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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">c8YQQ6jysK8X5rbGBjxsH4r</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000600011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800611</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000600011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Retirada percut&#226;nea de corpo estranho intracard&#237;aco com t&#233;cnica original</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Est&#234;v&#227;o Carvalho de Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Brenande Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da For&#231;a A&#233;rea do Gale&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e179</fpage>
      <lpage>e181</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Relatamos o caso de um paciente com cateter vascular de longa perman&#234;ncia embolizado para o ventr&#237;culo direito. Este caso ganha peculiaridade por estarem as duas extremidades do cateter indispon&#237;veis para serem la&#231;adas, dificultando a sua captura pelas t&#233;cnicas convencionais. Descrevemos um novo m&#233;todo para resgatar o corpo estranho atrav&#233;s de sua por&#231;&#227;o central, utilizando apenas um cateter com dois sistemas independentes de "la&#231;o" e de "gancho".</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cat&#233;teres implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>corpos estranhos</kwd>
        <kwd>retirada percut&#226;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Retirada percut&#226;nea de corpo estranho intracard&#237;aco com t&#233;cnica original </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Est&#234;v&#227;o Carvalho de Campos Martins; Guilherme Brenande Alves Faria</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital da For&#231;a A&#233;rea do Gale&#227;o - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corr1">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Relatamos o caso de um paciente com cateter vascular de longa perman&#234;ncia embolizado para o ventr&#237;culo direito. Este caso ganha peculiaridade por estarem as duas extremidades do cateter indispon&#237;veis para serem la&#231;adas, dificultando a sua captura pelas t&#233;cnicas convencionais. Descrevemos um novo m&#233;todo para resgatar o corpo estranho atrav&#233;s de sua por&#231;&#227;o central, utilizando apenas um cateter com dois sistemas independentes de "la&#231;o" e de "gancho".</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cat&#233;teres implant&#225;veis, corpos estranhos, retirada percut&#226;nea.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da via endovascular com fins diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; freq&#252;ente e varia desde os acessos venosos utilizados para infus&#245;es de drogas at&#233; os acessos arteriais para o implante de endopr&#243;teses. Decorre entretanto desta utiliza&#231;&#227;o, algumas complica&#231;&#245;es tais como emboliza&#231;&#227;o do material utilizado para o interior do leito vascular e das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas. &#201; necess&#225;rio o reconhecimento precoce destas complica&#231;&#245;es assim como a retirada do material embolizado para que n&#227;o haja aumento da morbidade no tratamento destes pacientes. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 72 anos, com hist&#243;ria de neoplasia de c&#243;lon ressecado em agosto de 2005 foi submetido a implante de cateter vascular de longa perman&#234;ncia para in&#237;cio de quimioterapia adjuvante. Durante infus&#227;o de quimioter&#225;pico (quinto ciclo) o paciente queixou-se de ard&#234;ncia pr&#243;ximo ao conector do cateter com concomitante hiperemia local. Raio-X de t&#243;rax evidenciou emboliza&#231;&#227;o do cateter com ambas as extremidades apoiadas na musculatura ventricular direita, e seu corpo protruso para o &#225;trio direito (formato em C). O paciente encontrava-se est&#225;vel sem queixas ou arritmias. Optamos ent&#227;o pela retirada percut&#226;nea do corpo estranho. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Procedimento </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizamos pun&#231;&#227;o da veia femoral direita sob anestesia local e introdu&#231;&#227;o de bainha valvulada 8F pela t&#233;cnica de Seldinger. Confirmada a posi&#231;&#227;o do cateter atrav&#233;s da angiografia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig01">fig.1</xref>). Confeccionamos ent&#227;o um &#250;nico cateter com dois sistemas, um de al&#231;a e outro de gancho, independentes entre si quanto ao seu manuseio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig02">fig. 2-A</xref>). Empregamos para isto cateter <italic>pigtail </italic>6F, um guia 0,21" e um fio guia 0,014" x 300 cm. </p>
    <p>O fio guia 0,014" foi dobrado em sua por&#231;&#227;o central e cada ponta introduzida pelo <italic>pigtail </italic>atrav&#233;s dos orif&#237;cios localizados pr&#243;ximos a sua extremidade distal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig02">fig 2-II</xref>), e exteriorizados por sua por&#231;&#227;o proximal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig02">fig2&#150;III</xref>), formando assim o sistema de al&#231;a. Esta al&#231;a foi angulada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig02">fig. 2&#150;I</xref>) para que, ao ser tracionada, envolvesse toda a por&#231;&#227;o da "cabe&#231;a" do <italic>pigtail </italic>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig01">fig. 1&#150;E</xref>). Utilizamos tamb&#233;m um guia 0,21" com o objetivo de controlar a extremidade distal do pigtail fazendo com que, ao introduzir este guia o cateter adquirisse forma "reta", e ao retirar o mesmo, retornasse a forma circunf&#234;rencial formando, portanto, o sistema de "gancho". </p>
    <p>Ao introduzir o sistema (fio guia 0,014" totalmente tracionado e guia 0,21" retificando o cateter) conseguimos colocar em posi&#231;&#227;o a al&#231;a do <italic>pigtail </italic>ao n&#237;vel da curvatura do corpo estranho. Abrimos ent&#227;o o sistema de al&#231;a, introduzindo cuidadosamente o guia 0,014" (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig02">fig.2B</xref>). Retiramos entamente o guia 0,21" para que a extremidade distal do cateter <italic>pigtail </italic>la&#231;asse o corpo estranho, aprisionando-o no interior de sua circunfer&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig02">fig. 2C</xref>). Movimentamos ent&#227;o as duas extremidades do fio guia 0,014" para que sua al&#231;a fosse se fechando progressivamente a ponto de capturar o corpo estranho, esmagando-o contra o cateter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig02">fig. 2D-F</xref>); puxamos o corpo estranho at&#233; a ponta do introdutor 8F, quando ent&#227;o retiramos todo o conjunto (introdutor, cateter diagn&#243;stico e corpo estranho) de uma s&#243; vez (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig01">fig 1</xref>). Aplicada compress&#227;o local por 10 minutos com boa hemostasia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cateteres vasculares &#233; comum na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o, assim como outras modalidades de t&#233;cnicas endovasculares, t&#234;m nos levado ao reconhecimento e tratamento de diversas complica&#231;&#245;es inerentes &#225; estes m&#233;todos, entre elas a presen&#231;a de corpo estranho no sistema vascular. A primeira descri&#231;&#227;o de emboliza&#231;&#227;o de um fragmento de cateter foi em 1954<sup>1</sup>. Apesar de haver relatos de perman&#234;ncia do corpo estranho por at&#233; 17 anos sem maiores complica&#231;&#245;es, a remo&#231;&#227;o imediata de qualquer material embolizado &#233; necess&#225;ria devido &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es bem conhecidas tais como sepse, endocardite, perfura&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, arritmias dentre outras<sup>2,3</sup>. Fisher e Ferreyro relataram incid&#234;ncia de morte ou complica&#231;&#245;es s&#233;rias em at&#233; 71% daqueles pacientes nos quais n&#227;o houve a retirada do material<sup>4</sup>. Em contrapartida complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes da retirada de corpos estranhos s&#227;o raras, com taxa de sucesso descrita como de at&#233; 100%<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>A retirada percut&#226;nea de corpos estranhos do sistema vascular vem sendo realizada desde 1964 quando Thomas removeu, pela primeira vez, um fio guia utilizando um broncosc&#243;pio<sup>6</sup>. Atualmente a t&#233;cnica do la&#231;o &#233; a mais utilizada para a retirada de corpos estranhos que tenham uma de suas extremidades acess&#237;vel para ser la&#231;ada<sup>7,8</sup>. A t&#233;cnica do gancho (<italic>hook</italic>) &#233; utilizada para fragmentos sem extremidades livres. Esta t&#233;cnica necessita de dissec&#231;&#227;o venosa, tendo poucos casos descritos na literatura<sup>2,9 </sup>. Cateteres de <italic>Fogarty </italic>e <italic>pigtail </italic>tamb&#233;m s&#227;o utilizados nesses procedimentos<sup>9,10</sup>. Os m&#233;todos combinados s&#227;o reservados principalmente para fragmentos fixos ou distais, sendo para tal necess&#225;rio dois acessos venosos<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Um dos fatores de insucesso da retirada percut&#226;nea de corpos estranhos &#233; a presen&#231;a de fragmentos fixos sem extremidade livre<sup>5</sup>. Neste caso abordado, as duas extremidades estavam "inacess&#237;veis" para serem la&#231;adas, nos levando a improvisar um tipo de cateter que trabalhasse com um sistema duplo, de al&#231;a e de gancho, aliando desta forma a facilidade de abra&#231;ar e manipular a parte central do corpo estranho com o gancho, &#224; firmeza e seguran&#231;a de tracionar o mesmo com o la&#231;o. </p>
    <p>Um ponto que necessita aten&#231;&#227;o &#233; o do cuidado no momento da retirada do material la&#231;ado do sistema vascular, pois o mesmo poder&#225; ter um novelo com calibre correspondente at&#233; a tr&#234;s vezes o do cateter <italic>pigtail </italic>mais duas vezes o calibre do corpo estranho (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig01">fig. 1F</xref>). No caso apresentado utilizamos uma bainha 8F que n&#227;o gerou resist&#234;ncia significativa &#224; tra&#231;&#227;o de todo o material em bloco, entretanto devemos ressaltar que o intervencionista dever&#225; analisar quanto &#224; necessidade pr&#233;via de escolher por um introdutor mais calibroso (9-12F) ou mesmo a op&#231;&#227;o de realizar uma pequena incis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para exterioriza&#231;&#227;o deste material. Esta lembran&#231;a &#233; v&#225;lida principalmente para aqueles materiais h&#225; mais tempo no organismo (com maior possibilidade de degenera&#231;&#227;o e fratura) assim como para corpos estranhos que sejam mais r&#237;gidos. </p>
    <p>Esta &#233; uma t&#233;cnica descrita pela primeira vez e que pode ser &#250;til como alternativa no manuseio de situa&#231;&#245;es mais complexas de retirada de corpos estranhos, que resultam numa taxa maior de insucesso pela abordagem percut&#226;nea.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="corr1" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Est&#234;v&#227;o Carvalho de Campos Martins </p>
        <p> Rua Major Rolinda da Silva, 87 </p>
        <p> 22611-260 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="estevaomartins@uol.com.br">estevaomartins@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 19/06/06; revisado recebido em 14/07/06; aceito em 14/07/06. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a11fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-e179-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a11fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-e179-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <mixed-citation>9. Grabenwoeger    F, Dock W., Pinterits F, Apple W. Fixed intravascular foreign bodies: a new    method for removal. Radiology. 1988; 167(2): 555-6. </mixed-citation>
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          <source>Radiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>555</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>167</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grabenwoeger</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dock</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinterits</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Apple</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
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        <mixed-citation>10. Uflacker R,    Lima S, Melichar AC. Intravascular foreign bodies: percutaneous retrieval. Radiology.    1986; 160(3): 731-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Intravascular foreign bodies: percutaneous retrieval</article-title>
          <source>Radiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>731</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>160</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Uflacker</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melichar</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Percutaneous retrieval of intracardiac foreign body with a novel technique</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We report on the case of a patient with a long term vascular catheter embolized into the right ventricle. This case had unique characteristics since both ends of the catheter were inaccessible for snare, which made it difficult to capture them using conventional techniques. We describe a new method to retrieve the foreign body through its mid-point portion, using a single catheter with two independent snare and hook systems.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Catheters, indwelling</kwd>
        <kwd>foreign bodies</kwd>
        <kwd>percutaneous retrieval</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Percutaneous retrieval of intracardiac foreign body with a novel technique</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Est&#234;v&#227;o Carvalho de Campos Martins; Guilherme Brenande Alves Faria </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital da For&#231;a A&#233;rea do Gale&#227;o - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corr1-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We report on the case of a patient with a long term vascular catheter embolized into the right ventricle. This case had unique characteristics since both ends of the catheter were inaccessible for snare, which made it difficult to capture them using conventional techniques. We describe a new method to retrieve the foreign body through its mid-point portion, using a single catheter with two independent snare and hook systems. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Catheters, indwelling; foreign bodies, percutaneous retrieval.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The endovascular pathway is frequently used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in clinical practice. Such use ranges from venous access for drug infusion to arterial access for endoprosthesis implantation. The use of this pathway, however, gives rise to some complications, such as the embolization of the material used in the interior of the vascular bed and heart chambers. These complications should be recognized early, and the embolized material should be removed so as to prevent a morbidity increase in the treatment of these patients. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 72-year old male patient, with a history of colon neoplasia, underwent resection in August 2005, and had a long term vascular catheter implanted to allow adjuvant chemotherapy. During the infusion of the chemotherapeutic agent (fifth course), the patient complained of burning near the catheter connector with concurrent local hyperemia. A thorax X-ray showed catheter embolization, with both its ends resting on the muscles of the right ventricle, and its body protruding into the right atrium (shape of a C). The patient was in stable condition, without complaints or arrhythmias. We decided to remove the foreign body percutaneously. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Procedure</bold>
      </p>
      <p> We punctured the right femoral vein with local anesthesia, and introduced an 8F valved sheath using the Seldinger technique. The position of the catheter was confirmed on angiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig01-body2">fig.1</xref>). We built a single catheter with two systems: a snare and a hook system, that can be handled independently (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig02-body2">fig. 2-A</xref>). We employed a 6F pigtail catheter, a 0.21" guide and a 0.014" x 300 cm guide wire.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a11fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-e179-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a11fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-e179-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The 0.014" guide wire was folded in its mid-point portion and each end was introduced by the pigtail through the orifices located near its distal end (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig02-body2">fig. 2-II</xref>), and exteriorized in its proximal end (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig02-body2">fig 2 &#150; III</xref>), thus forming the snare system. This snare was angled so that when it was pulled it involved the whole pigtail "head" (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig01-body2">fig. 1&#150;E</xref>). We also used a 0.21" guide with the objective of controlling the distal end of the pigtail, so that when the catheter introduced this guide the catheter would be straightened and when the guide was withdrawn, the catheter reacquired the shape of a circumference, forming a hook system. </p>
      <p>When introducing the system (0.014" guide wire fully pulled and 0.21" guide rectifying the catheter) we managed to place the pigtail snare at the level of the curvature of the foreign body. We then opened the snare system, introducing the 0.014" guide very carefully (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig02-body2">fig. 2B</xref>). We withdrew the 0.21" guide slowly so that the distal end of the pigtail catheter could snare the foreign body, capturing it within its circumference (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig02-body2">fig. 2C</xref>). We then manipulated both ends of the0.014" guide wire to allow the snare to close progressively until the foreign body was captured, crushing it against the catheter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig02-body2">fig. 2D-F</xref>); we pulled the foreign body up to the tip of the 8F introducer, and removed all the set (introducer, diagnostic catheter and foreign body) at once (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig01-body2">fig 1</xref>). We applied local compression for 10 minutes and obtained good homeostasis. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Vascular catheters are widely used in clinical practice. Their use, and the use of other types of endovascular techniques, has led us to recognize and treat different complications associated with these methods, including the presence of foreign bodies in the vascular system. The first description of embolization of a catheter fragment was made in 1954<sup>1</sup>. Although it has been reported that foreign bodies have remained in the body for up to seventeen years without major complications, the immediate removal of any embolized material is necessary due to the occurrence of well-known complications such as sepsis, endocarditis, myocardial perforation, arrhythmias and others<sup>2,3</sup>. Fisher and Ferreyro reported the incidence of death or serious complications in up to 71% of patients in whom the foreign body is not removed<sup>4</sup>. On the other hand, complications resulting from the removal of foreign bodies are rare, and the success rate has been reported to reach up to 100%<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>The percutaneous removal of foreign bodies from the vascular system has been carried out since 1964, when Thomas for the first time removed a guide wire using a bronchoscope<sup>6</sup>. The snare technique is the most widely used in the removal of foreign bodies when one of their ends is accessible with a snare<sup>7,8</sup>. The hook technique is used [to retrieve] fragments without free ends. This technique requires venous dissection, and there are very few descriptions of it in the literature<sup>2,9</sup>. Fogarty and pigtail catheters are also used in these procedures<sup>9,10</sup>. Combined methods are used especially in the case of fixed or distal fragments, but here two venous accesses are required<sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>One of the factors that account for unsuccessful percutaneous removal of foreign bodies is the presence of fixed fragments without a free end<sup>5</sup>. In the case reported, both ends were inaccessible for snaring which prompted us to put together a type of catheter that worked with a double system &#150; the snare and hook system. This enabled us to easily grasp and manipulate the mid-point portion of the foreign body with the hook while allowing us to firmly and safely pull the foreign body with the snare. </p>
      <p> The removal of the material snared from the vascular system requires special care, since the material can be a ball with three-times the caliber of the pigtail catheter plus twice the caliber of the foreign body (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig01-body2">fig. 1F</xref>). In the case presented we used an 8F sheath that did not generate significant resistance to the pulling of all the block of material. However, we should highlight that interventionists should analyze the need of choosing a higher gauge introducer (9-12F) or even performing a small incision to bring the material to the exterior. This remark applies especially to those materials that have been inside the body for a longer period (with a higher possibility of deterioration and fracture), and to more rigid foreign bodies. </p>
      <p>This technique is described here for the first time, and may be a useful alternative to handle more complex situations involving the removal of foreign bodies which result in higher rates of failure when the percutaneous approach is used. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="corr1-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Est&#234;v&#227;o Carvalho de Campos Martins</p>
          <p> Rua Major Rolinda da Silva, 87 </p>
          <p> 22611-260 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="estevaomartins@uol.com.br">estevaomartins@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received June 19, 2006; revised received July 14, 2006; accepted July 14, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
