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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QMsL7vP8kpYbC7RMJ6g79Dc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00024</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500024</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800524</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500024</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Trombose aguda de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica mitral tratada efetivamente com tromb&#243;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hallack Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Caetano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonato</surname>
            <given-names>Glauco Resende</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Possani</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caminatti</surname>
            <given-names>Mois&#233;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Juiz de Fora</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e115</fpage>
      <lpage>e117</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Mulher com 61 anos de idade, portadora h&#225; 11 anos de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica, foi internada com dispn&#233;ia s&#250;bita, palidez e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. A avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica incluiu ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, que demonstrou restri&#231;&#227;o importante da mobilidade de um dos folhetos da pr&#243;tese mitral e imobilidade do outro, juntamente com imagem de espessamento compat&#237;vel com trombo aderido &#224; valva. Foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de trombose de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica mitral e institu&#237;da terapia trombol&#237;tica (rtPA) com sucesso. A paciente est&#225; em acompanhamento h&#225; mais de um ano, com evolu&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Trombose</kwd>
        <kwd>fibrin&#243;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>pr&#243;teses valvulares card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>terapia trombol&#237;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Trombose aguda de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica mitral tratada efetivamente com tromb&#243;lise</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Wilson Coelho Pereira Filho; Abrah&#227;o Hallack Neto; Leandro Caetano Pimentel; Glauco Resende Bonato; Felipe de Sousa Possani; Mois&#233;s Caminatti</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Juiz de Fora &#150; Juiz de Fora, MG</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher com 61 anos de idade, portadora h&#225; 11 anos de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica, foi internada com dispn&#233;ia s&#250;bita, palidez e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. A avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica incluiu ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, que demonstrou restri&#231;&#227;o importante da mobilidade de um dos folhetos da pr&#243;tese mitral e imobilidade do outro, juntamente com imagem de espessamento compat&#237;vel com trombo aderido &#224; valva. Foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de trombose de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica mitral e institu&#237;da terapia trombol&#237;tica (rtPA) com sucesso. A paciente est&#225; em acompanhamento h&#225; mais de um ano, com evolu&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Trombose/complica&#231;&#245;es, fibrin&#243;lise, pr&#243;teses valvulares card&#237;acas, terapia trombol&#237;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com o avan&#231;o da medicina, a popula&#231;&#227;o tem alcan&#231;ado maior expectativa de vida. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s valvopatias, esse avan&#231;o tem proporcionado interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas repetidas, com indica&#231;&#227;o cada vez maior do implante de pr&#243;teses valvares mec&#226;nicas. A trombose constitui uma de suas complica&#231;&#245;es mais temidas, atingindo incid&#234;ncia de 0,2% a 6% em c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas e de at&#233; 20% em pr&#243;teses tric&#250;spides<sup>1</sup>. Sua principal condi&#231;&#227;o predisponente &#233; a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o inadequada, encontrada em 82% dos casos<sup>1-3</sup>. Interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica tem sido o tratamento tradicional, por&#233;m os &#237;ndices de morbidade e de mortalidade podem chegar a 69% em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em classes funcionais III e IV da <italic>New York Heart Association </italic>(NYHA)<sup>1</sup>. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o efetiva de fibrinol&#237;tico no tratamento de trombose de pr&#243;tese Starr-Edwards em posi&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide foi descrita pela primeira vez por Luluaga e cols.<sup>4</sup>, em 1971. Atualmente, a terapia trombol&#237;tica tem sido documentada como um tratamento alternativo eficaz, sendo a primeira escolha nas c&#226;maras direitas<sup>3-6</sup>. Entretanto, o risco de eventos emb&#243;licos, de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos e de recidivas ainda faz da tromb&#243;lise um tratamento discut&#237;vel no acometimento valvar a&#243;rtico e mitral<sup>5</sup>. Relatamos um caso de trombose em pr&#243;tese mitral mec&#226;nica que obteve sucesso com a terapia trombol&#237;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher com 61 anos de idade foi internada com quadro s&#250;bito de dispn&#233;ia aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os, ortopn&#233;ia, dispn&#233;ia parox&#237;stica noturna, astenia, palidez cutaneomucosa e sudorese.</p>
    <p>Sua hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica inclu&#237;a les&#227;o mitral reum&#225;tica e duas trocas valvares: coloca&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica inicialmente e coloca&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica Carbomedics 27 h&#225; 11 anos. Portadora h&#225; cinco meses de linfoma n&#227;o-Hodgkin de grandes c&#233;lulas B, estava sendo submetida a tratamento quimioter&#225;pico com esquema CHOP (ciclofosfamida, adriamicina, vincristina e prednisona). A paciente usava warfarina na dose de 5 mg por dia, que foi substitu&#237;da por enoxaparina na dose de 40 mg por dia tr&#234;s meses antes da interna&#231;&#227;o, em decorr&#234;ncia de poss&#237;vel intera&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa com os quimioter&#225;picos. Foi examinada dias antes da interna&#231;&#227;o e encontrava-se totalmente assintom&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>Ao ser internada, o exame f&#237;sico revelou freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 20 incurs&#245;es por minuto (ipm), pulso irregular com boa amplitude, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 100 batimentos por minuto, press&#227;o arterial de 110 mmHg x 70 mmHg, mucosas descoradas (2+/4+) e temperatura axilar de 37&#186;C. Estava l&#250;cida e sem d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico, tendo sido observados murm&#250;rio vesicular reduzido em bases pulmonares e estertores at&#233; o ter&#231;o m&#233;dio bilateralmente, com ritmo card&#237;aco irregular e hiperfonese acentuada de P2, sem sopros. Apresentava edema de membros inferiores 1+/4+.</p>
    <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>) demonstrou congest&#227;o pulmonar significativa e derrame pleural bilateral. O exame eletrocardiogr&#225;fico demonstrou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e aus&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Foram os seguintes os resultados da an&#225;lise sangu&#237;nea: hemoglobina, 10,4 g/dl; pot&#225;ssio, 3,0 mEq/l; tempo de tromboplastina parcial, 30,0 s (id&#234;ntico ao controle); atividade de protrombina, 81,4%; e rela&#231;&#227;o normatizada internacional (RNI), 1,22.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e115-00024-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico demonstrou aumento grave de &#225;trio esquerdo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 61%, pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica mitral com orif&#237;cio de fluxo calculado de 1,7 cm<sup>2</sup>, alto gradiente diast&#243;lico transprot&#233;tico compat&#237;vel com estenose grave da pr&#243;tese mitral, e hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar moderada.</p>
    <p>Diante da evid&#234;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica de prov&#225;vel trombose da valva prot&#233;tica mitral foi iniciada hepariniza&#231;&#227;o plena e solicitada ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>) acrescentou dados de restri&#231;&#227;o significativa da mobilidade de um dos folhetos da pr&#243;tese mitral e imobilidade do outro, juntamente com imagem de espessamento compat&#237;vel com trombo aderido &#224; valva, aumento do gradiente AE/VE (&#225;trio esquerdo/ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) m&#225;ximo de 31 mmHg e m&#233;dio de 17 mmHg, com &#225;rea valvar estimada em 0,55 cm<sup>2</sup> e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica arterial pulmonar (PSAP) de 61 mmHg.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e115-00024-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A paciente evoluiu com piora significativa da fun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 32 ipm, esfor&#231;o ventilat&#243;rio e hipotens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>Foi institu&#237;da terapia trombol&#237;tica com rtPA na dose de 100 mg por via endovenosa em infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua por duas horas, seguida de retorno da hepariniza&#231;&#227;o plena. Logo ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da infus&#227;o, o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico j&#225; demonstrava diminui&#231;&#227;o do gradiente AE/VE e da PSAP. A paciente evoluiu com melhora gradual do quadro cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>) realizada tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s a tromb&#243;lise evidenciou &#225;trio esquerdo de 55 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 76%, restri&#231;&#227;o significativa da mobilidade de um dos folhetos da pr&#243;tese, com boa mobilidade do outro, gradiente AE/VE m&#225;ximo de 17 mmHg e m&#233;dio de 6 mmHg, &#225;rea valvar estimada em 2,0 cm<sup>2</sup>, PSAP estimada em 42 mmHg, refluxo prot&#233;tico mitral discreto a moderado, e refluxo tric&#250;spide moderado.</p>
    <p>A paciente est&#225; em acompanhamento cardiol&#243;gico e mant&#233;m-se assintom&#225;tica. Usa anticoagulante oral cont&#237;nuo e n&#227;o apresentou novos eventos tromboemb&#243;licos.</p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia realizada em julho de 2005 revelou &#225;rea valvar de 3,7 cm&#178;, gradiente transvalvar normal, PSAP de 39 mmHg e presen&#231;a de contraste espont&#226;neo no &#225;trio esquerdo. Nova ecocardiografia foi feita em mar&#231;o de 2006, demonstrando &#225;trio esquerdo de 47 mm, &#225;rea valvar de 2,94 cm<sup>2</sup>, PSAP de 34 mmHg, e pr&#243;tese sem sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O linfoma n&#227;o-Hodgkin encontra-se em remiss&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica &#233; a melhor ferramenta diagn&#243;stica para determinar altera&#231;&#245;es no mecanismo oclusivo valvar ou exist&#234;ncia de massas valvares tromb&#243;ticas, principalmente na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral. Caracteriza o tipo, o tamanho e a localiza&#231;&#227;o do trombo, auxiliando na escolha do tratamento mais apropriado<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Terapia trombol&#237;tica para trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar (TPV) em c&#226;maras esquerdas &#233; aceit&#225;vel em pacientes criticamente enfermos, como o caso relatado, nos quais a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica apresenta alto risco, ou naqueles com contra-indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. A argumenta&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel &#224; cirurgia em pacientes em classes funcionais I ou II da NYHA baseia-se na baixa mortalidade nesse grupo, em oposi&#231;&#227;o ao alto risco de embolia (12% a 17%) da tromb&#243;lise<sup>7</sup>. Lengyel e cols. encontraram, em revis&#227;o de 200 artigos sobre tromb&#243;lise em TPV de c&#226;maras esquerdas, sucesso inicial de 82%, com taxa de tromboembolia de 12% e mortalidade de 10%<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Antecedente de acidente vascular cerebral e tamanho do trombo observado pela ecocardiografia s&#227;o preditores independentes de complica&#231;&#227;o relacionada &#224; tromb&#243;lise. Para cada aumento de 1 cm<sup>2</sup> na &#225;rea do trombo corresponde aumento da taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es de 2,4 vezes. Pacientes que apresentam trombo com &#225;rea &lt; 0,8 cm<sup>2</sup> t&#234;m sucesso na tromb&#243;lise sem efeitos adversos significativos. A presen&#231;a de trombo com &#225;rea &gt; 0,8 cm<sup>2</sup> foi preditora de complica&#231;&#227;o, com sensibilidade de 79% e especificidade de 68%<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Finalmente, Reddy e cols<sup>9</sup>. sugeriram que a tromb&#243;lise pode representar uma alternativa importante nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, em que n&#227;o se disp&#245;e de cirurgia card&#237;aca, principalmente se houver extrema gravidade cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Wilson Coelho Pereira Filho </p>
        <p> Av. Rio Branco, 2288/810 </p>
        <p> 36016-310 &#150; Juiz de Fora, MG </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="wcoelho@cardiol.br">wcoelho@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 10/08/06, revisado recebido em 14/09/06, aceito em 14/09/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Acute thrombosis of mechanical mitral valve prosthesis successfully treated with thrombolysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>A 61-year-old female patient using a mechanical prosthesis for 11 years was admitted to the hospital with sudden dyspnea, pallor and atrial fibrillation. The diagnostic evaluation included transesophageal echocardiogram, which showed a significantly reduced motion of one of the leaflets of the mitral prosthesis and immobility of the other, in addition to a thickened structure compatible with a thrombus adherent to the valve. The patient was diagnosed with thrombosis of mechanical mitral valve prosthesis. Thrombolytic therapy (rtPA) was started successfully. The patient has been followed up for more than one year with a favorable outcome.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>fibrinolysis</kwd>
        <kwd>heart valve prosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>thrombolytic therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acute thrombosis of mechanical mitral valve prosthesis successfully treated with thrombolysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Wilson Coelho Pereira Filho; Abrah&#227;o Hallack Neto; Leandro Caetano Pimentel; Glauco Resende Bonato; Felipe de Sousa Possani; Mois&#233;s Caminatti</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Juiz de Fora &#150; Juiz de Fora, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 61-year-old female patient using a mechanical prosthesis for 11 years was admitted to the hospital with sudden dyspnea, pallor and atrial fibrillation. The diagnostic evaluation included transesophageal echocardiogram, which showed a significantly reduced motion of one of the leaflets of the mitral prosthesis and immobility of the other, in addition to a thickened structure compatible with a thrombus adherent to the valve. The patient was diagnosed with thrombosis of mechanical mitral valve prosthesis. Thrombolytic therapy (rtPA) was started successfully. The patient has been followed up for more than one year with a favorable outcome.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Thrombosis/complications; fibrinolysis; heart valve prosthesis; thrombolytic therapy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thanks to medical advances, the population has achieved a higher life expectancy. As regards heart valve diseases, repeat surgical interventions have become feasible, with increasingly frequent indications for mechanical valve prosthesis. Thrombosis is one of its most feared complications, with an incidence of up to 0.2-6% in left heart chambers, and up to 20% in tricuspid valve prosthesis<sup>1</sup>. The main factor predisposing to thrombosis is an inadequate anticoagulation, which is observed in 82% of the cases<sup>1-3</sup>. Surgical intervention has been the conventional treatment; however, morbidity and mortality may be as high as 69% in patients with NYHA functional class III and IV heart failure<sup>1</sup>. The successful use of fibrinolytic agents in the treatment of thrombosis of Starr-Edwards prosthesis in the tricuspid position was first described by Luluaga et al<sup>4</sup> in 1971. Currently, thrombolytic therapy has been documented as an effective alternative treatment, and is the first choice for right chambers<sup>3-6</sup>. However, thrombolysis remains a debatable treatment for aortic and mitral valve diseases due to the risk of embolic and hemorrhagic events and recurrences<sup>5</sup>. We report a case of thrombosis in mechanical mitral valve prosthesis successfully treated with thrombolysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 61-year-old female patient was admitted to the hospital with sudden dyspnea on minimum exertion, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, asthenia, skin and mucous membrane pallor and diaphoresis. </p>
      <p>Her past medical history included rheumatic mitral valve disease and two valve replacements: the first, with a biological prosthesis, and the second with a Carbomedics 27 metal prosthesis 11 years ago. The patient was diagnosed with large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma 5 months ago, and started chemotherapy with the CHOP regimen (Cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, Vincristine, and Prednisone). She was taking warfarin 5mg/day, which was replaced by enoxaparin 40mg/day three months prior to hospital admission due to a possible drug interaction with the chemotherapy drugs. She had been examined a few days prior to hospitalization and was totally asymptomatic. </p>
      <p>At admission, her physical examination revealed a respiratory rate (RR) of 20 breaths per minute (bpm), irregular pulse with normal amplitude; heart rate of 100 beats per minute, blood pressure of 110/70 mmHg, mucous membrane pallor (2+/4+), and axillary temperature of 37&#186;C. She was oriented to person, place, time, and situation and had no neurological deficits. Vesicular breath sounds were decreased at lung bases, with crackles in the lower two-thirds bilaterally. Irregular heart rhythm, accentuated P2, with no heart murmurs. She presented lower-extremity edema 1+/4+.</p>
      <p>Chest radiograph (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>) showed significant pulmonary congestion and bilateral pleural effusion. Electrocardiogram showed atrial fibrillation and absence of myocardial ischemia. Blood analysis revealed hemoglobin of 10.4 g/dL, potassium of 3.0 mEq/L, partial thromboplastin time of 30.0s (equal to control), prothrombin activity of 81.4% and INR of 1.22.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e115-00024-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Transthoracic echocardiogram showed a severely enlarged left atrium (LA), ejection fraction of 61%, metal mitral valve prosthesis with an opening calculated at 1.7 cm<sup>2</sup>, high transprosthetic diastolic gradient compatible with severe stenosis of the prosthetic mitral valve and moderate pulmonary hypertension. </p>
      <p>In light of the echocardiographic evidence of probable thrombosis of the mitral valve prosthesis, full heparinization was started and a transesophageal echocardiogram was requested. </p>
      <p>Transesophageal echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>) showed a significantly reduced motion of one of the leaflets of the mitral valve prosthesis and immobility of the other, in addition to a thickened structure compatible with a thrombus adhered to the valve, increased LA/LV gradient (maximum: 31mmHg and mean: 17mmHg), with a valve area estimated at 0.55 cm<sup>2</sup>, and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) of 61mmHg.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e115-00024-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient presented a significant deterioration of the respiratory function, with RR of 32bpm, ventilatory effort and arterial hypotension. </p>
      <p>Thrombolytic therapy with rtPA 100mg IV in continuous infusion was started for two hours, after which full heparinization was resumed. Immediately after the end of the infusion, transthoracic echocardiogram already showed a decrease in the LA/LV gradient and SPAP. The patient progressed with a gradual improvement of her clinical status. </p>
      <p>Transesophageal echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>) performed three days after thrombolysis showed LA of 55mm, ejection fraction of 76%, significantly reduced motion of one of the prosthesis leaflets with good motion of the other, maximum and mean LA/LV gradient of 17mmHg and 6mmHg, respectively; valve area estimated at 2.0 cm<sup>2</sup>, SPAP estimated at 42mmHg, mild to moderate regurgitation in the mitral valve prosthesis, and moderate tricuspid regurgitation.</p>
      <p>The patient has been followed up by a cardiologist and remains asymptomatic. She is taking a continuous oral anticoagulant agent and has not presented other thromboembolic events.</p>
      <p>Echocardiogram performed in July, 2005 revealed a valve area of 3.7 cm<sup>2</sup>, normal transvalvular gradient, SPAP of 39mmHg, and presence of spontaneous echo contrast in LA. Repeat echocardiogram was performed in March, 2006 and showed LA of 47mm, valve area of 2.94 cm<sup>2</sup>, and SPAP of 34mmHg. Prosthesis with no signs of malfunction.</p>
      <p>The non-Hodgkin lymphoma is in remission. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Transesophageal echocardiogram is the best diagnostic tool to determine alterations in the mechanism of valve occlusion or the existence of thrombotic valve mass, mainly in the mitral position. It characterizes the type, size and location of the thrombus, thus helping to choose the most appropriate treatment<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thrombolytic therapy for prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT) in left chambers is acceptable in critically ill patients, as in the case reported, who are at a high risk for a surgical intervention, or for those to whom surgery is contraindicated. The argument in favor of surgery in NYHA functional class I or II patients is based on the low mortality in this group, as opposed to the high risk of embolism (12-17%) resulting from thrombolysis<sup>7</sup>. In a review of 200 articles on thrombolysis in PVT of left chambers, Lengyel et al found an initial success rate of 82%, with a thromboembolism rate of 12% and mortality rate of 10%<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>History of stroke and size of the thrombus as observed in the echocardiogram are independent predictors of complications related to thrombolysis. For each 1-cm<sup>2</sup> increase in the thrombus area, a 2.4-fold increase in the complication rate is observed. Patients presenting a thrombus with an area &lt;0.8 cm<sup>2</sup> are successfully treated with thrombolysis without any significant adverse effects. The presence of a thrombus with an area &gt; 0.8 cm<sup>2 </sup>was predictive of complications with a 79% sensitivity and 68% specificity<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Finally, Reddy et al<sup>9</sup> suggested that thrombolysis may represent an important alternative in developing countries where cardiac surgery is not available, mainly in cases of extreme clinical severity. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Wilson Coelho Pereira Filho </p>
          <p> Avenida Rio Branco, 2288/810 </p>
          <p> Juiz de Fora, MG - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="wcoelho@cardiol.br">wcoelho@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received August 10, 2006; revised received September 14, 2006; accepted September 14, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
