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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mDRWT98NXDfZ9kTZHPTV3gx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800522</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500022</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aneurismas m&#250;ltiplos de pontes aorto-coron&#225;rias de veia safena com ruptura fatal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>T&#225;vora</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jeudy</surname>
            <given-names>Jean</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Burke</surname>
            <given-names>Allen P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Maryland</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Pathology </institution>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Baltimore</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Maryland</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Radiology, Thoracic Imaging </institution>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e107</fpage>
      <lpage>e110</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Aneurismas de pontes aorto-coron&#225;rias de veia safena s&#227;o eventos raros, usualmente assintom&#225;ticos e detectados de forma incidental. Rupturas espont&#226;neas de pontes de safena s&#227;o raras, havendo poucos dados radiol&#243;gicos dispon&#237;veis na literatura. Relatamos o caso de um senhor de 39 anos internado com hemat&#234;mese dez anos depois de ter sido submetido a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Imagens tomogr&#225;ficas mostraram tr&#234;s aneurismas nas pontes de safena, mas o exame n&#227;o detectou ruptura. O paciente veio a falecer e a necropsia revelou que a causa do &#243;bito havia sido ruptura de aneurisma de pontes de safena. Esse caso ilustra a necessidade de tratamento agressivo de aneurismas sintom&#225;ticos de pontes coronarianas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Aneurisma coronariano</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>ruptura card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>ponte de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aneurismas m&#250;ltiplos de pontes aorto-coron&#225;rias de veia safena com ruptura fatal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>F&#225;bio R. T&#225;vora; Jean Jeudy; Allen P. Burke</bold>
    </p>
    <p>University of Maryland, Department of Pathology and Department of Radiology, Thoracic Imaging &#150; Baltimore, MD - USA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aneurismas de pontes aorto-coron&#225;rias de veia safena s&#227;o eventos raros, usualmente assintom&#225;ticos e detectados de forma incidental. Rupturas espont&#226;neas de pontes de safena s&#227;o raras, havendo poucos dados radiol&#243;gicos dispon&#237;veis na literatura. Relatamos o caso de um senhor de 39 anos internado com hemat&#234;mese dez anos depois de ter sido submetido a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Imagens tomogr&#225;ficas mostraram tr&#234;s aneurismas nas pontes de safena, mas o exame n&#227;o detectou ruptura. O paciente veio a falecer e a necropsia revelou que a causa do &#243;bito havia sido ruptura de aneurisma de pontes de safena. Esse caso ilustra a necessidade de tratamento agressivo de aneurismas sintom&#225;ticos de pontes coronarianas.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Aneurisma coronariano, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, cirurgia card&#237;aca, ruptura card&#237;aca, ponte de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aneurismas de pontes aorto-coron&#225;rias de veia safena s&#227;o uma complica&#231;&#227;o incomum da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A ocorr&#234;ncia de ruptura espont&#226;nea de aneurismas de pontes de safena &#233; rar&#237;ssima<sup>1,2</sup>. Relatamos o caso de um homem de 39 anos com m&#250;ltiplos aneurismas de pontes coronarianas detectados dez anos ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, com ruptura do maior aneurisma para a cavidade pleural esquerda. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um homem branco de 39 anos foi internado com dor no peito e hemat&#234;mese dez anos depois de ter sido submetido a uma cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com enxertos provenientes de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna e de veia safena. Foram constatados infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e pneumonia bilateral. A ausculta card&#237;aca revelou bulhas r&#237;tmicas normofon&#233;ticas em 2 tempos e sopro sist&#243;lico de eje&#231;&#227;o II/IV na borda esternal superior esquerda, sem sopro carot&#237;deo ou abdominal. Os valores dos exames laboratoriais iniciais foram os seguintes: contagem de leuc&#243;citos, 8,4 x 10<sup>9</sup> cel/l; hemoglobina, 9,6 g/dl; hemat&#243;crito, 29,9%; contagem de plaquetas, 55.000/ &#181;l; Na<sup>+</sup>, 149 mmol/l; K<sup>+</sup>, 4,4 mmol/l; nitrog&#234;nio ur&#233;ico s&#233;rico, 57 mg/dl; creatinina, 1,2 mg/dl; creatinoquinase (CK), 284 U/l (faixa de refer&#234;ncia, 26&#150;190); CK-MB, 4,6 IU/l (faixa de refer&#234;ncia, 0,0&#150;3,9); troponina card&#237;aca I (cTnI), 1,4 ng/ml (faixa de refer&#234;ncia, 0,0&#150;1,0); e mioglobina, 81 IU/l (faixa de refer&#234;ncia, 0&#150;70). Ap&#243;s 12 horas os exames laboratoriais foram repetidos, apresentando os seguintes resultados: Na<sup>+</sup>, 137 mmol/l; K<sup>+</sup>, 4,2 mmol/l; nitrog&#234;nio ur&#233;ico s&#233;rico, 23 mg/ dl; creatinina, 1,2 mg/dl; glicose, 89 mg/dl; CK, 276 U/l; CK-MB, 4,9 IU/l; cTnI, 1,4 ng/ml; e mioglobina, 79 IU/l. O coagulograma e o ECG mostraram-se absolutamente normais. Uma radiografia do t&#243;rax revelou a presen&#231;a de infiltrados pulmonares bilaterais, &#225;rea card&#237;aca aumentada e derrame pleural &#224; esquerda. Um dia ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o, o paciente apresentou grave ang&#250;stia respirat&#243;ria e precisou de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Foi institu&#237;da terapia com piperacilina, tazobactam e gentamicina. Doripenem foi acrescentado em seguida ao regime antimicrobiano. Em decorr&#234;ncia da hemat&#234;mese, n&#227;o foi administrada heparina. </p>
    <p>O paciente foi submetido a uma toracocentese para drenagem do derrame pleural &#224; esquerda, sendo drenados 900 mililitros de l&#237;quido pleural sanguinolento. Durante os dois dias subseq&#252;entes continuou a drenar grandes quantidades de sangue (cerca de um litro por dia) atrav&#233;s da sonda pleural, vindo a falecer ap&#243;s tentativa frustrada de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Imagens de tomografia computadorizada (TC) do t&#243;rax realizada um dia ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o revelaram a presen&#231;a de aneurismas em duas pontes aorto-coron&#225;rias de veia safena. Foram detectados dois aneurismas da ponte de safena para a regi&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda e um aneurisma de ponte de safena dilatado e trombosado, para a regi&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente posterior direita. N&#227;o foi detectada ruptura de nenhum dos aneurismas. Observou-se tamb&#233;m uma ponte de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna, aparentemente normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e107-00022-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na aut&#243;psia, o cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 460 gramas. Havia tr&#234;s pontes aorto-coron&#225;rias. Uma ponte para o primeiro ramo diagonal tinha aspecto filiforme, com oclus&#227;o proximal na anastomose a&#243;rtica. A ponte para a art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (DAE) mostrou um aneurisma de 8 cm, pr&#243;ximo &#224; anastomose distal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">Fig. 2A</xref>) preenchido com res&#237;duos ateroscler&#243;ticos e com calcifica&#231;&#227;o focal da parede. A ponte para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita mostrou um aneurisma de 5 cm aderido ao &#225;trio direito e &#224; art&#233;ria pulmonar, que havia se rompido e causado hemorragia para o interior da cavidade tor&#225;cica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2B</xref>). Havia dois infartos cicatrizados na parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, um subendotelial e outro transmural. N&#227;o foram encontrados trombos murais. Foi identificada uma ponte de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna para a art&#233;ria DAE distalmente ao enxerto, aparentemente p&#233;rvia. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo estava moderadamente dilatado. A parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo direito tinha 5 mm de espessura, e a parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo tinha 14 mm de espessura, com adelga&#231;amento da parede lateral na &#225;rea infartada. N&#227;o havia calcifica&#231;&#227;o significativa, nem vegeta&#231;&#245;es nas valvas. Os pulm&#245;es direito e esquerdo pesaram, respectivamente, 560 e 410 gramas. O par&#234;nquima dos dois pulm&#245;es estava congesto, apresentando atelectasia focal.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e107-00022-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Sec&#231;&#245;es microsc&#243;picas do aneurisma da ponte de safena para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita demonstraram a forma&#231;&#227;o de pseudo-aneurisma com fibrina, hemorragia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3A</xref>) para o tecido gorduroso adjacente e o timo, calcifica&#231;&#227;o da parede do enxerto e ader&#234;ncia &#224; parede do &#225;trio direito. Sec&#231;&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio revelaram a presen&#231;a de fibrose intersticial difusa e hipertrofia mioc&#237;tica. A parede lateral (transmural; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3B</xref>) e a parede posterior (subendoc&#225;rdica) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentavam &#225;reas de infarto cicatrizadas. Uma sec&#231;&#227;o da ponte de veia safena para o primeiro ramo diagonal demonstrou um vaso com aspecto filiforme quase totalmente oclu&#237;do. Sec&#231;&#245;es da ponte de veia safena para a art&#233;ria DAE mostraram a forma&#231;&#227;o de placa ateromatosa com oclus&#227;o quase total por fibroateroma calcificado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3C</xref>). Distalmente &#224; oclus&#227;o, o l&#250;men estava estreitado difusamente por placa ateroscler&#243;tica calcificada. Sec&#231;&#245;es da ponte para a art&#233;ria DAE mostraram dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica, placa ateroscler&#243;tica rica em lip&#237;dios e hemorragia no interior da placa.</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e107-00022-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aneurismas de pontes de veia safena s&#227;o raros, e a sua detec&#231;&#227;o costuma ser acidental. A falha em diagnosticar pode levar &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de diversas complica&#231;&#245;es, como hemorragia<sup>3</sup>, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>4</sup> e morte<sup>2</sup>. Esses aneurismas podem apresentar-se tamb&#233;m como massas mediastinais que comprimem estruturas adjacentes ou ser detectados por ocasi&#227;o dos exames para investiga&#231;&#227;o de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>4</sup>. As imagens de TC e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) permitem determinar o tamanho, a permeabilidade e o efeito do aneurisma sobre as estruturas vizinhas<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foram publicados quatro casos de ruptura de aneurisma de ponte de safena<sup>1-3,6</sup>. Davey e cols. detectaram um aneurisma por meio de tomografia computadorizada. Um novo exame demonstrou vazamento do contraste para os tecidos vizinhos, por&#233;m sem identificar o local exato da ruptura<sup>2</sup>. Dimitri e cols. tamb&#233;m identificaram um aneurisma por meio de imagens tomogr&#225;ficas, que foi confirmado posteriormente por angiografia de enxerto coronariano<sup>3</sup>. Nos outros dois casos relatados n&#227;o foram apresentas imagens tomogr&#225;ficas, e uma das rupturas foi causada pela angioplastia com bal&#227;o<sup>1,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram realizadas tentativas de interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-cir&#250;rgicas para tratamento de aneurismas de pontes de safena. Dimitri e cols. descreveram um caso bem-sucedido de emboliza&#231;&#227;o com <italic>coil </italic>de um aneurisma de ponte de safena com vazamento para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita seguido por r&#225;pida cicatriza&#231;&#227;o da ferida<sup>3</sup>. O uso de <italic>stents</italic> recobertos com politetrafluoroetileno pode ser problem&#225;tico em aneurismas relativamente grandes e localiza&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas incomuns podem tornar o procedimento arriscado. Foram descritos bons resultados a longo prazo, bem como a forma&#231;&#227;o de um novo aneurisma seis meses ap&#243;s o procedimento<sup>7</sup>. Em casos como o descrito por Guerios e cols.<sup>8</sup>, em que o aneurisma est&#225; situado em art&#233;ria natural sem grande risco de ruptura, pode-se tentar uma abordagem mais conservadora, evitando-se a abordagem direta ou o fechamento do aneurisma.</p>
    <p>A causa b&#225;sica da morte foi aterosclerose coronariana grave, que no caso desse jovem paciente foi acelerada ou prematura, indicando um componente gen&#233;tico em seu risco cardiovascular. A causa imediata da morte foi ruptura espont&#226;nea de uma ponte de safena, que &#233; uma ocorr&#234;ncia rar&#237;ssima<sup>2</sup>. Aneurismas de pontes de veia safena s&#227;o, por si s&#243;, raros, e &#224;s vezes podem comprimir as estruturas vizinhas<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente relato demonstra a utilidade da TC na detec&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas de pontes de safena e registra a primeira morte causada por ruptura documentada na aut&#243;psia. Como o local da hemorragia n&#227;o foi identificado, ainda n&#227;o foi comprovada a utilidade das imagens tomogr&#225;ficas na detec&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es potencialmente fatais de ruptura e hemot&#243;rax. Portanto, a possibilidade de ruptura do aneurisma deve estimular a institui&#231;&#227;o imediata de tratamentos n&#227;o-invasivos, como implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic>, para evitar a ocorr&#234;ncia de vazamento e hemorragia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Fabio T&#225;vora </p>
        <p> University of Maryland Medical School </p>
        <p> 22 South Greene Street, Room NBW43 </p>
        <p> Baltimore, MD, USA 21201 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ftavora@gmail.com">ftavora@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido 24/07/06; revisado recebido em 18/12/06; aceito em 17/01/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Multiple aneurysms of aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts with fatal rupture</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Aortocoronary saphenous vein graft (SVG) aneurysms are rare, and are usually asymptomatic and detected incidentally. Spontaneous rupture of SVG is rare and imaging data are few. We report on a 39-year old man who was admitted to the hospital with hematemesis 10 years after aortocoronary bypass surgery. CT images revealed 3 aortocoronary SVG aneurysms, but failed to detect any rupture. His subsequent death due to rupture of SVG aneurysm was documented at autopsy, illustrating the need for aggressive treatment of symptomatic coronary graft aneurysms.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary aneurysm</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>heart rupture</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery bypass</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Multiple aneurysms of aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts with fatal rupture</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>F&#225;bio R. T&#225;vora; Jean Jeudy; Allen P. Burke</bold>
      </p>
      <p>University of Maryland, Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Department of Radiology, Thoracic Imaging &#150; Baltimore, MD - USA</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aortocoronary saphenous vein graft (SVG) aneurysms are rare, and are usually asymptomatic and detected incidentally. Spontaneous rupture of SVG is rare and imaging data are few. We report on a 39-year old man who was admitted to the hospital with hematemesis 10 years after aortocoronary bypass surgery. CT images revealed 3 aortocoronary SVG aneurysms, but failed to detect any rupture. His subsequent death due to rupture of SVG aneurysm was documented at autopsy, illustrating the need for aggressive treatment of symptomatic coronary graft aneurysms.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Coronary aneurysm; myocardial revascularization; cardiac surgery; heart rupture; coronary artery bypass.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aneurysms of aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts (SVG) are an unusual complication of coronary artery bypass grafting. Spontaneous rupture of SVG aneurysms is exceedingly rare<sup>1,2</sup>. We report a 39-year-old man with multiple coronary graft aneurysms detected 10 years after surgery with rupture of the largest into the left pleural space. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 39-year-old white man was admitted 10 years after internal mammary and saphenous vein coronary bypass surgery with chest pain and hematemesis. He was found to have acute non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and bilateral pneumonia. On cardiac auscultation, he had regular rate and rhythm with normal S1 and S2 and a II/IV systolic ejection murmur at the left upper sternal border but no carotid or abdominal bruits. Initial laboratory values on presentation were as follows: white blood cell count, 8.4 U/l; hemoglobin level, 9.6 g/dl; hematocrit, 29.9%; platelet count, 55,000/ &#181;l; Na<sup>+</sup>, 149 mmol/l; K<sup>+</sup>, 4.4 mmol/l; serum urea nitrogen, 57 mg/dl; creatinine, 1.2 mg/dl; creatinine kinase (CK), 284 U/l (reference range, 26&#150;190); CK-MB, 4.6 IU/l (reference range, 0.0&#150;3.9); cardiac troponin-I (cTnI), 1.4 ng/ml (reference range, 0.0&#150;1.0); and myoglobin, 81 IU/l (reference range, 0&#150;70). Repeat laboratory values after 12 hours were as follows: Na<sup>+</sup>, 137 mmol/l; K<sup>+</sup>, 4.2 mmol/l; serum urea nitrogen, 23 mg/dl; creatinine, 1.2 mg/dl; glucose, 89 mg/dl; CK, 276 U/l; CK-MB, 4.9 IU/l; cTnI, 1.4 ng/ml; and myoglobin, 79 IU/L. Coagulogram, and ECG were strictly normal. Chest x-ray showed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, an enlarged cardiac silhouette and left pleural effusion. The day after admission he developed severe respiratory distress, requiring mechanical respiratory support. He was started on piperacillin, tazobactam and gentamicin. Doripenem was added later. Heparin was not given secondary to the hematemesis. </p>
      <p>He underwent thoracocentesis for left pleural effusion and 900 milliliters of bloody pleural fluid were drained. He continued to drain large amounts of blood (about one liter per day) through the left chest tube during the subsequent two days and expired after unsuccessful resuscitation. </p>
      <p>Chest CT images performed the day after admission revealed two aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts with aneurysms. There were two visible aneurysms on the left saphenous vein graft to the region of the left anterior descending coronary artery, and a large thrombosed aneurysm on a graft to the region of the posterior descending coronary artery. No aneurysmal ruptures could be assessed. An internal thoracic bypass graft was also noted that appeared unremarkable (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e107-00022-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>At autopsy, the heart weighed 460 grams. There were three aortocoronary bypass vein grafts. One to the first diagonal was cord-like, with proximal occlusion at the aortic anastomosis. The graft to the left anterior descending artery demonstrated an 8 cm aneurysm near the distal anastomosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2A</xref>), which was filled with atherosclerotic debris, with a focally calcified wall. The graft to the right coronary artery showed a 5-cm aneurysm, which was adherent to the right atrium and pulmonary artery and that had ruptured, hemorrhaging into the thoracic cavity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2B</xref>). There was a posterior healed left ventricular subendocardial infarct, and a lateral healed transmural infarct in the left ventricle. There were no mural thrombi. A mammary graft to the LAD distal to the vein graft was identified and appeared patent. There was moderate dilatation of the left ventricle. The right ventricle was 5 mm thick at the posterior wall, and the left ventricle was 14 mm thick in the anterior wall, with thinning in the lateral wall in the area of the infarct. There was no significant calcification of the valves and no vegetation. The right and left lungs weighted 560 and 410g respectively. The parenchyma of both lungs was congested and focally atelectatic.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e107-00022-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Microscopic sections of saphenous graft aneurysm to the right coronary artery demonstrated pseudoaneurysm formation with fibrin, hemorrhage (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3A</xref>) into adjacent fat and the thymus gland, calcification of the graft wall, and adherent right atrial wall. Myocardial sections revealed diffuse interstitial fibrosis and myocyte hypertrophy. There were healed areas of infarction on the lateral wall (transmural; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3B</xref>) and left posterior wall (subendocardial) of the left ventricle. A section of saphenous vein graft to the first diagonal demonstrated a cord-like vessel with near total occlusion. Sections of the saphenous vein graft to the LAD showed atheromatous plaque formation with near total occlusion by calcified fibroatheroma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3C</xref>). Distal to the occlusion, the lumen was narrowed by severe calcified atherosclerotic plaque. Sections of vein graft to LAD showed aneurysmal dilation, lipid-rich atherosclerotic plaque, and intraplaque hemorrhage.</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-e107-00022-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Saphenous grafts aneurysms are rare and detection is usually incidental. Failure to diagnose early in the course has led to several complications that included bleeding<sup>3</sup>, myocardial infarction<sup>4</sup> and death<sup>2</sup>. They may also present as mediastinal masses with compression to the adjacent structures or can be visualized after work-up for myocardial infarction<sup>4</sup>. CT and MRI are useful in determining aneurysm size, patency, and effect on nearby structures<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>There have been four reported cases of ruptured saphenous vein aneurysms<sup>1-3,6</sup>. Davey et al reported CT localization of the aneurysm with repeat imaging demonstrating leakage of contrast into surrounding tissue, without pinpointing the exact location of rupture<sup>2</sup>. Dimitri et al reported CT imaging with identification of aneurysm later confirmed by coronary bypass angiography<sup>3</sup>. The other two cases reported did not have CT images available and one of the ruptures was secondary to balloon angioplasty<sup>1,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Non-surgical interventions in the treatment of saphenous aneurysms have been attempted. Dimitri et al reported a case of successful coil embolization of a leaking saphenous aneurysm bypass to the right coronary artery that was followed by rapid wound healing<sup>3</sup>. The use of polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stents can be challenging in relatively large aneurysms and unusual anatomical locations can make the procedural technique risky. Successful long term outcome has been described, as well as the formation of a new aneurysm after six months of the procedure<sup>7</sup>. In cases such as the one reported by Guerios et al<sup>8</sup>, where the aneurysm is located on the native artery without high risk of rupturing, a more conservative approach may be attempted, avoiding the direct approach or closure of the aneurysm.</p>
      <p>The underlying cause of death was severe coronary atherosclerosis, which in this young man was accelerated or premature, suggesting a genetic component to his cardiovascular risk. The immediate cause of death was spontaneous rupture of a vein graft, which is a very rare occurrence<sup>2</sup>. Saphenous vein bypass graft aneurysms are in themselves infrequent, and may on occasion compress surrounding structures<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The current report demonstrates the utility of CT in detecting saphenous vein graft aneurysms and is the first death due to rupture documented at autopsy. Because a bleeding site was not identified, the usefulness of imaging in detecting the potentially fatal complication of rupture and hemothorax remains to be shown. Therefore, awareness of the potential complication of rupture should prompt immediate consideration of non-invasive treatments, including percutaneous stenting, to prevent complications of leakage and hemorrhage.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Fabio T&#225;vora </p>
          <p> University of Maryland Medical School </p>
          <p> 22 South Greene Street, Room NBW43 </p>
          <p> Baltimore, MD, USA 21201</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ftavora@gmail.com">ftavora@gmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received July 24, 2006; revised received December 18, 2006; accepted January 17, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
