<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HBzYsBBfdVnwDNQ9GyGPWDv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000600008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800608</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000600008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o ventricular: comparando os marcapassos biventriculares com os marcapassos bifocais de ventr&#237;culo direito</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gondim</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Sebasti&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Vera</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Almino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Dem&#243;stenes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Negreiros</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paes J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Prontoc&#225;rdio</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Monte Klinikum</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>674</fpage>
      <lpage>682</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Realizar uma an&#225;lise da estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular convencional (BV), da estimula&#231;&#227;o bifocal (BF) de ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e uma an&#225;lise comparativa das duas t&#233;cnicas, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, funcionais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o sem os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o dos trabalhos cl&#225;ssicos. M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisados de forma prospectiva, n&#227;o randomizada, 36 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia para implantes de marcapassos multiss&#237;tos devido a QRS &gt; 130 ms, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva classe funcional III ou IV. RESULTADOS: Os resultados favor&#225;veis da ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o foram obtidos com as duas t&#233;cnicas, sem diferen&#231;as significativas na compara&#231;&#227;o dos dois grupos, exceto por maior estreitamento do QRS e tend&#234;ncia a menor n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es no grupo dos BV. Quando os grupos foram analisados individualmente e comparados, antes e ap&#243;s os procedimentos, observamos que as melhoras foram bem mais expressivas no grupo dos biventriculares, assim como os &#237;ndices de relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica maiores. CONCLUS&#195;O: A terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca mostrou ser terapia eficaz nos 2 grupos analisados, entretanto com resultados mais expressivos no grupo dos biventriculares.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>marcapasso artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#150; comparando os marcapassos biventriculares com os marcapassos bifocais de ventr&#237;culo direito</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eduardo Arrais Rocha; Tatiana Pereira Gondim; Sebasti&#227;o Abreu; Roberto Farias; Vera Marques; Almino Rocha; Dem&#243;stenes Ribeiro; Ricardo Pereira; Pedro Negreiros; Carlos Roberto M. Rodrigues; Jos&#233; Nogueira Paes J&#250;nior </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Hospital Prontoc&#225;rdio, Hospital Monte Klinikum - Fortaleza, CE - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corr1">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Realizar uma an&#225;lise da estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular convencional (BV), da estimula&#231;&#227;o bifocal (BF) de ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e uma an&#225;lise comparativa das duas t&#233;cnicas, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, funcionais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o sem os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o dos trabalhos cl&#225;ssicos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram analisados de forma prospectiva, n&#227;o randomizada, 36 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia para implantes de marcapassos multiss&#237;tos devido a QRS <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 ms, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva classe funcional III ou IV. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os resultados favor&#225;veis da ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o foram obtidos com as duas t&#233;cnicas, sem diferen&#231;as significativas na compara&#231;&#227;o dos dois grupos, exceto por maior estreitamento do QRS e tend&#234;ncia a menor n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es no grupo dos BV. Quando os grupos foram analisados individualmente e comparados, antes e ap&#243;s os procedimentos, observamos que as melhoras foram bem mais expressivas no grupo dos biventriculares, assim como os &#237;ndices de relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica maiores. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca mostrou ser terapia eficaz nos 2 grupos analisados, entretanto com resultados mais expressivos no grupo dos biventriculares. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, marcapasso artificial, estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) tem evolu&#237;do com grandes avan&#231;os terap&#234;uticos nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas, com evidentes redu&#231;&#245;es na morbidade e mortalidade desses pacientes. Entretanto, muitos pacientes persistem com sintomas importantes e com elevado n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es, tendo progn&#243;stico reservado e alto custo do tratamento<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o pelos ramos direito ou esquerdo podem ser observados em 30% a 50% dos casos. Atrasos na condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo intra- ou interventricular (dissincronismo) podem ser vistos em at&#233; 80% dos pacientes com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) e, em propor&#231;&#245;es menores, nos bloqueios de ramo direito (BRD) com hemibloqueios associados (HB)<sup>3</sup>. &#201; descrito tamb&#233;m que at&#233; 20% a 30% dos pacientes com ICC e QRS estreito (sem bloqueios de ramo) podem ter dissincronismo, sendo importante a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica<sup>4</sup> ou a an&#225;lise de fases, pela medicina nuclear, para determinar a presen&#231;a e o grau de dissincronismo.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos recentes t&#234;m demonstrado que a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o ventricular com implante de marcapassos multiss&#237;tios (&#225;trio direito, ventr&#237;culo direito e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) reduz sintomas, n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es, melhorando a classe funcional (CF) e a qualidade de vida, com modifica&#231;&#245;es significativas nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, com melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica e redu&#231;&#227;o do grau de insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Esses efeitos podem estar relacionados &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o do dissincronismo presente, induzindo ao que se denomina remodelamento reverso ou redu&#231;&#245;es nos di&#226;metros e na morfologia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p> Mais recentemente, dois grandes "Trials" multic&#234;ntricos e randomizados evidenciaram impacto significativo dessas terapias na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade, quer isoladamente com marcapassos biventriculares<sup>7 </sup>quer quando associadas a desfibriladores implant&#225;veis (CDI)<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o multiss&#237;tio com dois eletrodos em ventr&#237;culo direito (ponta de VD e na regi&#227;o do trato de sa&#237;da de VD) e com um em &#225;trio direito, denominada estimula&#231;&#227;o bifocal (BF), tamb&#233;m tem se mostrado, em casu&#237;sticas menores n&#227;o randomizadas<sup>9,10</sup>, uma alternativa vi&#225;vel na tentativa de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o, com procedimentos mais r&#225;pidos e de menores custos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig.1</xref>). Entretanto, os estudos com essa t&#233;cnica s&#227;o escassos, principalmente quando comparados com o padr&#227;o cl&#225;ssico de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o, com o eletrodo em seio coronariano estimulando o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0674-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma an&#225;lise da estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular convencional (BV), da estimula&#231;&#227;o bifocal (BF) de ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e uma an&#225;lise comparativa das duas t&#233;cnicas, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, funcionais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com indica&#231;&#227;o convencional para ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o, sem excluir, entretanto, da an&#225;lise, popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com bloqueio de ramo direito, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, marcapassos convencionais pr&#233;vios com estimula&#231;&#227;o em VD, diferentes miocardiopatias, inclusive chag&#225;sica e com presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de BAV 1&#186; grau. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisados, de forma prospectiva n&#227;o-randomizada, 36 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia para implante de marcapassos multiss&#237;tio (terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o ventricular), por apresentarem dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o (QRS <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 ms), disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave e por se encontrarem em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva classe funcional (CF) da NYHA III ou IV, em an&#225;lise m&#233;dia dos &#250;ltimos seis meses. Os pacientes necessitavam estar devidamente compensados, por, pelo menos, 15 dias, para serem submetidos ao procedimento. As cirurgias foram realizadas em diferentes hospitais pela mesma equipe m&#233;dica. Os procedimentos foram acompanhados por m&#233;dico eletrofisiologista, para ajuda na cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano, caso necess&#225;rio, e por dois m&#233;dicos especialistas em estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e um anestesista para seda&#231;&#227;o venosa. Foram 15 pacientes no grupo do bifocal (BF) e 21 pacientes no grupo dos biventriculares (BV). </p>
    <p>Os marcapassos biventriculares utilizados foram <italic>Insync </italic>da Medtronic, <italic>Contak </italic>da Guidant e <italic>Frontier </italic>da St Jude. Em alguns pacientes selecionados para estimula&#231;&#227;o bifocal foram utilizados marcapassos convencionais dupla-c&#226;mara com adaptadores (26,6%); e, em 13,3% do grupo BF com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foram usados marcapassos dupla-c&#226;mara, com a entrada atrial servindo para entrada do eletrodo de via de sa&#237;da de VD, sendo encurtado o intervalo atrio ventricular para o menor valor poss&#237;vel. Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados pela mesma equipe de ecocardiografistas, sendo a FE analisada preferencialmente pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson e/ou ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a08fig02">figs. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a08fig03">3</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a08fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0674-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a08fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0674-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A op&#231;&#227;o pela estimula&#231;&#227;o bifocal ocorreu pelos seguintes fatores: idade mais avan&#231;ada, op&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico ou pelo insucesso no implante pela t&#233;cnica cl&#225;ssica. O tempo estimado de procedimento variou entre duas e quatro horas e meia para os biventriculares, e duas horas para os bifocais, havendo n&#237;tido decr&#233;scimo no tempo, com o maior n&#250;mero de procedimentos realizados e com a melhora nos cateterese introdutores para cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <p>N&#227;o ocorreu mortalidade hospitalar em at&#233; quatro meses do procedimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>). Uma paciente apresentou edema agudo de pulm&#227;o em sala, tendo o procedimento sido trocado para bifocal de VD. Ocorreu deslocamento do eletrodo de seio coronariano em um paciente, n&#227;o sendo esse inclu&#237;do nesta an&#225;lise. Cinco pacientes, j&#225; portadores de marcapasso convencional no lado direito, receberam implante de biventricular atrav&#233;s de acesso por veia jugular interna direita, para facilitar cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano. Nos marcapassos biventriculares, para angiografia do seio coronariano, foram utilizados contrastes n&#227;o-i&#244;nicos, variando entre 20 e 50 ml dilu&#237;dos em 50 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o salina. Cinco pacientes com biventricular (BV) tiveram limiar maior que 3,0 volt, sendo 2 acima de 5,0 volts. Esses pacientes n&#227;o necessitaram ser reoperados. N&#227;o ocorreram infec&#231;&#245;es nos dois grupos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0674-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os grupos eram homog&#234;neos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diversas vari&#225;veis analisadas, como sexo, etiologia das miocardiopatias, presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bloqueio de ramo direito e portadores de marcapasso pr&#233;vio. Ocorreu maior tend&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,102) para pacientes mais idosos no grupo do bifocal (BF) e com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para maior tempo de acompanhamento nos bifocais (p=0,019). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s etiologias, predominaram miocardiopatia dilatada em ambos os grupos (61,9% BV x 60% BF), miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica (33,3% BV x 33,3% BF) e miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica (4,8% BV x 6,7% BF). Os grupos tiveram incid&#234;ncia semelhante de pacientes com BAV de 1&#186; grau concomitante aos BR (61,9%BV x 61,5% BF). Os pacientes estavam em tratamento otimizado para ICC, estando a maior parte deles em uso de dois ou mais comprimidos de diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a. O uso de betabloqueador e inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o foi tentado e otimizado ao m&#225;ximo em todos os pacientes previamente. </p>
    <p>O tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio no grupo BF foi de 18,5 meses e no grupo BV de 10,10 meses (p=0,019). O acompanhamento cl&#237;nico e de programa&#231;&#227;o dos marcapassos foi realizado com 12 dias, dois meses e em seguida, bimestralmente, sendo dessa forma assegurada a estimula&#231;&#227;o 100% nos ventr&#237;culos. Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados entre tr&#234;s e seis meses (primeiro controle) e, em seguida, ap&#243;s um ano. Os eletrodos ventriculares no grupo BV eram posicionados em ponta de VD, trato de via de sa&#237;da de VD (3p) e o de VE, em veia lateral, posterior ou p&#243;stero-lateral de VE. No grupo BF, os eletrodos foram posicionados na ponta de VD e na regi&#227;o do trato de sa&#237;da de VD (parede livre de VD ou regi&#227;o do septo alto) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a08fig04">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a08fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0674-00008-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes com implante de marcapassos biventriculares foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o paralela de dissincronismo, estando presente em todos os 12 pacientes analisados, com melhor ou revers&#227;o em 11 pacientes. A identifica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de dissincronismo ventricular &#233; importante na determina&#231;&#227;o da melhora dos pacientes<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas em valores de m&#233;dia, com desvio ou erro-padr&#227;o, para refletir melhor a precis&#227;o da estimativa do par&#226;metro. Utilizou-se o teste exato de Fisher para verificar a homogeneidade ou associa&#231;&#245;es em tabelas de conting&#234;ncia (cruzamento de dados qualitativos). O teste de Levene foi aplicado para a compara&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste de Shapiro-Wilk, para verificar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis. </p>
    <p>Para a compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis cuja distribui&#231;&#227;o &#233; normal, em popula&#231;&#245;es pareadas, foi usado o teste <italic>t </italic>de <italic>Student </italic>pareado e o teste do Sinal, para an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, cuja distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; normal (aus&#234;ncia de padr&#227;o de Gauss). Par&#226;metros como classe funcional (CF) e grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (DD) foram analisados na forma de escores para os respectivos valores, com an&#225;lises pelo teste <italic>t </italic>de <italic>Student </italic>para popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-pareadas, e o teste de Mann-Whitney, para a compara&#231;&#227;o de escores m&#233;dios em popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-pareadas. Alguns par&#226;metros foram analisados apenas de forma descritiva, por impossibilidade de an&#225;lise inferencial. </p>
    <p>O p foi considerado significativo quando inferior a 0,05 (5%) e com tend&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica entre 0,05 e 0,15 (5% a 15%). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Marcapassos biventriculares - A an&#225;</italic>lise dos marcapassos biventriculares identificou melhoras significativas em todos os par&#226;metros considerados, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica bem mais expressiva do que nos marcapassos bifocais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a08tab02">tab. 2</xref>). A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica mostrou apenas tend&#234;ncia de melhora estat&#237;stica. Houve importante redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares, vari&#225;vel muito relevante quando considerado o impacto dos custos do tratamento. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a08tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0674-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Observamos a completa normaliza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica e das dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em duas pacientes, no acompanhamento tardio ap&#243;s um ano e meio. A an&#225;lise dessas pacientes foi realizada com ecocardiograma e ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica. As duas pacientes tinham disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave, cr&#244;nica, documentada em v&#225;rios exames realizados nos &#250;ltimos anos, com CF pr&#233;-III(1p) e CF IV(1p), com evolu&#231;&#227;o para CF I em ambas tardiamente. </p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de insucesso terap&#234;utico foi de 9,5%, se utilizados crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, e de 19%, se utilizados crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, como aus&#234;ncia de melhora (aumento de 15% na FE) e aus&#234;ncia de remodelamento ventricular. Entretanto, desses 19 %, apenas um paciente n&#227;o melhorou clinicamente. Os demais pacientes considerados como n&#227;o-responsivos por avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e das dimens&#245;es de VE devem ter obtido melhora atribu&#237;da &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. </p>
    <p><italic>Marcapassos bifocais</italic> - A an&#225;lise dos marcapassos bifocais identificou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica no estreitamento do QRS, na melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, na redu&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sendo observada apenas tend&#234;ncia na melhora da classe funcional. N&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a08tab03">tab. 3</xref>). A an&#225;lise detalhada da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#227;o foi realizada na maioria dos pacientes desse grupo. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a08tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0674-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Foram considerados n&#227;o-responsivos 19,5% dos pacientes desse grupo, quando observados crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos; e 33% dos pacientes, quando observada a aus&#234;ncia de melhora nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. </p>
    <p><italic>Bifocal versus biventricular</italic> - Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica comparativa entre os dois grupos, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas ou ecocardiogr&#225;ficas estatisticamente significativas, exceto por maior streitamento do QRS no grupo dos biventriculares, maior tempo de acompanhamento no grupo dos bifocais e com tend&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica a menor n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es no grupo dos biventriculares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a08tab04">tab. 4</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a08tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0674-00008-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Observamos tamb&#233;m um maior n&#250;mero de n&#227;o-responsivos cl&#237;nicos (19,5% BF x9,5 % BV) e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (33% BF x 19% BV) no grupo bifocal (BF), em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo biventricular (BV). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho s&#227;o, de maneira global, bastante concordantes com a literatura<sup>1,2</sup> entretanto, v&#225;rias peculiaridades merecem ser mencionadas. As an&#225;lises comparativas entre a estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular e bifocal s&#227;o escassas de publica&#231;&#245;es, ou n&#227;o existem em nossa revis&#227;o realizada, assim como a avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sem os crit&#233;rios tradicionais de exclus&#227;o da maioria dos grandes estudos, que rotineiramente acabam por n&#227;o retratar a realidade cl&#237;nica encontrada pelos cardiologistas. </p>
    <p>Os primeiros grandes estudos cl&#237;nicos com a estimula&#231;&#227;o multiss&#237;tio foram realizados na Europa e nos Estados Unidos entre 1995 e 1998, sendo inicialmente utilizados eletrodos epic&#225;rdicos, com v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es desses procedimentos realizados por toracotomia, em raz&#227;o da elevada morbidade cir&#250;rgica<sup>1,2,3</sup>. Esses trabalhos foram seguidos pelos estudos de Cazeau e cols. na Fran&#231;a<sup>12</sup>, j&#225; por via endoc&#225;rdica; entretanto, ainda com muitas limita&#231;&#245;es, em virtude do material inadequado utilizado na &#233;poca. </p>
    <p>Os tr&#234;s "Trials" cl&#237;nicos (MIRACLE, MIRACLE ICD e CONTAK CD) que levaram &#224; aprova&#231;&#227;o nos Estados Unidos dos marcapassos biventriculares, e desses, associados com desfibriladores, foram randomizados, controlados, duplo-cegos, tendo per&#237;odos como marcapasso n&#227;o-funcionante por meses, para avaliar o efeito placebo da terapia. Os objetivos eram avalia&#231;&#227;o da melhora cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica desses pacientes<sup>5,13,14</sup>. </p>
    <p>A nova gera&#231;&#227;o de estudos, iniciada em 2000, teve como principal objetivo a avalia&#231;&#227;o do efeito dessa terapia na mortalidade, como a metan&#225;lise de 2003<sup>15 </sup>e o estudo COMPANION<sup>8</sup>, mostrando resultados na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e redu&#231;&#227;o nas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por ICC. Neste &#250;ltimo estudo citado, a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade ocorreu no grupo associado de desfibriladores com ressincronizadores. Outras grandes metan&#225;lises realizadas confirmaram esses achados, de redu&#231;&#227;o na morbidade e mortalidade e mortalidade isoladamente<sup>16,17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Alguns trabalhos t&#234;m demonstrado que a maior dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS seria um bom preditor de resposta &#224; ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o, como nos subgrupos dos estudos CONTAK CD e MIRACLE<sup>18</sup>; entretanto, v&#225;rios outros trabalhos n&#227;o t&#234;m confirmado o mesmo achado<sup>19</sup>, passando a avalia&#231;&#227;o do dissincronismo, por t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, a ter grande import&#226;ncia. No nosso estudo, os pacientes respondedores tiveram estreitamentos relevantes no QRS, assim como os n&#227;o-respondedores. Apenas um paciente apresentou alargamento do QRS ap&#243;s cirurgia, evoluindo sem melhora e dois outros pacientes n&#227;o tiveram estreitamento do QRS, ambos com melhora cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica, por&#233;m discretas. </p>
    <p>O remodelamento ventricular pode ocorrer nos pacientes ressincronizados at&#233; precocemente (tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s implante)<sup>20</sup>, sendo fundamental como preditor de melhora cl&#237;nica sustentada<sup>21 </sup>. Diversas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas tentam identificar subgrupos com poss&#237;veis respostas favor&#225;veis &#224; ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o; entretanto, sem uniformidade nos achados<sup>22,23</sup>. Os pacientes com padr&#227;o restritivo podem n&#227;o ter bons resultados com a ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o<sup>24</sup>, resultado diferente do encontrado em nossa casu&#237;stica, em que muitos desses pacientes tamb&#233;m tiveram benef&#237;cios. </p>
    <p>Observamos bons resultados na ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o com as duas t&#233;cnicas utilizadas, sendo verificado que a estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular promove resultados estat&#237;sticos bem mais significativos que a estimula&#231;&#227;o bifocal. Esta &#250;ltima demonstrou apenas tend&#234;ncia de melhora na classe funcional, n&#227;o promovendo redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e das dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, ambas mostraram resultados estat&#237;sticos significativos. Observamos tamb&#233;m um maior n&#250;mero de n&#227;o-responsivos cl&#237;nicos (19,5% BF x 9,5% BV) e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (33% BF x 19% BV) no grupo bifocal (BF), em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo biventricular (BV). </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise comparativa direta entre os dois grupos, o grupo BV teve QRS mais estreito (p=0,016) e determinou menor n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es do que o grupo BF (p=0,127). Esses resultados colocam a estimula&#231;&#227;o bifocal com uma boa op&#231;&#227;o para pacientes em que n&#227;o se consegue a ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica pelo seio coronariano (BV). Alguns estudos v&#227;o ao encontro desses resultados apresentados<sup>9,10</sup>. Em tr&#234;s pacientes do grupo BV, realizamos o implante do eletrodo de ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) em regi&#227;o do trato de sa&#237;da de VD, visando &#224; otimiza&#231;&#227;o da ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, t&#233;cnica essa defendida por alguns autores<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel que a etiologia das miocardiopatias possa ter contribu&#237;do para os melhores resultados nesses grupos analisados, considerando que alguns estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que os pacientes com miocardiopatia de origem isqu&#234;mica responderiam menos &#224; terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o. A raz&#227;o seria pelas extensas &#225;reas de necrose desenvolvidas ap&#243;s infartos do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vios<sup>26,27</sup>. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise comparativa nos grupos, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade, n&#227;o conseguiu demonstrar crit&#233;rios de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,129), em virtude do desenho do estudo e do n&#250;mero depacientes; entretanto, na an&#225;lise descritiva, observa-se que no grupo dos bifocais (BF), seis pacientes (40%) faleceram no acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 18,5 meses, enquanto tr&#234;s pacientes (15%) faleceram no grupo BV em acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 10,1 meses. Os &#243;bitos no grupo dos BF foram tr&#234;s por morte s&#250;bita, dois por ICC e um por acidente vascular cerebral. No grupo dos BV, um &#243;bito ocorreu por ICC, um por morte s&#250;bita e um por infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e insufici&#234;ncia renal, n&#227;o relacionada ao procedimento. Historicamente, em pacientes selecionados e bem acompanhados dos grandes "Trials", a mortalidade geral desses pacientes &#233; de mais de 30% em dois anos<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es desses pacientes no grupo BV pode atenuar em muito os efeitos dos custos iniciais como implante dos marcapassos, considerando que na an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade o grande peso dos custos deve-se &#224;s interna&#231;&#245;es. Essa an&#225;lise deriva de estudos de custo-efetividade envolvendo os ressincronizadores<sup>28,29</sup>. </p>
    <p>A op&#231;&#227;o de realizar <italic>upgrade </italic>de pacientes j&#225; portadores de marcapassos para modelos biventriculares foi realizado em 19% dos pacientes no grupo BV e em 13,3% no grupo BF, com melhora tamb&#233;m nesses subgrupos, n&#227;o sendo realizada essa an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica em raz&#227;o do n&#250;mero reduzido. Esses achados v&#227;o ao encontro de algumas casu&#237;sticas na literatura mundial<sup>30</sup>. </p>
    <p>Obtivemos normaliza&#231;&#227;o completa dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em duas pacientes no grupo biventricular, achados esses com dois anos de acompanhamento. Com menos de um ano da an&#225;lise, j&#225; se observava importante melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es de VE dessas pacientes. N&#227;o ocorreram outras causas pass&#237;veis de tamanha melhora das pacientes, sen&#227;o a ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o realizada. No grupo dos BF, n&#227;o observamos esse fato em nenhum paciente. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca mostrou ser uma terapia eficaz, concomitante ao tratamento com os f&#225;rmacos convencionais, em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica CF III e IV ambulatorial. Essa terapia encurta o QRS, melhora a classe funcional, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, promove um remodelamento reverso, com significativas redu&#231;&#245;es nas dimens&#245;es do VE e redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es. Esses resultados v&#227;o ao encontro dos demonstrados pelos grandes estudos de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o. O &#237;ndice de insucesso terap&#234;utico foi menor do que o descrito, talvez pela sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e pelo tipo de an&#225;lise realizada. Os resultados foram obtidos em uma popula&#231;&#227;o sem os crit&#233;rios convencionais de exclus&#227;o dos grandes estudos. </p>
    <p>Os resultados favor&#225;veis da ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o foram obtidos com as duas t&#233;cnicas testadas, seja pela estimula&#231;&#227;o bifocal seja pela estimula&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica biventricular, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa, quando da an&#225;lise comparativa cruzada dos dois grupos, exceto por maior estreitamento do QRS e tend&#234;ncia a menor n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es no grupo dos biventriculares. A mortalidade foi mais elevada no grupo dos bifocais (40%) em um tempo de acompanhamento mais longo desse grupo, contra 15% dos biventriculares; entretanto, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. </p>
    <p>Quando os grupos foram analisados individualmente e comparados, antes e ap&#243;s os procedimentos, observamos que as melhoras dos par&#226;metros m&#233;dios das vari&#225;veis analisadas foram bem mais expressivas no grupo dos biventriculares, assim como os &#237;ndices de relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica maiores. O grupo dos bifocais n&#227;o conseguiu mostrar redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es, e apenas tend&#234;ncia na melhora da classe funcional.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="corr1" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Eduardo Arrais Rocha </p>
        <p>Av. Padre Ant&#244;nio Tom&#225;s, 3535/1301 </p>
        <p> 60190-020 - Fortaleza, CE - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="eduardoa@cardiol.br">eduardoa@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 18/07/06; revisado recebido em 22/11/06; aceito em 05/02/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Auricchio A,    Abraham WT. Resynchronization therapy: current state of the art. Circulation.    2004; 109: 300-7. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Resynchronization therapy: current state of the art</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>300</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Auricchio</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Kadish A, Mehru    M. Heart failure devices. Circulation. 2005; 111: 3327-35. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Heart failure devices</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>3327</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kadish</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehru</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Saxon LA, Ellenbogen    KA. Resynchronization Therapy for the treatment of heart failure. Circulation.    2003; 108: 1044-52. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Resynchronization Therapy for the treatment of heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1044</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saxon</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ellenbogen</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Cho GY, Song    JK, Park WJ, Han SW, Choi SH, Doo YC, et al. Mechanical dyssynchrony assessed    by tissue doppler imaging is a powerful predictor of mortality in congestive    heart failure with normal QRS duration. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46: 2237-43. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mechanical dyssynchrony assessed by tissue doppler imaging is a powerful predictor of mortality in congestive heart failure with normal QRS duration</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2237</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cho</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Song</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choi</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doo</surname>
              <given-names>YC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Abraham WT,    Fisher WG, Smith AL, Delurgio DB, Leon AR, Loh E, et al. Cardiac resynchronization    in chronic heart failure (MIRACLE). N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 1845-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure (MIRACLE)</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1845</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <volume>346</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>WG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delurgio</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loh</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Linde C, Leclerq    C, Rex S, Garrigue S, Lavergne T, Cazeau S, et al. Longterm benefits    of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure: results from the Multislice    Stimulation in Cardiomyopathy (MUSTIC) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40: 111-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term benefits of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure: results from the Multislice Stimulation in Cardiomyopathy (MUSTIC) study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Linde</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leclerq</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rex</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garrigue</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lavergne</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cazeau</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Cleland JGF,    Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, et al. The effect    of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality - CARE  HF. N    Engl J Med. 2005; 352 (15): 1539-49. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality - CARE - HF</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1539</fpage>
          <lpage>49</lpage>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <volume>352</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JGF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daubert</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erdmann</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freemantle</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gras</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kappenberger</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Bristow MR,    Saxon LA, Boehmer J, Krueger S, Kass DA, De Marco T, et al. Cardiac resynchronizations    therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart    failure. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 2140-50. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac resynchronizations therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>350</fpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saxon</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boehmer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krueger</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kass</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Marco</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. O'Donnel D,    Nadurata V, Hamer A, Kertes P, Mohammed W. Bifocal rightventricular cardiac    resynchronization therapies in patients with unsuccessful percutaneous lateral    left ventricular venous acess. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005; 28: S27-S30. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Bifocal rightventricular cardiac resynchronization therapies in patients with unsuccessful percutaneous lateral left ventricular venous acess</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S27</fpage>
          <lpage>S30</lpage>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Donnel</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nadurata</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kertes</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohammed</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Pachon JC,    Pachon EI, Albornoz RN, Pachon JC, Kormann DS, Gimenes VM, et al. Ventricular    endocardial right bifocal stimulation in the treatment of severe dilated cardiomyopathy    heart failure with wide QRS. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2001; 24: 1369-76. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ventricular endocardial right bifocal stimulation in the treatment of severe dilated cardiomyopathy heart failure with wide QRS</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1369</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pachon</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pachon</surname>
              <given-names>EI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albornoz</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pachon</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kormann</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gimenes</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Bax JJ, Bleeker    GB, Marwick TH, Molhoek SG, Boersma E, Steendijk P, et al. Left ventricular    dyssynchrony predicts response and prognosis after cardiac resynchronization    therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44: 1834-40. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left ventricular dyssynchrony predicts response and prognosis after cardiac resynchronization therapy</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1834</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bax</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bleeker</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marwick</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Molhoek</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boersma</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steendijk</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Cazeau S, Leclerc    C, Lavergne T, Walker S, Varma C, Linde C. Effects of multisite biventricular    pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay.    N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 873-80. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>873</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
          <volume>344</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cazeau</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leclerc</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lavergne</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walker</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Varma</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Linde</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Young JV, Abraham    WT, Smith AL, Leon AR, Lieberman R, Wilkoff B, et al. Combined cardiac resynchronization    and implantable cardiovertor defibrillation in advanced chronic heart failure:    The MIRACLE ICD trial. JAMA. 2003; 289: 2685-94. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Combined cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardiovertor defibrillation in advanced chronic heart failure: The MIRACLE ICD trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2685</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
          <volume>289</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lieberman</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkoff</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. US Food and Drug Administration. Summary of safety and effectiveness CONTAK-CD system including CONTAK CD CRT-D: PMA P010012. St Paul, Minn: Guidant Corp; 2002. p. 1-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Summary of safety and effectiveness CONTAK-CD system including CONTAK CD CRT-D: PMA P010012</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Bradley DJ,    Bradley EA, Baughman KL, Berger RD, Calkins H, Gooeman SN, et al. Cardiac resynchronization    and death from progressive heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled    trials. JAMA. 2003; 289: 730-40. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac resynchronization and death from progressive heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>730</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
          <volume>289</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bradley</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bradley</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baughman</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berger</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calkins</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gooeman</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. McAlister FA,    Ezekowittz JA, Wiebe N, Rowe B, Spooner C, Crumley E, et al. Systematic review:    cardiac resynchronization in patients with symptomaticheart failure. Ann Intern    Med. 2004; 141: 381-90. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Systematic review: cardiac resynchronization in patients with symptomaticheart failure</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>381</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McAlister</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ezekowittz</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiebe</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rowe</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spooner</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crumley</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Freemantle    N, Tharmanathan P, Calvert MJ, Abraham WT, Ghosh J, Cleland JG. Cardiac resynchronization    for patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction     a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2006; 8(4):    433-40. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac resynchronization for patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>433</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Freemantle</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tharmanathan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calvert</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghosh</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Egoavil CA,    Ho RT, Greenspon AJ, Pavri BB. Analysis of pooled data from the MIRACLE and    Contak Trials. Heart Rhythm. 2005; 2: 611-5. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Analysis of pooled data from the MIRACLE and Contak Trials</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>611</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Egoavil</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ho</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenspon</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pavri</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Kashani A,    Barold S. Significance of QRS complex duration in patients with heart failure.    J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46: 2183-93. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Significance of QRS complex duration in patients with heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2183</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kashani</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barold</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Funk RC, Koelsch    S, Waldhans S, Prinz H, Grimm W, Moosdorf R, et al. Marker improvement in left    ventricular function and significant left ventricular remodeling witin 3 months    of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.    Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005; 28: S5-S7. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Marker improvement in left ventricular function and significant left ventricular remodeling witin 3 months of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S5</fpage>
          <lpage>S7</lpage>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Funk</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koelsch</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waldhans</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prinz</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grimm</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moosdorf</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Yu CM, Bleeker    GB, Fung JWH, Schalij MJ, Zhang Q, van der Wall EE, et al. Left ventricular    reverse remodeling but not clinical improvement predicts long-term survival    after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2005; 112 (11); 1580-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left ventricular reverse remodeling but not clinical improvement predicts long-term survival after cardiac resynchronization therapy</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1580</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bleeker</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fung</surname>
              <given-names>JWH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schalij</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Wall</surname>
              <given-names>EE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Martinelli    Filho M, Baggio JM, Nishioka SAD, Pedrosa A, Torres GG, Escari&#227;o A, et    al. Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em seguimento tardio: an&#225;lise    de preditores de resposta cl&#237;nica. Reblampa. 2006; 19(1): 45-52. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em seguimento tardio</article-title>
          <source>Reblampa</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>45</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martinelli Filho</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baggio</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nishioka</surname>
              <given-names>SAD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torres</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Escari&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Lecoq G, Leclerc    C, Leray E, Crocq C, Alonso C, de Place C, et al. Clinical and electrocardiographic    predictors of a positive response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in advanced    heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26: 1094-100.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical and electrocardiographic predictors of a positive response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in advanced heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1094</fpage>
          <lpage>100</lpage>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lecoq</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leclerc</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leray</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crocq</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alonso</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Place</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Salukhe TV,    Francis DP, Clague JR, Sutton R, Poole-Wilson P, Henein MY. Chronic heart failures    patients with restrictive LV filling pattern have significantly less benefit    from cardiac resynchronization therapy than patients with late LV filling pattern.    Int J Cardiol. 2005; 100: 5-12. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Chronic heart failures patients with restrictive LV filling pattern have significantly less benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy than patients with late LV filling pattern</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>5</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salukhe</surname>
              <given-names>TV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francis</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clague</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sutton</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poole-Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henein</surname>
              <given-names>MY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Riedlbauchova    L, Cihak R, Bytesnik J, Vancura V, Fridl P, Hoskova L, et al. Optimization of    right ventricular lead position in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur J    Heart Fail. 2006; 8 (6): 609-14. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Optimization of right ventricular lead position in cardiac resynchronization therapy</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>609</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Riedlbauchova</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cihak</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bytesnik</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vancura</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fridl</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoskova</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Mangiavacchi    M, Gasparini M, Faletra F, Klersy C, Morenchi E, Galimbert P, et al. Clinical    predictors of marked improvement in left ventricular performance after cardiac    resynchonization therapy in patients with chronic heart failure. Am Heart J.    2006; 151 (2): 477e1- 477 e6. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical predictors of marked improvement in left ventricular performance after cardiac resynchonization therapy in patients with chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>477e1</fpage>
          <lpage> 477 e6</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>151</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mangiavacchi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gasparini</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faletra</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klersy</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morenchi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galimbert</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Sutton MG,    Plappert T, Hilpisch KE, Abraham WT, Hayes DL, Chinchoy E. Sustained reverse    left ventricular structural remodeling with cardiac resynchronization at one    year is a function of etiology: quantitative Doppler echocardiographic evidence    from the Multicenter Insync Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE). Circulation.    2006; 113: 266-72. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sustained reverse left ventricular structural remodeling with cardiac resynchronization at one year is a function of etiology: quantitative Doppler echocardiographic evidence from the Multicenter Insync Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE)</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>266</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sutton</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plappert</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hilpisch</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayes</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chinchoy</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Calvert MJ,    Freemantle N, Yao G, Cleland JG, Billingham L, Daubert JC, et al. Cost effectiveness    of cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from the CARE-HF trial. Eur Heart    J. 2005; 26:    2681-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cost effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from the CARE-HF trial</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2681</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Calvert</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freemantle</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yao</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Billingham</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daubert</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Bantz K, Gras    D. Cardiac resynchronization therapy: a model to assess the economical value    of this new technology [abstract]. Eur Heart J. 2003; 24: 364. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac resynchronization therapy: a model to assess the economical value of this new technology</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>364</fpage>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bantz</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gras</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Horwich T,    Foster E, Marco T, Tseng Z, Saxon L. Effects of reynchronization therapy on    cardiac function in pacemaker patients "upgraded"to biventricular devices. J    Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004; 15: 1284-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of reynchronization therapy on cardiac function in pacemaker patients "upgraded"to biventricular devices</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1284</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Horwich</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marco</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tseng</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saxon</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ventricular resynchronization: comparing biventricular and bifocal right ventricular pacemakers</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE:To analyze the conventional biventricular pacing (BV) and the bifocal (BF) right ventricular (RV) pacing, and to perform a comparative analysis of these two techniques in relation to clinical, functional and echocardiographic parameters in a population without the exclusion criteria of the major studies. METHODS:A prospective non-randomized analysis of 36 patients undergoing surgery for multisite pacemaker implantation due to QRS &gt; 130 ms, severe left ventricular dysfunction, and NYHA functional class III or ambulatory class IV congestive heart failure was performed. RESULTS: Favorable results of resynchronization were obtained with both techniques, with no significant differences in the comparison of the two groups, except for a higher QRS narrowing in the BV group, and a trend of a lower number or hospital admissions in the BV group. When the groups were analyzed separately and compared before and after the procedures, we observed that improvement was much more significant in the biventricular group, as were the more statistically relevant rates. CONCLUSION: Cardiac resynchronization therapy proved to be an efficient therapy in both groups analyzed, although with more significant outcomes in the biventricular group.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ventricular resyncronization</kwd>
        <kwd>pacemaker, artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac pacing, artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure, congestive</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ventricular resynchronization &#150; comparing biventricular and bifocal right ventricular pacemakers </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Eduardo Arrais Rocha; Tatiana Pereira Gondim; Sebasti&#227;o Abreu; Roberto Farias; Vera Marques, Almino Rocha; Dem&#243;stenes Ribeiro; Ricardo Pereira; Pedro Negreiros; Carlos Roberto M. Rodrigues; Jos&#233; Nogueira Paes J&#250;nior</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Hospital Prontoc&#225;rdio, Hospital Monte Klinikum - Fortaleza, CE - Brazil </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corr1-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold>To analyze the conventional biventricular pacing (BV) and the bifocal (BF) right ventricular (RV) pacing, and to perform a comparative analysis of these two techniques in relation to clinical, functional and echocardiographic parameters in a population without the exclusion criteria of the major studies. </p>
      <p> METHODS:A prospective non-randomized analysis of 36 patients undergoing surgery for multisite pacemaker implantation due to QRS <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 ms, severe left ventricular dysfunction, and NYHA functional class III or ambulatory class IV congestive heart failure was performed. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Favorable results of resynchronization were obtained with both techniques, with no significant differences in the comparison of the two groups, except for a higher QRS narrowing in the BV group, and a trend of a lower number or hospital admissions in the BV group. When the groups were analyzed separately and compared before and after the procedures, we observed that improvement was much more significant in the biventricular group, as were the more statistically relevant rates.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Cardiac resynchronization therapy proved to be an efficient therapy in both groups analyzed, although with more significant outcomes in the biventricular group. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Ventricular resyncronization, pacemaker, artificial; cardiac pacing, artificial; heart failure, congestive.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) has improved with the great therapeutic advances of the past two decades, with clear reductions in morbidity and mortality of these patients. However, many patients remain with significant symptoms and a high number of hospital admissions. They have a poor prognosis and the treatment is costly<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Conduction disturbances through the right or left bundle branches can be observed in 30 to 50% of the cases. Intra or interventricular conduction delay (dyssynchrony) can be observed in up to 80% of the patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB), and, less frequently, in right bundle branch block (RBBB) with associated hemiblocks (HB)<sup>3</sup>. Up to 20 to 30% of the patients with CHF and narrow QRS (without bundle branch blocks) are also described to have dyssynchrony, and the echocardiographic study<sup>4 </sup>or phase analysis in nuclear medicine are important to determine the presence and degree of dyssynchrony. </p>
      <p>Several recent studies have demonstrated that the ventricular resynchronization therapy with multisite pacemaker implantation (right atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle) reduces symptoms and the number of hospital admissions, improves the functional class (FC) and quality of life, with significant changes in echocardiographic parameters and improvement of the systolic and diastolic functions, as well as a reduction in the degree of mitral regurgitation. These effects may be related to the correction of dyssynchrony, which induces the so-called reverse remodeling or diameter reductions and changes in the left ventricular morphology<sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
      <p>More recently, two large randomized multicenter trials showed a significant impact of these therapies on the reduction of mortality, both with biventricular pacemakers alone<sup>7 </sup>and combined with implantable defibrillators (ICD)<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>In smaller non-randomized series<sup>9,10</sup>, multisite pacing with two right ventricular leads (RV apex and RV outflow tract) and one right atrial lead, known as bifocal pacing (BP), has also proven to be a feasible alternative in the attempt to resynchronization, with faster and less costly procedures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). However, studies with this technique are scarce, mainly when compared with the conventional resynchronization pattern with the lead in the coronary sinus pacing the left ventricle. </p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0674-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to analyze the conventional biventricular (BV) pacing and the bifocal (BF) right ventricular (RV) pacing and to perform a comparative analysis of these two techniques in relation to clinical, functional and echocardiographic parameters in a population with conventional indication for resynchronization, however without excluding populations of patients with right bundle branch block, atrial fibrillation, previous conventional pacemakers with RV pacing, and different cardiomyopathies, including Chagas' disease with or without first-degree AVB from the analysis. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A prospective non-randomized analysis of 36 patients undergoing surgery for multisite pacemaker implantation (ventricular resynchronization therapy) due to conduction disturbance (QRS <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 ms), severe left ventricular dysfunction, and NYHA functional class (FC) III or class IV congestive heart failure was performed during the past six months, on average. Patients should be duly controlled for at least 15 days to undergo the procedures. The operations were performed by the same medical team in different hospitals. The procedures were followed up by an electrophysiologist who helped catheterize the coronary sinus when necessary, and by two physicians specialized in cardiac pacing, as well as by one anesthetist for intravenous sedation. There were 15 patients in the bifocal group (BF) and 21 patients in the biventricular group (BV). </p>
      <p>The biventricular pacemakers used were Insync (Medtronic<sup>TM</sup>), Contak (Guidant<sup>TM</sup>) and Frontier (St Jude<sup>TM</sup>). Conventional dual-chamber pacemakers with adaptors were used in some of the patients selected for bifocal pacing (26.6%); dual-chamber pacemakers with the atrial inlet serving as the entrance for the RV outflow tract lead were used in 13.3% of the BF group patients with atrial fibrillation, and the atrioventricular interval was shortened to the least possible value. The echocardiographic studies were performed by the same team of specialists, and the ejection fraction (EF) was preferentially analyzed using the Simpson's rule and/or radionuclide ventriculography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a08fig02-body2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a08fig03-body2">3</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a08fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0674-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a08fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0674-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Bifocal pacing was chosen because of the following factors: older age, physician's choice, or failed implantation using the conventional technique. The estimated procedural time ranged between two hours and four and a half hours for biventricular pacemakers, and was two hours for bifocal pacemakers, with a clear decrease in time with increasing number of procedures performed, and with the improvement of catheters and introducers for coronary sinus catheterization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). </p>
      <p>No in-hospital deaths occurred nor up to four months following the procedure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Tab. 1</xref>). One patient presented with acute pulmonary edema in the operating room, and the procedure was converted to RV bifocal pacing. Displacement of the coronary sinus lead occurred in one patient, who was not included in the present analysis. Five patients who already had conventional right pacemakers were implanted with biventricular pacemakers via a right internal jugular vein approach to facilitate the coronary sinus catheterization. In biventricular pacemakers, 20 to 50 ml of nonionic contrast medium diluted in 50 ml of saline solution were used for coronary sinus angiography. Five patients with biventricular pacemakers (BV) had a threshold higher than 3.0 volts, two of whom had a threshold higher than 5.0 volts. These patients did not require reoperation. Infection was not observed in none of the two groups. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0674-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Both groups were homogeneous in relation to the different variables analyzed, such as gender, etiology of the cardiomyopathy, presence of atrial fibrillation, right bundle branch block, and previous use of a pacemaker. A higher statistical trend (p = 0.102) was observed for older patients of the bifocal (BF) group, and statistically significant differences were observed for a longer follow-up period in the bifocal group (p = 0.019). In relation to etiology, dilated cardiomyopathy predominated in both groups (61.9% BV <italic>vs </italic>60% BF), followed by ischemic cardiomyopathy (33.3% BV <italic>vs </italic>33.3% BF) and chagasic cardiomyopathy (4.8% BV <italic>vs </italic>6.7% BF). The groups had similar incidence of patients with first-degree AVB concomitantly with BBB(61.9%BV <italic>vs </italic>61.5% BF). The patients were undergoing optimized treatment for CHF, and most of them were using two or more tablets of loop diuretics. Previous use of beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors had been attempted and optimized in all patients. </p>
      <p>The mean follow-up period was 18.5 months in the BF group, and 10.10 months in the BV group (p = 0.019). Clinical follow-up and pacemaker programming visits were performed at 12 days, two months, and bimonthly thereafter, so that full ventricular pacing was ensured. Echocardiographic studies were performed between 3 and 6 months (first control) and then after one year. In the BV group, the ventricular leads were positioned in the RV apex, RV outflow tract(3p), and in the LV lateral, posterior or lateral posterior vein. In the BF group, the leads were positioned in the RV apex and in the RV outflow tract (RV free wall or high septal region) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a08fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a08fig04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0674-00008-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with biventricular pacemaker implants underwent a parallel assessment for dyssynchrony, which was presentin all of the 12 patients analyzed, with improvement or reversion in 11 patients. Previous identification of ventricular dyssynchrony is important to determine patients' improvement<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis </italic>- Quantitative variables were expressed as mean values with standard errors or standard deviations to better reflect the accuracy of the parameter estimates. The Fisher's Exact Test was used to verify homogeneity or associations in contingency tables (qualitative data crossing). The Levene's test was used to compare the variability of continuous variables, and the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify the normality of distribution of these variables. </p>
      <p>The paired Student's t test was used to compare the means of variables with a normal distribution in paired populations, and the sign test was used to analyze the continuous variables with a non-normal distribution (non-Gaussian pattern). Parameters such as the functional class (FC) and degree of diastolic dysfunction (DD) were analyzed in the form of scores for the respective values, with Student's t test analyses for non-paired populations, and the Mann-Whitney test for the comparison of mean scores in non-paired populations. Some parameters were analyzed only descriptively due to the impossibility of an inferential analysis. </p>
      <p>P values were considered significant when lower than 0.05 (5%), and with a statistical trend between 0.05 and 0.15 (5 a 15%). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Biventricular pacemakers</italic> - The analysis of biventricular pacemakers showed significant improvements in all the parameters considered, with much more statistical significance than for bifocal pacemakers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a08tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). The analysis of the diastolic function showed only a statistical trend of improvement. We observed a significant reduction in the number of hospital admissions, which is a very significant variable when the impact of treatment costs is considered. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a08tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0674-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Complete normalization of the systolic ventricular function and of the left ventricular dimensions were observed in two patients in the late follow-up after one and a half year. These patients were assessed with echo cardiogram and radionuclide ventriculography (Figure 5). Both patients had severe chronic left ventricular dysfunction documented in several tests performed in the past years, with FC pre-III (1p), and FC IV (1p), with late progression to FC I in both. </p>
      <p>Treatment failure rate was 9.5% when clinical criteria were used, and 19% when echo cardiographic criteria such as lack of improvement(&lt;15% in EF) and lack of ventricular remodeling were used. However, of these 19%, only one patient did not improve clinically. The remaining patients considered non-responders as assessed by systolic function and of LV dimensions may have improved thanks to the reduction in the degree of diastolic dysfunction. </p>
      <p><italic>Bifocal pacemakers</italic> - The analysis of bifocal pacemakers showed statistical significance in QRS narrowing, improvement of ejection fraction, and reduction of left ventricular dimensions; only a trend of improvement was observed for the functional class. There was no significant reduction in the number of hospital admissions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a08tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). A detailed analysis of the diastolic function was not performed in the majority of the patients in this group. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a08tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0674-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>When clinical criteria or lack of improvement in echocardiographic parameters were considered, 19.5% and 33% of the patients in this group were considered non-responders, respectively. </p>
      <p>Using the paired Student's t test for the pre and post comparison in relation to the means of the variables with a normal distribution, and the sign test for variables with a non-normal distribution. </p>
      <p><italic>Bifocal versus biventricular</italic> - The comparative statistical analysis between the two groups did not show statistically significant clinical or echocardiographic differences, except for more QRS narrowing in the biventricular group, longer follow-up in the bifocal group, and a statistical trend of a lower number of hospital admissions in the biventricular group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a08tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a08tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0674-00008-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Also, a greater number of clinical (19.5 % BF <italic>vs </italic>9.5 % BV) and echocardiographic (33% BF <italic>vs </italic>19 % BV) non-responders was observed in the bifocal (BF) group in relation to the biventricular (BV) group. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results presented in this study are, in general, quite consistent with those of the literature<sup>1,2</sup>. However, several peculiarities are worth mentioning. Publications on comparative analyses between biventricular and bifocalpacing are scarce or absent in the review we performed, and the same occurs with the assessment of patients without the usual exclusion criteria of most of the major studies, which eventually do not reflect the clinical practice of cardiologists. </p>
      <p>The first major clinical studies with multisite pacing were conducted in Europe and in the United States between 1995 and 1998; epicardial leads were initially used, with several limitations of these procedures performed via thoracotomy due to the high surgical morbidity<sup>1,2,3</sup>. These studies were followed by those of Cazeau et al in France<sup>12</sup>, now using the endocardial approach, although still with many limitations because of the inappropriate material used at that time. </p>
      <p>The three clinical trials (MIRACLE, MIRACLE ICD, and CONTAK CD) that led to the approval of biventricular pacemakers and of biventricular pacemakers coupled with defibrillators in the United States were randomized, controlled, double-blind studies in which the pacemaker was non-functioning for months to assess the placebo effect of this therapy. The objectives were the assessment of clinical and echocardiographic improvement of these patients<sup>5,13,14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The main objective of the new generation of studies started in 2000 was to assess the effect of this therapy on mortality, like in the 2003 meta-analysis<sup>15 </sup>and in the COMPANION study<sup>8 </sup>that showed reductions in mortality and in hospital admissions for CHF. In this latter study mentioned, mortality reduction occurred in the group of defibrillators associated with resynchronizers. Other large meta-analyses corroborated these findings of reduction in morbidity and mortality, and in mortality alone<sup>16,17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Some studies have demonstrated that a longer QRS duration is a good predictor of response to resynchronization, like in the subgroups of the CONTAK CD and MIRACLE studies<sup>18</sup>. However, several other studies have not corroborated this finding<sup>19</sup>, and dyssynchrony started to be better assessed using echocardiographic techniques or nuclear medicine. In the present study, responder as well as non-responder patients had significant QRS narrowing. Only one patient presented with post-surgical QRS widening and progressed without improvement. Two other patients did not present QRS narrowing, but both had clinical and echocardiographic improvements, albeit mild. </p>
      <p>Ventricular remodeling may occur even early in resynchronized patients (3 months after implantation)<sup>20</sup>, and is fundamental as a predictor of sustained clinical improvement<sup>21 </sup>. Several clinical variables at tempted to identify subgroups with possible favorable responses to resynchronization, however the findings were not uniform<sup>22,23</sup>. Patients with are strictive pattern may not achieve favorable results with resynchronization<sup>24</sup>, unlike observed in our case series, in which many of these patients also obtained benefits. </p>
      <p>Favorable results in resynchronization were observed with both techniques used, and biventricular pacing was verified to promote much more significant statistical results than bifocal pacing. The latter demonstrated only a trend of improvement of functional class, and did not provide a reduction in the number of hospital admissions. The assessment of both ejection fraction and left ventricular dimensions showed significant statistical results. We also observed a greater number ofclinical (19.5%BF <italic>vs </italic>9.5%BV) and echo cardiographic (33% BF <italic>vs </italic>19% BV) non-responders in the bifocal (BF) group in relation to the biventricular (BV) group. </p>
      <p>In the direct comparative analysis between the two groups, the BV group had more QRS narrowing (p = 0.016), and a lower number of hospital admissions than the BF group (p = 0.127). Based on these results, bifocal pacing is a good option for patients in whom the usual resynchronization viacoronary sinus (BV) is not achieved. Some studies corroborate the results presented<sup>9,10</sup>. Right ventricular (RV) lead implantation in the RV outflow tract was performed in three patients of the BV group, aiming at optimizing the ventricular resynchronization, a technique that is supported by some authors<sup>25</sup>. </p>
      <p>The etiology of the cardiomyopathies may have contributed to the better results in these groups analyzed, considering that some studies have demonstrated that patients with cardiomyopathy of ischemic etiology have a poorer response to resynchronization therapy. This would be due to the large areas of necrosis developed after previous myocardial infarctions<sup>26,27</sup>. </p>
      <p>The comparative analysis of the groups in relation to mortality could not demonstrate criteria of statistical significance (p = 0.129) due to the study design and number of patients. However, the descriptive analysis showed that six patients (40%) in the bifocal (BF) group died in the mean follow-up of 18.5 months, whereas three patients (15%) in the BV group died in the mean follow-up of 10.1 months. Death causes in the BF group were: three from sudden death, two from CHF, and one from stroke. In the BV group, one death resulted from CHF, one from sudden death, and one from respiratory infection and renal failure not related to the procedure. Historically, in the selected and well-followed-up patients of the large trials, the overall mortality is higher than 30% in two years<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>The significant decrease in the number of hospital admissions of the BV group patients may reduce the effects of the initial costs with pacemaker implantation to a great extent, considering that in the cost-effectiveness analysis, the heavy cost burden results from hospitalizations. This analysis derives from cost-effectiveness studies involving resynchronizers<sup>28,29</sup>. </p>
      <p>The option of upgrading patients who already have pacemakers to biventricular models was chosen in 19% of the BV group patients, and in 13.3% of the BF group patients, with improvement in these subgroups also; however, this statistical analysis was not performed because of the small number of patients. These findings are consistent with those of some series found in the world literature<sup>30</sup>. </p>
      <p>Complete normalization of the echocardiographic parameters was obtained in two patients of the biventricular group at two years of follow-up. With less than one year of follow-up, a significant improvement of the ejection fraction and reduction of the LV dimensions were already observed in these patients. No other possible causes were found that could be responsible for such an improvement of these patients, but the resynchronization performed. In the BF group, this was not observed in any of the patients. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac resynchronization therapy proved to be an efficient therapy combined with the treatment with usual drugs in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction, conduction disturbances, and FC III or ambulatory class IV chronic heart failure. This therapy leads to QRS narrowing, improvement of the functional class and of the systolic and diastolic left ventricular function, reverse remodeling, with significant reductions in the LV dimensions and reduction in the number of hospital admissions. These results are consistent with those demonstrated by the large studies on resynchronization. The treatment failure rate was lower than that described in the literature, perhaps because of the patient selection and type of analysis performed. The results were obtained within a population without the usual exclusion criteria of the large studies. </p>
      <p>The favorable results of resynchronization were obtained with both techniques tested, whether bifocal pacing or the conventional biventricular pacing, with no significant statistical differences in the crossed comparative analysis of the two groups, except for more QRS narrowing in the biventricular group,and a trend to alower number of hospital admissions in the biventricular group. Mortality was higher in the bifocal group (40%) in a longer follow-up period of this group, versus 15% in the biventricular group, however with no statistical difference. </p>
      <p>When the groups were analyzed separately and compared before and after the procedures, we observed that the improvement in the mean parameters of the variables analyzed was quite more significant in the biventricular group, as were the more statistically relevant rates. No reduction in the number of hospital admissions was observed in the bifocal group, but only a trend of improvement of the functional class. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="corr1-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Eduardo Arrais Rocha </p>
          <p> Av. Padre Ant&#244;nio Tom&#225;s, 3535/1301</p>
          <p> 60190-020 - Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="eduardoa@cardiol.br">eduardoa@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received July 18, 2006; revised received November 22, 2006; accepted May 2, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
