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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xZZhLW5fKfK9cB3WGS74Syp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00028</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500028</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800528</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500028</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O uso de estatinas &#233; ben&#233;fico para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miname</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Hiroshi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forti</surname>
            <given-names>Neusa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diament</surname>
            <given-names>Jayme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e127</fpage>
      <lpage>e131</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>O uso de estatinas &#233; ben&#233;fico para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcio Hiroshi Miname; Raul D. Santos; Neusa Forti; Jayme Diament</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Sinvastatina, inibidores de hidroximetilglutaril CoA redutases, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>Desde o pioneiro estudo 4S<sup>1</sup>, publicado em 1994, demonstrando o benef&#237;cio da sinvastatina em reduzir mortalidade global e eventos coron&#225;rios em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com angina do peito ou com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, surgiram outros grandes trabalhos confirmando os efeitos ben&#233;ficos dos inibidores da hidroximetilglutaril-coenzima A redutase (estatinas) tanto na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria como na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de eventos cardiovasculares<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos observacionais j&#225; demonstraram a forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria e hipercolesterolemia. A redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol, em particular a fra&#231;&#227;o do colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-colesterol), responde com grande parcela pelo mecanismo pelo qual as estatinas retardam ou mesmo bloqueiam o processo de aterosclerose. Entretanto, existem ind&#237;cios de que as estatinas exercem v&#225;rios efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos que podem contribuir com seu potencial ben&#233;fico, tais como melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo e redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade inflamat&#243;ria, entre outros. O uso das estatinas baseado nesses efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos tamb&#233;m come&#231;ou a ser investigado de forma minuciosa.</p>
    <p>A prote&#237;na C-reativa ultra-sens&#237;vel (PCR-us) &#233; um marcador inflamat&#243;rio que vem sendo utilizado como um elemento a mais para aumentar a acur&#225;cia na detec&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos sob maior risco de evento cardiovascular, mesmo entre indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis com baixos n&#237;veis de LDL-colesterol. Existem evid&#234;ncias de que os efeitos antiinflamat&#243;rios das estatinas acabam se traduzindo na redu&#231;&#227;o da PCR-us. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o se sabe se o tratamento com estatinas visando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da PCR-us como meta se traduz na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares em popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com baixos n&#237;veis de LDL-colesterol, por&#233;m com n&#237;veis elevados de PCR-us, em car&#225;ter de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. O estudo <italic>Justification for the Use of statins in Primary prevention: an Intervention</italic> (JUPITER), atualmente em andamento, tem por objetivo responder a essa quest&#227;o. As estatinas tamb&#233;m parecem reduzir o &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e vasculares no perioperat&#243;rio de cirurgias vasculares<sup>3</sup>. Outros estudos apontam para poss&#237;veis efeitos ben&#233;ficos das estatinas no tratamento da sepse, baseado em sua influ&#234;ncia sobre a cascata inflamat&#243;ria e de coagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Existe uma popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de pacientes na qual o uso de estatinas ainda &#233; tema de debate e d&#250;vidas: os portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome caracterizada por uma s&#233;rie de altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e neuro-humorais, al&#233;m de levar a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios. Parece natural que os efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos das estatinas ofere&#231;am efeito ben&#233;fico aos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Alguns ensaios cl&#237;nicos parecem confirmar essa afirma&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m outros modelos experimentais n&#227;o s&#227;o condizentes. Este ponto de vista tem o objetivo de discutir as evid&#234;ncias para o uso ou n&#227;o das estatinas no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. &#201; preciso lembrar que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresenta diferentes etiologias e que o efeito das estatinas pode ser diferente, dependendo da etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Sabe-se que as estatinas t&#234;m maior beneficio quanto maior o risco de evento cardiovascular do paciente: por exemplo, pacientes diab&#233;ticos e hipertensos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ter&#227;o maior benef&#237;cio que pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sem esses fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Por que as estatinas poderiam ser ben&#233;ficas no tratamento de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Atualmente existem muitas evid&#234;ncias demonstrando que a patog&#234;nese da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca envolve diversos mediadores inflamat&#243;rios, os quais acabam por contribuir no remodelamento card&#237;aco. Alguns estudos demonstraram aumento dos n&#237;veis de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, tais como fator de necrose tumoral-alfa, interleucina 1-beta e interleucina 6 nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Dessa forma, uma das linhas de pesquisa no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca envolve o melhor entendimento de sua imunopatog&#234;nese, com o objetivo de melhorar o tratamento de dist&#250;rbios imunomodulat&#243;rios<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>1) O papel ben&#233;fico das estatinas na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca poderia ser explicado por seus efeitos antiinflamat&#243;rios. Nesse sentido, Mozaffarian e cols.<sup>4</sup> conduziram um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, duplo-cego, placebo-controlado, com 22 pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (20 de etiologia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica), com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de 10 mg de atorvastatina sobre seus n&#237;veis de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos, durante 16 semanas de tratamento. N&#227;o houve eleva&#231;&#227;o de creatinofosfoquinase (CPK) ou de enzimas hep&#225;ticas acima de tr&#234;s vezes o valor de refer&#234;ncia. As altera&#231;&#245;es dos valores absolutos e porcentuais dos marcadores avaliados foram: redu&#231;&#227;o do receptor-1 do fator de necrose tumoral em 132 pg/ml (p = 0,04) e 8% (p = 0,056), redu&#231;&#227;o da PCR-us em 1,6 mg/l (p = 0,006) e 37% (p = 0,0002), e redu&#231;&#227;o da endotelina-1 em 0,21 pg/ml (p = 0,007) e 17% (p = 0,01). Em an&#225;lise <italic>post-hoc</italic>, foi constatado que a redu&#231;&#227;o do receptor-1 do fator de necrose tumoral foi maior entre os pacientes com seus n&#237;veis basais mais altos. O tratamento com estatina n&#227;o reduziu os n&#237;veis de outros marcadores inflamat&#243;rios avaliados, incluindo a interleucina-6 e o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial<sup>4</sup>. O estudo de Tousoulis e cols.<sup>5</sup>, incluindo 38 pacientes homens, portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de interleucina-6, fator de necrose tumoral-alfa e mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o vascular-1 no grupo tratado com atorvastatina 10 mg/dia durante quatro semanas. Esse efeito n&#227;o foi observado nos outros dois grupos: placebo e atorvastatina 10 mg associada a vitamina E<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>2) Existem evid&#234;ncias de que pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a qual poderia contribuir para o aumento do t&#244;nus vasomotor e do processo de remodelamento vascular. Essa altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode ser explicada por v&#225;rios mecanismos, tais como: a) aumento do n&#237;vel de citocinas, reduzindo a express&#227;o da enzima &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase; b) dist&#250;rbios da via de transdu&#231;&#227;o de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-receptor e c) aumento da atividade da enzima conversora de angiotensina, provocando aumento da degrada&#231;&#227;o de bradicinina<sup>5</sup>. O mesmo ensaio cl&#237;nico de Tousoulis e cols.<sup>5</sup>, citado previamente, tamb&#233;m estudou o efeito da atorvastatina sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, avaliada por pletismografia. No grupo que recebeu atorvastatina 10 mg/dia, ocorreu aumento significativo do fluxo ap&#243;s hiperemia reativa (p &lt; 0,05), al&#233;m de aumento do porcentual do fluxo (HR%) (p &lt; 0,01). J&#225; no grupo que recebeu atorvastatina 10 mg/dia e vitamina E, ocorreu aumento significativo apenas do HR% (p &lt; 0,05), mas n&#227;o ocorreu altera&#231;&#227;o significativa do valor absoluto de fluxo p&#243;s-hiperemia reativa<sup>5</sup>. Os mesmos autores publicaram outro trabalho em que avaliaram 35 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (25 de etiologia isqu&#234;mica), sendo randomizados para dois grupos: atorvastatina 10 mg/dia e nenhuma estatina<sup>6</sup>. A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial tamb&#233;m foi avaliada por pletismografia. N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o significativa do valor absoluto do fluxo basal e p&#243;s-hiperemia reativa em ambos os grupos, por&#233;m ocorreu aumento do HR% no grupo que recebeu estatina (p &lt; 0,01), fato n&#227;o observado no grupo sem estatina. A melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial com o uso de estatinas j&#225; havia sido avaliada em outras popula&#231;&#245;es e o mesmo parece ocorrer em pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. As estatinas podem exercer seu efeito protetor sobre o endot&#233;lio por remover &#226;nion super&#243;xido, aumentar a atividade da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase (eNOS) ou reduzir a excre&#231;&#227;o de endotelina-1<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>3) Na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ocorre ativa&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica generalizada e diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade do sistema parassimp&#225;tico. As estatinas exercem efeito normalizando a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e o efluxo simp&#225;tico. Em um modelo experimental de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, coelhos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca induzida por taquicardia gerada por est&#237;mulo artificial foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: sem estatina, dose baixa de sinvastatina e dose alta de sinvastatina. O grupo que recebeu dose alta de sinvastatina apresentou atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica renal igual &#224; do grupo de coelhos sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (p = n&#227;o-significativo), enquanto os demais grupos apresentaram atividade aumentada (p &lt; 0,05). Al&#233;m disso, existem evid&#234;ncias de que a sinvastatina pode melhorar o tono auton&#244;mico por meio da melhora da variabilidade de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>4) Existem alguns estudos experimentais que demonstram que a neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-natal n&#227;o ocorre apenas pela prolifera&#231;&#227;o de vasos j&#225; existentes, mas tamb&#233;m pela contribui&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais derivadas da medula &#243;ssea<sup>8</sup>. Surgiram evid&#234;ncias de que as estatinas poderiam aumentar a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais e, dessa forma, contribuir para o remodelamento ventricular. Um estudo interessante, realizado por Landmesser e cols.<sup>9</sup>, demonstrou que a eNOS parece ter papel importante no mecanismo pelo qual as estatinas atuariam na mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas progenitoras. Os autores estudaram camundongos selvagens e camundongos deficientes de eNOS, induziram infarto anterior extenso e administraram atorvastatina ou placebo por quatro semanas para os dois grupos. Os camundongos selvagens que receberam atorvastatina nesse estudo apresentaram maior mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais e maior neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o da borda infartada do mioc&#225;rdio, al&#233;m de menor grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e de fibrose intersticial. Todos esses fen&#244;menos n&#227;o ocorreram nos camundongos deficientes para eNOS que receberam atorvastatina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Por que as estatinas poderiam ser delet&#233;rias no tratamento de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Existem evid&#234;ncias de que em algumas doen&#231;as graves, tais como sepse, queimaduras e trauma, o colesterol total (CT) baixo est&#225; associado a pior progn&#243;stico. Horwich e cols.<sup>10</sup> estudaram uma coorte de 1.134 pacientes encaminhados para um centro m&#233;dico universit&#225;rio para avalia&#231;&#227;o de transplante, com o objetivo de correlacionar o perfil lip&#237;dico com o progn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>10</sup>. A idade desses pacientes, dos quais 76% eram homens, variou de 16 a 82 anos. Etiologia isqu&#234;mica foi observada em 48% dos pacientes, etiologia idiop&#225;tica em 40%, etiologia valvar em 4,5%, e etiologias alco&#243;lica, hipertr&#243;fica e p&#243;s-parto em 7,5%. Apenas 14% dos pacientes faziam uso de medica&#231;&#227;o hipolipemiante. O seguimento foi de cinco anos. CT, LDL-c, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-colesterol) e triglic&#233;rides foram divididos em quintis. Ap&#243;s ajuste para sexo e idade, o CT no quintil mais baixo estava associado a maior risco de morte ou transplante de urg&#234;ncia. Mesmo ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada incluindo idade, sexo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, uso de inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (ECA), medica&#231;&#227;o hipolipemiante, press&#227;o capilar pulmonar, nitrog&#234;nio ur&#233;ico, creatinina, albumina, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e tabagismo, o CT foi o &#250;nico elemento do perfil lip&#237;dico que permaneceu como preditor independente de mortalidade ou de necessidade de transplante de urg&#234;ncia. Baseado em an&#225;lise ROC (<italic>receiver operator curve</italic>), o melhor valor de corte para CT era de 190 mg/dl, com sensibilidade de 70% para predizer mortalidade em cinco anos. Dessa forma, os autores concluem que o CT baixo &#233; um fator concomitante nos pacientes de pior progn&#243;stico com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, embora n&#227;o se possa afirmar que o CT baixo seja a causa desse pior progn&#243;stico, sendo muito provavelmente conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Uma das hip&#243;teses para explicar os poss&#237;veis efeitos delet&#233;rios das estatinas est&#225; baseada no aumento do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de endotoxinas, o qual pode contribuir para a progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Tem sido postulado que n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol podem ser ben&#233;ficos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, porque as lipoprote&#237;nas ricas em colesterol ligam-se e neutralizam os efeitos delet&#233;rios dos lipopolissacar&#237;deos de bact&#233;rias. Os lipopolissacar&#237;deos atravessam a parede do intestino em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, tornando-se um importante est&#237;mulo para a produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A coenzima Q10 (2,3 dimetoxi-5 metil-6-decaprenil benzoquinona), uma quinona lipossol&#250;vel, semelhante &#224; vitamina, mais conhecida como ubiquinona, CoQ e vitamina Q10, est&#225; relacionada ao metabolismo energ&#233;tico. A coenzima Q10, importante para a transfer&#234;ncia apropriada de el&#233;trons na cadeia respirat&#243;ria oxidativa das mitoc&#244;ndrias, tem como principal fun&#231;&#227;o a produ&#231;&#227;o de adenosina trifosfato (ATP). Al&#233;m disso, a coenzima Q10 parece aumentar os n&#237;veis de ATP por prevenir a perda do <italic>pool</italic> de adenina-nucleot&#237;deo das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas. Adicionalmente, a coenzima Q10 demonstrou ser capaz de impedir a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, atuando como antioxidante. Alguns ensaios cl&#237;nicos mais antigos demonstraram que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de Q10 a pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca poderia ser ben&#233;fica, melhorando sintomas e diminuindo o n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es; contudo, trabalhos mais recentes n&#227;o demonstraram esse efeito ben&#233;fico. De qualquer forma, j&#225; foi demonstrado que pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentam defici&#234;ncia de coenzima Q10 e que o grau da defici&#234;ncia dessa coenzima estaria relacionado ao n&#237;vel de gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Existem evid&#234;ncias de que as estatinas podem reduzir os n&#237;veis de coenzima Q10 e, dessa forma, seriam delet&#233;rias em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Para tornar esse tema mais controverso, Strey e cols.<sup>12</sup> estudaram 24 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica (classe funcional II-III da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> [NYHA]), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40%, randomizados para atorvastatina 40 mg ou placebo durante seis semanas, ao fim das quais foi realizado <italic>cross-over </italic>entre os grupos. O objetivo era avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial por pletismografia e os n&#237;veis de coenzima Q10 no final do per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o. Ocorreu melhora significativa da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no grupo atorvastatina, e esse fen&#244;meno esteve significativamente correlacionado com a redu&#231;&#227;o da coenzima Q10. Al&#233;m disso, apesar de ocorrer correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre as redu&#231;&#245;es de coenzima Q10 e do LDL-colesterol (p = 0,017), a an&#225;lise multivariada ajustada para redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol demonstrou que a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de coenzima Q10 permaneceu associada como preditor da melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial relacionada ao uso da estatina. Os autores aventaram a hip&#243;tese de que a redu&#231;&#227;o da coenzima Q10, provocada pelas estatinas, poderia limitar os efeitos ben&#233;ficos m&#225;ximos dessas drogas sobre a microcircula&#231;&#227;o e, indo mais al&#233;m, que a redu&#231;&#227;o da coenzima Q10 poderia ser um marcador biol&#243;gico do pleiotropismo das estatinas<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudos de desfechos cl&#237;nicos de estatinas em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de diferentes etiologias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estatinas e cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Existem evid&#234;ncias de que o uso de estatinas diminui o risco de a doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria evoluir para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. No estudo 4S, 4.444 pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria sem evid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram randomizados para receber placebo (n = 2.223) ou sinvastatina 20 mg a 40 mg (n = 2.221) e seguidos por mais de cinco anos. Entre os pacientes que receberam placebo, 228 (10,3%) desenvolveram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o seguimento, comparativamente a 184 (8,3%) no grupo que recebeu estatina (p &lt; 0,015)<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outro estudo prospectivo randomizou 486 pacientes n&#227;o-dislipid&#234;micos e em per&#237;odo p&#243;s-infarto imediato para receberem qualquer estatina dispon&#237;vel (n = 241) ou nenhuma estatina (n = 245) durante 24 meses. O grupo estatina apresentou menor incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com necessidade de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (1 <italic>vs</italic> 9; p = 0,0154).</p>
    <p>Horwich e cols.<sup>14</sup> acompanharam uma coorte de 551 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sendo 49% de etiologia isqu&#234;mica. O uso de estatinas n&#227;o foi randomizado, sendo definido pelo m&#233;dico de cada paciente. A maioria fazia uso de atorvastatina (28,1%). O grupo estatina era significativamente mais velho e inclu&#237;a mais homens, com maior taxa de hipertensos, diab&#233;ticos e tabagistas. No grupo com etiologia isqu&#234;mica, o desfecho mortalidade e necessidade de transplante card&#237;aco de urg&#234;ncia foi significativamente menor no grupo estatina (81% <italic>vs</italic> 63%; p &lt; 0,001), durante o seguimento de um ano<sup>14</sup>. Interessante notar estudos que, apesar do pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes (n = 202), demonstrou melhora significativa da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40%), submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e que receberam estatina (sinvastatina 40 mg/dia), em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo que n&#227;o recebeu estatina (31% para 42% <italic>vs</italic> 32% para 39%; p = 0,042), ap&#243;s seis meses de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estatinas e cardiomiopatia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos das estatinas poderiam ser ben&#233;ficos nesse grupo de pacientes. De fato, o papel das estatinas em paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica tamb&#233;m tem sido alvo de estudo de alguns trabalhos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
    <p>Estudo recente de Wojnicz e cols.<sup>15</sup> randomizou 74 pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada de etiologia inflamat&#243;ria e com dislipidemia moderada para receber atorvastatina na dose de 40 mg/dia, associada a terap&#234;utica convencional para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou apenas terap&#234;utica convencional para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por um per&#237;odo de seis meses. Dois pacientes do grupo estatina (5,5%) sa&#237;ram do estudo, um por dist&#250;rbios gastrointestinais e outro por aumento de transaminases tr&#234;s vezes acima do valor de refer&#234;ncia. No grupo estatina, ocorreu melhora significativa da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,012), al&#233;m de melhora da classe funcional (p = 0,016). Esse estudo &#233; criticado pela falta de uso de placebo, apesar da avalia&#231;&#227;o cega para o tipo de tratamento<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outro estudo, desta vez em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40% e em classe funcional II-III da NYHA, incluiu 51 pacientes, randomizados para grupo placebo ou grupo sinvastatina (5 mg/dia, aumentados posteriormente para 10 mg/dia). Ao t&#233;rmino de 14 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o, o grupo sinvastatina apresentou melhora da classe funcional pela NYHA em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo placebo (2,04 &#177; 0,06 <italic>vs</italic> 2,32 &#177; 0,05; p &lt; 0,05), al&#233;m de tamb&#233;m apresentar aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (34 &#177; 3% para 41 &#177; 4%; p &lt; 0,05), o que n&#227;o ocorreu no grupo placebo. Al&#233;m disso, as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de fator de necrose tumoral-alfa, interleucina-6 e fator natriur&#233;tico atrial estavam significativamente mais baixas no grupo sinvastatina que no grupo placebo<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Laufs e cols.<sup>17</sup> randomizaram 15 pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe funcional II-III da NYHA para receberem cerivastatina 0,4 mg ou placebo. O tempo de seguimento foi de cerca de 20 semanas. Ao final, a qualidade de vida medida, por um question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico, e a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, medida pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos, aumentaram de forma significativa no grupo estatina, o que n&#227;o ocorreu no grupo placebo<sup>17</sup>. A maior cr&#237;tica a este estudo, al&#233;m do pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes, refere-se ao fato de a cerivastatina ter sido retirada do mercado pelo excessivo n&#250;mero de casos de rabdomi&#243;lise a ela relacionados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estatinas e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O uso de estatinas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica foi avaliado por Fukuta e cols.<sup>18</sup>, em estudo publicado em 2005. Foram analisados 137 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; 50% &#224; ecocardiografia. O tempo de seguimento foi de 21 &#177; 12 meses e a medica&#231;&#227;o era prescrita a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico de cada paciente. Os que estavam em uso de estatina apresentavam LDL-colesterol basal maior que aqueles que n&#227;o estavam em uso de estatinas (153 &#177; 45 mg/dl <italic>vs</italic> 98 &#177; 33 mg/dl; p &lt; 0,01). Ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da estatina, os n&#237;veis de LDL-colesterol ca&#237;ram para valores semelhantes aos de pacientes que n&#227;o receberam estatina (98 &#177; 33 mg/dl). Os pacientes do grupo estatina apresentaram menor mortalidade (risco relativo de morte ajustado [intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% - IC 95%], 0,20 [0,006 a 0,62]) ap&#243;s ajuste de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas entre os grupos (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria e creatinina s&#233;rica). Os autores discutem poss&#237;veis mecanismos pelos quais as estatinas poderiam ser ben&#233;ficas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o e inferem que provavelmente esses mecanismos independeriam dos n&#237;veis de LDL-colesterol, j&#225; que seus n&#237;veis foram semelhantes nos grupos com e sem estatina. Apesar de suscitar a possibilidade de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica se beneficiarem de seus efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos, esse pequeno estudo apresenta uma s&#233;rie de limita&#231;&#245;es, entre as quais destacam-se o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes, a n&#227;o-randomiza&#231;&#227;o do uso de estatina, a n&#227;o-disponibilidade do perfil lip&#237;dico dos per&#237;odos basal e de seguimento para todos os pacientes, e o poder limitado do estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Perspectivas futuras</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Alguns grandes estudos sobre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e estatinas ainda est&#227;o em andamento, como &#233; o caso do <italic>Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell&#146;Infarto miocardico</italic> (GISSI <italic>Heart Failure Trial)</italic>. Trata-se de um grande estudo randomizado, duplo-cego, cujo objetivo ser&#225; testar os efeitos dos &#225;cidos graxos poliinsaturados n-3 e da rosuvastatina na morbidade e na mortalidade de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica<sup>19</sup>. Ser&#227;o recrutados cerca de sete mil pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classes II a IV e com terap&#234;utica otimizada, os quais ser&#227;o randomizados para &#225;cidos graxos poliinsaturados n-3 ou placebo, e tamb&#233;m para o grupo rosuvastatina 10 mg/dia ou placebo.</p>
    <p>Outro relevante estudo em andamento &#233; o <italic>Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial</italic> (CORONA), cujo objetivo &#233; avaliar o efeito da rosuvastatina na dose de 10 mg/dia <italic>vs</italic> placebo em pacientes com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica sintom&#225;tica sobre o desfecho combinado de morte cardiovascular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o-fatal ou acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o-fatal<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O uso de estatinas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ainda &#233; tema de controv&#233;rsia. Do ponto de vista te&#243;rico, &#233; poss&#237;vel que gere malef&#237;cios, por&#233;m diversos estudos cl&#237;nicos t&#234;m demonstrado que os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca podem se beneficiar com seu uso. De qualquer forma, devemos estar cientes de que a pr&#243;pria insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com suas mais diversas etiologias, &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome heterog&#234;nea e que, talvez, diferentes subgrupos possam responder de forma distinta ao uso das estatinas. Por exemplo, seria natural pensar que o uso das estatinas em pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia isqu&#234;mica poderia ser ben&#233;fico, com maior embasamento te&#243;rico, j&#225; que o benef&#237;cio das estatinas em portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria &#233; indiscut&#237;vel. J&#225; o papel das estatinas em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de outras etiologias tamb&#233;m parece ser ben&#233;fico, como foi demonstrado nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos discutidos previamente. Mesmo com todas as evid&#234;ncias apontando a estatina como poss&#237;vel nova medica&#231;&#227;o no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, esse tema ainda carece de rigorosos estudos cl&#237;nicos que confirmem essa hip&#243;tese. Por enquanto, acreditamos que o uso de estatinas ainda deve ser baseado nos n&#237;veis de LDL-colesterol e na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica de cada indiv&#237;duo. N&#227;o existem evid&#234;ncias concretas o suficiente para que a estatina seja colocada ao lado do inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o e do betabloqueador como pe&#231;a fundamental no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de qualquer etiologia, de forma independente dos n&#237;veis de LDL-colesterol e tamb&#233;m na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Marcio Miname &#150; </bold>Recebeu honor&#225;rio para revis&#227;o de site da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica Pfizer e participa de estudos patrocinados por laborat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p><bold>Raul D. Santos</bold> &#150; Ministra palestras para os laborat&#243;rios Pfizer, Merck-Sharp, Astra Zeneca e participa de estudos patrocinados por laborat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4,444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344:1383-9.</p>
    <p>2. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1623-30.</p>
    <p>3. Durazzo AE, Machado FS, Ikeoka DT, De Bernoche C, Monachini MC, Puech-Leao P, et al. Reduction in cardiovascular events after vascular surgery with atorvastatin: a randomized trial. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39(5):967-75.</p>
    <p>4. Mozaffarian D, Minami E, Letterer RA, Lawler RL, McDonald GB, Levy WC. The effects of atorvastatin (10 mg) on systemic inflammation in heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:1699-704.</p>
    <p>5. Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Vassiliadou C, Toutouza M, Pitsavos C, Tentolouris C, et al. Effects of combined administration of low dose atorvastatin and vitamin E on inflammatory markers and endothelial function in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005;7:1126-32.</p>
    <p>6. Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Bosinakou E, Kotsopoulou M, Tsioufis C, Tentolouris C, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on reactive hyperaemia and the thrombosis-fibrinolysis system in patients with heart failure. Heart. 2005;91:27-31.</p>
    <p>7. Kon Koh K. Effects of statins on vascular wall: vasomotor function, inflammation and plaque stability. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;47:648-57.</p>
    <p>8. Shi Q, Rafii S, Wu MH, Wijelath ES, Yu C, Ishida A, et al. Evidence for circulating bone marrow-derived endothelial cells. Blood. 1998;92:362-7.</p>
    <p>9. Landmesser U, Engberding N, Bahlmann FH, Schaefer A, Wiencke A, Heineke A, et al. Statin-induced improvement of endothelial progenitor cell mobilization, myocardial neovascularization, left ventricular function, and survival after experimental myocardial infarction requires endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation. 2004;110:1933-9.</p>
    <p>10. Horwich TB, Hamilton MA, MacLellan WR, Fonarow GC. Low serum total cholesterol is associated with marked increase in mortality in advanced heart failure. J Card Fail. 2002;8(4):216-24.</p>
    <p>11. Rauchhaus M, Coats AJ, Anker SD. The endotoxin-lipoprotein hypothesis. Lancet. 2000;356:930-3.</p>
    <p>12. Strey CH, Young JM, Molyneux SL, George PM, Florkowski CM, Scott RS, et al. Endothelium-ameliorating effects of statin therapy and coenzyme Q10 reductions in chronic heart failure. Atherosclerosis. 2005;179(1):201-6.</p>
    <p>13. Kjekshus J, Pedersen TR, Olsson AG, Faergeman O, Pyorala K. The effects of simvastatin on the incidence of heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease. J Card Fail. 1997;3(4):249-54.</p>
    <p>14. Horwich TB, MacLellan R, Fonarrow GC. Statin therapy is associated with improved survival in ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:642-8.</p>
    <p>15. Wojnicz R, Wilczek K, Nowalany-Kozielska E, Szygula-Jurkiewicz B, Nowak J, Polonski L, et al. Usefulness of atorvastatin in patients with heart failure due to inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy and elevated cholesterol levels. Am J Cardiol. 2006; 97 (6):899-904.</p>
    <p>16. Node K, Fujita M, Kitazake M, Hori M, Liao JK. Short-term statin therapy improves cardiac function and symptoms in patients with idiopatic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2003;108:839-43.</p>
    <p>17. Laufs U, Wassmann S, Schackmann S, Heeschen C, Bohm M, Nickenig G. Beneficial effects of statins in patients with non-ischemic heart failure. Z Kardiol. 2004;93:103-8.</p>
    <p>18. Fukuta H, Sane DC, Brucks S, Little WC. Statin therapy may be associated with lower mortality in patients with diastolic heart failure: a preliminary report. Circulation. 2005;112:357-63.</p>
    <p>19. Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Franzosi MG, Latini R, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, et al. Rationale and design of the GISSI heart failure trial: a large trial to assess the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and rosuvastatin in symptomatic congestive heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2004;6(5):635-41.</p>
    <p>20. Kjekshus J, Dunselman P, Blideskog M, Eskilson C, Hjalmarson A, McMurray JV, et al. A statin in the treatment of heart failure? Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Study in Heart Failure (CORONA): study design and baseline characteristics. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005;7(6):1059-69.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marcio Hiroshi Miname </p>
        <p> Rua Guimar&#227;es Passos, 738 </p>
        <p> 04107-031 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="marciominame@cardiol.br">marciominame@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 07/08/06; revisado recebido em 23/01/07; aceito em 16/02/07.</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Point of View</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Are statins beneficial in heart failure?</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>POINT OF VIEW</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Are statins beneficial in heart failure?</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcio Hiroshi Miname; Raul D. Santos; Neusa Forti; Jayme Diament</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Sinvastatin; hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase; inhibitors; cardiac output.</p>
      <p>Since the pioneering 4S study (Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study)<sup>1</sup>, published in 1994, demonstrating the effectiveness of simvastatin in reducing all-cause mortality and coronary events in a population of patients with angina pectoris or previous myocardial infarction, other large-scale trials have confirmed the beneficial effects of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) both in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Observational studies have already shown the strong correlation between coronary artery disease and hypercholesterolemia. Cholesterol reduction, particularly the LDL-cholesterol fraction, accounts, to great extent, for the mechanism by which statins delay or even block the atherosclerotic process. However, evidence suggests that statins exert several pleiotropic effects that can contribute to their potential benefit, such as enhancement of endothelial function and decrease in oxidative stress and in inflammatory activity, among others. The use of statins based on these pleiotropic effect is now being thoroughly investigated. </p>
      <p>High-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) is an inflammatory marker that has been used to further improve accuracy in detecting subjects at higher risk of experiencing cardiovascular events, even those apparently healthy and with low LDL-cholesterol levels. There is evidence that the antiinflammatory effects of statins are translated into hs-CRP decrease. Nevertheless, it is still unclear whether statin therapy aiming at reducing hs-CRP may translate into decreased cardiovascular events in a population of patients with low LDL-cholesterol but elevated hs-CRP levels as a primary prevention. The JUPITER study, currently underway, is addressing this question. Statins also seem to decrease perioperative cardiac and vascular events in patients undergoing vascular surgery<sup>3</sup>. Other studies have suggested that statins are likely to have beneficial effects on the management of sepsis, based on their influence on inflammatory and coagulation cascades. </p>
      <p>There is a specific population of patients in whom the use of statins still raise debates and doubts, namely, those with heart failure (HF). Heart failure is a syndrome characterized by a series of hemodynamic and neurohumoral changes, in addition to resulting in endothelial dysfunction and elevation of inflammatory markers. It seems natural that the pleiotropic effects of statins might be beneficial in heart failure patients. Some clinical trials appear to confirm this hypothesis, while other experimental models do not. The purpose of this viewpoint is to discuss the evidence for or against statin therapy in the management of heart failure. It should be kept in mind that HF has different etiologies and that statin effect may differ depending on the HF <italic>etiology</italic>. It is known that the higher the risk of cardiovascular event the greater the benefit from statins; for example, in HF patients with diabetes and hypertension, statins will be more effective than in those without these risk factors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Why would statins be more beneficial in HF patients?</bold>
      </p>
      <p>At present, ample evidence exists that heart failure pathogenesis involves several inflammatory mediators that contribute to cardiac remodeling. Some studies have demonstrated increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-1 b, and interleukin-6, in HF patients. Therefore, one of the lines of research in the management of heart failure involves the greater understanding of its immunopathogenesis, in order to improve immunomodulatory disorder treatment. </p>
      <p>1) The beneficial role of statins in HF may be explained by its antiinflammatory effects. In this respect, Mozaffarian et al<sup>4</sup> conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 22 HF patients (20 of them with nonischemic HF) to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin 10 mg on their levels of systemic inflammatory markers during the 16-week treatment. No elevation in creatine phosphokinase (CPK) or liver enzymes exceeded three times the reference value. Absolute and percentage changes in the assessed inflammatory markers were as follows: decrease in tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 by 132pg/ml (p = 0.04) and 8% (p = 0.056), in hs-CRP by 1.6mg/L (p = 0.006) and 37% (p = 0.0002), and in endothelin-1 by 0.21pg/ml (p = 0.007) and 17% (p=0.01). A post-hoc analysis revealed that the decrease in tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 was greater in patients with higher baseline levels. Statin therapy failed to decrease the levels of other inflammatory markers, including interleukin-6 and atrial natriuretic peptide<sup>4</sup>. The study conducted by Tousoulis et al<sup>5</sup>, which included 38 male patients with ischemic heart failure, showed a decrease in serum levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in the group receiving atorvastatin 10 mg/day during four weeks. This effect was not observed in the other two groups: placebo and atorvastatin 10 mg plus vitamin E<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>2) There is evidence that HF patients have endothelial dysfunction, which may contribute to an increase in both vasomotor tone and vascular remodeling. This change in endothelial function may be explained by several mechanisms, among them: a) increased cytokine levels, thereby downregulating NO synthase expression; b) disorders in the endothelium-receptor signal transduction pathway and c) enhanced angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, resulting in increased bradykinin degradation<sup>5</sup>. The same clinical trial conducted by Tousoulis et al<sup>5</sup>, mentioned earlier, has also studied the effect of atorvastatin on endothelial function, as assessed by plethysmography. In the group receiving atorvastatin 10 mg/day a significant increase in blood flow occurred after reactive hyperemia (p &lt; 0.05), in addition to an increase in flow percentage (HR%) (p &lt; 0.01). In the group receiving atorvastatin 10 mg/day plus vitamin E, however, only HR% increased significantly (p &lt; 0.05); in this group, no significant change was found in the absolute value of post-reactive hyperemia blood flow<sup>5</sup>. These same authors published another study evaluating 35 HF patients (25 of them with ischemic HF), who were randomly assigned to two groups: atorvastatin 10 mg/day and no statin<sup>6</sup>. Endothelial function was also assessed using plethysmography. No significant change was found from baseline to post-reactive hyperemia blood flow in either group; yet HR% increased in the statin group (p&lt;0,01), but not in the non-statin group. Endothelial function improvement provided by statins had already been assessed in other populations, and the same seems to hold true for HF patients. Statins may exert their endothelial protective effect by removing superoxide anion, upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) or downregulating entothelin-1 excretion<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>3) In heart failure, overall adrenergic activation occurs, as well as a decrease in parasympathetic nerve activity. Statins exert their effect by normalizing the autonomic function and sympathetic outflow. In an experimental model of heart failure, rabbits with HF induced by pacing-elicited tachycardia were divided into three groups: no statins, low-dose simvastatin and high-dose simvastatin. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) did not differ between the high-dose simvastatin group and that of normal rabbits (p = NS), while the other groups showed increased activity (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, evidence suggests that simvastatin may enhance autonomic tone by improving heart rate variability.</p>
      <p>4) Some experimental studies have demonstrated that post-natal neovascularization does not occur only by proliferation of already existing vessels, but also involves the contribution of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells<sup>8</sup>. Evidence has emerged that statins might improve endothelial progenitor cell mobilization, thereby contributing to ventricular remodeling. An interesting study conducted by Landmesser et al<sup>9</sup> has demonstrated that nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) seems to play a key role in the mechanism by which statins would mobilize progenitor cells. These authors studied wild-type mice (WT) and e-NOS-deficient mice (e-NOS&#150;/&#150;) with extensively induced anterior myocardial infarction and administered atorvastatin or placebo during four weeks to both groups. They found that wild-type mice receiving atorvastatin showed improved endothelial progenitor cell mobilization and myocardial neovastularization, in addition to a lesser degree of ventricular dysfunction and intersticial fibrosis. All these phenomena did not occur in eNOS-deficient mice receiving atorvastatin.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Why would statins be deleterious in HF patients?</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There is evidence that in some severe diseases, such as sepsis, burns and trauma, low serum cholesterol is associated with worse prognosis. Horwich et al<sup>10</sup> studied a cohort of 1134 patients referred to a university medical center for transplant evaluation in order to correlate the lipid profile with the HF prognosis<sup>10</sup>. Seventy-six percent were men, and ages ranged from 16 to 82. Heart failure etiologies were ischemic in 48%, idiopathic in 40%, and valvular in 4.5%; the remaining (7.5%) included alcohol-induced, hypertrophic, and postpartum cardiomyopathy. Only 14% of the patients were on lipid-lowering drugs. Follow-up period was 5 years. Total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides were divided into quintiles. After gender and age adjustment, TC in the lowest quintile was associated with higher risk of death or urgent heart transplantation. Even after a multivariate analysis including age, gender, left ventricular ejection fraction, body mass index, use of ACE inhibitors, lipid-lowering drugs, pulmonary capillary pressure, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, albumin, hypertension, diabetes, and cigarette smoking, TC was the single plasma lipid component that remained as an independent predictor of mortality or need for urgent heart transplantation. Based on a ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis, the best cut-off point for TC was 190mg/dL, with 70% sensibility to predict five-year mortality. Therefore, these authors concluded that low serum TC is seen in advanced HF patients with worse prognosis. However, we cannot say that low serum TC accounts for this worse prognosis, but rather that is very likely secondary to heart failure.</p>
      <p>One of the hypotheses that might explain possible deleterious effects of statins is based on serum endotoxin elevation, which may contribute to heart failure progression. It has been postulated that high cholesterol levels may be beneficial in heart failure patients, because cholesterol-rich lipoproteins bind and neutralize the detrimental effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Lipopolysaccharides can cross the intestinal wall in patients with advanced heart failure, stimulating proinflammatory cytokine production<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>Co-enzyme Q10 (2,3 dimethoxy-5 methyl-6 decaprenyl benzoquinone) is a fat-soluble, vitamin-like quinone best known as ubiquinone, CoQ, and vitamin Q10, which is related to energy metabolism. Coenzyme Q10 is very mportant for the proper transfer of electrons within the mitochondrial oxidative respiratory chain, whose primary function is adenosine triphosphate production (ATP). Moreover, it seems to increase ATP levels by preventing the loss of the adenine nucleotide pool from cardiac cells. It has also been demonstrated that coenzyme Q10 can prevent lipid peroxidation by acting as an antioxidant. Earlier clinical trials showed that coenzyme Q10 supplementation may be advantageous to heart failure patients, improving symptoms and reducing the number of hospitalizations; yet, more recent studies have failed to demonstrate this beneficial effect. At any rate, it has already been demonstrated that HF patients have coenzyme Q10 deficiency, the degree of which is related to heart disease severity. Evidence exists that statins decrease coenzyme Q10 levels and, therefore, may be harmful for HF patients.</p>
      <p>To make this issue even more controversial, Strey et al<sup>12</sup> studied 24 patients with symptomatic heart failure (NYHA functional class II-III) and ejection fraction &lt; 40% who were randomized to atorvastatin 40 mg or placebo for six weeks, at the end of which the groups were crossed-over. Their purpose was to evaluate both endothelial function by plethysmography and coenzyme Q10 levels at the end of the intervention. Significant improvement occurred in endothelial function in the atorvastatin group, and this phenomenon was significantly correlated with coenzyme Q10 reduction. In addition, although a significant correlation was found between coenzyme Q10 and LDL-C reductions (p = 0.017), the multivariate analysis adjusted for LDL-C decrease revealed that coenzyme Q10 reduction remained associated as predictor of statin-related endothelial function improvement. These authors hypothesized that coenzyme Q10 reduction, afforded by statins, may limit the maximal beneficial effects of these drugs on microcirculation and, going a step further, that coenzyme Q10 reduction may be a biomarker of statins pleiotropism<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical endpoints of statin therapy in HF of different etiologies</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statins and ischemic cardiomyopathy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There is evidence that statins lower the risk of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) progress to heart failure. In the 4S trial, 4444 CAD patients with no evidence of heart failure were randomized to receive placebo (n = 2223) or simvastatin 20-40 mg (n &#150; 2221) and followed up on for more than five years. Among the patients in the placebo group, 228 (10.3%) developed heart failure during the follow-up period, compared with 184 (8.3%) in the statin group (p &lt; 0.015)<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another prospective study randomized 486 nondyslipidemic patients in the immediate post-AMI period to receive any available statin (n = 241) or no statin at all (n = 245) for 24 months. Incidence of heart failure requiring hospitalization was lower in the statin-treated patients (1 <italic>vs </italic>9, p = 0.0154).</p>
      <p>Horwich et al<sup>14</sup> followed-up a cohort of 551 patients with heart failure, 49% of them of ischemic etiology. Statin use was not randomized, but rather defined by each patient&#146;s physician. Most patients were on atorvastatin (28.1%). Patients in the statin group were significantly older and predominantly male, with higher rates of hypertension, diabetes, and cigarette smoking. In the ischemic group, the endpoint mortality and need for urgent heart transplantation was significantly lower in the statin group (81% <italic>vs</italic> 63%, p &lt; 0.001) during the one-year follow-up<sup>14</sup>. Interestingly, despite its small number of patients (n = 202), studies showed significant improvement in the ejection fraction of HF patients (EF &lt; 40%) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction and received statin (simvastatin 40 mg/day), compared with the non-statin group (31% to 42% <italic>vs</italic> 32% to 39%, p = 0.042), after six months of intervention.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statins and nonischemic cardiomyopathy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The pleiotropic effects of statins may be beneficial in this group of patients. Indeed, the role of these drugs in patients with nonischemic HF has also been studied in some clinical trials.</p>
      <p>In a recent study conducted by Wojnicz et al<sup>15</sup>, 74 patients with inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy and moderate dyslipidemia were randomized to receive atorvastatin 40 mg/day associated with standard HF therapy or only standard HF therapy. Follow-up period was six months. Two patients in the statin group (5.5%) dropped out of the study: one due to gastrintestinal disorders and the other due to a three-fold elevation in transaminases above the upper limit of normal. In the statin group, significant improvements were found in ejection fraction (p = 0.012) and functional class (p = 0.016). One criticism of this study is the lack of a placebo group, even though the evaluation was blind to the type of treatment given<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another study, this time involving patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, ejection fraction &lt; 40%, and NYHA functional class II-III, included 51 patients, who were randomly assigned to placebo or simvastatin (5 mg/day, increased later to 10 mg/day). After 14 weeks, the simvastatin group showed improved NYHA functional class (2.04 &#177; 0.06 <italic>versus</italic> 2.32 &#177; 0.05, p &lt; 0.05) and higher ejection fraction (34 &#177; 3 to 41 &#177; 4%, p &lt; 0.05), but the placebo group did not. Moreover, plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and atrial natriuretic peptide were significantly lower in the simvastatin group, compared with the placebo group<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Lufs et al<sup>17</sup> randomized 15 patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and NYHA functional class II-III heart failure to receive cerivastatin 0.4 mg or placebo for about 20 weeks. At study completion, quality of life, measured by a specific questionnaire, and exercise capacity, measured by a six-minute walk test, increased significantly in the statin group, but not in the placebo group<sup>17</sup>. The main criticism of this study, in addition to the small number of patients, is the fact that cerivastatin was withdrawn from the market due to the excessive number of cases of rhabdomyolysis related to its use.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statins and diastolic HF</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In a study published in 2005, Fukuta et al<sup>18</sup> evaluated statin administration to patients with diastolic heart failure. One hundred and thirty-seven patients with diastolic HF and ejection fraction <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% on echocardiogram were analyzed. Follow-up period was 21 &#177; 12 months, and every patient was medicated according to his/her doctor&#146;s prescription. Patients on statins had higher baseline LDL-C than those who were not on statins (153 &#177; 45 <italic>vs</italic> 98 &#177; 33 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.01). Once statin therapy was initiated, LDL-C levels fell to values similar to those of patients who were not receiving statins (98 &#177; 33mg/dL). After adjustment for clinical variables between groups (hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and serum creatinine), patients in the statin group showed lower mortality (adjusted relative death risk [95% CI]) CI] 0.20 [0.006 to 0.62]; p = 0.005). These authors discuss the potential mechanisms by which statins could be beneficial in this population and infer that they are not dependent on LDL-C levels, since these were similar in both the statin and non-statin groups. While this small study raises the possibility of patients with diastolic HF to benefit from their pleiotropic effects, it presents a series of limitations, such as the small number of pacients, the nonrandomized use of statin, the fact that baseline and follow-up lipid profiles were not available for all the patients, and the limited statistical power, among other factors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Future perspectives</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Some large-scale studies on HF and statins are currently uderway. One of them is the <italic>GISSI heart failure trial</italic>, a large, randomized, double-blind clinical trial designed to assess the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and rosuvastatin on morbidity and mortality of patients with symptomatic heart failure<sup>19</sup>. Approximately 7000 patients with NYHA class II-IV heart failure and optimized therapy will be enrolled and randomized to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or placebo, as well as to a group of rosuvastatin 10 mg/day or placebo.</p>
      <p>CORONA (Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial) is another important and ongoing clinical trial. This study was designed to determine the effect of rosuvastatin 10 mg/day versus placebo on the combined endpoint of cardiovastular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction or non-fatal stroke in patients with symptomatic ischemic cardiomyopathy<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Statin therapy for HF patients is still a controversial issue. Theoretically, it might be detrimental; however, a number of clinical trials have demonstrated that HF patients may benefit from their use. In any case, we should bear in mind that heart failure itself, with its many etiologies, is a heterogeneous syndrome and that perhaps different subgroups may respond distinctivelly to statins. For example, it would be natural to think that administering statins to patients with ischemic HF might be useful, as well as more theoretically substantiated, since the fact that they are beneficial in coronary artery disease is unquestionable. The role of statins in heart failure of other etiologies, in turn, also appears to be beneficial, as was demonstrated by the clinical trials mentioned previously. Even though all evidence points to statins as being a potential new medication in the management of HF, strict clinical trials confirming this hypothesis are still lacking. At present, we believe that statin therapy should be based on LDL-C levels and on risk stratification for atherosclerotic disease of each patient. There is no hard evidence for us to align statins with angiotensin-converting enzyme and beta-blocker inhibitors as a mainstay in the treatment of heart failure of any etiology, independent of LDL-C levels and in the absence of atherosclerotic disease. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interests</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Marcio Miname</bold> - Received honoraries for reviewing the site of the pharmaceutical industry Pfizer and participates in studies sponsored by laboratories.</p>
      <p><bold>Raul D. Santos</bold> - Delivers lectures for Pfizer, Merck-Sharp and Astra Zeneca laboratories and participates in studies sponsored by laboratories.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4,444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344:1383-9.</p>
      <p>2. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1623-30.</p>
      <p>3. Durazzo AE, Machado FS, Ikeoka DT, De Bernoche C, Monachini MC, Puech-Leao P, et al. Reduction in cardiovascular events after vascular surgery with atorvastatin: a randomized trial. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39(5):967-75.</p>
      <p>4. Mozaffarian D, Minami E, Letterer RA, Lawler RL, McDonald GB, Levy WC. The effects of atorvastatin (10 mg) on systemic inflammation in heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:1699-704.</p>
      <p>5. Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Vassiliadou C, Toutouza M, Pitsavos C, Tentolouris C, et al. Effects of combined administration of low dose atorvastatin and vitamin E on inflammatory markers and endothelial function in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005;7:1126-32.</p>
      <p>6. Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Bosinakou E, Kotsopoulou M, Tsioufis C, Tentolouris C, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on reactive hyperaemia and the thrombosis-fibrinolysis system in patients with heart failure. Heart. 2005;91:27-31.</p>
      <p>7. Kon Koh K. Effects of statins on vascular wall: vasomotor function, inflammation and plaque stability. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;47:648-57.</p>
      <p>8. Shi Q, Rafii S, Wu MH, Wijelath ES, Yu C, Ishida A, et al. Evidence for circulating bone marrow-derived endothelial cells. Blood. 1998;92:362-7.</p>
      <p>9. Landmesser U, Engberding N, Bahlmann FH, Schaefer A, Wiencke A, Heineke A, et al. Statin-induced improvement of endothelial progenitor cell mobilization, myocardial neovascularization, left ventricular function, and survival after experimental myocardial infarction requires endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation. 2004;110:1933-9.</p>
      <p>10. Horwich TB, Hamilton MA, MacLellan WR, Fonarow GC. Low serum total cholesterol is associated with marked increase in mortality in advanced heart failure. J Card Fail. 2002;8(4):216-24.</p>
      <p>11. Rauchhaus M, Coats AJ, Anker SD. The endotoxin-lipoprotein hypothesis. Lancet. 2000;356:930-3.</p>
      <p>12. Strey CH, Young JM, Molyneux SL, George PM, Florkowski CM, Scott RS, et al. Endothelium-ameliorating effects of statin therapy and coenzyme Q10 reductions in chronic heart failure. Atherosclerosis. 2005;179(1):201-6.</p>
      <p>13. Kjekshus J, Pedersen TR, Olsson AG, Faergeman O, Pyorala K. The effects of simvastatin on the incidence of heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease. J Card Fail. 1997;3(4):249-54.</p>
      <p>14. Horwich TB, MacLellan R, Fonarrow GC. Statin therapy is associated with improved survival in ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:642-8.</p>
      <p>15. Wojnicz R, Wilczek K, Nowalany-Kozielska E, Szygula-Jurkiewicz B, Nowak J, Polonski L, et al. Usefulness of atorvastatin in patients with heart failure due to inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy and elevated cholesterol levels. Am J Cardiol. 2006; 97 (6):899-904.</p>
      <p>16. Node K, Fujita M, Kitazake M, Hori M, Liao JK. Short-term statin therapy improves cardiac function and symptoms in patients with idiopatic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2003;108:839-43.</p>
      <p>17. Laufs U, Wassmann S, Schackmann S, Heeschen C, Bohm M, Nickenig G. Beneficial effects of statins in patients with non-ischemic heart failure. Z Kardiol. 2004;93:103-8.</p>
      <p>18. Fukuta H, Sane DC, Brucks S, Little WC. Statin therapy may be associated with lower mortality in patients with diastolic heart failure: a preliminary report. Circulation. 2005;112:357-63.</p>
      <p>19. Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Franzosi MG, Latini R, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, et al. Rationale and design of the GISSI heart failure trial: a large trial to assess the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and rosuvastatin in symptomatic congestive heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2004;6(5):635-41.</p>
      <p>20. Kjekshus J, Dunselman P, Blideskog M, Eskilson C, Hjalmarson A, McMurray JV, et al. A statin in the treatment of heart failure? Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Study in Heart Failure (CORONA): study design and baseline characteristics. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005;7(6):1059-69.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Marcio Hiroshi Miname</p>
          <p> Rua Guimar&#227;es Passos, 738 </p>
          <p> 04107-031 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="marciominame@cardiol.br">marciominame@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received August 7, 2006; revised received January 23, 2007; accepted February 16, 2007.</p>
      <p>13. Kjekshus J, Pedersen TR, Olsson AG, Faergeman O, Pyorala K. The effects of simvastatin on the incidence of heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease. J Card Fail. 1997;3(4):249-54.</p>
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