser vistas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>. Cinq&#252;enta e cinco por cento dos pacientes (n=70) apresentavam INR em n&#237;veis terap&#234;uticos no dia da coleta sang&#252;&#237;nea.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0001-00001-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0001-00001-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nos 127 pacientes estudados, 6,3% (n=8) necessitaram repetir a coleta por pun&#231;&#227;o da polpa digital, em raz&#227;o de erros pr&#233;-anal&#237;ticos (gota de sangue pequena e aplica&#231;&#227;o indevida do sangue na fita regente).</p>
    <p>As distribui&#231;&#245;es dos valores de INR medidos com o sistema em estudo e o controle mostraram distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre a medida do INR com o sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> e a medida padr&#227;o de nosso laborat&#243;rio pode ser vista na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>. O coeficiente de Spearman(r<sub>s</sub>) foi de 0,90 (P&lt;0,0001; IC:95% 0,87-0,93) entre o sistema em estudo e o controle.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0001-00001-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O INR m&#233;dio com o sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> foi de 2,75&#177;1,40 unidades INR. O valor m&#233;dio do INR com o m&#233;todo convencional foi de 2,59&#177;1,41 unidades INR. O sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> superestimou os valores de INR em 0,15 unidades em todos os n&#237;veis de medida (IC:95%=0,007 &#150; 0,309). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref> faz a representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica dessa diferen&#231;a (bias), quando comparada com a m&#233;dia das duas medidas, sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> e laborat&#243;rio. Nessa figura s&#227;o apresentadas a margem de erro dos valores medidos com o sistema de an&#225;lise, do tempo de protrombina, capilar e o intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0001-00001-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref> mostra a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia (<italic>bias)</italic> e o desvio padr&#227;o entre diferentes estratos de INR; menor que 2, entre 2 e 3, entre 3,01 e 3,5 e maior que 3,51 unidades de INR.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0001-00001-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os valores de INR variaram de 1,01 at&#233; 10, baseados no m&#233;todo de controle realizado em nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o. Fundamentado nesses dados, 55,1% (70/127) dos pacientes estariam com INR em n&#237;veis terap&#234;uticos; 33,1% (42/127) subanticoagulados, e 11,8% (15/127) com n&#237;veis de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o acima de 3,5 unidades de INR. Com o sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup>, 52,1% (67/127) dos pacientes estariam com INR em n&#237;veis terap&#234;uticos; 29,9% (38/127) subanticoagulados, e 17,8% (22/127) com n&#237;veis de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o acima de 3,5 unidades de INR. O &#237;ndice de concord&#226;ncia Kappa foi de 73,5% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0001-00001-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas baseadas no novo sistema, quando comparadas com o m&#233;todo controle, essas levariam a um ajuste indevido de dose em 23 casos (18%). Em sete pacientes, seria necess&#225;rio aumentar as doses de anticoagulante, mas isso n&#227;o ocorreria se fosse considerado o intervalo de 2 a 3,5 unidades INR obtido no Coagucheck S<sup>&#174;</sup>. Tr&#234;s casos teriam a dose da medica&#231;&#227;o aumentada, j&#225; estando em n&#237;veis terap&#234;uticos, 10 casos teriam a dose reduzida sem necessidade e tr&#234;s pacientes teriam sua dose mantida, por&#233;m estando com valores de INR acima de 3,5 unidades (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os anticoagulantes orais possuem uma grande varia&#231;&#227;o na rela&#231;&#227;o entre dose e resposta terap&#234;utica. Isso faz com que seja necess&#225;ria a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o freq&#252;ente do tempo de protrombina dos pacientes em uso desse tipo de medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A forma recomendada do controle do tempo de protrombina &#233; a de utiliza&#231;&#227;o do INR. Relatar o resultado dessa forma facilita a compara&#231;&#227;o entre medidas realizadas com diferentes sistemas e laborat&#243;rios<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento de sistemas port&#225;teis de controle do tempo de protrombina oferece vantagens importantes no manejo dessa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes<sup>5,11</sup>. Escolher um sistema que se mostre confi&#225;vel &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia para que a medida seja a mais precisa poss&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>Para o estudo, consideramos que a maneira mais precisa de realizar o controle do tempo de protrombina &#233; o m&#233;todo utilizado em nosso laborat&#243;rio central, o qual utiliza tromboplastina humana com alta sensibilidade (ISI=1), conforme recomendado pelo Col&#233;gio Americano de Patologia<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diversos estudos j&#225; evidenciaram existir boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre o sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> e medidas laboratoriais<sup>3,13,14</sup>. Centros m&#233;dicos, como a Cl&#237;nica Mayo, j&#225; utilizam a tecnologia desses dispositivos no manejo de seus pacientes<sup>6</sup>. Essa forma de controle do tempo de protrombina ainda n&#227;o havia sido testada em nosso meio.</p>
    <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre valores de INR, medidos entre o sistema em estudo e o controle, mostrou-se quase perfeita<sup>15</sup>, com coeficiente r<sub>s</sub> = 0,9, semelhante ao encontrado em outros estudos envolvendo o Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> e outros dispositivos de controle do tempo de protrombina<sup>6,16,17</sup>. Por&#233;m, conforme Bland e Altman<sup>7</sup>, a melhor maneira de avaliar medidas entre dois m&#233;todos n&#227;o &#233; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o, pois esses apenas informam a varia&#231;&#227;o dos dois resultados e n&#227;o as diferen&#231;as absolutas. Assim, dois exames podem apresentar uma correla&#231;&#227;o perfeita, apesar de uma diferen&#231;a sistem&#225;tica e significativa entre os m&#233;todos. A forma proposta de melhor descrever o resultado seria a diferen&#231;a das m&#233;dias incluindo a margem de erro.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, o sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> superestimou as medidas do INR em 0,15 unidades, com desvio padr&#227;o de 0,85 unidades de INR. Al&#233;m disso, o desvio padr&#227;o dos valores aumenta quanto maior for o INR. As medidas de INR s&#227;o muito confi&#225;veis em valores de INR entre 1 e 2, confi&#225;veis entre 3,01 e 3,5, e relativamente confi&#225;veis entre 2,01 e 3.</p>
    <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios j&#225; haviam feito essa considera&#231;&#227;o<sup>6,16</sup>. O sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> perde qualidade quando comparado com medidas laboratoriais usando tromboplastinas sens&#237;veis, nos valores de INR maiores que 4. Estudo feito na Cleveland Clinic<sup>18</sup>, utilizando m&#233;todo de controle laboratorial semelhante ao utilizado em nosso hospital (sistema analisador de coagula&#231;&#227;o Sysmex e tromboplastina humana Dade Behring com ISI=1), tamb&#233;m mostrou altera&#231;&#227;o em valores de INR quando esses eram maiores do que 4. Essa pesquisa avaliou dois outros dispositivos, o AvoSure PT ProSystem (AvoSure device; Avocet Medical Inc., San Jose, CA) e o ProTime Microcoagulation System (ProTime device; International Technidyne Corporation Limited, Edison, NJ). Os <italic>bias</italic> para os sistemas ProTime e AvoSure foram de 0,5&#177;0,4 e de 0,4&#177;0,5 unidades de INR, respectivamente, sendo esses valores superiores ao encontrado no sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> em nosso estudo (0,2&#177;0,8).</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; concord&#226;ncia dos resultados nos intervalos de 1-2, 2-3,5 e &gt; 3,5 o &#237;ndice Kappa foi de 73,5%, que significa concord&#226;ncia substancial de acordo com a literatura<sup>19</sup>. Por&#233;m, mudan&#231;as nas decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ocorreriam em 18% dos casos em nosso estudo se essas fossem realizadas com base apenas no sistema port&#225;til. Esse valor cairia para 10% se os resultados acima de 3,5 INR, medidos com dispositivo Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup>, fossem repetidos no laborat&#243;rio central. Esse valor estaria de acordo com trabalho publicado por Chapman e cols.<sup>20</sup>, no qual um &#237;ndice de erro de 8% ocorreu nas decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas baseadas no sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos cl&#237;nicos, comparando a seguran&#231;a desse dispositivo, em termos da ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos relevantes (incid&#234;ncia de sangramentos, incid&#234;ncia de embolia), ainda n&#227;o foram realizados. Contudo, o uso desse tipo de dispositivo em cl&#237;nicas de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e para autocontrole feito pelo pr&#243;prio paciente &#233; comum na Inglaterra<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>O sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> possui boa concord&#226;ncia com os valores laboratoriais para as duas principais indica&#231;&#245;es de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, pr&#243;tese valvar e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Segundo Cannegieter e cols.<sup>22</sup>, analisando mais de 1.600 pacientes, em cl&#237;nica de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o na Holanda (portadores de pr&#243;tese valvar), a incid&#234;ncia de fen&#244;menos hemorr&#225;gicos e eventos emb&#243;licos foi menor no intervalo entre 2,5 at&#233; 4,9 unidades de INR. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> no controle do tempo de protrombina nos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parece-nos segura. Isso pelo fato de que portadores dessa arritmia devem manter o valor alvo de INR entre 2 e 3. Os que apresentam n&#237;veis de INR abaixo de 2 possuem uma raz&#227;o de chance de 1,9 para ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos emb&#243;licos. A incid&#234;ncia de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos &#233; de tr&#234;s eventos por 100 pacientes/ano naqueles em que o INR fica acima de 4<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>As potenciais limita&#231;&#245;es de nosso estudo encontram-se no fato de termos inclu&#237;dos pacientes com valores de INR at&#233; 10 (grande parte dos estudos exclui pacientes com INR &gt;7), pois j&#225; era sabido que resultados elevados de INR tendem a aumentar a discrep&#226;ncia entre as medidas; as duas medidas em cada m&#233;todo para analisar reprodutibilidade n&#227;o foram realizadas.</p>
    <p>Com base nos dados de nosso estudo, tem-se que o sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> pode ser utilizado na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do tempo de protrombina em pacientes com uso de anticoagulantes orais em ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, desde que valores acima de 3,5 unidades de INR sejam confirmados por meio de medidas realizadas no laborat&#243;rio central.</p>
    <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o de ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado alocando pacientes para o controle do tempo de protrombina com o sistema Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> e outro grupo com controle por meio do laborat&#243;rio, tendo como desfechos eventos cl&#237;nicos relevantes (exemplo: sangramento, AVC) e o tempo no intervalo terap&#234;utico, parece-nos a melhor maneira de avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efetividade desse dispositivo para o uso disseminado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria </p>
        <p> Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia/Ambulat&#243;rio de Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 - Unidade de Pesquisa </p>
        <p> 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><ext-link xlink:href="mailto:editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br" ext-link-type="email">editora&#231;&#227;o-pc@cardiologia.org.br</ext-link>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="tiagoleiria@yahoo.com">tiagoleiria@yahoo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 27/07/06; revisado recebido em 27/08/06; aceito em 12/01/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Douketis JD. Patient self-monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy: potential benefits and implications for clinical practice. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2001; 1: 245-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Patient self-monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy: potential benefits and implications for clinical practice</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiovasc Drugs</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>245</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Douketis</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Machin SJ, Mackie IJ, Chitolie A, Lawrie AS. Near patient testing (NPT) in haemostasis - a synoptic review. Clin Lab Haematol. 1996; 18: 69-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Near patient testing (NPT) in haemostasis: a synoptic review</article-title>
          <source>Clin Lab Haematol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>69</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Machin</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mackie</surname>
              <given-names>IJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chitolie</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lawrie</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Shiach CR, Campbell B, Poller L, Keown M, Chauhan N. Reliability of point-of-care prothrombin time testing in a community clinic: a randomized crossover comparison with hospital laboratory testing. Br J Haematol. 2002; 119: 370-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reliability of point-of-care prothrombin time testing in a community clinic: a randomized crossover comparison with hospital laboratory testing</article-title>
          <source>Br J Haematol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>370</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shiach</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poller</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keown</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chauhan</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Heneghan C, Alonso-Coello P, Garcia-Alamino JM, Perera R, Meats E, Glasziou P. Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2006; 367: 404-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Lancet.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>404</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <volume>367</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Heneghan</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alonso-Coello</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Alamino</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perera</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meats</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glasziou</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Murray ET, Fitzmaurice DA, McCahonD. Point of care testing for INR monitoring: where are we now? Br J Haematol. 2004; 127: 373-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Point of care testing for INR monitoring: where are we now?</article-title>
          <source>Br J Haematol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>373</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>127</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Murray</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fitzmaurice</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCahon</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. McBane RD 2nd, Felty CL, Hartgers ML, Chaudhry R, Beyer LK, Santrach PJ. Importance of device evaluation for point-of-care prothrombin time international normalized ratio testing programs. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005; 80 (2): 181-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Importance of device evaluation for point-of-care prothrombin time international normalized ratio testing programs</article-title>
          <source>Mayo Clin Proc.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>181</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McBane</surname>
              <given-names>RD 2nd</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Felty</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hartgers</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaudhry</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beyer</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santrach</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986; i: 307-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>307</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <volume>i</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bland</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977; 33: 159-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data</article-title>
          <source>Biometrics</source>
          <date>
            <year>1977</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>159</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Landis</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koch</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Bland JM, Altman DG. Comparing methods of measurement - why plotting difference against standard method is misleading. Lancet. 1995; 346: 1085-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparing methods of measurement: why plotting difference against standard method is misleading</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1085</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>346</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bland</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Hirsh J, Poller L. The international normalized ratio. A guide to understanding and correcting its problems. Arch Intern Med. 1994; 154 (3): 282-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The international normalized ratio: A guide to understanding and correcting its problems</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>282</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>154</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hirsh</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poller</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Murray ET, Greaves M. INRs and point of care testing. BMJ. 2003; 327: 5-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>INRs and point of care testing</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>5</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>327</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Murray</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greaves</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Fairweather RB, Ansell J, van den Besselaar AM, Brandt, Bussey HI, Poller L, et al. College of American Pathologists Conference XXXI on laboratory monitoring of anticoagulant therapy: laboratory monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998; 122 (9): 768-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>College of American Pathologists Conference XXXI on laboratory monitoring of anticoagulant therapy: laboratory monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy</article-title>
          <source>Arch Pathol Lab Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>768</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fairweather</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ansell</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van den Besselaar</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brandt</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bussey</surname>
              <given-names>HI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poller</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Oberhardt BJ, Dermott SC, Taylor M, Alkadi ZY, Abruzzini AF, Gresalfi NJ. Dry reagent technology for rapid, convenient measurements of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Clin Chem. 1991; 37: 520-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Dry reagent technology for rapid, convenient measurements of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chem</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>520</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oberhardt</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dermott</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alkadi</surname>
              <given-names>ZY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abruzzini</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gresalfi</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Rose VL, Dermott SC, Murray BF, McIver MM, High KA, Oberhardt BJ. Decentralized testing for prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time using a dry chemistry portable analyzer. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1993; 117: 611-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Decentralized testing for prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time using a dry chemistry portable analyzer</article-title>
          <source>Arch Pathol Lab Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>611</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rose</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dermott</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murray</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McIver</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>High</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oberhardt</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. McGraw KO, Wong SP. A common language effect-size statistic. Psychol Bull. 1992; 111: 361-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A common language effect-size statistic</article-title>
          <source>Psychol Bull</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>361</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McGraw</surname>
              <given-names>KO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Havrda DE, Hawk TL, Marvin CM. Accuracy and precision of the Coaguchek S<sup>&#174;</sup> <italic>versus</italic> laboratory INRs in a clinic. Ann Pharmacother. 2002; 36 (5): 769-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Accuracy and precision of the Coaguchek S&#174; versus laboratory INRs in a clinic</article-title>
          <source>Ann Pharmacother</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>769</fpage>
          <lpage>75</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Havrda</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hawk</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marvin</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Vacas M, Lafuente PJ, Unanue I, Iriarte JA. Comparative study of two portable systems for oral anticoagulant monitoring. Hematol J. 2004; 5 (1): 35-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparative study of two portable systems for oral anticoagulant monitoring</article-title>
          <source>Hematol J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vacas</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lafuente</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Unanue</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iriarte</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Shermock KM, Bragg L, Connor JT, Fink J, Mazzoli G, Kottke-Marchant K. Differences in warfarin dosing decisions based on international normalized ratio measurements with two point-of-care testing devices and a reference laboratory measurement. Pharmacotherapy. 2002; 22 (11): 1397-404.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Differences in warfarin dosing decisions based on international normalized ratio measurements with two point-of-care testing devices and a reference laboratory measurement</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacotherapy</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1397</fpage>
          <lpage>404</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shermock</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bragg</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Connor</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fink</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mazzoli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kottke-Marchant</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977; 33: 159-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data</article-title>
          <source>Biometrics</source>
          <date>
            <year>1977</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>159</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Landis</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koch</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Chapman DC, Stephens MA, Hamann GL, Bailey LE, Dorko CS.Accuracy, clinical correlation, and patient acceptance of two handheld prothrombin time monitoring devices in the ambulatory setting. Ann Pharmacother. 1999; 33 (7-8): 775-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Accuracy, clinical correlation, and patient acceptance of two handheld prothrombin time monitoring devices in the ambulatory setting</article-title>
          <source>Ann Pharmacother.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>775</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
          <issue>7-8</issue>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chapman</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stephens</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamann</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dorko</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Heneghan C, Alonso-Coello P, Garcia-Alamino J, Perera R, Meats E, Glasziou P Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2006; 367 (9508): 404-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>404</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <issue>9508</issue>
          <volume>367</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Heneghan</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alonso-Coello</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Alamino</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perera</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meats</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glasziou</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Wintzen AR, van der Meer FJM, Vandenbroucke JP, Briet E. Optimal oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333: 11-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Optimal oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with mechanical heart valves</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>11</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>333</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cannegieter</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosendaal</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wintzen</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Meer</surname>
              <given-names>FJM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vandenbroucke</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Briet</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Hylek EM, Go    AS, Chang Y, Jensvold NG, Henault LE, Selby JV, et al. Effect of intensity of    oral anticoagulation on stroke severity and mortality in atrial fibrillation.    N Engl J Med. 2003; 349: 1019-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of intensity of oral anticoagulation on stroke severity and mortality in atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1019</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
          <volume>349</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hylek</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Go</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensvold</surname>
              <given-names>NG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henault</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Selby</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative study of a portable system for prothrombin monitoring using capillary blood against venous blood measurements in patients using oral anticoagulants: correlation and concordance</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Oral anticoagulants (OAC) are widely used in cardiology and are mainly indicated in cases of atrial fibrillation and prosthetic heart valves. Regular prothrombin time (PT) control is required for patients using OAC. New portable monitoring systems for measuring prothrombin time, eliminate the need to collect blood by venous puncture and facilitate daily life for these patients. OBJECTIVE: To compare PT measurements using the Coaguchek S&#8482; system with capillary blood and the standard method in venous blood. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-seven patients from the Cardiology Institute's anticoagulation clinic underwent conventional blood collection and capillary blood collection via a finger prick for measurements using the Coaguchek S&#8482; system. RESULTS: The mean age was 58 &#177; 14 years and 90% of the patients were white. OAC indications were atrial fibrillation (49.6%) and prosthetic heart valves (37.0%). The correlation coefficient, r s , was 0.90 (p&lt;0.0001; CI:95% 0.87-0.93) between the Coaguchek S&#8482; system and the control method. The Kappa measure of agreement among the patients with INR &lt;2, INR between 2 and 3.5 and INR &gt; 3.5 was 73.5%. The Coaguchek S&#8482; system overestimated INR by 0.15&#177;0.85 units. A great deal of discrepancy was found between the two techniques for INR values higher than 3.5 units. CONCLUSION: The Coaguchek S&#8482; system when compared to the control method revealed good correlation and a high degree of agreement for results lower than 4 units. However, confirmation is required for INR values above 3.5 using the standard method.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>prothrombin</kwd>
        <kwd>coumarins</kwd>
        <kwd>prothrombin time</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comparative study of a portable system for prothrombin monitoring using capillary blood against venous blood measurements in patients using oral anticoagulants: correlation and concordance</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria; L&#250;cia Campos Pellanda; Eros Magalh&#227;es; Gustavo Glotz de Lima</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia/Ambulat&#243;rio de Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o &#150; Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul &#150; Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Oral anticoagulants (OAC) are widely used in cardiology and are mainly indicated in cases of atrial fibrillation and prosthetic heart valves. Regular prothrombin time (PT) control is required for patients using OAC. New portable monitoring systems for measuring prothrombin time, eliminate the need to collect blood by venous puncture and facilitate daily life for these patients.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To compare PT measurements using the Coaguchek S&#153; system with capillary blood and the standard method in venous blood.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> One hundred and twenty-seven patients from the Cardiology Institute's anticoagulation clinic underwent conventional blood collection and capillary blood collection via a finger prick for measurements using the Coaguchek S&#153; system.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean age was 58 &#177; 14 years and 90% of the patients were white. OAC indications were atrial fibrillation (49.6%) and prosthetic heart valves (37.0%). The correlation coefficient, r<sub>s</sub> , was 0.90 (p&lt;0.0001; CI:95% 0.87-0.93) between the Coaguchek S&#153; system and the control method. The Kappa measure of agreement among the patients with INR &lt;2, INR between 2 and 3.5 and INR &gt; 3.5 was 73.5%. The Coaguchek S&#153; system overestimated INR by 0.15&#177;0.85 units. A great deal of discrepancy was found between the two techniques for INR values higher than 3.5 units.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The Coaguchek S&#153; system when compared to the control method revealed good correlation and a high degree of agreement for results lower than 4 units. However, confirmation is required for INR values above 3.5 using the standard method.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Anticoagulants; prothrombin; coumarins; prothrombin time.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The advent of portable monitoring systems to measure prothrombin time has facilitated the treatment of patients who require oral anticoagulant therapy (Vitamin K antagonists, warfarin or phenprocoumon)<sup>1</sup>. These systems do not require venous blood collection as they use capillary blood from a finger prick that is analyzed with a reagent test strip and digital device<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>This test is very easy to perform and can be conducted anywhere including the patient's home, primary care facilities or hospitals<sup>3,4</sup>. These devices use microfluid technology and various detection methods to generate a prothrombin time measurement eliminating the need to draw peripheral venous blood.</p>
      <p>Various prothrombin time control devices are currently available<sup>5</sup>. The Mayo Clinic Thrombophilia Center uses the Coaguchek S&#153; system (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Ind., USA) to control patients on anticoagulant medication<sup>6</sup>.Prospective comparisons of these devices with laboratory measurements has never been conducted for actual situations in Brazil.</p>
      <p>Control of the anticoagulant effect of vitamin K antagonists is usually performed using venous prothrombin time measurements that require venous puncture, skilled technicians to perform the procedure, transportation time to deliver the sample to the laboratory and biochemical technicians to analyze the sample.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to compare the Coaguchek S&#153; prothrombin time monitoring system, with the standard method used at a recognized cardiology hospital on patients undergoing treatment in a specialized anticoagulation outpatient clinic.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During April 2006, a cross-sectional study was conducted that involved 127 consecutive patients using oral anticoagulant medication who were undergoing treatment at the outpatient anticoagulation clinic of the <italic>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</italic> (IC/FUC &#150; Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul), a recognized tertiary cardiology hospital in the southern part of Brazil. This specialized clinic treats approximately 1,200 adult and pediatric patients per month.</p>
      <p>The patients underwent venous puncture blood collection for the prothrombin time test at our Institution's clinical analysis laboratory, and at the same time, capillary blood from a finger prick was collected for testing with the Coaguchek S&#153; system. The samples were recollected in the case of preanalytical errors (unsuccessful finger prick, blood applied incorrectly on the reagent strip).</p>
      <p>The Coaguchek S&#153; point-of-care system is a battery powered laser photometer portable device. To conduct the test, a drop of capillary blood, roughly 10&#181;l, was collected from the patient's index finger. The SoftCLix (Boehringer-Manheim, Germany) lancet device was used for the finger prick. The drop was then placed on a reagent test strip containing thromboplastin and iron particles that mix with the blood. As soon as the blood starts to coagulate, the activity of the ferrous oxide particles diminishes until they are completely immobile. The mobility changes were measured using photometry to determine the prothrombin time.</p>
      <p>The conventional method was performed via venous puncture and 10ml of venous blood was collected in a test tube with 3.2% of sodium citrate which, after the collection, was immediately sent to the Institution's central laboratory. The measurement of the venous prothrombin time was conducted in the laboratory using human thromboplastin, Thromborel S&#153; (Dade Behring, Newark, USA), in a CA-500 automatic system (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan), with ISI = 1. The recommendations of the World Health Organization were used to prepare the thromboplastin.</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the computer programs SPSS v. 12 and Medcalc v. 8.2. The continuous data of the plasma and capillary prothrombin time measurements in international normalized ratio (INR) units were analyzed using the Spearman (r<sub>s</sub>) coefficient. These venous and capillary prothrombin time measurement data in INR units, were also ranked to analyze the difference between the values obtained and the standard deviation.</p>
      <p>The difference between the study methods (bias) was compared using the average of the two measurements and graphical representation as per the Bland-Altman<sup>7</sup> method to demonstrate trends and systematic errors. The limits of agreement between the two techniques were calculated as the difference of the averages &#177;1.96 standard deviation. The Kappa index was used to evaluate the agreement between patients for categorical variables (INR &lt;2; between 2 and 3.5; and &gt; 3.5)<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The estimated sample size to detect a r<sub>s</sub>=0.9, with a 5% alpha error and 20% beta error would be 7 measurements for each method; however, according to the authors of the Bland-Altman method, a sample size greater than 100 is indicated<sup>9</sup>. The research protocol was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of our Hospital and all patients signed an informed consent form to participate in the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The characteristics of the study population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">table 1</xref>. The main indication for oral anticoagulant medication in the study population was atrial fibrillation, which was presented by 63 patients. The other indications are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">table 2</xref>. Fifty-five percent of the patients (n=70) presented therapeutic INR levels on the day of the blood collection.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0001-00001-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0001-00001-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>From the 127 patients in the study, 6.3% (n=8) had to repeat the finger prick collection due to preanalytic errors (small drop of blood and incorrect application of blood on the test strip).</p>
      <p>An asymmetrical distribution of the INR values measured with the point-of-care device and the control method was found. The correlation between the INR measurements of the Coaguchek S&#153; system and our laboratory's standard method is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">figure 1</xref>. The Spearman (r<sub>s</sub>) coefficient was 0.90 (p&lt;0.0001; CI:95% 0.87-0.93) between the Coaguchek S&#153; systemand the control method.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0001-00001-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The average INR with the Coaguchek S&#153; system was 2.75 &#177; 1.40 INR units. The average INR with the conventional method was 2.59 &#177; 1.41 INR units. The Coaguchek S&#153; system overestimated the INR values by 0.15 units for all measurement levels (CI 95% = 0.007 &#150; 0.309). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows a graphic representation of this difference (bias), when compared with the average of the two measurements &#150; Coaguchek S&#153; system and laboratory method. In this figure the margin of error of the measurements from the Coaguchek S&#153; system, capillary prothrombin time, and confidence interval are shown.</p>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0001-00001-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the average difference (bias<italic>)</italic> and the standard deviation between the different INR ranges; less than 2, between 2 and 3, between 3.01 and 3.5, and greater than 3.51 INR units.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0001-00001-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The INR values varied from 1.01 to 10, based on the control method used in our Institution. Based on these data, 55.1% (70/127) of the patients had therapeutic INR levels; 33.1% (42/127) were below the therapeutic level and 11.8% (15/127) had anticoagulation levels above 3.5 INR units. With the Coaguchek S&#153; system, 52.1% (67/127) of the patients had therapeutic INR levels; 29.9% (38/127) were below the therapeutic level and 17.8% (22/127) had anticoagulation levels above 3.5 INR units. The Kappa agreement index was 73.5% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_01t4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_01t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-89-01-0001-00001-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In relation to medical decisions based on the new system in comparison to the control method, the Coaguchek S&#153; system indicated an unnecessary dosage adjustment in 23 cases (18%). Seven of the patients would require higher anticoagulation dosages, but if the interval of 2 to 3.5 INR units obtained on the Coagucheck&#153; was considered this would not occur. Three cases, that were already at therapeutic levels, would have their dosages increased, 10 cases would have their dosages reduced unnecessarily, and the dosages for 3 patients with INR values above 3.5 would remain unchanged. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_01t4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The relation between dosage and therapeutic response varies greatly for oral anticoagulant medication. For this reason, frequent prothrombin time monitoring is required for patients using this type of medication.</p>
      <p>INR is the recommended prothrombin time control method. Results in INR units facilitates the comparison of measurements from different systems and laboratories<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The advent of portable prothrombin time control systems offers substantial advantages for managing this patient population<sup>5,11</sup>. It is of utmost importance to choose a system with proven reliability so that the measurement is as accurate as possible.</p>
      <p>For this study, we considered our central laboratory's method to be the most accurate system for prothrombin time control, as it uses highly sensitive human thromboplastin (ISI=1), as recommended by the College of American Pathologists<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Various studies have proven the good correlation between the Coaguchek S&#153; system and laboratory measurements<sup>3,13,14</sup>. Medical centers like the Mayo Clinic have used the technology of these devices to manage their patients<sup>6</sup>. This prothrombin time control method had not yet been tested in Brazil.</p>
      <p>The correlation between the INR values obtained with the Coaguchek S&#153; system and the laboratory tests was almost perfect<sup>15</sup> with a r<sub>s</sub> coefficient equal to 0.9, similar to the findings of other studies involving the Coaguchek S&#153; system and other prothrombin time control devices<sup>6,16,17</sup>. However, according to Bland and Altman<sup>7</sup>, correlation coefficients are not the best method to evaluate measurements between two methods, since this merely reveals the variation between the two results and not the absolute difference. Therefore, two tests could present a perfect correlation despite a systematic and significant difference between the methods. The best method to describe the result would be the difference of the averages including the margin of error.</p>
      <p>In our study, the Coaguchek S&#153; system overestimated the INR measurements by 0.15 units with a standard deviation of 0.85 INR units. In addition, as the INR value becomes higher the standard deviation also increases. The INR measurements are very reliable between 1 and 2 INR, reliable between 3.01 and 3.5 and relatively reliable between 2.01and 3.</p>
      <p>Previous studies also report this consideration<sup>6,17</sup>. The quality of the Coaguchek S&#153; system is impaired for INR units above 4 when compared to laboratory measurements using sensitive thromboplastin. A study conducted at the Cleveland Clinic<sup>18</sup>, using a laboratory control method similar to the one used at our hospital (Sysmex coagulation analyzer and Dade Behring human thromboplastin with ISI=1), also revealed alterations in INR values greater than 4 units. That study evaluated two other devices, the AvoSure PT Pro System (AvoSure device; Avocet Medical Inc., San Jose, CA) and the ProTime Microcoagulation System (ProTime device; International Technidyne Corporation Limited, Edison, NJ). The bias for the ProTime and AvoSure systems were 0.5 &#177; 0.4 and 0.4 &#177; 0.5 INR units, respectively, which are higher than the values found for the Coaguchek S&#153; system in our study (0.2 &#177;0.8).</p>
      <p>In relation to agreement of the results for the intervals 1-2, 2-3.5 and &gt; 3.5 the Kappa index was 73.5%, which according to literature is a substantial level of agreement<sup>19</sup>. However, based only on the portable system, the medical decisions for 18% of the cases in our study would have changed. If all Coaguchek S&#153; device measurements above 3.5 INR were repeated in the central laboratory this value would drop to 10%. This value agrees with the study published by Chapman and associates<sup>20</sup> where an 8% margin of error was found for medical decisions based on the Coaguchek&#153; system.</p>
      <p>No clinical studies have been conducted to compare the safety of this device in relation to the occurrence of relevant outcomes (incidence of bleeding and embolisms). Nevertheless, the use of this type of device in anticoagulation clinics and for self management by the patient is common in England<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Coaguchek S&#153; system has an acceptable level of agreement with the laboratory values for the two main oral anti-coagulant therapy indications: prosthetic heart valves and atrial fibrillation. According to Cannegieter<sup>22</sup>, who analyzed over 1,600 patients in an anticoagulation clinic in the Netherlands (prosthetic valve recipients) the incidence of hemorrhagic phenomena and embolic events was lower in the interval between 2.5 and 4.9 INR units. The use of the Coaguchek S&#153; device to control prothrombin time in the patients with atrial fibrillation appears to be safe. This is due to the fact that the target INR value for patients with this arrhythmia should be maintained between 2 and 3. The odds ratio for patients who present INR levels below 2 is 1.9 for the occurrence of embolic events. The incidence of hemorrhagic events is 3 events in 100 patients per year for those with an INR over 4 units<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Potential limitations of our study were the inclusion of patients with INR values as high as 10 (most studies exclude patients with INR &gt;7) since it is known that elevated INR results tend to increase the discrepancy between the measurements; and two measurements for each method to analyze reproducibility were not conducted.</p>
      <p>Based on the data of our study, we found that the Coaguchek S&#153; system can be used to monitor prothrombin time in patients using oral anticoagulant medication in an outpatient anticoagulation clinic as long as any values above 3.5 INR units are confirmed by measurements conducted in the central laboratory.</p>
      <p>We believe that a randomized clinical trial to compare prothrombin time control between two groups of patients, one using the Coaguchek S&#153; system and the other conventional laboratory measurements in relation to relevant clinical outcomes (ex. bleeding, stroke) and therapeutic interval times is the best method to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of this device for widespread use.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria</p>
          <p> Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia/Ambulat&#243;rio de Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o</p>
          <p> Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</p>
          <p> Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 &#150; Unidade de Pesquisa</p>
          <p> 90620-001 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><ext-link xlink:href="mailto:editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br" ext-link-type="email">editora&#231;&#227;o-pc@cardiologia.org.br</ext-link>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="tiagoleiria@yahoo.com">tiagoleiria@yahoo.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received July 27, 2006; revised received August 27, 2006; accepted January 12, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
