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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hRrDrTTwZ9WXDbshyGYLJDg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000600002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000600002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Escore para rastrear idosos (&gt; 75 anos) de alto risco para doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Makdisse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Frederico</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berwanger</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moscardi</surname>
            <given-names>Alcione</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Junqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Virginia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>630</fpage>
      <lpage>636</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP) &#233; elevada entre os idosos. A maioria &#233; assintom&#225;tica e o exame f&#237;sico pouco sens&#237;vel. No Brasil, os fatores associados &#224; DAP em idosos s&#227;o pouco conhecidos. OBEJETIVOS: Identificar os fatores associados &#224; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP) em idosos (&gt; 75 anos) da comunidade e desenvolver um escore de predi&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal, aninhado em uma coorte prospectiva ("Epidoso"). Foram avaliados 176 idosos (&gt; 75 anos) da comunidade. A presen&#231;a de DAP foi definida por meio do &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial &lt;0,90. Os fatores associados &#224; DAP, na an&#225;lise univariada, foram analisados em modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla e um escore foi formulado de acordo com a probabilidade da doen&#231;a. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados significantes. RESULTADOS: A preval&#234;ncia de DAP foi de 36,4%. Os preditores de DAP foram: anormalidades dos pulsos dos tornozelos, hipertens&#227;o arterial, tabagismo e dor/desconforto na(s) perna(s) durante a caminhada. Essas vari&#225;veis obtiveram escores de 13, 9, 5 e 5, respectivamente. O ponto de corte (cutoff) para definir "alto risco de DAP" ficou acima dos 18 pontos e resultou em sensibilidade de 85,9%, especificidade de 71,4%, valor preditivo (VP) positivo de 63,2% e VP negativo de 89,9%. O poder discriminat&#243;rio e a calibra&#231;&#227;o foram excelentes (&#225;rea sob a curva ROC=85% e teste goodness-of-fit=p=0,639). CONCLUS&#195;O: Em raz&#227;o do bom desempenho, o escore proposto pode tornar-se uma ferramenta simples e &#250;til para identificar os idosos (&gt; 75 anos) da comunidade com alto risco para DAP e que mereceriam investiga&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Arteriopatias oclusivas</kwd>
        <kwd>risco</kwd>
        <kwd>idoso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Escore para rastrear idosos (<underline><bold>&gt;</bold></underline> 75 anos) de alto risco para doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcia Makdisse; Luiz Roberto Ramos; Frederico Moreira; Anderson Oliveira; Otavio Berwanger; Alcione Moscardi; Virginia Junqueira; Evandro Rodrigues; Antonio Carlos Carvalho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corr2">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP) &#233; elevada entre os idosos. A maioria &#233; assintom&#225;tica e o exame f&#237;sico pouco sens&#237;vel. No Brasil, os fatores associados &#224; DAP em idosos s&#227;o pouco conhecidos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBEJETIVOS: </bold>Identificar os fatores associados &#224; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP) em idosos (<underline>&gt;</underline> 75 anos) da comunidade e desenvolver um escore de predi&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo transversal, aninhado em uma coorte prospectiva ("Epidoso"). Foram avaliados 176 idosos (<underline>&gt;</underline> 75 anos) da comunidade. A presen&#231;a de DAP foi definida por meio do &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial <underline>&lt;</underline>0,90. Os fatores associados &#224; DAP, na an&#225;lise univariada, foram analisados em modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla e um escore foi formulado de acordo com a probabilidade da doen&#231;a. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados significantes. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia de DAP foi de 36,4%. Os preditores de DAP foram: anormalidades dos pulsos dos tornozelos, hipertens&#227;o arterial, tabagismo e dor/desconforto na(s) perna(s) durante a caminhada. Essas vari&#225;veis obtiveram escores de 13, 9, 5 e 5, respectivamente. O ponto de corte (<italic>cutoff</italic>) para definir "alto risco de DAP" ficou acima dos 18 pontos e resultou em sensibilidade de 85,9%, especificidade de 71,4%, valor preditivo (VP) positivo de 63,2% e VP negativo de 89,9%. O poder discriminat&#243;rio e a calibra&#231;&#227;o foram excelentes (&#225;rea sob a curva ROC=85% e teste <italic>goodness-of-fit</italic>=p=0,639). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Em raz&#227;o do bom desempenho, o escore proposto pode tornar-se uma ferramenta simples e &#250;til para identificar os idosos (<underline>&gt;</underline> 75 anos) da comunidade com alto risco para DAP e que mereceriam investiga&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Arteriopatias oclusivas, risco, idoso. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP) aumenta com a idade. No estudo NHANES, observou-se aumento de 14 vezes na preval&#234;ncia de DAP, quando comparados indiv&#237;duos com idade <underline>&lt;</underline> 50 anos com aqueles com 70 anos ou mais<sup>1</sup>. Entre os 3.450 homens idosos americanos de origem japonesa avaliados no <italic>Honolulu Heart Program</italic>, a presen&#231;a de DAP,definida como &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,90, funcionou como um marcador de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica generalizada<sup>2</sup>.A coexist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico com a DAP, relatada entre octogen&#225;rios, &#233; de 68% e 42%, respectivamente<sup>3</sup>. A DAP est&#225; associada &#224; maior morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular e &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o funcional dos membros inferiores, tanto na presen&#231;a de DAP sintom&#225;tica quanto na assintom&#225;tica<sup>4,5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Embora os idosos sejam um grupo de alto risco para DAP, identificar os portadores da doen&#231;a nem sempre &#233; f&#225;cil. A hist&#243;ria e o exame cl&#237;nico apresentam valor limitado. Amaioria dos pacientes, especialmente os mais idosos, n&#227;o apresenta claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, sintoma cl&#225;ssico da doen&#231;a<sup>6</sup>. Se o diagn&#243;stico de DAP fosse feito com base apenas na presen&#231;a de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente t&#237;pica, 85% a 90% dos casos seriam perdidos e, se baseado apenas no exame cl&#237;nico, metade dos casos seria perdida<sup>7,8</sup>. O ITB &#233; um exame simples e custo-efetivo para rastreamento de DAP na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, por&#233;m seu uso ainda necessita ser disseminado<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>O escore de risco de DAP, proposto neste estudo, tem por objetivo facilitar a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos da comunidade com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 75 anos com maior risco de apresentarem DAP e que deveriam ser submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada, incluindo a medida do ITB. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Desenho</italic> - Estudo transversal, aninhado em uma coorte (estudo "Epidoso" [Epidemiologia do idoso]). </p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o</italic> - Os pacientes foram recrutados a partir do estudo "Epidoso", primeiro estudo longitudinal, de base comunit&#225;ria, realizado em popula&#231;&#227;o idosa no Brasil. Ap&#243;s estudo censit&#225;rio do Distrito da Sa&#250;de, um dos 55 distritos da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, todos os residentes com <underline>&gt;</underline>65 anos foram convidados a participar. A &#225;rea utilizada para selecionar a amostra se encontra nas proximidades do Centro de Estudos do Envelhecimento da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo. A coorte original era constitu&#237;da de 1.667 indiv&#237;duos recrutados em 1991. A metodologia e os resultados preliminares do estudo "Epidoso" encontram-se publicados<sup>10,11</sup>. </p>
    <p><italic>Elegibilidade</italic> - </p>
    <p>&#149; Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: participantes do estudo "Epidoso", de ambos os sexos.</p>
    <p>&#149; Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: condi&#231;&#245;es que impedissem a medida do ITB: amputa&#231;&#227;o, ulcera&#231;&#245;es extensas, fraturas, dor em membros inferiores, altera&#231;&#245;es cognitivas graves, recusado paciente; ITB &gt; 1,40. Tais valores s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com art&#233;rias n&#227;o compress&#237;veis e n&#227;o definem o diagn&#243;stico de DAP.</p>
    <p><italic>Participantes do estudo</italic> - Os participantes do "Epidoso" que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e assinaram o termo de consentimento. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo. </p>
    <p><italic>Defini&#231;&#227;o de caso</italic> - </p>
    <p>&#149; DAP presente: ITB <underline>&lt;</underline>0,90 em um ou em ambos os membros inferiores. </p>
    <p>&#149; DAP ausente: ITB de 0,91 a 1,40, na aus&#234;ncia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de membros inferiores. </p>
    <p><italic>Defini&#231;&#227;o de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente</italic> - Sua presen&#231;a foi avaliada por meio da Vers&#227;o para L&#237;ngua Portuguesa do Question&#225;rio de Claudica&#231;&#227;o de Edimburgo<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p><italic>Defini&#231;&#227;o de dor/desconforto na(s) perna(s) durante a caminhada</italic> - Trata-se da primeira quest&#227;o do question&#225;rio de claudica&#231;&#227;o de Edimburgo analisada como vari&#225;vel independente. A resposta "sim" definiu a presen&#231;a do sintoma. </p>
    <p><italic>Defini&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades dos pulsos dos tornozelos</italic> - Os pulsos foram palpados bilateralmente nas art&#233;rias pediosas e tibiais posteriores e classificados em presentes, ausentes ou assim&#233;tricos. Os pulsos foram considerados assim&#233;tricos quando, embora presentes, houvesse diferen&#231;a na intensidade do pulso em rela&#231;&#227;o ao contralateral. </p>
    <p><italic>Coleta dos dados</italic> - Os dados cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes foram consultados no banco do "Epidoso" e inclu&#237;ram demografia, fatores de risco, co-morbidades, exames laboratoriais e de imagem. </p>
    <p><italic>Medida do ITB</italic> - O ITB foi medido, ap&#243;s cinco minutos de repouso, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, utilizando-se Doppler vascular port&#225;til (10 Mhz, Medmega, Brasil) e aparelho de press&#227;o aner&#243;ide. O tamanho do manguito foi selecionado a partir da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o direito (CB), medida no ponto m&#233;dio entre o acr&#244;mio e o ol&#233;crano. Para CB &lt;25 cm, de 25-32 cm, &gt;32-42 cm e &gt;42 cm foram utilizadas bolsas infl&#225;veis com 10 cm, 12 cm, 16 cm e 20 cm de largura, respectivamente. As press&#245;es sist&#243;licas foram medidas nas art&#233;rias braquiais, pediosas e tibiais posteriores. Em cada art&#233;ria foram realizadas duas medidas e uma m&#233;dia foi calculada. Se a diferen&#231;a entre um par de medidas fosse &gt;6 mmHg, outro par de medidas era realizado. Um valor de ITB foi calculado para cada membro inferior, utilizando-se a maior press&#227;o sist&#243;lica medida no tornozelo dividida pela maior press&#227;o encontrada nos bra&#231;os<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p><italic>Exames laboratoriais </italic>- Os n&#237;veis de perfillip&#237;dico, creatinina e homociste&#237;na foram consultados no banco de dados do "Epidoso". </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica </italic>- A associa&#231;&#227;o entre fator de risco e desfecho (presen&#231;a de DAP) foi determinado utilizando-se an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada. As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram p&lt;0,25 foram consideradas em modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla com elimina&#231;&#227;o <italic>backward</italic>. Permaneceram no modelo as vari&#225;veis que atingiram signific&#226;ncia (p&lt;0,05)<sup>14</sup>. O mesmo modelo final de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla foi obtido quando realizado o procedimento de sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis <italic>forward-stepwise </italic>com p&lt;0,25, para entrada, e &lt;0,05 para perman&#234;ncia no modelo. </p>
    <p>Um escore de risco ponderado foi constru&#237;do utilizando-se os coeficientes de regress&#227;o da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Esses coeficientes foram transformados em escores (multiplicados por 10 e arredondados para o n&#250;mero inteiro mais pr&#243;ximo) que foram sendo adicionados de modo a se obter um escore agregado<sup>15 </sup>. </p>
    <p>Dois &#237;ndices de desempenho foram utilizados para estimar o poder discriminat&#243;rio e a calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo preditivo. O poder discriminat&#243;rio foi avaliado por meio da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (<italic>receiver operating characteristic curve</italic>)<sup>16 </sup>e sua calibra&#231;&#227;o foi medida utilizando-se o teste <italic>goodness-of-fit </italic>de Hosmer-Lemeshow<sup>17</sup>. De acordo com Hosmer-Lemeshow, valores de &#225;rea sob a curva ROC entre 85% e 90% s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com excelente poder discriminat&#243;rio e a calibra&#231;&#227;o &#233; adequada se o teste <italic>goodness-of-fit </italic>apresentar p &gt;0,05<sup>14</sup>. O ponto de corte (<italic>cutoff</italic>) &#243;timo do escore foi determinado ante a curva ROC constru&#237;da com os valores dos escores. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados significantes. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o programa SAS (<italic>statistical analysis system</italic>), vers&#227;o 8.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi realizado com aux&#237;lio financeiro da Capes (Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior), e o estudo "Epidoso", com o aux&#237;lio da Fapesp (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 226 convidados, 178 (78,8%) aceitaram participar do estudo. A presen&#231;a de d&#233;ficit cognitivo grave, de institucionaliza&#231;&#227;o e mudan&#231;a de endere&#231;o foi motivo citado para a n&#227;o-participa&#231;&#227;o. Dentre os que aceitaram participar, dois foram exclu&#237;dos por apresentarem ITB &gt;1,40 (1,1%), resultando em tamanho final de amostra de 176. A preval&#234;ncia de DAP foi de 36,4% (n=64). A m&#233;dia de idade dos participantes foi de 82,7&#177;4,04 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o: 75 a 94 anos), sendo discretamente mais elevada no grupo com DAP, por&#233;m sem atingir signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (83,4&#177;4,2 anos e 82,2&#177;4,2 anos, p=0,07). Houve predom&#237;nio de mulheres (68,7%), sem diferen&#231;as entre os sexos quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia de DAP (33,9% nas mulheres e 41,8% nos homens, p=0,311). </p>
    <p><italic>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada</italic> - A <xref ref-type="table" rid="a02tab01">tabela 1</xref> mostra os resultados da an&#225;lise univariada. O tabagismo foi analisado como a soma de fumantes atuais e pr&#233;vios em raz&#227;o da pequena porcentagem de fumantes atuais na amostra (total de 11 fumantes atuais, sete com DAP). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a02tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0630-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Cerca de 10% da popula&#231;&#227;o era incapaz de andar (n=17). A queixa de dor ou desconforto na(s) perna(s) durante a caminhada foi mais freq&#252;ente que a de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente (37,7% <italic>versus </italic>15,9%). A concomit&#226;ncia de dor/desconforto na(s) perna(s) em repouso foi o motivo para n&#227;o serem preenchidos os crit&#233;rios de claudica&#231;&#227;o em 80% dos idosos com DAP. Para se evitar o efeito de vari&#225;veis confundidoras, foram utilizados dois modelos separados de regress&#227;o univariada, um incluindo a dor/desconforto na(s) perna(s) durante a caminhada e outro incluindo a claudica&#231;&#227;o. As duas vari&#225;veis estiveram associadas &#224; presen&#231;a de DAP (p = 0,001 e p &lt; 0,0001, respectivamente). Em raz&#227;o da menor preval&#234;ncia de claudica&#231;&#227;o e da associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre DAP e dor/desconforto na(s) perna(s) durante a caminhada, essa &#250;ltima vari&#225;vel foi mantida no modelo final de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol e triglic&#233;rides e DAP. Os n&#237;veis de homocisteinemia e de creatinina s&#233;rica foram mais elevados no grupo com DAP. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre homocisteinemia e DAP n&#227;o se manteve ap&#243;s ajuste para os n&#237;veis de creatinina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a02tab02">tab. 2</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a02tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0630-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada</italic> - As vari&#225;veis preditoras independentes de DAP est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a02tab03">tabela 3</xref>. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a02tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0630-00002-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Constru&#231;&#227;o do escore de risco</italic> - Um escore num&#233;rico foi formulado utilizando-se os coeficientes da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Anormalidades na palpa&#231;&#227;o dos pulsos dos tornozelos, hipertens&#227;o arterial, tabagismo atual ou pr&#233;vio e dor ou desconforto na(s) perna(s) durante a caminhada receberam escores de 13, 9, 5 e 5, respectivamente. Com base na tabela de classifica&#231;&#227;o, derivada da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, e na an&#225;lise da curva ROC, o ponto de corte &#243;timo (<italic>cutoff</italic>) para predi&#231;&#227;o de DAP resultou de uma probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de 0,34, equivalente a um valor de escore &gt; 18 pontos. A sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e negativo foram 85,9%, 71,4%, 63,2% e 89,9%, respectivamente. A equa&#231;&#227;o usada para calcular o escore de risco de DAP de cada paciente foi: escore de risco para DAP = 13 (anormalidades dos pulsos dos tornozelos) + 9 (hipertens&#227;o) + 5 (tabagismoatual/pr&#233;vio) + 5 (dor/desconfortona(s) perna(s) durante a caminhada). Para cada um dos itens, foi computado um valor igual a "<bold>1</bold>", se estivesse "<bold>presente</bold>" ou "<bold>0</bold>" se estivesse "<bold>ausente</bold>". Se o escore obtido fosse <bold>&gt; 18</bold>, o indiv&#237;duo era classificado como "<bold>Alto risco de DAP</bold>", do contr&#225;rio, "<bold>Baixo risco de DAP</bold>" (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tab. 4</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0630-00002-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Uma curva ROC foi constru&#237;da para avaliar a capacidade do escore em predizer a presen&#231;a de DAP. Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade para cada escore foram distribu&#237;dos em um gr&#225;fico bidimensional (xy), no qual o eixo y equivale &#224; sensibilidade e o eixo x, a 100-especificidade. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC obtida foi de 85%, indicando excelente poder discriminat&#243;rio do modelo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>). O valor do teste <italic>goodness-of-fit </italic>foi 5,17 com sete graus de liberdade, indicando excelente calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo para o desfecho observado <italic>versus</italic> o desfecho predito (p=0,639). </p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0630-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo avaliou idosos participantes do "Epidoso", o primeiro estudo longitudinal de base comunit&#225;ria realizado em idosos no Brasil, composto atualmente, ap&#243;s 11 anos de seguimento, de quase 70% de octogen&#225;rios, parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o que mais cresce no mundo e pouco representada nos estudos. Utilizando-se limiar de valor de ITB de <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,90, encontrou-se elevada preval&#234;ncia de DAP (36%), compat&#237;vel com achados de outros estudos que avaliaram idosos. No estudo de Rotterdam, por exemplo, a preval&#234;ncia de DAP nos participantes com <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 anos foi de quase 60%<sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os preditores independentes de DAP, identificados no presente estudo, foram as anormalidades dos pulsos dos tornozelos, hipertens&#227;o arterial, tabagismo atual ou pr&#233;vio e dor/desconforto na(s) perna(s) durante a caminhada. Com base nos coeficientes de regress&#227;o, um escore num&#233;rico de risco foi formulado para avaliar a probabilidade individual de apresentar DAP e categorizou os indiv&#237;duos em "alto risco" (escore total &gt;18 pontos) e "baixo risco" (escore total <underline>&lt;</underline>18 pontos) para DAP. </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de anormalidades dos pulsos dos tornozelos foi o mais forte preditor de DAP deste estudo (<italic>odds ratio</italic> = 14,1). A literatura aponta a palpa&#231;&#227;o dos pulsos como aparte mais importante do exame f&#237;sico no rastreamento da DAP e o encontro da anormalidade dos pulsos, um poderoso preditor da doen&#231;a, embora a sensibilidade e especificidade da palpa&#231;&#227;o variem em raz&#227;o de fatores relacionados ao paciente e ao examinador<sup>19-21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os fatores de risco cardiovascular mais fortemente associados &#224; DAP, nos idosos, s&#227;o o tabagismo, a hipertens&#227;o arterial e o diabete melito<sup>2,3,22</sup>. Na presente coorte, embora houvesse maior propor&#231;&#227;o de diab&#233;ticos no grupo com DAP, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (26,5% <italic>versus </italic>16,9%, p=0,131). Essa falta de associa&#231;&#227;o entre diabete e DAP pode ter sido secund&#225;ria ao perfil de diabete mais brando apresentado pelos pacientes (100% com diabete h&#225; menos de 10 anos, 25% controlados apenas com dieta e 17% necessitando de insulina) que pode ter reduzido &#224; for&#231;a da associa&#231;&#227;o entre as duas condi&#231;&#245;es ou ao tamanho da amostra pode ter sido insuficiente para detectar a diferen&#231;a, ou ambos. </p>
    <p>A falta de associa&#231;&#227;o entre dislipidemia e DAP j&#225; foi relatada. No <italic>Honolulu Heart Program</italic>, a DAP esteve associada a n&#237;veis altos e baixos de colesterol, e no estudo GetABI n&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o clara entre colesterol e DAP<sup>2,23</sup>. Esses dados sugerem que o colesterol funciona mais como um marcador da sobrecarga das co-morbidades sobre o organismo do idoso do que de risco cardiovascular. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre sedentarismo e DAP em nossa amostra. A redu&#231;&#227;o na atividade f&#237;sica pode ser reflexo do comprometimento funcional dos membros inferiores, provocado pela DAP, que leva os pacientes a reduzirem a atividade f&#237;sica<sup>2</sup>. A taxa de sedentarismo encontrada, no presente estudo, foi baixa (43%), levando-se em conta a defini&#231;&#227;o adotada (atividade f&#237;sica moderada &lt; 90 minutos por semana, independentemente da freq&#252;&#234;ncia) e o perfil et&#225;rio da popula&#231;&#227;o. No Estudo Multic&#234;ntrico de Idosos, mesmo utilizando-se defini&#231;&#227;o menos rigorosa (atividade f&#237;sica &lt;15 minutos, duas vezes por semana), a taxa de sedentarismo foi de 74%<sup>24</sup>. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o contato, por mais de uma d&#233;cada, com a equipe interdisciplinar do estudo "Epidoso" tenha estimulado a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre IMC e DAP. Na literatura, essa associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; controversa. Alguns estudos, como o <italic>Honolulu Heart Program</italic>, encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o, e outros, como o NHANES, n&#227;o encontraram<sup>9,15</sup>. Quanto &#224; homociste&#237;na, a diferen&#231;a observada inicialmente desapareceu ap&#243;s ajustes para a creatinina. No estudo GetABI, a hiper-homocisteinemia apresentou fraca associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de DAP (<italic>odds ratio </italic>= 1,4), ap&#243;s ajustes para diversos fatores, inclusive a creatinina<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora o grau de associa&#231;&#227;o entre claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente e DAP tenha sido mais forte do que entre DAP e a presen&#231;a de dor ou desconforto na(s) perna(s) durante a caminhada (<italic>odds ratio </italic>= 9,26 e 2,86, respectivamente), este &#250;ltimo sintoma foi selecionado para compor o escore por sua maior preval&#234;ncia, simplifica&#231;&#227;o na obten&#231;&#227;o do dado (uma pergunta <italic>versus </italic>um question&#225;rio) e pela presen&#231;a concomitante de dor/desconforto nas pernas em repouso em 80% dos idosos com DAP que prejudicou a sensibilidade do question&#225;rio de Edimburgo. Essa decis&#227;o elevou a sensibilidade do escore, uma vez que a detec&#231;&#227;o de claudica&#231;&#227;o sofre influ&#234;ncia das co-morbidades, que interferem nas queixas dos pacientes, especialmente nos idosos, e reduzem a sensibilidade dos question&#225;rios de claudica&#231;&#227;o<sup>26 </sup>. </p>
    <p>V&#225;rios pontos interessantes podem ser levantados a favor da utilidade desse novo escore de risco. O primeiro ponto &#233; o de ser o primeiro instrumento para rastreamento de DAP direcionado para a popula&#231;&#227;o a partir de 75 anos que, embora seja de alto risco, ainda &#233; pouco estudada. O segundo ponto &#233; apresentar melhor combina&#231;&#227;o entre sensibilidade e especificidade para detec&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a que a palpa&#231;&#227;o dos pulsos do tornozelo ou o Question&#225;rio de Claudica&#231;&#227;o de Edimburgo, aplicados isoladamente nessa mesma coorte (escore: 86% e 71%, anormalidades dos pulsos: 92% e 52%, claudica&#231;&#227;o pelo question&#225;rio de Edimburgo: 34% e 94%, respectivamente). </p>
    <p>O terceiro ponto &#233; sua simplicidade de aplica&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que utiliza apenas quatro perguntas, tr&#234;s da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e uma do exame f&#237;sico. A combina&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis tamb&#233;m foi a base de outros escores para detec&#231;&#227;o de DAP. Dentre eles, dois s&#227;o modelos matem&#225;ticos precisos, por&#233;m complexos e trabalhosos para serem aplicados na consulta<sup>27,28 </sup>e um &#233; derivado do Estudo de Framingham, para detec&#231;&#227;o de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente; em raz&#227;o da baixa preval&#234;ncia desse sintoma, sua acur&#225;cia &#233; comprometida, especialmente nos idosos<sup>29</sup>. </p>
    <p>O quarto ponto foi o excelente desempenho obtido pelo modelo tanto em rela&#231;&#227;o ao poder de discriminar indiv&#237;duos com e sem DAP (&#225;rea sob a curva ROC = 85%) como em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; calibra&#231;&#227;o, demonstrada no teste <italic>goodness-of-fit </italic>(5,2, p=0,639). </p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo </italic>- Este estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. O tamanho limitado da amostra, uma vez que apenas os sobreviventes da coorte original poderiam ser inclu&#237;dos, fez que somente fossem detectados os fatores mais fortemente associados &#224; DAP. Esse fato pode ter, por exemplo, levado a que uma associa&#231;&#227;o mais fraca, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, entre DAP e diabete melito deixasse de ser detectada. Dessa forma, esse escore pode ser uma ferramenta &#250;til para rastreamento de idosos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos, o que em si n&#227;o constitui um problema, j&#225; que os diab&#233;ticos com mais de 50 anos deveriam ser rotineiramente avaliados para DAP por meio do ITB<sup>30</sup>. H&#225; necessidade de se realizar uma valida&#231;&#227;o prospectiva desse escore em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es antes que ele seja recomendado para uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p><italic>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</italic> - O intuito do escore de risco proposto &#233; o de ser uma ferramenta simples de triagem dos indiv&#237;duos idosos com alto risco para DAP e que deveriam ser submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada, especialmente nos centros de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, nos quais a medida do &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial n&#227;o esteja dispon&#237;vel em larga escala, o que infelizmente ainda &#233; a regra na maioria dos centros no Brasil, bem como de v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="corr2" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marcia Makdisse </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Franco da Rocha, 205/51 </p>
        <p> 05015-040 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="mmakdisse@yahoo.com">mmakdisse@yahoo.com</email> / </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mmakdisse@einstein.br">mmakdisse@einstein.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 04/11/06; revisado recebido em 24/12/06; aceito em 17/01/07.</p>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>29. Murabito JM, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Wilson WF. Intermittent   claudication: a risk profile from the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation.   1997; 96 (1): 44-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Intermittent claudication: a risk profile from the Framingham Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>44</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Murabito</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silbershatz</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>WF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. American Diabetes Association. Consensus Statement Peripheral Arterial Disease in People with Diabetes Clin Diabetes. 2004; 22: 181-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <source>Consensus Statement Peripheral Arterial Disease in People with Diabetes Clin Diabetes</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>181</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">A risk score for predicting peripheral arterial disease in individuals 75 years or older</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the elderly is high. Most are asymptomatic and the sensitivity of the physical exam is low. In Brazil, little is known in regard to PAD risk factors in the elderly. OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors for PAD among elderly individuals (&gt; 75 years) in the community and to develop a prediction score. METHODS: Cross-sectional, prospective, community-based study nested within a cohort study ("Epidoso"). A total of 176 individuals were assessed. PAD was defined as an ankle-brachial index &lt;0.9. Risk factors associated with PAD were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model. Statistical modeling was used to formulate a score according to the likelihood of PAD. A p value &lt;0.05 was significant. RESULTS: PAD was present in 36.4% of participants. Abnormal pedal pulses, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and complain of leg pain/discomfort in either leg on walking were predictors of PAD. Based on the coefficients of the logistic regression, these variables were given scores of 13, 9, 5 and 5, respectively. A cutoff point &gt;18 points defined the "high risk" individuals and yielded sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 85.9%, 71.4%, 63.2% and 89.9%, respectively. Receiver-operator characteristic analysis yielded area under curve of 85%, indicating excellent discrimination and goodness-of-fit statistics indicated excellent calibration (p=0.639). CONCLUSION: Because of its good performance, the proposed score can become a simple and useful tool to identify elderly community residents at higher risk of PAD who should be considered for further investigation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arterial occlusive diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>risk</kwd>
        <kwd>aged</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A risk score for predicting peripheral arterial disease in individuals 75 years or older </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcia Makdisse; Luiz Roberto Ramos; Frederico Moreira; Anderson Oliveira; Otavio Berwanger; Alcione Moscardi; Virginia Junqueira; Evandro Rodrigues; Antonio Carlos Carvalho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corr1-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the elderly is high. Most are asymptomatic and the sensitivity of the physical exam is low. In Brazil, little is known in regard to PAD risk factors in the elderly. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To identify risk factors for PAD among elderly individuals (<underline>&gt;</underline> 75 years) in the community and to develop a prediction score. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Cross-sectional, prospective, community-based study nested within a cohort study ("Epidoso"). A total of 176 individuals were assessed. PAD was defined as an ankle-brachial index <underline>&lt;</underline>0.9. Risk factors associated with PAD were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model. Statistical modeling was used to formulate a score according to the likelihood of PAD. A p value &lt;0.05 was significant. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> PAD was present in 36.4% of participants. Abnormal pedal pulses, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and complain of leg pain/discomfort in either leg on walking were predictors of PAD. Based on the coefficients of the logistic regression, these variables were given scores of 13, 9, 5 and 5, respectively. A cutoff point &gt;18 points defined the "high risk" individuals and yielded sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 85.9%, 71.4%, 63.2% and 89.9%, respectively. Receiver-operator characteristic analysis yielded area under curve of 85%, indicating excellent discrimination and goodness-of-fit statistics indicated excellent calibration (p=0.639). </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Because of its good performance, the proposed score can become a simple and useful tool to identify elderly community residents at higher risk of PAD who should be considered for further investigation. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Arterial occlusive diseases, risk, aged.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) increases with age. In the NHANES tudy, the PAD prevalence for patients over the age of 70 was 14 times higher than for individuals under the age of 50<sup>1</sup>. Among the 3,450 elderly American men of Japanese descente valuated in the Honolulu Heart Program, the presence of PAD, defined as an ankle-brachial index (ABI) <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.90, was a marker of generalized atherosclerotic disease<sup>2</sup>. The rates of concomitant coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke with PAD reported for octogenarians are 68% and 42%, respectively<sup>3</sup>. PAD is associated with higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and functional impairment in the lower limbs regardless of whether the patient is symptomatic or asymptomatic<sup>4,5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Even though the elderly population is a high risk group for PAD, identifying patients with the diseaseis not always simple. The medical history and clinical examination have limited value. Most patients, especially the older ones, do not present intermittent claudication, a classic symptom of the disease<sup>6</sup>. If the PAD diagnosis were based solely on the presence of typical intermittent claudication, 85 to 90% of the cases would go undetected and if it were based solely on the medical exam half of the cases would go undetected<sup>7-8</sup>. The ABI is a simple and cost-effective test for monitoring PAD in clinical practice; however more widespread use of this test is required<sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>The aim of the PAD risk score proposed in this study is to identify individuals 75 years or older living in the community, who are at greater risk to develop PAD and should be submitted to more thorough assessments including the ABI measurement. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Design</italic> - Cross-sectional study, nested in a cohort study (Epidoso Study). </p>
      <p><italic>Population</italic> - The patients were selected from the Epidoso Study (Epidemiologia do Idoso) the first Community-based longitudinal study conducted on an elderly population in Brazil. After a census was taken in the Sa&#250;de District, one of the 55 districts in the city of Sao Paulo, all residents 65 or older were invited to participate in the study. The study area was the catchment area of Federal University of S&#227;o Paulo Center for the Study of Aging. The original cohort consisted of 1,667 individuals who were recruited in 1991. The methods and preliminary results of the Epidoso Study have been published<sup>10-11 </sup>. </p>
      <p><italic>Eligibility </italic>-</p>
      <p>&#149; Inclusion criteria: Male and female participants of the Epidoso study. </p>
      <p> &#149; Exclusion criteria: </p>
      <p>- Conditions that impaired ABI measurement: amputation, extensive ulcerations, fractures, pain in lower limbs, severe cognitive impairment, patient refusal; </p>
      <p>- ABI &gt; 1.40. These values indicate non-compressible leg arteries and are non-diagnostic of PAD. </p>
      <p><italic>Study participants</italic> - The Epidoso participants that fulfilled the eligibility criteria and signed the consent form were included in the study. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of S&#227;o Paulo. </p>
      <p><italic>Case definition</italic> -</p>
      <p>&#149; Presence of PAD: ABI values of 0.90 or less in either leg. </p>
      <p>&#149; Absence of PAD: ABI values between 0.91 and 1.40 in the absence of previous lower extremity arterial revascularization procedures. </p>
      <p><italic>Definition of intermittent claudication</italic> -The presence of intermittent claudication was evaluated using the Brazilian Portuguese Version of the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire<sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p><italic>Definition of pain/discomfort in either while walking</italic> - This is the first question on the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire which was analyzed as an independent variable. A positive response determined the presence of the symptom. </p>
      <p><italic>Definition of abnormal pedal pulses</italic> - The pulses were bilaterally palpated on the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arteries and classified as present, absent or asymmetrical. The pulses, even though they were present, were considered asymmetrical when the intensity of the pulse was different in the opposite limb. </p>
      <p><italic>Data collection</italic> - The patient's clinical data were obtained from the Epidoso databank and included demographics, risk factors, comorbidities, laboratory and imaging tests. </p>
      <p><italic>ABI measurement - </italic>After 5 minutes of bed rest, ABI was measured in the supine position using a hand-held vascular Doppler (10 Mhz, Medmega, Brazil) and an aneroid blood pressure device. The cuff size was selected according to the participant's right arm circumference (AC) at the midpoint between the acromion and olecranon. Inflatable cuffs in the following lengths were used: AC &lt; 25 cm &#150; 10cm, AC from 25-32 cm &#150; 12cm, AC &gt;32-42 cm &#150; 16cm and AC &gt; 42 cm &#150;20cm. Systolic blood pressure was measured for the brachial, dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arteries. Two readings were taken for each artery and the average was calculated. If the difference between the two readings was &gt; 6 mmHg, two more readings were taken. An ABI value was calculated for each lower limb, using the highest systolic pedal pressure reading divided by the highest brachial pressure reading<sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p><italic>Laboratory tests -</italic>The lipid profile, creatinine and homocysteine levels were obtained from the Epidoso databank. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis - </italic>Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between risk factor sand outcome (presence of PAD). Variables that presented p&lt;0.25, were included in a multivariate logistic regression model with backward stepwise elimination. Variables that attained a level of significance (p&lt;0.05) were kept in the model<sup>14</sup>. The final multivariate regression model was obtained using the forward stepwise variable selection method, where variables with p&lt;0.25 were initially included and variables with p&lt;0.05 were kept in the model. </p>
      <p>A weighted risk score was constructed using logistic regression coefficients. These coefficients were converted into scores (multiplied by 10 and rounded off to the nearest whole number) that were added up to obtain an aggregated score<sup>15 </sup>. </p>
      <p>Two performance indexes were used to estimate the discriminatory power and calibration of the predictive model. The discriminatory power was evaluated using the area under the ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic curve)<sup>16 </sup>and the calibration was measured using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test<sup>17</sup>. According to Hosmer-Lemeshow, areas under the curve between 80% and 90% are consistent with excellent discriminatory power and calibration is adequate if the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistics has a p value of &gt; 0.05<sup>14</sup>. The optimum cut-off point for the score was determined using the score values plotted on the ROC curve. Significance was established as p &lt; 0.05. All statistical analysis were performed using SAS (Statistical Analysis System), version 8.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). </p>
      <p>This study was funded by CAPES (Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;;vel Superior) and the EPIDOSO Study by FAPESP (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From the 226 patients invited to participate in the study, 178 (78.8%) accepted. Reasons for not participating in the study included severe cognitive impairment, long-term institutional care and change of address. Two of the patients who agreed to participate in the study were excluded as they had an ABI &gt; 1.40 (1.1%) resulting in a final sample size of 176. The PAD prevalence was 36.4%(n=64). Mean participant age was 82.7 &#177; 4.04 years (range: 75-94) which, although not statistically significant, was slightly higher in the PAD group (83.4 &#177; 4.2 years and 82.2 &#177; 4.2 years, p=0.07). Women predominated (68.7%); but PAD prevalence was similar for both genders (33.9% females and 41.8% males, p=0.311). </p>
      <p><italic>Univariate logistic regression</italic> - The results of the univariate analysis are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a02tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Smoking was analyzed as a sum of current and previous smokers due to the small percentage of current smokers in the sample (total of 11 current smokers, 7 with PAD). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a02tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0630-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Roughly 10% of the population were unable to walk (n=17). The complaint of pain or discomfort in one or both legs while walking was more frequent than intermittent claudication (37.7% <italic>versus </italic>15.9%). Concomitant leg pain/ discomfort in either leg at rest was the reason for not meeting the claudication criteria for 80% of the elderly patients with PAD. To avoid the effect of various confounding variables, two separate univariate regression models were used, one including pain/discomfort in either leg while walking and another including claudication. The two variables were associated with PAD (p=0.001 and p &lt;0.0001, respectively). Due to the low prevalence of claudication and the independent association between PAD and pain/discomfort in either leg while walking, the latter variable was maintained in the final logistic regression model. </p>
      <p>No association was found between PAD and total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels. The PAD group presented higher homocysteine and serum creatinine levels. After adjustment for creatinine levels no association was found between homocysteine levels and PAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a02tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a02tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0630-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Multivariate logistic regression</italic> - The independent predictor variables of PAD are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a02tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a02tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0630-00002-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Risk score calculation </italic> - A numerical score was formulated using logistic regression coefficients. Abnormal pedal pulse palpation, hypertension, current or prior smoking and pain or discomfort in either leg while walking received scores of 13, 9, 5 and 5, respectively. Based on the classification table, derived from the logistic regression, and ROC curve analysis, the optimal cut-off point for the prediction of PAD resulted from a pre-test probability of 0.34, equivalent to a score &gt; 18 points. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 85.9%, 71.4%, 63.2% and 89.9%, respectively. The equation used to calculate the PAD Risk Score for each patient was: PAD Risk Score = 13 (abnormal pedal pulses) + 9 (hypertension) + 5 (prior or current smoking) + 5 (pain/discomfort in either leg while walking). For each of the items, a value of "<bold>1</bold>" was assigned if the variable was "<bold>present</bold>" or "<bold>0</bold>" if it was "<bold>absent</bold>". If the total score was <bold>&gt; 18</bold>, the individual was classified as "<bold>High risk for PAD</bold>"; otherwise, "<bold>Low Risk for PAD</bold>" (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0630-00002-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A ROC curve was plotted to test the ability of the score to correctly predict the presence of PAD. The sensitivity and specificity values for each score were plotted on a two dimensional graph (xy) where the y axis was equal to the sensitivity and the xaxis was equal to 100-specificity.The are a under the ROC curve was 85%, indicating excellent model discriminatory power (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure1</xref>).The good ness-of-fit test value was 5.17 with seven degrees of freedom, indicating excellent model calibration for the observed <italic>versus </italic>the predicted outcome (p=0.639). </p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-06-0630-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study evaluated a cohort from the Epidoso Study, the first longitudinal study of a community-based older population in Brazil. After 11 years of follow-up, this cohort is composed of almost 70% of octogenarians, the fastest growing population segment in the world and one usually underrepresented in studies. Using an ABI threshold of <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.90, a high prevalence of PAD (36%) was found which agrees with the findings of other studies evaluating the elderly. In the Rotterdam study, for instance, the prevalence of PAD in those aged 85 years or older approached 60%<sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>Pedal pulses abnormalities, hypertension, prior or current smoking and pain/discomfort in either leg while walking were identified as independent predictors of PAD in the present study. Based on the regression coefficients, a numerical risk score was formulated to assess the individual likelihood of presenting PAD; it enabled the stratification of individuals into "high risk" (Total score &gt; 18 points) or "low risk" (Total score <underline>&lt;</underline> 18 points) for the presence of PAD. </p>
      <p>The presence of abnormal pedal pulses was the strongest predictor of PAD in this cohort (odds ratio = 14.1). According to published data, pulse palpation is the single most important part of the physical examination in screening for PAD and abnormal pedal pulses a powerful predictor of the disease, even though the sensitivity and specificity of palpation may vary depending on factors related to the patient and the examiner<sup>19-21 </sup>. </p>
      <p>Smoking, hypertension and diabetes mellitus are among the cardiovascular risk factors most consistently linked to PAD in studies that involved elderly cohorts<sup>2,3,22</sup>. In the present study, even though most of the diabetics were in the PAD group, no differences were observed between the groups (26.5% <italic>versus </italic>16.9%, p=0.131). This lack of association between diabetes and PAD could have been secondary to the mild diabetes profile presented by the patients (100% with diabetes for less than 10 years, 25% controlled with diet alone and only 17% requiring insulin) that could have reduced the force of association between the two conditions, or sample size was perhaps insufficient to detect the difference, or both. </p>
      <p>The lack of association between dyslipidemia and PAD has already been reported. In the Honolulu Heart Program, PAD was associated with high and low cholesterol levels and in the GetABI study no clear association between cholesterol and PAD was observed<sup>2,23</sup>. These data suggest that in the elderly, cholesterol is more important as a marker of comorbidity overload than of cardiovascular risk. </p>
      <p>No association between a sedentary lifestyle and PAD was observed in our sample. The reduction in physical activity could be a result of functional impairment in the lower limbs provoked by PAD, which causes the patients to reduce physical activity<sup>2</sup>. The rate of physical inactivity in the present study was low (43%), considering the definition adopted (moderate physical activity &lt; 90 minutes per week, regardless of the frequency) and the age profile of the population. In the <italic>Estudo Multic&#234;ntrico de Idosos </italic>(Multicenter Study of the Elderly) the sedentary lifestyle rate, even using the most lenient definition (physical activity &lt; 15 minutes, 2 times per week) was 74%<sup>24</sup>. It is possible that the ten-plus year relationship with the interdisciplinary team of the Epidoso study, stimulated this population to perform physical exercise. </p>
      <p>There was no association between BMI and PAD. In literature this association is controversial. Some studies, such as the Honolulu Heart Program, found an association whereas others, such as NHANES, did not<sup>9,15</sup>. In relation to homocysteine, the initial difference was eliminated after adjustments for creatinine. In the GetABI study, hyperhomocysteinemia, after adjustments for various factors including creatinine, hadaweak association with PAD (odds ratio = 1.4)<sup>25 </sup>. </p>
      <p>Although the degree of association between intermittent claudication and PAD was stronger than that between PAD and the presence of pain or discomfort in either leg while walking (odds ratio = 9.26 and 2.86, respectively) the latter symptom was held in the score due to its greater prevalence, the simplicity to obtain the data (one question <italic>versus </italic>a questionnaire) and the concomitant presence of pain/discomfort in the legs at rest in 80% of the patients with PAD that jeopardized the sensitivity of the Edinburgh questionnaire. This decision raised the score's sensitivity, since the detection of claudication is affected by comorbidities that interfere in patient complaints, particularly the elderly, and reduces the sensitivity of the claudication questionnaires<sup>26</sup>. </p>
      <p>Various interesting points can be raised in favor of the usefulness of this new risk score. In the first place, this is the first instrument for predicting PAD directed at the population over 75, and while this is a high risk group very few studies have been conducted on this population segment. The second point is to present a better association between sensitivity and specificityfor the detection of the disease than that presented by pedal pulse palpation or the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire that were applied separately in this cohort (proposed score: 86% and 71%, abnormal pedal pulses: 92% and 52%, claudication using the Edinburgh questionnaire: 34% and 94%, respectively). </p>
      <p>The third point is its simplicity since there are just four questions, three on the patient's medical history and one on the physical exam. The combination of these variables was also the basis for other PAD detection scores. Among them, two are precise mathematical models, however they are very complex and complicated to be used during a consultation<sup>27-28</sup>, and one is derived from the Framingham Study to detect intermittent claudication; however due to the low prevalence of this symptom, its accuracy is jeopardized, especially in the elderly<sup>29 </sup>. </p>
      <p>The fourth point is the excellent performance obtained by the model both in relation to the power to distinguish individuals with and without PAD (area under the ROC curve = 85%), and the calibration demonstrated by the goodness-of-fit test (5.2, p = 0.639). </p>
      <p><italic>Study limitations </italic> - This study has some limitations. Since only the survivors of the original cohort could be included, the sample size was limited and therefore only factors strongly related to PAD were detected. This fact could have, for example, concealed a weak association in this population between PAD and diabetes mellitus. Thus, this score could be a useful tool for screening PAD in non-diabetic elderly patients, that in itself is not a problem, since diabetic sover th eage of 50 should be evaluated for PAD on a routine basis with the ABI test<sup>30</sup>. Further prospective validation of this score in different populations is required before it can be recommended for use in clinical practice. </p>
      <p><italic>Clinical implications </italic> - The intent of the proposed risk score is to provide a simple triage tool to identify elderly individuals with high risk for PAD who should undergo more thorough investigations, especially in primary care facilities where the ankle-brachial index measurement is not widely available, which unfortunately is a reality in the majority of facilities in Brazil as well as in several other countries. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="corr1-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Marcia Makdisse</p>
          <p> Rua Dr. Franco da Rocha, 205/51</p>
          <p> 05015-040 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="mmakdisse@yahoo.com">mmakdisse@yahoo.com</email> / </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mmakdisse@einstein.br">mmakdisse@einstein.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received November 4, 2006; revised received December 24, 2006; accepted January 17, 2007. </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
