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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4MpYY33dpZnzR9QSJLq596f</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00025</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500025</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800525</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500025</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anuloplastia de homoenxerto pulmonar criopreservado com anel de Delrin na atresia pulmonar com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Croti</surname>
            <given-names>Ulisses Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braile</surname>
            <given-names>Domingo Marcolino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Moacir Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramirez</surname>
            <given-names>Vladimir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beani</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moscadini</surname>
            <given-names>A&#237;rton Camacho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Base </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular Pedi&#225;trica de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e118</fpage>
      <lpage>e120</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Crian&#231;a de seis anos portadora de atresia pulmonar com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, submetida a corre&#231;&#227;o total com um ano, empregando monov&#225;lvula de peric&#225;rdio bovino na reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. Evoluiu com importante regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar pulmonar (RVP) e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito. Na reopera&#231;&#227;o foi implantado homoenxerto pulmonar criopreservado (HPC) com anuloplastia, utilizando anel de Delrin com o intuito de evitar distor&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica do conduto. Ap&#243;s dois anos, o ecocardiograma, semelhante ao p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, demonstra RVP discreta e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita normal, sugerindo que essa manobra pode ser utilizada como coadjuvante para otimizar o resultado do implante do HPC.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Art&#233;rias br&#244;nquicas</kwd>
        <kwd>atresia pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Anuloplastia de homoenxerto pulmonar criopreservado com anel de Delrin na atresia pulmonar com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ulisses Alexandre Croti; Domingo Marcolino Braile; Moacir Fernandes de Godoy; Vladimir Ramirez; Lilian Beani; A&#237;rton Camacho Moscadini</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular Pedi&#225;trica de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, Hospital de Base &#150; Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Crian&#231;a de seis anos portadora de atresia pulmonar com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, submetida a corre&#231;&#227;o total com um ano, empregando monov&#225;lvula de peric&#225;rdio bovino na reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. Evoluiu com importante regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar pulmonar (RVP) e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito. Na reopera&#231;&#227;o foi implantado homoenxerto pulmonar criopreservado (HPC) com anuloplastia, utilizando anel de Delrin com o intuito de evitar distor&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica do conduto. Ap&#243;s dois anos, o ecocardiograma, semelhante ao p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, demonstra RVP discreta e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita normal, sugerindo que essa manobra pode ser utilizada como coadjuvante para otimizar o resultado do implante do HPC.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Art&#233;rias br&#244;nquicas, atresia pulmonar, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A conex&#227;o entre as art&#233;rias pulmonares e a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (VSVD) na atresia pulmonar (AP) com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV) pode ser tratada de diversas formas, de acordo com a anatomia, como com sutura direta, tubo de peric&#225;rdio bovino, homoenxerto criopreservado ou com placa de peric&#225;rdio bovino com monov&#225;lvula (monoc&#250;spide)<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>A monov&#225;lvula freq&#252;entemente evolui com calcifica&#231;&#227;o precoce causando regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar pulmonar, a qual &#233; geralmente bem tolerada e os sintomas aparecem gradualmente com o aumento da sobrecarga volum&#233;trica e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD)<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na necessidade de reopera&#231;&#227;o, o homoenxerto pulmonar criopreservado (HPC) tem se mostrado como op&#231;&#227;o adequada de conduto para a corre&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m algumas vezes tamb&#233;m apresenta regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar pulmonar (RVP) importante<sup>3</sup>, podendo ter como respons&#225;veis as distor&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas do anel. Assim, idealizamos uma anuloplastia no HPC com o anel de Delrin, comumente utilizado na estrutura&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;teses valvares biol&#243;gicas<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Crian&#231;a de seis anos de idade, do sexo feminino, com 19,7 kg de peso, 97,2 cm de altura, cor branca, natural e procedente de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto. Ao nascimento, apresentou taquipn&#233;ia, cianose 2+/4+ com satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio de 80%. O ecocardiograma diagnosticou AP com CIV, persist&#234;ncia de grande canal arterial e comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial tipo forame oval. Acompanhada clinicamente at&#233; um ano, quando foi submetida a corre&#231;&#227;o total, em outro Servi&#231;o, com amplia&#231;&#227;o da VSVD, anel valvar e tronco pulmonar com placa de peric&#225;rdio bovino com monov&#225;lvula, fechamento da CIV e implante de marcapasso definitivo, por bloqueio atrioventricular total. </p>
    <p>A monov&#225;lvula apresentou disfun&#231;&#227;o precoce, por&#233;m a paciente seguiu acompanhada clinicamente, quando iniciou quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grau III (NYHA) por disfun&#231;&#227;o importante do enxerto e do VD.</p>
    <p>Encaminhada para nova opera&#231;&#227;o em regular estado geral, com <italic>ictus cordis</italic> impulsivo no sexto espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo em linha axilar anterior, sopro sist&#243;lico 2+/4+ e diast&#243;lico de 3+/ 4+ em foco pulmonar. Press&#227;o arterial em membro superior de 92 x 63 mmHg. Ausculta pulmonar sim&#233;trica, sem ru&#237;dos advent&#237;cios. Abdome fl&#225;cido, f&#237;gado palp&#225;vel a 3 cm do rebordo costal direito. Em uso de furosemida e espirolactona.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma apresentava per&#237;odos de ritmo sinusal, freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 136 bpm. Bloqueio completo de ramo direito. Altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular secund&#225;rias ao bloqueio. Bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) de primeiro grau com epis&#243;dios de BAV de segundo grau tipo Mobitz II, al&#233;m da presen&#231;a de esp&#237;culas espor&#225;dicas do marcapasso definitivo. </p>
    <p>O radiograma de t&#243;rax era normal, excetuando-se o aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca &#224; custa de c&#226;maras direitas, com &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico de 0,72.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio diagnosticou presen&#231;a da monov&#225;lvula com estenose pulmonar moderada (gradiente instant&#226;neo m&#225;ximo de 49 mmHg), regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar importante, insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide discreta e dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD com disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada, al&#233;m da presen&#231;a de eletrodo de marcapasso.</p>
    <p>A opera&#231;&#227;o foi realizada por toracotomia transesternal mediana com aux&#237;lio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea a 28&#186;C e cardioplegia sang&#252;&#237;nea, anter&#243;grada, intermitente e hipot&#233;rmica a 4&#186;C. </p>
    <p>Incis&#227;o longitudinal no &#225;trio direito e tronco pulmonar (TP), onde se evidenciou a placa da monov&#225;lvula calcificada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>), optado por ressec&#231;&#227;o completa da conex&#227;o VD/TP. Um HPC n&#186; 20 foi suportado em anel de Delrin do mesmo di&#226;metro, suturando-se o anel ao HPC com sutura cont&#237;nua de polipropileno 5-0 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). O HPC foi implantado em posi&#231;&#227;o pulmonar com polipropileno 4-0, sutura cont&#237;nua, sendo a por&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita completada com placa de peric&#225;rdio bovino em forma triangular. Distalmente o homoenxerto foi anastomosado t&#233;rmino-terminal com polipropileno 5-0 aos ramos pulmonares, j&#225; que havia estenose no ramo esquerdo, que tamb&#233;m havia sido ampliado com politetrafluoretileno na opera&#231;&#227;o anterior. O tempo de perfus&#227;o foi de 101 minutos e de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica de 73 minutos.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e118-00025-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e118-00025-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O ecocardiograma ap&#243;s dois anos de seguimento evidenciou RVP discreta sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, compat&#237;vel com o quadro cl&#237;nico funcional grau I (NYHA) e semelhante ao exame realizado no momento da alta hospitalar. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A AP com CIV &#233; uma doen&#231;a grave e complexa, na qual h&#225; aus&#234;ncia de conex&#227;o entre um dos ventr&#237;culos e as art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais (AAPP), al&#233;m de um orif&#237;cio no septo interventricular. O tratamento cir&#250;rgico comumente &#233; realizado em est&#225;gios, com confec&#231;&#227;o de Blalock-Taussig modificado, unifocaliza&#231;&#227;o entre art&#233;rias colaterais sist&#234;mico-pulmonares e conex&#227;o entre o VD e as AAPP<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>A conex&#227;o direta entre o VD e as AAPP, realizada na primeira opera&#231;&#227;o, apresenta a vantagem de permitir o crescimento da parede posterior, j&#225; que o paciente usualmente &#233; operado quando ainda crian&#231;a necessitando posterior aumento de di&#226;metro com o desenvolvimento sist&#234;mico. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, em nosso meio, muitas vezes emprega-se uma monov&#225;lvula suturada em placa de peric&#225;rdio bovino para reconstru&#231;&#227;o da parede anterior do TP, valva pulmonar e VSVD<sup>5</sup>. Essa monov&#225;lvula &#233; importante no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, pois evita a regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar e corrobora para melhor fun&#231;&#227;o do VD; contudo, em poucos meses evolui com calcifica&#231;&#227;o e instala-se a RVP, geralmente moderada a importante, a qual se segue por disfun&#231;&#227;o do respectivo ventr&#237;culo com sobrecarga volum&#233;trica<sup>2,3</sup>, situa&#231;&#227;o observada no caso relatado.</p>
    <p>Tal situa&#231;&#227;o orienta para o implante de um conduto que possa reduzir o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o. A crian&#231;a apresentava, al&#233;m de importante RVP, estenose com gradiente significativo, proporcionando grave disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD.</p>
    <p>O conduto de peric&#225;rdio bovino corrugado, amplamente utilizado no Brasil com excelentes resultados &#233; op&#231;&#227;o bastante satisfat&#243;ria quando da necessidade de implante de enxerto em posi&#231;&#227;o pulmonar<sup>6</sup>, pois &#233; de f&#225;cil manuseio e a baixa press&#227;o permite grande durabilidade da pr&#243;tese. Entretanto, nas crian&#231;as h&#225; intensa calcifica&#231;&#227;o, fato que o torna n&#227;o totalmente ideal.</p>
    <p>O HPC tamb&#233;m n&#227;o &#233; ideal, pois pode ocasionar insufici&#234;ncia valvar com o decorrer do tempo, apesar de provocar menor calcifica&#231;&#227;o, sendo assim mais uma das alternativas que podemos utilizar em crian&#231;as<sup>3,7</sup>. </p>
    <p>A RVP pode surgir por diversas causas, como por calcifica&#231;&#227;o ou distor&#231;&#227;o valvar no momento do implante ou tardiamente, j&#225; que na atresia pulmonar h&#225; aus&#234;ncia do infund&#237;bulo e a VSVD &#233; reconstru&#237;da com uma placa triangular de peric&#225;rdio bovino, politetrafluoretileno ou dacron, todos sem potencial de crescimento e, portanto, podendo propiciar distor&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica com o crescimento das estruturas adjacentes<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O anel de Delrin utilizado para a anuloplastia do HPC &#233; fabricado em resina de poliacetal Delrin (<italic>Du Pont</italic>), para uso m&#233;dico, injetado em condi&#231;&#245;es especiais, de modo a manter a flexibilidade e a alta resist&#234;ncia. Um aro especial de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel 316-L &#233; inserido externamente no anel, refor&#231;ando a sua consist&#234;ncia e permitindo sua visibiliza&#231;&#227;o por simples exame radiol&#243;gico. Esse aro &#233; resistente &#224; corros&#227;o e adequado para aplica&#231;&#245;es criog&#234;nicas, sujeitas a choques e impactos<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A id&#233;ia de suportar o HPC com o anel de Delrin teve o intuito primordial de evitar as distor&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas na VSVD, baseando-se em experi&#234;ncias pr&#233;vias com sucesso de anuloplastia em homoenxerto aplicado em posi&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A observa&#231;&#227;o de um resultado adequado, com ecocardiograma satisfat&#243;rio ap&#243;s dois anos de seguimento, nos permite pensar na possibilidade de sustenta&#231;&#227;o do homoenxerto com o anel de Delrin em posi&#231;&#227;o pulmonar na conex&#227;o VD/TP na AP com CIV, proporcionando melhor funcionalidade imediata e em longo prazo. Contudo, essa condi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o pode ser generalizada e necessita de maior tempo e n&#250;mero de pacientes em acompanhamento para ser empregada de forma rotineira.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ulisses Alexandre Croti </p>
        <p> Hospital de Base de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto </p>
        <p> Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5544 </p>
        <p> 15090-000 - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="uacroti@cardiol.br">uacroti@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 13/08/06; revisado recebido em 12/10/06; aceito em 17/01/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Annuloplasty of cryopreserved pulmonary homograft with Delrin stent in pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>A six-year-old child was suffering from pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect after a total correction at 1 year of age using a bovine pericardial monocusp valve in the reconstruction of the right ventricle outflow tract. The infant evolved with significant pulmonary valve regurgitation (PVR) and right ventricle dysfunction. On reoperation, a cryopreserved pulmonary homograft (CPH) was implanted with annuloplasty utilizing a Delrin ring with the aim of avoiding geometric distortion of the vessel. After two years, an echocardiogram proved a similar state to the immediate postoperative period with slight pulmonary valve regurgitation and normal right ventricular function suggesting that this maneuver may be used as coadjuvant treatment to optimize the result of CPH implantation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Bronchial arteries</kwd>
        <kwd>pulmonary atresia</kwd>
        <kwd>heart defects</kwd>
        <kwd>congenital</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Annuloplasty of cryopreserved pulmonary homograft with Delrin stent in pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ulisses Alexandre Croti; Domingo Marcolino Braile; Moacir Fernandes de Godoy; Vladimir Ramirez; Lilian Beani; A&#237;rton Camacho Moscadini</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular Pedi&#225;trica de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, Hospital de Base &#150; Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Six-year-old child with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect undergoing total correction at one year of age with bovine pericardial monocusp valve to reconstruct the right ventricular outflow tract. The patient developed significant pulmonary valve regurgitation (PVR) and right ventricular dysfunction. At reoperation, a cryopreserved pulmonary homograft (CPH) was implanted with annuloplasty using a Delrin stent with the purpose of preventing geometric conduit distortion. Two years later, an echocardiogram, similar to that performed in the immediate postoperative period, demonstrated mild PVR and normal right ventricular function, thus suggesting that this maneuver may be used as an adjuvant to optimize the outcomes of CPH implantation.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Bronchial arteries; pulmonary atresia; heart defects, congenital.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The connection between the pulmonary arteries and the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) in pulmonary atresia (PA) with ventricular septal defect (VSD) may be corrected with several different techniques, such as direct suture, bovine pericardial conduit, cryopreserved homograft, or bovine pericardial patch with a single valve (monocusp), according to the anatomy<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>The monocusp valve frequently progresses with early calcification that causes pulmonary valve regurgitation which is usually well tolerated, and symptoms develop gradually with the increased volume overload and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>When reoperation is necessary, the cryopreserved pulmonary homograft (CPH) has proven to be an adequate conduit option for repair; however it also sometimes presents significant pulmonary valve regurgitation (PVR)<sup>3</sup> that may result from geometric ring distortions. Thus, we propose an annuloplasty in the CPH with the Delrin stent, which is commonly used to support biological valve prostheses<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Six-year-old female child, weighing 19.7 kg, 97.2 cm tall, white, born and residing in the city of S&#227;o Jose do Rio Preto. At birth, she presented with tachypnea and cyanosis 2+/4+, with peripheral oxygen saturation of 80%. Echocardiogram revealed PA with VSD, large patent ductus arteriosus, and foramen-ovale-type atrial septal defect. The patient was clinically followed-up up to one year of age, when she underwent total correction in another service, with enlargement of the RVOT, valve ring and pulmonary trunk with bovine pericardial patch with monocusp valve, VSD closure and permanent pacemaker implantation due to complete atrioventricular block. </p>
      <p>Early dysfunction was observed in the monocusp valve; however the patient remained clinically followed-up when she developed class III heart failure (NYHA) due to significant graft and RV dysfunction. </p>
      <p>The patient was referred to surgery again, and was ill-appearing, with a forceful apical impulse in the sixth left intercostal space, anterior axillary line, a grade 3/6 systolic heart murmur, and a grade 4/6 diastolic murmur in pulmonary area. Arm blood pressure was 92 x 63mmHg. Symmetrical pulmonary auscultation, with no adventitious sounds. Her abdomen was soft, and the liver was palpable 3 cm below the right costal margin. The patient was on furosemide and spironolactone.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram showed periods of sinus rhythm and heart rate of 136 bpm; complete right bundle branch block; ventricular repolarization abnormalities secondary to the heart block; first-degree atrioventricular block (AVB) with episodes of Mobitz-II second-degree AVB, as well as the presence of occasional spikes from the permanent pacemaker. </p>
      <p>Chest radiograph was normal, except for an increased cardiac silhouette on account of right chambers, with a cardiothoracic ratio of 0.72.</p>
      <p>A preoperative echocardiogram showed the presence of the monocusp valve with moderate pulmonary stenosis (peak instantaneous gradient of 49 mmHg), significant pulmonary valve regurgitation, mild tricuspid valve regurgitation, and RV dilatation with moderate dysfunction, in addition to the presence of a pacemaker lead.</p>
      <p>The operation was performed via a median sternotomy using extracorporeal circulation at 28&#186;C and intermittent antegrade cold blood cardioplegia at 4&#186;C.</p>
      <p>A longitudinal incision was performed in the right atrium and pulmonary trunk (PT), where a calcified plaque in the monocusp valve was observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>); complete resection of the RV/PT connection was then chosen. A number-20 CPH was supported in a diameter-matched Delrin stent, and the ring was sutured to the CPH with a 5-0 polypropylene continuous suture (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The CPH was implanted in the pulmonary position using 4-0 polypropylene continuous suture, and the right ventricular portion was completed with a triangular bovine pericardial patch. Distally, a 5-0 polypropylene end-to-end anastomosis was performed between the homograft and the pulmonary branches, since stenosis was observed in the left branch, which had already been enlarged with polytetrafluorethylene in the previous surgery. Perfusion time was 101 minutes, and myocardial ischemia time was 73 minutes.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e118-00025-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e118-00025-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Echocardiogram performed after two years of follow-up showed mild PVR without right ventricular dysfunction, compatible with class I heart failure (NYHA) presentation, and similar to the echocardiogram performed at hospital discharge.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>PA with VSD is a severe and complex disease where a lack of connection between one of the ventricles and the central pulmonary arteries (PPAA), in addition to a ventricular septal defect are observed. The surgical treatment is commonly staged, with performance of a modified Blalock-Taussig, unifocalization between systemic-pulmonary collateral arteries and connection between the RV and PPAA<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The direct anastomosis between the RV and PPAA performed in the first operation has the advantage of enabling the posterior wall to grow, since patients are usually operated during childhood, and thus require further diameter enlargement as their bodies grow. In this situation, a monocusp valve sutured in bovine pericardial patch is frequently used to reconstruct the anterior wall of the PT, pulmonary valve and RVOT in our setting<sup>5</sup>. This monocusp valve is important in the immediate postoperative period, because it prevents valvular regurgitation and provides a better RV function; however, calcification occurs within a few months and usually moderate to severe PVR develops, followed by dysfunction of the respective ventricle with volume overload<sup>2,3</sup>, a situation that was observed in the case reported. </p>
      <p>This situation requires the implantation of a conduit able to reduce the degree of regurgitation. The patient presented stenosis with a significant gradient in addition to severe PVR, thus leading to severe RV dysfunction. </p>
      <p>Bovine pericardial valved conduits, widely used in Brazil with excellent results, are a quite satisfactory option when graft implantation in the pulmonary position is required<sup>6</sup>, because they are easy to handle and their low pressure provides long prosthesis durability. However, intense calcification is observed in children, which makes these conduits not fully optimal. </p>
      <p>CPH is not optimal either, because it may cause valve regurgitation over time despite leading to less calcification, and is thus an additional alternative that can be used in children<sup>3,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>PVR may develop for different reasons, such as calcification or valve distortion at the moment of implantation or later, since in pulmonary atresia the infundibulum is absent, and the RVOT is reconstructed with a triangular patch of bovine pericardium, polytetrafluorethylene, or Dacron, all lacking growth potential, and thus able to lead to geometric distortion as the adjacent structures grow<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Delrin stent used for annuloplasty of the CPH is manufactured in Delrin polyacetal resin (Du Pont) for medical use, and is injected in special conditions so as to keep flexibility and high resistance. A special 316-L stainless-steel ring is inserted outside the Delrin stent, reinforcing its consistency and enabling its visualization using plain radiography. This ring is resistant to corrosion and is suitable for cryogenic applications subject to shocks and impacts<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The main purpose of the idea of supporting the CPH with a Delrin stent was to prevent geometric distortions in the RVOT, based on previous successful experiences of annuloplasty in homografts used in the tricuspid position<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>The favorable outcomes observed, with a satisfactory echocardiogram after two years of follow-up, allow us to consider the possibility of supporting the homograft with a Delrin stent in the pulmonary position in the RV/PT connection in PA with VSD, thus providing better immediate and long-term functionality. However, this condition may not be generalized and a longer follow-up and greater number of patients are required so that it can be routinely used. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Ulisses Alexandre Croti </p>
          <p> Hospital de Base de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto </p>
          <p> Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5544 </p>
          <p> 15090-000 - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="uacroti@cardiol.br">uacroti@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received August 13, 2006; revised manuscript received October 12, 2006; accepted January 17, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
