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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PZtD8PH79ytSgxQLFrQDXdS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000600003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800603</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000600003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea sobre as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de atenolol</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;tima da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Moraes dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonaf&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Wanderley Wesley</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chignalia</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia Zago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmona</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Jos&#233; Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suyama</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Junqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malbouisson</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Marcelo S&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Auler Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Otavio Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Regina Cavani Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>637</fpage>
      <lpage>642</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Os betabloqueadores s&#227;o usados no tratamento da angina pectoris e outras doen&#231;as coronarianas isqu&#234;micas, reduzindo mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares. O atenolol &#233; um betabloqueador hidrof&#237;lico, de absor&#231;&#227;o gastrointestinal, extens&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o pequena e elimina&#231;&#227;o fun&#231;&#227;o renal-dependente. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo &#233; o de determinar a variabilidade inter-individual do atenolol em pacientes coronarianos. M&#201;TODOS: Quantificou-se o atenolol plasm&#225;tico em 6 amostras sang&#252;&#237;neas coletadas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de sete indiv&#237;duos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana e indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, tratados cronicamente com atenolol, com doses di&#225;rias variando entre 25 a 100 mg PO. Todos os pacientes apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o renal dentro da normalidade ou levemente reduzida. RESULTADOS: As concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas obtidas evidenciaram decaimento monoexponencial, confirmando que o atenolol apresenta farmacocin&#233;tica de primeira ordem nas doses empregadas para o controle da insufici&#234;ncia coronariana grave (m&#233;dias &#177; DP): 123 &#177; 56, 329 &#177; 96, 288 &#177; 898, 258 &#177; 85, 228 &#177; 79 e 182 &#177; 73 ng/mL, nos tempos zero, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 12 horas ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o da dose. Registrou-se pequena variabilidade inter-pacientes nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de atenolol no grupo investigado tratado em regime de doses m&#250;ltiplas, devido &#224; caracter&#237;stica hidrof&#237;lica do f&#225;rmaco. Registrou-se ainda, maior persist&#234;ncia do atenolol nos pacientes coronarianos investigados, comparado a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. CONCLUS&#195;O: Em virtude da sua cardioseletividade e baixa variabilidade, sugere-se que o atenolol deve ser empregado como f&#225;rmaco de primeira escolha para o tratamento da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Atenolol</kwd>
        <kwd>variabilidade inter-pacientes</kwd>
        <kwd>concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Influ&#234;ncia da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea sobre as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de atenolol </p>
    <p>
      <bold>F&#225;tima da Silva Leite; Luciana Moraes dos Santos; Wanderley Wesley Bonaf&#233;; Andr&#233;ia Zago Chignalia; Maria Jos&#233; Carvalho Carmona; Mariana Junqueira Suyama; Luiz Marcelo S&#225; Malbouisson; Jos&#233; Otavio Costa Auler Jr; Silvia Regina Cavani Jorge Santos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corr1">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold> FUNDAMENTO: </bold>Os betabloqueadores s&#227;o usados no tratamento da angina <italic>pectoris </italic>e outras doen&#231;as coronarianas isqu&#234;micas, reduzindo mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares. O atenolol &#233; um betabloqueador hidrof&#237;lico, de absor&#231;&#227;o gastrointestinal, extens&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o pequena e elimina&#231;&#227;o fun&#231;&#227;o renal-dependente. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo deste estudo &#233; o de determinar a variabilidade inter-individual do atenolol em pacientes coronarianos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Quantificou-se o atenolol plasm&#225;tico em 6 amostras sang&#252;&#237;neas coletadas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de sete indiv&#237;duos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana e indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, tratados cronicamente com atenolol, com doses di&#225;rias variando entre 25 a 100 mg PO. Todos os pacientes apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o renal dentro da normalidade ou levemente reduzida. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> As concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas obtidas evidenciaram decaimento monoexponencial, confirmando que o atenolol apresenta farmacocin&#233;tica de primeira ordem nas doses empregadas para o controle da insufici&#234;ncia coronariana grave (m&#233;dias &#177; DP): 123 &#177; 56, 329 &#177; 96, 288 &#177; 898, 258 &#177; 85, 228 &#177; 79 e 182 &#177; 73 ng/mL, nos tempos zero, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 12 horas ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o da dose. Registrou-se pequena variabilidade inter-pacientes nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de atenolol no grupo investigado tratado em regime de doses m&#250;ltiplas, devido &#224; caracter&#237;stica hidrof&#237;lica do f&#225;rmaco. Registrou-se ainda, maior persist&#234;ncia do atenolol nos pacientes coronarianos investigados, comparado a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Em virtude da sua cardioseletividade e baixa variabilidade, sugere-se que o atenolol deve ser empregado como f&#225;rmaco de primeira escolha para o tratamento da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Atenolol, variabilidade inter-pacientes, concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica, insufici&#234;ncia coronariana. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), usada na maioria das cirurgias card&#237;acas com cardioplegia, pode causar mudan&#231;as importantes nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas e na cin&#233;tica de muitos f&#225;rmacos, al&#233;m de alterar seus efeitos terap&#234;uticos. Durante esse procedimento, muitas altera&#231;&#245;es ocorrem na fisiologia normal do paciente, como o uso de hipotermia, fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo n&#227;o puls&#225;til, hemodilui&#231;&#227;o e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas relevantes em resposta a essas importantes modifica&#231;&#245;es causadas pela redistribui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo central, altera&#231;&#245;es dos eletr&#243;litos e l&#237;quidos corporais e libera&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias end&#243;genas em raz&#227;o do estresse cir&#250;rgico<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas individuais de cada f&#225;rmaco s&#227;o fundamentais para a determina&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica final. Os f&#225;rmacos lipof&#237;licos com grande volume de distribui&#231;&#227;o podem ser rapidamente seq&#252;estrados pelo equipamento de CEC, e levar &#224; queda abrupta nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas no in&#237;cio da CEC, com revers&#227;o do quadro quando o f&#225;rmaco retorna ao plasma<sup>3</sup>. No caso do propranolol, um betabloqueador lipof&#237;lico, h&#225; relatos do prolongamento de sua meia-vida biol&#243;gica em 2,5 vezes e um aumento de duas vezes no seu volume de distribui&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m da manuten&#231;&#227;o de altos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos imediatamente ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com CEC e hipotermia. Assim, a dose de propranolol administrada durante o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio deve ser reduzida quando comparada &#224; dose pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, devido ao risco de depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica causada pelo efeito do procedimento cir&#250;rgico com CEC nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas e na farmacocin&#233;tica<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, o atenolol &#233; um betabloqueador hidrossol&#250;vel e seletivo, usado no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para o controle da angina pectoris, diminui&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio<sup>5 </sup>e redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e dos eventos cardiovasculares ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico<sup>6-8</sup>. Quanto &#224;s propriedades farmacocin&#233;ticas, o atenolol &#233; absorvido de forma incompleta pelo trato gastrintestinal (aproximadamente 50%), possui um volume de distribui&#231;&#227;o relativamente pequeno e excre&#231;&#227;o dependente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal<sup>5,9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Considerando que n&#227;o existem investiga&#231;&#245;es na literatura a respeito dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos desse betabloqueador hidrof&#237;lico sob influ&#234;ncia de procedimento cir&#250;rgico com CEC, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da CEC nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de atenolol para determinar se essa droga pode ser re-introduzida de maneira segura ap&#243;s a cirurgia card&#237;aca, com ou sem a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Protocolo cl&#237;nico</italic> - O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica das institui&#231;&#245;es participantes. Todos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido ap&#243;s receberem informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre os procedimentos a serem realizados. </p>
    <p>Foram investigados dezenove pacientes adultos, de ambos os sexos, com insufici&#234;ncia coronariana, cronicamente tratados com 25 a 100 mg de atenolol/dia, por via oral, e com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foram divididos em dois grupos denominados grupos CEC e SEM CEC, de acordo com a indica&#231;&#227;o do cirurgi&#227;o ou n&#227;o para o uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. O grupo CEC foi composto por 11 pacientes adultos submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdico com CEC, enquanto o grupo de pacientes sem a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi composto por 8 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca sem CEC. </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas do grupo que usou a CEC, expressas em valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos, s&#227;o as seguintes: 45-74 anos (idade), 62-118 kg (peso corporal), 155-177 cm (altura), 1,68-2,36 m<sup>2 </sup>(ASC), 22,23-40,83 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>(IMC). As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no grupo sem CEC est&#227;o resumidas abaixo: 54-69 anos (idade), 50-84 kg (peso corporal), 147-175 cm (altura), 1,49-1,98 m<sup>2 </sup>(ASC), 19,78-30,12 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (IMC). </p>
    <p>Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos em ambos os grupos apresentaram fun&#231;&#227;o renal dentro dos limites da normalidade ou insufici&#234;ncia renal leve como resultado da doen&#231;a de base e da idade (pacientes <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos de idade). Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos tamb&#233;m apresentaram fun&#231;&#245;es end&#243;crina e hep&#225;tica normais. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os pacientes com mais de 80 anos de idade, com creatinina s&#233;rica acima de 1,4 mg/dl, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda inferior a 35%, com sorologia positiva para hepatite, pacientes nefrectomizados e os pacientes com qualquer contra-indica&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento com betabloqueador. </p>
    <p>No dia anterior &#224; cirurgia, os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo foram submetidos aos exames f&#237;sico e laboratoriais pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios de rotina e o risco cir&#250;rgico tamb&#233;m foi avaliado. Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, a &#250;ltima dose de atenolol foi administrada no dia anterior ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Foram colhidas duas amostras de sangue (5 ml cada) dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos nos dois grupos de estudo, por meio de um cateter arterial, na admiss&#227;o ao centro cir&#250;rgico e ao final da interven&#231;&#227;o. Duas amostras de sangue adicionais foram coletadas no in&#237;cio e ao final do procedimento nos pacientes submetidos &#224; CEC. </p>
    <p>Durante o procedimento cir&#250;rgico foram monitorados hemat&#243;crito, temperatura e diurese. No dia ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico os pacientes foram submetidos aos exames f&#237;sico e laboratoriais de rotina, com avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. </p>
    <p><italic>M&#233;todo anal&#237;tico </italic>- O atenolol foi quantificado nas amostras coletadas por meio de um microm&#233;to do utilizando apenas 200 &#181;l de plasma. As amostras foram purificadas por precipita&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas com acetonitrila, seguida por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 6000g. O extrato org&#226;nico foi concentrado em fluxo de nitrog&#234;nio, o res&#237;duo dissolvido com 200 mcl, e as amostras de atenolol foram determinadas atrav&#233;s de cromatografia l&#237;quida de alta efici&#234;ncia com detec&#231;&#227;o de fluoresc&#234;ncia usando uma coluna anal&#237;tica C18 e uma fase m&#243;vel bin&#225;ria com baixo fluxo. A valida&#231;&#227;o deste m&#233;todo anal&#237;tico revelou uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o linear (8 a 2000 ng/ml), alta sensibilidade (limite de quantifica&#231;&#227;o: 8 ng/ml e limite de detec&#231;&#227;o: 4 ng/ml), exatid&#227;o de 99,3%, e precis&#227;o intra-e inter-dia iguais a 5,3 e 6,9%, respectivamente. A recupera&#231;&#227;o absoluta foi igual a 93,7% e o m&#233;todo foi considerado robusto e com estabilidade aceit&#225;vel<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - As concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de atenolol obtidas durante o per&#237;odo intra-operat&#243;rio foram comparadas entre os grupos CEC e sem CEC por meio do teste de Mann-Whitney. J&#225; a compara&#231;&#227;o entre as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas no in&#237;cio e final da cirurgia foram analisadas em cada grupo por meio do teste de Wilcoxon pareado n&#227;o param&#233;trico. Finalmente, um teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico para as medidas repetidas (teste de Friedman) foi usado para analisar os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos medidos em diferentes tempos de amostragem no grupo que utilizou a CEC. </p>
    <p>Toda as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas como <italic>software </italic>GraphPad Instat<sup>TM </sup>(GraphPad Software Incorporated, San Diego, USA). Os resultados s&#227;o relatados como mediana e limite superior e inferior do intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos nos dois grupos est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a03tab01">tabela 1</xref>. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a03tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0637-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos estavam em tratamento antes da cirurgia com o betabloqueador hidrof&#237;lico atenolol em regime de doses m&#250;ltiplas para o controle da insufici&#234;ncia coronariana. Os esquemas de doses usados nos dois grupos de estudo foram baseados na resposta cl&#237;nica de cada paciente, sendo cada indiv&#237;duo tratado com a menor dose do f&#225;rmaco capaz de reduzir a freq&#252;&#234;ncia e gravidade dos ataques isqu&#234;micos. Al&#233;m disso, o atenolol foi suspenso no dia anterior &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio para evitar a depress&#227;o card&#237;aca. Portanto, o intervalo de tempo entre a administra&#231;&#227;o da &#250;ltima dose antes da cirurgia card&#237;aca e o in&#237;cio do procedimento cir&#250;rgico tamb&#233;m foi diferente entre cada indiv&#237;duo investigado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. 2</xref>). Entretanto, a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica (teste de Mann-Whitney) mostrou que os dois grupos eram compar&#225;veis em termos da dose pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de atenolol (p = 0,4421) e o tempo entre a &#250;ltima dose e o in&#237;cio da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,7780). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0637-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, foi verificado que ambos os grupos eram compar&#225;veis quanto &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o renal pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria dos pacientes investigados uma vez que n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os dois grupos (depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina: p = 0,3511). Adicionalmente, a fun&#231;&#227;o renal dos pacientes permaneceu estatisticamente inalterada ao serem comparados os per&#237;odos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em ambos os grupos do estudo (p &gt; 0,05). </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a03fig01">Figura 1</xref> compara as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de atenolol, expressas em medianas, medidas durante a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em ambos os grupos estudados (CEC e SEM CEC). Esta figura tamb&#233;m mostra as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de atenolol normalizadas para a dose pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria administrada. Uma redu&#231;&#227;o mais acentuada das concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de atenolol foi observada em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca sem CEC em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo CEC. Al&#233;m disso, foi verificado que os dados obtidos para as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de atenolol normalizadas para a dose pr&#233; operat&#243;ria foram semelhantes &#224;s concentra&#231;&#245;es obtidas. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a03fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0637-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, os resultados descritivos das concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas obtidas em ambos os grupos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a03tab03">tabela 3</xref>. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica das concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de atenolol confirma que ambos os grupos s&#227;o compar&#225;veis no in&#237;cio da cirurgia card&#237;aca (p=0,2375), uma vez que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre as concentra&#231;&#245;es obtidas. Entretanto, ambos os grupos apresentaram comportamentos distintos durante o per&#237;odo intra-operat&#243;rio, pois, ao final do procedimento cir&#250;rgico, as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de atenolol foram estatisticamente significantes (p=0,0068). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a03tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0637-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Ademais, os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia com circula&#231;&#227;o extra corp&#243;rea apresentam uma diminui&#231;&#227;o menos pronunciada e n&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de atenolol (p=0,2754) quando comparados ao grupo sem CEC (p=0,0156) em raz&#227;o dos efeitos da CEC nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas do f&#225;rmaco. </p>
    <p>Finalmente, como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a03tab04">tabela 4</xref>, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica (teste de Friedman) para as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de atenolol obtidas no grupo CEC por compara&#231;&#227;o nos diferentes tempos de amostragem (in&#237;cio da cirurgia, in&#237;cio da CEC, final da CEC e final da cirurgia). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a03tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0637-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nesse estudo, os autores investigaram os efeitos da CEC nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas intra-operat&#243;rias de atenolol durante a cirurgia card&#237;aca devido &#224; falta de estudos na literatura sobre essas poss&#237;veis mudan&#231;as. Assim, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos desse betabloqueador foram monitorados durante a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o com e sem uso da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (grupos CEC e sem CEC, respectivamente). </p>
    <p>Em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca com CEC os n&#237;veis circulantes de atenolol apresentavam uma tend&#234;ncia a diminuir (de maneira n&#227;o significativa) no in&#237;cio da CEC como resultado da hemodilui&#231;&#227;o, que ocorre quando o sangue do paciente &#233; misturado abruptamente com o perfusato durante a instala&#231;&#227;o da CEC. Esta diminui&#231;&#227;o foi seguida por um discreto aumento nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de atenolol ao final da CEC (p &gt; 0,05, NS), que pode ser explicado pela redistribui&#231;&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco dos tecidos para o compartimento central que ocorre para minimizar os efeitos causados pela hemodilui&#231;&#227;o. Foi observada uma diminui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de atenolol durante o per&#237;odo entre o final da CEC at&#233; o final da cirurgia em raz&#227;o da cont&#237;nua depura&#231;&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco pelo organismo por meio de excre&#231;&#227;o renal. </p>
    <p>Quando ambos os grupos foram comparados, a redu&#231;&#227;o nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de atenolol foi n&#227;o significativa apenas no grupo que utilizou a CEC. Este achado pode ser explicado pela redu&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica durantea CEC, com conseq&#252;ente redu&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o renal e pela redu&#231;&#227;o da depura&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica do f&#225;rmaco. </p>
    <p>Outro fator importante durante a CEC &#233; o isolamento dos pulm&#245;es da circula&#231;&#227;o em raz&#227;o da interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo arterial pulmonar. Dessa maneira, o pulm&#227;o pode funcionar como um reservat&#243;rio para f&#225;rmacos lipof&#237;licos b&#225;sicos, como o propranolol e lidoca&#237;na, que n&#227;o podem ser eliminados ou distribu&#237;dos rapidamente em raz&#227;o da alta liga&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;ica. Contudo, h&#225; relatos de que ocorre um aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica desses f&#225;rmacos ao final da CEC devido ao restabelecimento da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar<sup>2</sup>. Assim, as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas mais elevadas observadas ao final da cirurgia no grupo com utiliza&#231;&#227;o da CEC tamb&#233;m podem ser explicadas por um poss&#237;vel retorno do atenolol depositado nos pulm&#245;es para a circula&#231;&#227;o ao final da CEC. Entretanto, no caso do atenolol, acredita-se que esse efeito n&#227;o seja muito significativo, pois a liga&#231;&#227;o desta mol&#233;cula hidrof&#237;lica &#224;s prote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas &#233; baixa e o seu volume de distribui&#231;&#227;o &#233; relativamente pequeno. </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, quando os grupos com CEC e sem CEC foram comparados em termos das concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de atenolol no in&#237;cio e no final da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, a diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada apenas entre os n&#237;veis obtidos ao final da cirurgia. Este fato nos leva a concluir que os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de atenolol foram compar&#225;veis nos dois grupos no in&#237;cio da cirurgia card&#237;aca, mas apresentaram uma diferen&#231;a significativa ao final da cirurgia para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em raz&#227;o dos efeitos da CEC nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas do f&#225;rmaco, o que sugere que a CEC altera os n&#237;veis circulantes de atenolol durante o procedimento cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p>Quanto ao betabloqueador lipof&#237;lico propranolol, McAllister e cols.<sup>11 </sup>observaram a redu&#231;&#227;o de 50% nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de propranolol no in&#237;cio da CEC. Ap&#243;s a instala&#231;&#227;o da CEC, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos desse f&#225;rmaco permaneceram inalterados ou apresentaram um discreto aumento durante o procedimento de CEC. Ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da CEC e reaquecimento do paciente, as concentra&#231;&#245;es de propranolol aumentaram e alcan&#231;aram valores semelhantes &#224;queles observados no in&#237;cio da cirurgia. De acordo com esses autores, as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de propranolol continuaram sendo mais elevadas que aquelas observadas ao final da CEC at&#233; 4 horas ap&#243;s a CEC. Os autores tamb&#233;m sugeriram que a hipotermia aplicada durante a CEC altera a distribui&#231;&#227;o e a depura&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica do propranolol respons&#225;vel pelo aumento acentuado nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas do f&#225;rmaco, sendo contrabalan&#231;ado pelo efeito da hemodilui&#231;&#227;o<sup>4,11</sup>. Neste sentido, a literatura relata que a dose de propranolol necess&#225;ria para alcan&#231;ar o beta-bloqueio durante o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio deveria ser menor que a dose administrada antes da cirurgia<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que o comportamento do atenolol difere daquele do betabloqueador lipof&#237;lico propranolol, uma vez que n&#227;o se observa ac&#250;mulo significativo do f&#225;rmaco ao final da cirurgia card&#237;aca em raz&#227;o de sua caracter&#237;stica hidrof&#237;lica, baixa liga&#231;&#227;o &#224;s prote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas e o relativamente pequeno volume de distribui&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, o atenolol deve ser adotado como o f&#225;rmaco de primeira escolha antes e depois da cirurgia para a preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares resultantes dos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos realizados com CEC. Al&#233;m disso, apesar da elimina&#231;&#227;o do atenolol dependente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, os resultados atuais sugerem que este betabloqueador hidrof&#237;lico tamb&#233;m pode ser usado de maneira segura em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o renal apenas discretamente reduzida em raz&#227;o da idade e insufici&#234;ncia coronariana ou mesmo como resultado da cirurgia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com base nos resultados desse estudo, &#233; poss&#237;vel sugerir que a cirurgia card&#237;aca com CEC causa mudan&#231;as nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas do atenolol sem relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. Assim, apesar da menor redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de atenolol observada em pacientes submetidos &#224; CEC, este betabloqueador hidrof&#237;lico pode ser usado de maneira segura em ambos os grupos, uma vez que o procedimento cir&#250;rgico, incluindo a CEC, n&#227;o causa o ac&#250;mulo clinicamente relevante do f&#225;rmaco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A duas institui&#231;&#245;es brasileiras de pesquisa (CNPq e FAPESP) pela ajuda financeira. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="corr1" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Silvia Regina Cavani Jorge Santos </p>
        <p> Rua Perucaia, 63 </p>
        <p> 05578-070 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pharther@usp.br">pharther@usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 16/11/06; revisado recebido em 05/02/07; aceito em 05/02/07. </p>
  </body>
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          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McAllister</surname>
              <given-names>RG Jr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bourne</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erickson</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wachtel</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Todd</surname>
              <given-names>EP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on the plasma concentrations of atenolol</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Betablockers are used in the treatment of angina pectoris and others ischemic coronary diseases, reducing mortality and cardiovascular events. Atenolol is a hydrophilic betablocker which is characterized by gastrointestinal absorption, small extent of distribution and renal function-dependent elimination. OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to determine the inter-individual variability of atenolol in coronary patients. METHODS: Plasma atenolol was quantified in six blood samples collected during the preoperative period from seven patients with coronary insufficiency and surgical indication, chronically treated with atenolol PO 25 to 100 mg/day. All patients presented a normal or slightly reduced renal function. RESULTS: All enrolled patients presented normal or slightly reduced renal function as a result of age and underlying disease. Atenolol plasma concentrations showed a monoexponential decline, confirming the first-order pharmacokinetics at the doses employed for the control of coronary insufficiency (mean &#177; SD): 123 &#177; 56, 329 &#177; 96, 288 &#177; 898, 258 &#177; 85, 228 &#177; 79 and 182 &#177; 73 ng/ml at times zero, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12h after dose administration. The investigated group showed a small inter-patient variability of atenolol administrated at multiple regimens due to the hydrophilic characteristic of the drug. Furthermore, accumulation of atenolol administered chronically was greater in coronary patients, compared to healthy subjects. CONCLUSION: In view of its cardio-selectivity and low-variability, atenolol should be used as the first-choice drug for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome and other cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atenolol</kwd>
        <kwd>inter-patient variability</kwd>
        <kwd>plasma concentration</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary insufficiency</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on the plasma concentrations of atenolol</p>
      <p>
        <bold>F&#225;tima da Silva Leite; Luciana Moraes dos Santos; Wanderley Wesley Bonaf&#233;; Andr&#233;ia Zago Chignalia; Maria Jos&#233; Carvalho Carmona; Mariana Junqueira Suyama; Luiz Marcelo S&#225; Malbouisson; Jos&#233; Otavio Costa Auler Jr.; Silvia Regina Cavani Jorge Santos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP -Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corr1-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Betablockers are used in the treatment of angina pectoris and others ischemic coronary diseases, reducing mortality and cardiovascular events. Atenolol is a hydrophilic betablocker which is characterized by gastrointestinal absorption, small extent of distribution and renal function-dependent elimination. </p>
      <p> OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to determine the inter-individual variability of atenolol in coronary patients.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Plasma atenolol was quantified in six blood samples collected during the preoperative period from seven patients with coronary insufficiency and surgical indication, chronically treated with atenolol PO 25 to 100 mg/day. All patients presented a normal or slightly reduced renal function. </p>
      <p> RESULTS: All enrolled patients presented normal or slightly reduced renal function as a result of age and underlying disease. Atenolol plasma concentrations showed a monoexponential decline, confirming the first-order pharmacokinetics at the doses employed for the control of coronary insufficiency (mean &#177; SD): 123 &#177; 56, 329 &#177; 96, 288 &#177; 898, 258 &#177; 85, 228 &#177; 79 and 182 &#177; 73 ng/ml at times zero, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12h after dose administration. The investigated group showed a small inter-patient variability of atenolol administrated at multiple regimens due to the hydrophilic characteristic of the drug. Furthermore, accumulation of atenolol administered chronically was greater in coronary patients, compared to healthy subjects. </p>
      <p> CONCLUSION: In view of its cardio-selectivity and low-variability, atenolol should be used as the first-choice drug for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome and other cardiovascular diseases. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Atenolol, inter-patient variability, plasma concentration, coronary insufficiency. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), used in most cardiac surgeries with cardioplegia, may cause important changes in the plasma concentrations and kinetics of many drugs and it could alter their therapeutic effects. During this procedure, many changes are introduced in the normal physiology of the patient, such as the institution of hypothermia, nonpulsatile blood flow, hemodilution and anticoagulation. Therefore, relevant hemodynamic changes occur in response to these important modifications caused by the redistribution of central blood flow, alterations in electrolytes and body fluids, and the release of endogenous substances due to surgical stress<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The individual characteristics of each drug are fundamental for the determination of the resulting plasma concentration. Lipophilic drugs with a large volume of distribution may be readily sequestered by the CPB equipment, with the abrupt fall in plasma concentrations at the beginning of CPB being reversed by return of the drug to the plasma<sup>3</sup>. In the case of the lipophilic betablocker propranolol, a 2.5 times prolongation of its biological half-life and a two-fold increase in its volume of distribution have been reported, in addition to the maintenance of high plasma concentrations immediately after myocardial revascularization with CPB and hypothermia. Thus, the propranolol dose administered during the postoperative period should be reduced when compared to the preoperative dose due to the risk of myocardial depression caused by the effect of the surgical procedure with CPB on the plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, atenolol is a water-soluble and selective betablocker used pre-operatively for the control of angina pectoris, reducing the oxygen consumption<sup>5</sup>, and to reduce the mortality and cardiovascular events after the surgical procedure<sup>6-8</sup>. With respect to its pharmacokinetic properties, atenolol is incompletely absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract (approximately 50%), has a relative small volume of distribution and renal function-dependent excretion<sup>5,9</sup>. </p>
      <p>Considering that there are no investigations available in the literature regarding the plasma levels of this hydrophilic betablocker under the influence of surgical procedure including CPB, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of CPB on atenolol plasma concentrations, in order to determine if this drug could be safely reintroduced after the cardiac surgery, with or without the cardiopulmonary bypass. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Clinical protocol</italic> - The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committees of the participatingins titutions. All patients included in the study signed the informed consent form after they had received detailed information about the procedures to be performed. </p>
      <p>Nineteen adult patients of both sexes with coronary insufficiency, chronically treated with 25 to 100 mg of atenolol PO daily, and with surgical indication for myocardial revascularization, were investigated. </p>
      <p>The patients, submitted to a coronary artery bypass graft surgery, were divided into two groups, denominated on-pump and off-pump groups, according to the surge on indicationor not for cardiopulmonary by pass use. The on-pump group consisted of 11 patients adults undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery with CPB, while the off-pump group consisted of 8 patients submitted to cardiac surgery without CPB. </p>
      <p>Demographic characteristics of on-pump group, expressed as minimum and maximum values, are the following: 45-74 yrs (age), 62-118 kg (BW), 155-177 cm (height), 1.68-2.36 m<sup>2 </sup>(BSA), 22.23-40.83 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>(BMI). Demographic characteristics of patients enrolled in the off-pump group are summarized below: 54-69 yrs (age), 50-84 kg (BW), 147-175 cm (height), 1.49-1.98 m<sup>2</sup> (BSA), 19.78-30.12 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (BMI). </p>
      <p>The patients included in both groups presented renal function within normal limits or mild renal failure as a result of underlying disease and age (patients <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years). Enrolled patients also presented normal hepatic and endocrine functions. Excluded from the study were patients older than 80 years, patient with serum creatinine above 1.4 mg/dl, patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction less than 35%, patients with positive serology for hepatitis, nephrectomized patients, and patients with any contraindication for betablocker therapy. </p>
      <p>On the day before surgery, the patients included in the study were submitted to routine preoperative physical and laboratory exams, and the surgical risk was also evaluated. After the initial assessment, the last dose of atenolol was administered on the day before the surgical procedure. Two blood samples (5 ml each) were collected through an arterial catheter on admission to the operating room and at the end of the intervention, from patients enrolled into both groups. For patients submitted to CPB, two additional blood samples were also collected at the beginning and at the end of the procedure. </p>
      <p>During the surgical procedure, hematocrit, temperature and diuresis were also monitored. On the day after the surgical procedure, the patients were submitted to routine physical and laboratory exams, including the evaluation of renal function. </p>
      <p><italic>Analytical method</italic> -Atenolol was quantified in the collected samples by a micromethod using only 200 &#181;L plasma. The samples were purified by plasma protein precipitation with acetonitrile followed by centrifugation at 6000 g; the organic extract was concentrated in a stream of nitrogen; residue was dissolved with 200mcL, transferred to inserts of vials and atenolol samples were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection using a C18 analytical column and a binary mobile phase at a low flow rate. Validation of this analytical method showed a good linear correlation (8 to 2000 ng/ml), high sensitivity (quantification limit: 8 ng/ml and detection limit: 4 ng/ml), accuracy of 99.3%, and intra and inter-day precision of 5.3 and 6.9%, respectively. Absolute recovery was 93.7% and the method was also found to be robust and with acceptable stability<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Plasma atenolol concentrations obtained during the intra-operative period were compared between the on-pump and off-pump groups by the Mann-Whitney test. On the other hand, plasma concentration sat the beginning <italic>versus </italic>at the end of surgery were analyzed in each group by the paired nonparametric Wilcoxon test. Finally, a non parametric test for repeated measures (Friedmantest) was used to analyze the plasma levels measured at the different sampling times in the on-pump group. </p>
      <p>All statistical analyses were performed with the GraphPad Instat<sup>TM </sup>software (Graph Pad Soft ware Incorporated, San Diego, USA).The results are reported as median and upper and lower limit of the 95% confidence interval. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The demographic data of the patients included in the two groups are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a03tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a03tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0637-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>All enrolled patients are being treated before the cardiac surgery with the hydrophilic betablocker atenolol in multiple dose regimens for the control of coronary insufficiency. The dose regimens used in both study groups were based on the clinical response of each patient, with each individual being treated with the lowest dose of the drug able to reduce the frequency and severity of ischemic attacks. In addition, the atenolol was suspended in the day before the cardiac revascularization in order to avoid cardiac depression. Therefore, the time interval between the administration of the last dose before the cardiac surgery and the beginning of the surgical procedure also differed among each investigated subject (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">table 2</xref>). However, the statistical analysis (Mann-Whitney test) showed that the two groups were comparable in terms of the preoperative atenolol dose (p=0.4421) and the time between the last dose and the beginning of revascularization surgery (p=0.7780). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0637-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In addition, it was also verified that both groups were comparable in terms of pre-operative renal function of investigated patients, since no statistical difference was observed between the two groups (creatinine clearance: p=0.3511). In addition, the renal function of the patients remained statistically unchanged when comparing the pre and postoperative periods in both groups of study (p &gt; 0.05). </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a03fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> compares plasma atenolol concentrations, expressed in medians, measured during myocardial revascularization surgery for both studied groups (on-pump and off-pump groups). This figure also shows the plasma atenolol concentrations normalized for the preoperative dose administered. A more marked decrease in plasma atenolol concentrations was observed in patients undergoing cardiac surgery without CPB compared to the on-pump group. In addition, it was verified that the data obtained for the plasma atenolol concentrations normalized for the preoperative dose were similar to the obtained concentrations. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a03fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0637-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Additionally, the descriptive results of the obtained plasma concentrations in both groups are presented in the <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a03tab03-body2">table 3</xref>. The statistical analysis of plasma atenolol concentrations confirms that both groups are comparable at the beginning of the cardiac surgery (p=0.2375), since there is no statistic difference between the obtained concentrations. However, both groups presented distinctive behaviors during the intra-operative period, since at the end of the surgical procedure the plasma atenolol concentrations were statistically significant (p=0.0068). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a03tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0637-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Moreover, the patients submitted to the surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass present a less pronounced and non-significant decay in atenolol plasma levels (p=0.2754), when compared to the off-pump group (p=0.0156) due to the effects of CPB on the plasma concentrations of the drug. </p>
      <p>Finally, as demonstrated in the <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a03tab04-body2">table 4</xref>, no statistical difference was observed (Friedman test) for the plasma atenolol concentrations obtained for the on-pump group by comparison at the different sampling times (beginning of surgery, beginning of CPB, end of CPB and end of surgery). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a03tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0637-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the present study, the authors investigated the effects of CPB on the intraoperative concentrations of plasma atenolol during cardiac surgery in view of the lack of studies in the literature regarding these possible changes. Thus, the plasma levels of this betablocker were monitored during revascularization surgery with and without CPB (on-pump and off-pump groups, respectively). </p>
      <p>In patients submitted to cardiac surgery with CPB, circulating atenolol levels tended to decrease (non-significantly) at the beginning of CPB as a result of hemodilution which occurs when the patient's blood is abruptly mixed with the perfusate during installation of CPB. This decrease was followed by a slight increase in plasma atenolol concentrations at the end of CPB (p &gt; 0.05, NS), which can be explained by redistribution of the drug from the tissues to the central compartment which occurs to minimize the effects caused by hemodilution. No significant decrease in plasma atenolol levels was observed during the period from the end of CPB to the end of surgery due to continuous clearance of the drug from the organism through renal excretion. </p>
      <p>When both groups were compared, the decay in plasma atenolol concentrations was found to be non-significant only in the on-pump group. This finding might be explained by the reduction in peripheral perfusion during CPB, with a consequent decrease in renal perfusion, and by the reduction in plasma clearance of the drug. </p>
      <p>Another important factor during CPB is the isolation of the lungs from the circulation due to the interruption of pulmonary arterial flow. In this respect, the lung may function as a reservoir for basic lipophilic drugs such as propranolol and lidocaine which cannot be rapidly eliminated or distributed due to high protein binding. However, an increase in the plasma concentrations of these drugs has been reported to occur at the end of CPB due to re-establishment of the pulmonary circulation<sup>2</sup>. Thus, the higher plasma concentrations observed at the end of surgery in the on-pump group may also be explained by a possible return of atenolol deposited in the lungs to the circulation at the end of CPB. However, in the case of atenolol this effect is believed not to bevery significant since the plasma protein binding of this hydrophilic molecule is low and its volume of distribution is relatively small. </p>
      <p>Furthermore, when the on-pump and off-pump groups were compared in terms of plasma atenolol concentrations at the beginning versus the end of the revascularization, a significant difference was only observed between levels obtained at the end of surgery. This fact led us to conclude that plasma atenolol levels were comparable in the two groups at the beginning of cardiac surgery, but showed a significant difference at the end of the myocardium surgery due to the effects of CPB on the plasma concentrations of the drug, suggesting that CPB alters circulating atenolol levels during the surgical procedure. </p>
      <p>With respect to the lipophilic betablocker propranolol, McAllister et al<sup>11 </sup>observed a 50% reduction in plasma propranolol concentrations at the beginning of CPB. After the installation of CPB, the plasma levels of this drug remained unchanged or showed a slight increase during the CPB procedure. After the end of CPB and reheating of the patient, propranolol concentrations increased, reaching values similar to those observed at the beginning of surgery. According to these authors, plasma propranolol concentrations continued to behigher thant hose observed at the end of CPB up to 4 hours after CPB. The authors also suggested that hypothermia applied during CPB alters the distribution and plasma clearance of propranolol responsible for the marked in crease in the plasma concentrations of this drug, which is counterbalanced by the effect of hemodilution<sup>4,11</sup>. In thisrespect, the literature reports that the propranolol dose necessary to achieve adequate betablockade during the postoperative period should be smaller than the dose administered before surgery<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>The present results demonstrate that the behavior of atenolol differs from the lipophilic betablocker propranolol since no significant accumulation of the drug is observedat the end of cardiac surgery due to its hydrophilic characteristic, low plasma protein binding and relatively small apparent volume of distribution. Atenolol should therefore be adopted as the first-choice drug before and after surgery for the prevention of cardiovascular events resulting from surgical procedures performed with CPB. Further more, despite the renal function-dependent elimination of atenolol, the present results suggest that this hydrophilic betablocker can also be used safely in patients with slightly reduced renal function due to age and coronary insufficiency or even as a result of surgery. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>On the basis of the present results, it is possible to suggest that the cardiac surgery with CPB causes changes in plasma atenolol concentrations without clinical relevance. Thus, despite the lower decline in plasma atenolol levels observed in patients submitted to CPB, this hydrophilic betablocker can be used safely in both groups since the surgical procedure, including CPB, does not lead to clinically relevant accumulation of the drug. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgement</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To two brazilian foundations research (CNPq and FAPESP) for the financial support. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="corr1-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Silvia Regina Cavani Jorge Santos</p>
          <p> Rua Perucaia, 63</p>
          <p> 05578-070 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="pharther@usp.br">pharther@usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received November 16, 2006; revised received February 5, 2007; accepted February 5, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
