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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hgQQsvzhJW5m4FNpgkJW3js</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00026</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500026</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800526</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500026</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso de rTPA e aspirina no tratamento de trombose intracard&#237;aca em rec&#233;m-nascido</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tardin</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avanza J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andi&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Rog&#233;rio Arantes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabello</surname>
            <given-names>S&#244;nia Maria Alves Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cristello</surname>
            <given-names>Em&#237;lia de Mattos Gouv&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baltan</surname>
            <given-names>Edna Cellis Vaccari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pegurin</surname>
            <given-names>Edelweiss Bussinguer Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Norma Suely</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vila Velha</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Infantil Nossa Senhora da Gl&#243;ria</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Esp&#237;rito Santo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Vit&#243;ria</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">UTI da Crian&#231;a </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e121</fpage>
      <lpage>e123</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Descreve-se o caso de um rec&#233;m-nascido prematuro de peso muito baixo, gemelar, com trombose intracard&#237;aca. O rec&#233;m-nascido apresentou quadro compat&#237;vel com sepse neonatal, sendo submetido a suporte avan&#231;ado de vida, terapia com antibi&#243;ticos, nutri&#231;&#227;o parenteral, uso de hemoderivados e cateterismo venoso profundo. Evoluiu com suspeita de endocardite infecciosa, sendo realizada ecocardiografia bidimensional com Doppler, quando foi evidenciado volumoso trombo intracavit&#225;rio. Pela alta letalidade e pela dificuldade t&#233;cnica da cirurgia, que, em alguns casos, &#233; contra-indicada, optou-se pelo uso do trombol&#237;tico ativador de plasminog&#234;nio tecidual recombinante humano (rTPA) associado a aspirina, obtendo-se dissolu&#231;&#227;o total do trombo sem efeitos adversos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fibrinol&#237;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>plasminog&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>aspirina</kwd>
        <kwd>trombose</kwd>
        <kwd>inibidores da agrega&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Uso de rTPA e aspirina no tratamento de trombose intracard&#237;aca em rec&#233;m-nascido</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fernanda Almeida Tardin; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Avanza J&#250;nior; Marcos Rog&#233;rio Arantes Andi&#227;o; S&#244;nia Maria Alves Andrade Rabello; Em&#237;lia de Mattos Gouv&#234;a Cristello; Edna Cellis Vaccari Baltan; Edelweiss Bussinguer Pereira Pegurin; Norma Suely Oliveira</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Vit&#243;ria, UTI da Crian&#231;a, Hospital Infantil Nossa Senhora da Gl&#243;ria &#150; Vila Velha, ES</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Descreve-se o caso de um rec&#233;m-nascido prematuro de peso muito baixo, gemelar, com trombose intracard&#237;aca. O rec&#233;m-nascido apresentou quadro compat&#237;vel com sepse neonatal, sendo submetido a suporte avan&#231;ado de vida, terapia com antibi&#243;ticos, nutri&#231;&#227;o parenteral, uso de hemoderivados e cateterismo venoso profundo. Evoluiu com suspeita de endocardite infecciosa, sendo realizada ecocardiografia bidimensional com <italic>Doppler</italic>, quando foi evidenciado volumoso trombo intracavit&#225;rio. Pela alta letalidade e pela dificuldade t&#233;cnica da cirurgia, que, em alguns casos, &#233; contra-indicada, optou-se pelo uso do trombol&#237;tico ativador de plasminog&#234;nio tecidual recombinante humano (rTPA) associado a aspirina, obtendo-se dissolu&#231;&#227;o total do trombo sem efeitos adversos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fibrinol&#237;ticos, plasminog&#234;nio, aspirina, trombose/complica&#231;&#245;es, inibidores da agrega&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas podem ocorrer em rec&#233;m-nascidos em cuidado intensivo que necessitam de interna&#231;&#245;es prolongadas, uso de cateter venoso profundo, terapia com antibi&#243;ticos de amplo espectro, nutri&#231;&#227;o parenteral e uso de hemoderivados. A causa desses trombos est&#225; associada principalmente ao uso de cateter venoso profundo e &#224;s infec&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas. O diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre as massas intracard&#237;acas (trombo, tumor e vegeta&#231;&#227;o) deve ser realizado cuidadosamente por meio de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, avalia&#231;&#227;o do exame f&#237;sico, e an&#225;lises laboratorial (hemocultura) e ecocardiogr&#225;fica<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
    <p>H&#225; controv&#233;rsias quanto ao tratamento (cl&#237;nico ou cir&#250;rgico) da trombose intracard&#237;aca em neonatos, pois n&#227;o existem evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas suficientes para nortear a melhor conduta at&#233; o momento<sup>3</sup>. Em decorr&#234;ncia do risco de tromboembolismo, por vezes fatal, nesses pacientes, o ativador de plasminog&#234;nio tecidual recombinante (rTPA) &#233; o trombol&#237;tico que vem sendo utilizado atualmente, com sucesso, na faixa pedi&#225;trica<sup>4</sup>. H&#225; pouco relato do uso dessa medica&#231;&#227;o em rec&#233;m-nascidos, principalmente em prematuros de peso muito baixo, n&#227;o se conhecendo, portanto, o alcance terap&#234;utico desse agente. Os antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios (aspirina), outra op&#231;&#227;o descrita como coadjuvante no tratamento antitromb&#243;tico, t&#234;m demonstrado efeito satisfat&#243;rio<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Rec&#233;m-nascido do sexo feminino, prematuro (idade gestacional p&#243;s-natal de 34,4 semanas), primeiro gemelar, parto operat&#243;rio, membranas &#237;ntegras, escore de Apgar 7/8, pesando 1.490 g, com per&#237;metro cef&#225;lico de 29 cm e comprimento de 40 cm, foi internado em Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatal (UTI da Crian&#231;a) em decorr&#234;ncia de quadro de desconforto respirat&#243;rio precoce. No in&#237;cio dos 75 dias de interna&#231;&#227;o, apresentou doen&#231;a de membrana hialina moderada, sepse neonatal precoce associada a meningite, pneumonia e icter&#237;cia. Fez uso de surfactante ex&#243;geno, suporte ventilat&#243;rio tanto invasivo como n&#227;o-invasivo (811 horas de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao oxig&#234;nio), terapia com antibi&#243;ticos de amplo espectro (cobertura para Gram-positivos e Gram-negativos, anaer&#243;bios e fungos), fototerapia, agentes cardiot&#244;nicos, hemoderivados, imunoglobulina endovenosa (tr&#234;s dias) e nutri&#231;&#227;o parenteral total (32 dias). Evoluiu com enterocolite necrotizante (est&#225;gio II de Bell), anemia, derrame pleural &#224; direita, displasia broncopulmonar, coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada, refluxo gastroesof&#225;gico e incoordena&#231;&#227;o da suc&#231;&#227;o e da degluti&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m do acesso vascular perif&#233;rico, houve necessidade de inser&#231;&#227;o de cateter central por via perif&#233;rica (veia braquial), utilizado por 17 dias. Ap&#243;s controle tanto cl&#237;nico como cir&#250;rgico (ressec&#231;&#227;o intestinal e ileostomia) do quadro descrito, o rec&#233;m-nascido apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa (&gt; 50 mg/dl; valor de refer&#234;ncia, &lt; 6 mg/dl), a despeito de culturas negativas (sangue, l&#237;quor, urina, l&#237;quido pleural, ponta de cateter venoso), hemograma normal, pesquisa negativa de s&#237;filis, toxoplasmose, hepatite B e citomegalov&#237;rus, e de a m&#227;e ser HIV-negativa. Nesse momento (49 dias de vida), houve suspeita de infec&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inaparente (artrite s&#233;ptica, osteomielite, endocardite), sendo adotada proped&#234;utica para tal. Os exames de imagem (invent&#225;rio &#243;sseo e ultra-sonografia das articula&#231;&#245;es) foram normais, mas ao ser realizada ecocardiografia bidimensional com Doppler evidenciou-se imagem sugestiva de trombo intracavit&#225;rio, de contornos regulares, no interior do &#225;trio direito, com protrus&#227;o em dire&#231;&#227;o ao ventr&#237;culo direito durante a s&#237;stole atrial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s consentimento familiar, iniciou-se o uso de rTPA, com aumento progressivo das doses di&#225;rias (0,2 mg/kg/h at&#233; 0,5 mg/kg/h), em infus&#227;o de seis horas, por 10 dias. Durante o per&#237;odo de tratamento, foram realizados estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos seriados para acompanhar a regress&#227;o do trombo, fato esse observado ap&#243;s o final de terap&#234;utica trombol&#237;tica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Finalizado o tratamento com rTPA, utilizou-se &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (3 mg/kg/dia) durante tr&#234;s meses com controle ecocardiogr&#225;fico ambulatorial, revelando dissolu&#231;&#227;o total do trombo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). Durante a terap&#234;utica trombol&#237;tica, n&#227;o foram observados efeitos adversos. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e121-00026-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e121-00026-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e121-00026-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Rec&#233;m-nascido prematuro de peso muito baixo freq&#252;entemente evolui com complica&#231;&#245;es cardiorrespirat&#243;rias e infecciosas graves, dentre elas osteomielite, artrite s&#233;ptica e endocardite. O uso de cateter venoso profundo &#233; necess&#225;rio para o tratamento desses pacientes; sendo assim, h&#225; possibilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias a esse procedimento. Cateter venoso central e endocardite infecciosa s&#227;o causas poss&#237;veis de forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pelas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nico-laboratoriais apresentadas pelo rec&#233;m-nascido em quest&#227;o, optou-se por iniciar o tratamento para endocardite infecciosa e proped&#234;utica para tal. Dentre as possibilidades diagn&#243;sticas, como trombo, tumor e vegeta&#231;&#227;o, a hip&#243;tese de trombose foi a mais prov&#225;vel, em virtude do uso prolongado de cateter venoso profundo, aus&#234;ncia de sintomas cardiovasculares, hemocultura negativa, imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica evidenciando c&#226;maras card&#237;acas normais e presen&#231;a de massa ecodensa, &#250;nica e homog&#234;nea em &#225;trio direito, com aspecto de superf&#237;cie lisa, n&#227;o aderente &#224; parede nem &#224; valva tric&#250;spide. </p>
    <p>Inser&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de cateter central &#233; um procedimento de rotina em rec&#233;m-nascido, com o objetivo de otimizar a nutri&#231;&#227;o e providenciar est&#225;vel infus&#227;o de medica&#231;&#245;es no sistema vascular central. Cateteres centrais s&#227;o relacionados a eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e podem ser observados em 13% a 74% dos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos<sup>7,8</sup>. Entre os fatores de risco, relata-se n&#227;o haver rela&#231;&#227;o com o tipo de inser&#231;&#227;o do cateter (perif&#233;rica ou central), com o di&#226;metro ou com o tempo de uso, mas com a localiza&#231;&#227;o do mesmo (mais freq&#252;entes em veias femoral e subcl&#225;via e menos freq&#252;entes em veias braquial e jugular)<sup>9</sup>. Apesar de a via utilizada no caso ser de menor risco, eventos tromb&#243;ticos podem ocorrer, entretanto n&#227;o &#233; usual a localiza&#231;&#227;o intracard&#237;aca nem o grande volume encontrado<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A abordagem cir&#250;rgica, al&#233;m de apresentar alta taxa de mortalidade e t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria dif&#237;cil, principalmente em prematuros, pode ser contra-indicada em tromboses localizadas em c&#226;maras direitas<sup>6</sup>. Apesar de a experi&#234;ncia do uso de rTPA em neonatos ser limitada, alguns autores utilizaram essa medica&#231;&#227;o na faixa pedi&#225;trica com sucesso. Embora ainda n&#227;o haja ensaio cl&#237;nico aleat&#243;rio, duplo-cego, avaliando a efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica e os efeitos colaterais desse agente, sabe-se que o rTPA tem baixa afinidade pelo plasminog&#234;nio circulante, o que permite dissolu&#231;&#227;o do trombo sem repercuss&#245;es sist&#234;micas<sup>4</sup>, justificando sua op&#231;&#227;o para o caso. Obteve-se excelente resultado ap&#243;s tratamento com esse trombol&#237;tico associado a aspirina, com dissolu&#231;&#227;o total do trombo e aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es, principalmente hemorr&#225;gicas, observadas com o uso de outros trombol&#237;ticos<sup>6</sup>. O fato de a aspirina ter boa efic&#225;cia como antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio e ser relativamente segura e de existirem estudos anteriores encorajadores<sup>5</sup> faz com que seja uma op&#231;&#227;o promissora no tratamento de trombo intracavit&#225;rio. </p>
    <p>O objetivo do relato foi demonstrar a possibilidade do uso de rTPA/aspirina como alternativa eficiente nos casos de trombose intracard&#237;aca em prematuros de peso muito baixo (&lt; 1.500 g), nos quais a cirurgia, al&#233;m da alta mortalidade e da dificuldade t&#233;cnica, pode ser contra-indicada. Soma-se a isso a inclus&#227;o de mais uma evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica no sentido de aperfei&#231;oar a modalidade terap&#234;utica nesses casos, em que ainda n&#227;o h&#225; consenso na literatura. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Fernanda Almeida Tardin </p>
        <p> Rua Marechal Barbacena, 1088/42 &#150; Vila Regente Feij&#243; </p>
        <p> 03333-000 &#150; Vila Velha, ES </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ferdialmeida@hotmail.com">ferdialmeida@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 17/08/06, revisado recebido em 09/11/06, aceito em 14/12/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Combined rTPA and aspirin therapy for intracardiac thrombosis in neonates</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We describe a case of a very low birth weight premature female twin with intracardiac thrombosis. Her condition was consistent with neonatal sepsis, and she was treated with advanced life support, antibiotic therapy, parenteral nutrition, blood transfusion, and central venous catheterization. Infective endocarditis was suspected, and a large intracavitary thrombus was detected by two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography. Surgical procedure was not only technically difficult but also highly lethal, being contraindicated in some cases. Consequently, the use of the thrombolytic recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator (rTPA) associated with aspirin was the treatment of choice, and complete dissolution of the thrombus was achieved without adverse effects.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Fibrinolytic agents</kwd>
        <kwd>plasminogen</kwd>
        <kwd>aspirin</kwd>
        <kwd>thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>platelet aggregation inhibitors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Combined rTPA and aspirin therapy for intracardiac thrombosis in neonates</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fernanda Almeida Tardin; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Avanza J&#250;nior; Marcos Rog&#233;rio Arantes Andi&#227;o; S&#244;nia Maria Alves Andrade Rabello; Em&#237;lia de Mattos Gouv&#234;a Cristello; Edna Cellis Vaccari Baltan; Edelweiss Bussinguer Pereira Pegurin; Norma Suely Oliveira</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Vit&#243;ria, UTI da Crian&#231;a, Hospital Infantil Nossa Senhora da Gl&#243;ria &#150; Vila Velha, ES - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We describe a case of a very low birth weight premature female twin with intracardiac thrombosis. Her condition was consistent with neonatal sepsis, and she was treated with advanced life support, antibiotic therapy, parenteral nutrition, blood transfusion, and central venous catheterization. Infective endocarditis was suspected, and a large intracavitary thrombus was detected by two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography. Surgical procedure was not only technically difficult but also highly lethal, being contraindicated in some cases. Consequently, the use of the thrombolytic recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator (rTPA) associated with aspirin was the treatment of choice, and complete dissolution of the thrombus was achieved without adverse effects.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Fibrinolytic agents; plasminogen; aspirin; thrombosis/complications; platelet aggregation inhibitors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thrombotic complications may occur in neonates under intensive care who require prolonged hospitalization, central venous catheter, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, parenteral nutrition, and blood products. These thrombi are particularly associated with the use of central venous catheter and systemic infections. A careful differential diagnosis among intracardiac masses (thrombus, tumor, and vegetation) that includes clinical history, physical examination, laboratory tests (blood culture), and echocardiogram should be made<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Both clinical and surgical intracardiac thrombosis management in neonates are controversial, since thus far there is little scientific evidence about which treatment is most effective<sup>3</sup>. Owing to the sometimes fatal risk of thromboembolism in these patients, thrombolytic agents, especially recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA), are being successfully used in the pediatric population<sup>4</sup>. There are few reports describing the use of this drug in neonates, particularly prematures with very low birth weight. The therapeutic range of this agent, therefore, remains unknown. Antiplatelet drugs (aspirin), considered adjuvants to antithrombotic therapy, have been showing satisfactory results.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A female premature neonate (postnatal gestational age 34.4 weeks), the first twin delivered by cesarean section, with APGAR score 7/8, intact membranes, head circumference 29 cm; and length 40 cm was admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (UTI da crian&#231;a) for early respiratory distress. At the beginning of the 75-day hospital stay, she had moderate hyaline membrane disease, early neonatal sepsis associated with meningitis, pneumonia, and jaundice. She was given exogenous surfactant, invasive and non-invasive ventilation (811 hours of oxygen exposure), broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy (covering anaerobic, fungal, Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms), light therapy, cardiotonics, blood products, intravenous immunoglobulin (three days), and total parenteral nutrition (32 days). The baby girl developed necrotizing enterocolitis (Bell stage II), anemia, right pleural effusion, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; disseminated intravascular coagulation, gastroesophageal reflux, plus sucking and swallowing incoordination. Besides the peripheral vascular access, a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) was placed via the brachial vein and maintained for 17 days. Once her condition was clinically and surgically controlled (bowel resection and ileostomy), she showed C-reactive protein levels as high as &gt;50 mg/dL (Reference value &lt; 6mg/dL), despite negative cultures (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, pleural fluid, catheter tip), normal blood count, and negative serological tests for syphilis, toxoplasmosis, hepatitis B, and cytomegalovirus, in addition to her mother being HIV-negative. By this time (49 days of life), the presence of an asymptomatic clinical infection was suspected (septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis), and appropriate studies were conducted. Imaging studies (long-bone x-rays and joint ultrasonography) were unremarkable, but the two-dimensional Doppler echocardiogram revealed an irregularly-contoured intracavitary thrombus in the right atrium that protruded towards the right ventricle during atrial systole (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). After family consent was obtained, rTPA was administered in six-hour infusions for ten days, with daily dosage being progressively increased (0.2 mg to 0.5 mg/Kg/hour). Serial echocardiographic studies were performed throughout treatment to evaluate thrombus regression, which occurred at completion of the thrombolytic therapy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e121-00026-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e121-00026-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Following the rTPA treatment, acetylsalicylic acid was given (3 mg/kg/day) for three months, with echocardiographic monitoring, leading to total thrombus dissolution (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). No adverse events were observed during the thrombolytic therapy.</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e121-00026-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Preterm, very low birth weight neonates often develop severe cardiorespiratory and infectious complications, among them septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and endocarditis. Some patients require central venous catheter, therefore complications secondary to this procedure are likely to occur. Central venous catheter and infective endocarditis are possible causes of thrombi formation<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Based on this patient&#146;s clinical and laboratory parameters, a treatment for infective endocarditis was offered as primary option, and appropriate studies were performed. Among the diagnostic possibilities, such as thrombus, tumor, and vegetation, the hypothesis of thrombosis was the most likely, considering the long-term use of central venous catheter, absence of cardiovascular symptoms, negative blood culture, echocardiographic images showing normal cardiac chambers, and the presence of a single, homogeneous, smooth-surfaced echodense mass in the right atrium, non-adherent to the wall or to the tricuspid valve. </p>
      <p>Peripherally inserted central catheters are routinely used in neonates to optimize nutrition and provide stable infusion of medication into the central vascular system. Central catheters are associated with thromboembolic events and may be observed in 13% to 74% of pediatric patients. Among risk factors, no relationship was found with the type of catheter insertion (peripheral or central), its diameter or dwell time, but rather with its location (most frequently in the femoral and subclavian veins and less frequently in the brachial and jugular veins)<sup>9</sup>. Even though the route used in this patient was that of lowest risk, thrombotic events may occur; however, neither the intracardiac location nor the large volume found is common.</p>
      <p>Surgical approach in these cases is not only technically difficult but also associated with high mortality, especially in premature neonates, and may be contraindicated in thrombosis within right heart chambers<sup>6</sup>. In spite of the limited experience with rTPA in neonates, some authors have successfully used this drug in pediatric patients. Although no double-blind, randomized clinical trial evaluating its therapeutic efficacy and side effects has yet been conducted, this agent is known to have low affinity for circulating plasminogen, which allows thrombus resolution without systemic repercussions and, thereby, supports its use. Combination therapy with this thrombolytic and aspirin yielded excellent results, with total thrombus dissolution and no complications, especially hemorrhagic, associated with other thrombolytics<sup>6</sup>. The fact that aspirin is an effective and relatively safe antiplatelet agent, in addition to encouraging results from previous studies<sup>5</sup>, makes it a promising option for treating intracavitary thrombus.</p>
      <p>This study was intended to demonstrate that rTPA in combination with aspirin is an effective alternative for intracardiac thrombosis management in premature, very low birth weight neonates (&lt;1500g), in whom surgical approach is technically difficult to perform and is associated with high mortality rates, and may be contraindicated. It also provides another piece of scientific evidence for refining the therapeutic modality in these cases, where no consensus exists in the literature. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Fernanda Almeida Tardin</p>
          <p> Rua Marechal Barbacena, 1088/42 &#150; Vila Regente Feij&#243; </p>
          <p> 03333-000 &#150; Vila Velha, ES - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ferdialmeida@hotmail.com">ferdialmeida@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received August 17, 2006; revised received November 9, 2006; accepted December 14, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
