<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NrLYCCsY8hW37ZcGZPwbDzf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800517</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500017</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Progn&#243;stico em m&#233;dio prazo da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de estresse na unidade de dor tor&#225;cica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jader Cunha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>F&#233;lix</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Christian Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Lavatori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbirato</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dohmann</surname>
            <given-names>Hans Fernando da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Dutra da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">PROCEP </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>602</fpage>
      <lpage>610</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar o valor progn&#243;stico da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CPM) de estresse quando aplicada aos pacientes com suspeita de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). M&#201;TODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, onde pacientes internados na unidade de dor tor&#225;cica (UDT), de dezembro de 2002 a abril de 2004, com suspeita de SCA, depois de afastado infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) ou de angina inst&#225;vel de alto risco, realizaram CPM sob estresse. RESULTADOS: Selecionados 301 pacientes, idade m&#233;dia 65,3&#177;12,5 anos e 164 (54,5%) homens. O exame foi iniciado em m&#233;dia 13&#177;12 horas ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o. Encontrou-se isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (ISQ) em 142 pacientes (47,2%). O sexo masculino (n=94, p=&lt;0,0001), hist&#243;ria de diabete melito (n=31, p=0,033), IAM (n=52, p=&lt;0,0001), de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica (n=46, p=&lt;0,0001) e de angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea (n=68, p=&lt;0,0001) apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de ISQ (n=73, p&lt;0,001). O seguimento foi de 697,7&#177;326,6 dias. Nenhuma vari&#225;vel cintilogr&#225;fica se correlacionou com a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho prim&#225;rio (&#243;bito ou IAM). A presen&#231;a de cintilografia alterada (n=76, p&lt;0,0001), de ISQ (n=73, p&lt;0,0001) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s estresse abaixo de 45% (n=21, p=0,006) se correlacionaram com ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho secund&#225;rio (todos os eventos). A presen&#231;a de ISQ foi a vari&#225;vel de maior peso pela an&#225;lise multivariada para predizer desfecho secund&#225;rio (Risco Relativo = 6,5; IC 95% = 1,61 a 26,83; p=0,009). CONCLUS&#195;O: A presen&#231;a de ISQ foi o fator independente de maior peso para predizer eventos adversos em pacientes internados na UDT.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Unidade de dor tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Progn&#243;stico em m&#233;dio prazo da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de estresse na unidade de dor tor&#225;cica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jader Cunha de Azevedo; Renata Christian Martins F&#233;lix; Patr&#237;cia Lavatori Corr&#234;a; Gustavo Borges Barbirato; Hans Fernando da Rocha Dohmann; Paulo Roberto Dutra da Silva; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita; Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco &#150; PROCEP, Universidade Federal Fluminense &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar o valor progn&#243;stico da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CPM) de estresse quando aplicada aos pacientes com suspeita de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo retrospectivo, onde pacientes internados na unidade de dor tor&#225;cica (UDT), de dezembro de 2002 a abril de 2004, com suspeita de SCA, depois de afastado infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) ou de angina inst&#225;vel de alto risco, realizaram CPM sob estresse. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Selecionados 301 pacientes, idade m&#233;dia 65,3&#177;12,5 anos e 164 (54,5%) homens. O exame foi iniciado em m&#233;dia 13&#177;12 horas ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o. Encontrou-se isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (ISQ) em 142 pacientes (47,2%). O sexo masculino (n=94, p=&lt;0,0001), hist&#243;ria de diabete melito (n=31, p=0,033), IAM (n=52, p=&lt;0,0001), de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica (n=46, p=&lt;0,0001) e de angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea (n=68, p=&lt;0,0001) apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de ISQ (n=73, p&lt;0,001). O seguimento foi de 697,7&#177;326,6 dias. Nenhuma vari&#225;vel cintilogr&#225;fica se correlacionou com a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho prim&#225;rio (&#243;bito ou IAM). A presen&#231;a de cintilografia alterada (n=76, p&lt;0,0001), de ISQ (n=73, p&lt;0,0001) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s estresse abaixo de 45% (n=21, p=0,006) se correlacionaram com ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho secund&#225;rio (todos os eventos). A presen&#231;a de ISQ foi a vari&#225;vel de maior peso pela an&#225;lise multivariada para predizer desfecho secund&#225;rio (Risco Relativo = 6,5; IC 95% = 1,61 a 26,83; p=0,009). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A presen&#231;a de ISQ foi o fator independente de maior peso para predizer eventos adversos em pacientes internados na UDT.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Unidade de dor tor&#225;cica, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A abordagem adequada dos pacientes que procuram os servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia com queixa de dor tor&#225;cica e outros sintomas sugestivos de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda &#233; complexa. Quando o eletrocardiograma (ECG) n&#227;o &#233; diagn&#243;stico ou apresenta altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas e quando a cl&#237;nica n&#227;o &#233; caracter&#237;stica, o diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) torna-se muito dif&#237;cil. Essa complexidade cl&#237;nica acarreta elevado n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es desnecess&#225;rias e maior n&#250;mero de altas indevidas de pacientes que deveriam permanecer sob cuidados m&#233;dicos<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica com realiza&#231;&#227;o de ECG e dosagem dos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica &#233; muito sens&#237;vel para a detec&#231;&#227;o de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM)<sup>3</sup>. Entretanto, muitos pacientes com SCA n&#227;o apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas no momento da admiss&#227;o e ainda, para que ocorra a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de necrose mioc&#225;rdica &#233; necess&#225;ria a presen&#231;a de dano celular irrevers&#237;vel. Assim, essa estrat&#233;gia pode n&#227;o identificar os pacientes que, mesmo considerados de baixo risco, com avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial negativa, podem apresentar les&#245;es coronarianas significativas<sup>3-8</sup>. </p>
    <p>At&#233; 5% dos pacientes internados com dor tor&#225;cica na sala de emerg&#234;ncia e que s&#227;o considerados de baixo risco podem apresentar SCA<sup>9,10</sup>. Quando recebem alta indevidamente, esses pacientes apresentam pior progn&#243;stico com mortalidade duas a tr&#234;s vezes maior que os pacientes tratados adequadamente. Nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica, cerca de 20% dos processos contra m&#233;dicos se deve a essa m&#225; pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica<sup>11-13</sup>. </p>
    <p>A Unidade de Dor Tor&#225;cica (UDT) localizada no servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia &#233; uma alternativa eficiente de avalia&#231;&#227;o e triagem dos pacientes com suspeita de SCA. Emprega estrat&#233;gia sistematizada de avalia&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes com o emprego de protocolos de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial (dosagem seriada dos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e eletrocardiograma seriado). Permite o diagn&#243;stico r&#225;pido e acurado, al&#233;m de possibilitar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco com aplica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento adequado para esses pacientes<sup>14</sup>. Possibilita uma abordagem segura, efetiva e capaz de reduzir custos no manuseio dos pacientes considerados de intermedi&#225;rio a baixo risco para eventos cardiovasculares<sup>15</sup>. Associados a essa estrat&#233;gia, v&#225;rios m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos s&#227;o empregados com o objetivo de auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico e estabelecer o progn&#243;stico desses pacientes. Os m&#233;todos mais conhecidos e difundidos s&#227;o o teste ergom&#233;trico, o ecocardiograma de estresse, a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CPM) e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. Recentemente vem crescendo o n&#250;mero de trabalhos sobre a tomografia computadorizada, mas na nossa realidade esse m&#233;todo ainda n&#227;o est&#225; amplamente dispon&#237;vel<sup>16,17</sup>. </p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da CPM no diagn&#243;stico da SCA no contexto da UDT tem ocupado maior espa&#231;o e muitos protocolos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica utilizam esse m&#233;todo para avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico desses pacientes<sup>18-20</sup>. A CPM mostrou ser capaz de reduzir o n&#250;mero de altas indevidas e de interna&#231;&#245;es desnecess&#225;rias<sup>18,21,22</sup>. &#201; pouco conhecido se o emprego dessa t&#233;cnica em UDT em nosso meio &#233; capaz de avaliar o progn&#243;stico em m&#233;dio prazo dos pacientes internados com dor tor&#225;cica.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do nosso estudo foi ent&#227;o determinar o valor progn&#243;stico em m&#233;dio prazo da CPM sob estresse quando aplicada aos pacientes internados em UDT com suspeita de SCA, depois de afastados o diagn&#243;stico de IAM e de angina inst&#225;vel de alto risco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo de coorte retrospectiva no qual foram selecionados pacientes consecutivos que deram entrada na UDT do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco com suspeita de SCA, no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2002 a abril de 2004, e foram submetidos &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da CPM de estresse. </p>
    <p>Esses pacientes foram avaliados conforme metodologia de atendimento na UDT da institui&#231;&#227;o que segue o modelo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o em rotas investigativas descrito previamente por Bassan e cols.<sup>3,23</sup>. Esse protocolo compreende, al&#233;m da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ECG e dosagem de marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de necrose mioc&#225;rdica seriados, em um intervalo n&#227;o inferior a seis horas. Ap&#243;s ter sido exclu&#237;do o diagn&#243;stico de IAM ou de angina inst&#225;vel de alto risco<sup>24,25</sup>, foram estratificados mediante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de CPM em repouso e sob estresse (f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico) por indica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico do servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia ou do m&#233;dico assistente. </p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco sob o registro n&#186; 137/2005. N&#227;o foi exigido termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido para este estudo.</p>
    <p>Todos os exames foram realizados em gama c&#226;mara de duas cabe&#231;as (Ecam-Duet &#150; Siemens), com colimador de baixa energia e alta resolu&#231;&#227;o com aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens tomogr&#225;ficas (SPECT &#150; do ingl&#234;s <italic>single photon emission computed tomography</italic>) acopladas ao ECG (<italic>Gated</italic>), com 64 proje&#231;&#245;es e matriz 64x64. Ap&#243;s aquisi&#231;&#227;o, as imagens foram reconstru&#237;das por retroproje&#231;&#227;o com filtro de Butterworth e processadas utilizando-se o pacote de programas de processamento de imagens e-Soft (<italic>Cedars Sinai, Guido Germano e Emory Cardiac Toolbox</italic>). A an&#225;lise da contratilidade global e segmentar e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi feita pelo Gated SPECT. O modelo de segmenta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica utilizado foi o de 17 segmentos<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos referentes ao atendimento dos pacientes, assim como os resultados de exames laboratoriais foram obtidos dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos arquivados na Institui&#231;&#227;o. E esta foi considerada a fonte principal dos dados. Foram consideradas como vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas sexo, idade, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemia, tabagismo, sedentarismo, diabete melito, hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, obesidade, hist&#243;ria de IAM, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica (RVM) ou angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea (ACTP) pr&#233;vios. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cintilogr&#225;ficas foram o tipo de estresse utilizado, f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico (dipiridamol, dobutamina ou adenosina), a presen&#231;a de isquemia (&#225;rea de hipocapta&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador nas imagens ap&#243;s estresse que desaparece nas imagens de repouso) ou fibrose (&#225;rea de hipocapta&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador ap&#243;s estresse que persiste nas imagens em repouso), o n&#250;mero de segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos com isquemia e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ap&#243;s o estresse<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>O seguimento foi considerado a partir da alta hospitalar at&#233; a data do primeiro contato com o paciente. Realizamos contato telef&#244;nico com obten&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es do pr&#243;prio paciente. Na impossibilidade de contato com o paciente as informa&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas de familiares diretos, do m&#233;dico assistente ou do prontu&#225;rio hospitalar. </p>
    <p>Foram coletadas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os eventos adversos ocorridos ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. As interven&#231;&#245;es (ACTP, RVM) realizadas durante a interna&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram consideradas como eventos adversos, mas conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do tratamento. Consideramos apenas os eventos adversos ocorridos ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. </p>
    <p>Para fim de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e an&#225;lise do progn&#243;stico, consideramos dois desfechos, prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rio. Definimos como desfecho prim&#225;rio os eventos adversos: &#243;bito por qualquer causa ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Este foi definido como novo epis&#243;dio de dor tor&#225;cica com dura&#231;&#227;o maior que 20 minutos, com necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, confirmado por eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (creatinofosfoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o Mb ou Troponina I) ou surgimento de ondas Q no ECG e necessidade de terapia de reperfus&#227;o por tromb&#243;lise ou ACTP de emerg&#234;ncia<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Consideramos como desfecho secund&#225;rio a combina&#231;&#227;o de qualquer dos seguintes eventos adversos ocorridos ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar: &#243;bito por qualquer causa, IAM, angina ou reinterna&#231;&#227;o por angina (definido como dor precordial tipo A ou tipo B, sem outra causa determinante<sup>3</sup>), RVM ou ACTP e interna&#231;&#227;o por causas cardiol&#243;gicas (arritmias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, etc.)<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Consideramos como presen&#231;a de les&#227;o coronariana significativa a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o obstrutiva coronariana com redu&#231;&#227;o luminal igual ou superior a 50%<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Para an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis qualitativas foi utilizado o teste de qui-quadrado (c<sup>2</sup>) ou o teste exato de Fisher, quando o teste de c<sup>2</sup> n&#227;o pode ser avaliado devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de casos. Para a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre dois grupos foi feito teste t de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras independentes. A an&#225;lise multivariada, para identificar os fatores independentes que explicam ou influenciam simultaneamente a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos e para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas sobre eventos, foi feita por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e o processo de sele&#231;&#227;o dos fatores foi o de <italic>stepwise</italic>, no n&#237;vel de 5%. A curva de sobrevida livre de desfechos (prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rio) foi ajustada pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. A estat&#237;stica de log-rank foi aplicada para verificar se existe diferen&#231;a significativa na curva de sobrevida livre de eventos adversos estratificada pelo resultado da CPM. O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi o n&#237;vel de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados 301 pacientes com suspeita de SCA que realizaram CPM como m&#233;todo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. Nossa amostra foi composta por 164 homens (54,5%) e 137 mulheres (45,5%), sendo a idade m&#233;dia do total desta popula&#231;&#227;o igual a 65,3&#177;12,5 anos.</p>
    <p>O exame foi iniciado precocemente, em menos de 12 horas ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o, em 146 pacientes (48,6%); em 132 pacientes (44%), entre 12 e 24 horas; e ap&#243;s 24 horas da interna&#231;&#227;o na UDT em 23 pacientes (7,4%). O tempo m&#233;dio entre a interna&#231;&#227;o e a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia foi de 13&#177;12 horas. N&#227;o registramos nenhum evento grave como IAM ou &#243;bito durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estresse cardiovascular. </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de cintilografia alterada foi verificada em 162 pacientes (53,8%). Tamb&#233;m observamos um porcentual elevado de pacientes que apresentaram isquemia, correspondendo a 47,2% (n=142) da nossa amostra, e um porcentual significativo desses pacientes apresentou isquemia em tr&#234;s ou mais segmentos 33,9% (n=102). Os pacientes com e sem isquemia n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa quanto a idade (65,5&#177;13,1 anos <italic>versus</italic> 65,2&#177;11,9 anos, respectivamente; p=0,82). O sexo masculino (n=94, p=&lt;0,0001), o diabete melito (n=31, p=0,033), o passado de IAM (n=52, p=&lt;0,0001), o passado de RVM (n=46, p=&lt;0,0001) e o passado de ACTP (n=68, p=&lt;0,0001) apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com a presen&#231;a de isquemia. As demais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas s&#227;o dispostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0602-00017-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O tipo de estresse mais utilizado foi o farmacol&#243;gico. O estresse com dipiridamol foi empregado em 161 pacientes (53,5%); o estresse com dobutamina, em 17 pacientes (6%); e o estresse com adenosina em dois pacientes (0,5%). O estresse f&#237;sico em esteira ergom&#233;trica foi a forma de estresse utilizado em 121 pacientes (40%). A taxa de exames alterados em pacientes que realizaram estresse farmacol&#243;gico (n=109) foi significativamente maior do que a dos pacientes que realizaram estresse f&#237;sico (n=53) (60,6% <italic>versus</italic> 43,8% respectivamente, p=0,004).</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da CPM, 66,1% dos pacientes receberam alta hospitalar e 102 (33,9%) foram encaminhados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cineangiocoronariografia ainda internados. Desses, 87 (85%) pacientes apresentaram obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas significativas (redu&#231;&#227;o de 50% ou mais do l&#250;men arterial<sup>28</sup>) e 68 (22,6%) pacientes foram submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea ainda internados.</p>
    <p>O per&#237;odo de seguimento foi em m&#233;dia de 697,7dias&#177;326,6 dias, e n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel completar o seguimento de 28 pacientes por impossibilidade de contato telef&#244;nico com o paciente, com o m&#233;dico assistente ou com familiares. Esses pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise do progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o encontramos em nossa amostra correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica significativa entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e cintilogr&#225;ficas com a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho prim&#225;rio. Houve apenas uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre a presen&#231;a de cintilografia alterada (1,71 <italic>versus</italic> 6,04%; p=0,086) com a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho prim&#225;rio no per&#237;odo de um ano.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de estresse empregado, o grupo de pacientes submetido ao estresse farmacol&#243;gico apresentou uma maior taxa de desfecho secund&#225;rio quando comparado ao grupo de pacientes submetidos ao estresse f&#237;sico (n=44, 40% <italic>versus</italic> n=103, 56%; p=0,02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). As demais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas desses dois grupos est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0602-00017-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0602-00017-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os pacientes com cintilografia alterada (n=76) comparados aos pacientes com cintilografia normal (n=22) apresentaram uma taxa de desfecho secund&#225;rio significativamente maior no per&#237;odo de seguimento (77,5% <italic>versus</italic> 22,5%; p&lt;0,0001), assim como os pacientes que apresentaram isquemia isolada (n=73) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes que apresentaram exame normal (n=25) (74,5% <italic>versus</italic> 25,5%; p&lt;0,0001). A presen&#231;a de fibrose isoladamente n&#227;o apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o com a maior ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho secund&#225;rio (p=0,10). Quando estratificamos os pacientes de acordo com o n&#250;mero de segmentos com isquemia verificamos que os pacientes com 1 a 2 (n=19) segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos com isquemia e os com 3 ou mais (n=54) segmentos com isquemia apresentaram mais desfecho secund&#225;rio quando comparados aos pacientes sem isquemia (n=25) (p=0,0001). No entanto, os dois primeiros grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre si (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0602-00017-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 45% (n=21) apresentaram propor&#231;&#227;o de desfecho secund&#225;rio significativamente maior que os pacientes com FEVE maior que 45% (n=72) (risco relativo = 1,72, IC:95% = 1,38 a 2,06; p=0,006).</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise multivariada</italic> - Nenhuma vari&#225;vel cl&#237;nica ou cintilogr&#225;fica foi selecionada pela an&#225;lise multivariada para explicar a ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio. Provavelmente essa perda de vari&#225;veis significativas, no n&#237;vel de 5%, se deva ao n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes que apresentaram desfecho prim&#225;rio (n=13).</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foi a vari&#225;vel independente com maior peso para explicar ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho secund&#225;rio (risco relativo = 6,5; IC:95% = 1,61 a 26,83, erro padr&#227;o = 0,717; p=0,009) seguido por hist&#243;ria de ACTP pr&#233;via (risco relativo = 3,8; IC:95% = 1,95 a 7,70, erro padr&#227;o = 0,35; p&lt;0,0001) e por RVM pr&#233;via (risco relativo = 2,41; IC:95% = 1,17 a 4,97, erro padr&#227;o = 0,36, p=0,01).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise da sobrevida livre de eventos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A sobrevida livre de desfecho prim&#225;rio apresentou tend&#234;ncia a ser maior para o grupo de pacientes com cintilografia normal (p=0,086) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0602-00017-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Observou-se que existe diferen&#231;a significativa (p=0,0001) na curva de sobrevida livre de desfecho secund&#225;rio entre os grupos de pacientes sem isquemia e os grupos com 1 ou 2 e 3 ou mais segmentos com isquemia, mas n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois &#250;ltimos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0602-00017-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os pacientes que apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo abaixo de 45% tamb&#233;m apresentaram menor sobrevida livre de desfecho secund&#225;rio (p=0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig. 5</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0602-00017-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou que os pacientes internados na UDT com suspeita de SCA podem se beneficiar do uso da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de estresse, pois esse exame foi capaz de determinar o progn&#243;stico em m&#233;dio prazo. A presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica na cintilografia nesse grupo de pacientes esteve associada a um risco 6,5 vezes maior de eventos adversos cardiovasculares em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com cintilografia normal.</p>
    <p>Algumas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas devem ser levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o global do impacto de um exame complementar. Apesar de a m&#233;dia et&#225;ria da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada ter sido superior a de outros estudos empreendidos em unidade de dor tor&#225;cica<sup>20,22</sup>, n&#227;o observamos correla&#231;&#227;o desta vari&#225;vel com a presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos. </p>
    <p>O sexo masculino tem sido associado a uma maior taxa de cintilografias alteradas. Miller e cols.<sup>29</sup> demonstraram maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de exames com isquemia em pacientes do sexo masculino (58%<italic> versus</italic> 31%; p&lt;0,001) e verificaram que esses pacientes eram mais freq&#252;entemente encaminhados para cineangiocoronariografia (17% <italic>versus</italic> 8%; p&lt;0,001)<sup>29</sup>. Na nossa amostra, o sexo masculino se correlacionou com a presen&#231;a de isquemia na cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica; entretanto, na an&#225;lise multivariada esta vari&#225;vel n&#227;o apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos.</p>
    <p>Hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de IAM, de RVM ou ACTP se correlacionaram com a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho secund&#225;rio. N&#227;o encontramos na literatura trabalho semelhante que avaliasse o progn&#243;stico da CPM em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com essas caracter&#237;sticas &#150; com elevada preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>30</sup>. Ao todo, 140 pacientes (46%) apresentavam hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e essas vari&#225;veis correlacionaram-se com a presen&#231;a de isquemia e com eventos adversos. Elhendy e cols. avaliaram 218 pacientes e demonstraram que a hist&#243;ria de coronariopatia pr&#233;via foi o fator de maior peso para predizer eventos adversos<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>Acampa e cols.<sup>32</sup> demonstraram que os pacientes com cintilografia negativa para isquemia tiveram um risco de eventos card&#237;acos em longo prazo menor que os pacientes que apresentaram isquemia, demonstrando que mesmo pacientes sabidamente portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana se beneficiam da realiza&#231;&#227;o da CPM; e comparando com os pacientes que apresentaram ecocardiograma de estresse negativo para isquemia, esses tiveram mais eventos adversos quando comparados aos pacientes que apresentaram CPM negativa para isquemia (14% <italic>versus</italic> 9%; p&lt;0,001)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estresse farmacol&#243;gico correlacionou-se com a presen&#231;a de exames alterados (p=0,04) e com a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho secund&#225;rio (p=0,02), mas n&#227;o foi significativo quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho prim&#225;rio (p=0,08). De modo concordante com a literatura, encontramos uma taxa de eventos card&#237;acos adversos mais elevada no grupo dos pacientes que se submeteram ao estresse farmacol&#243;gico, tanto para os pacientes com exame normal como para os com exame alterado<sup>33,34</sup>. Acreditamos que isso se deveu ao fato de a popula&#231;&#227;o submetida ao estresse farmacol&#243;gico ser mais grave do que a popula&#231;&#227;o que realizou estresse f&#237;sico. </p>
    <p>Pela an&#225;lise multivariada, a vari&#225;vel independente de maior peso para predizer desfecho secund&#225;rio foi a presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Esse resultado tamb&#233;m apresenta semelhan&#231;a com diversos trabalhos publicados onde a presen&#231;a de isquemia esteve correlacionada com maior taxa de eventos adversos em pacientes admitidos com suspeita de SCA<sup>20,22,27,35,36</sup>.</p>
    <p>A partir dos resultados obtidos com este trabalho acreditamos que os pacientes internados com suspeita de SCA na UDT e que apresentaram CPM normal apresentam baixo risco de eventos adversos em um ano. Encontramos uma taxa de desfecho prim&#225;rio de 1,71% em um ano para os pacientes com exame normal comparada a 6,04% para os pacientes com cintilografia alterada. Nossos resultados, apesar de apresentarem apenas tend&#234;ncia &#224; signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,086) para ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho prim&#225;rio, est&#227;o em acordo com a literatura<sup>19,31,37-39</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01">quadro 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="qdr01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0602-00017-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Estudos que avaliaram o valor progn&#243;stico da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica demonstraram que esse exame, quando alterado, tem valor preditivo independente para eventos card&#237;acos maiores (morte ou infarto mioc&#225;rdico)<sup>27,40,41</sup>. A popula&#231;&#227;o que apresenta exame alterado apresenta risco de eventos adversos graves tr&#234;s a cinco vezes maior que a popula&#231;&#227;o com exame normal, e em m&#233;dia a taxa de eventos na popula&#231;&#227;o com exame alterado &#233; de 5,9% ao ano<sup>34</sup>. Shaw e cols., avaliando 4.728 pacientes, verificaram que a taxa de eventos adversos graves, morte ou IAM, em pacientes com CPM normal, foi de 0,6% ao ano, quando acompanhados por um per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s anos<sup>42</sup>. Entretanto, taxas de eventos graves mais elevadas s&#227;o esperadas para a popula&#231;&#227;o com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DAC ou de risco elevado para desenvolv&#234;-la. Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, a taxa de eventos anual &#233; em torno de 2% ao ano<sup>34,42,43</sup>. Ao contr&#225;rio de outros estudos, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre os pacientes com diferentes cargas isqu&#234;micas; e a presen&#231;a de fibrose isoladamente tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o com maior taxa de eventos adversos<sup>19</sup>. Fesmire e cols. tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a significativa para ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos entre os pacientes internados em UDT com suspeita de SCA e que apresentaram diferentes quantifica&#231;&#245;es de &#225;rea isqu&#234;micas<sup>44</sup>.</p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma informa&#231;&#227;o importante para o progn&#243;stico e pode ser avaliada pela CPM quando utilizamos a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens acopladas ao ECG<sup>45</sup>. Em nosso trabalho verificamos que os pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 45% apresentaram maior taxa de desfecho secund&#225;rio, por&#233;m n&#227;o encontramos signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho prim&#225;rio. Acreditamos que isso tamb&#233;m se deveu ao n&#250;mero pequeno de eventos para o desfecho prim&#225;rio. Travin e cols., em estudo no qual foram inclu&#237;dos 3.207 pacientes, demonstraram que os pacientes que apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 50% apresentaram maior taxa cumulativa de eventos card&#237;acos, IAM e morte card&#237;aca, 13,1% comparados a 3,7% de eventos (p&lt;0,001) no grupo dos pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o acima de 50%<sup>46</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos adversos em m&#233;dio prazo nos pacientes com cintilografia normal sugere que na ocasi&#227;o do exame a exist&#234;ncia de les&#245;es coronarianas n&#227;o foi a respons&#225;vel pelo sintoma de dor tor&#225;cica ou ent&#227;o, mesmo que presentes, n&#227;o apresentavam grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o significante que necessitassem de tratamento intervencionista.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es: os dados foram analisados retrospectivamente, houve perda do seguimento de 28 pacientes, o estudo foi realizado em um hospital terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia para o tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, para onde s&#227;o encaminhados pacientes graves e com elevada preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatia preexistente. Os eventos adversos combinados inclu&#237;ram a taxa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no seguimento. Essa vari&#225;vel pode sofrer influ&#234;ncia direta da decis&#227;o do m&#233;dico assistente e do resultado da cintilografia, apesar de n&#227;o termos considerados os procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ocorridos na interna&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice. A decis&#227;o de incluir essa vari&#225;vel se baseou nos demais estudos que tamb&#233;m a incluem<sup>32</sup>. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cinecoronariografia em um grupo limitado de pacientes, fato que interfere com a an&#225;lise da capacidade diagn&#243;stica da cintilografia; entretanto, n&#227;o parece interferir com a an&#225;lise do progn&#243;stico. Os pacientes encaminhados para cintilografia de estresse na UDT da nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o pr&#233;-selecionados de acordo com um protocolo local de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco; portanto, nossos resultados podem n&#227;o ser aplic&#225;veis &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral de pacientes internados com dor tor&#225;cica na sala de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de estresse &#233; capaz de determinar o progn&#243;stico em m&#233;dio prazo dos pacientes internados na UDT com suspeita de SCA, ap&#243;s ter sido afastado o diagn&#243;stico de IAM e de angina inst&#225;vel de alto risco. A presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no exame de cintilografia apresentou contribui&#231;&#227;o independente na an&#225;lise multivariada para predizer eventos adversos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agradecemos ao Dr. Andr&#233; Volschan, coordenador do servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, e a toda sua equipe pela importante contribui&#231;&#227;o para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jader Cunha de Azevedo </p>
        <p> Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear &#150; Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco </p>
        <p> Rua General Polidoro, 192 </p>
        <p> 22280-000 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="medicina.nuclear@procardiaco.com.br">medicina.nuclear@procardiaco.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 23/08/06; revisado recebido em 22/11/06; aceito em 17/01/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Yusuf S, Collins R, Peto R, Furberg C, Stampfer    MJ, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Intravenous and intracoronary fibrinolytic therapy    in acute myocardial infarction: overview of results on mortality, reinfarction    and side-effects from 33 randomized controlled trials. Eur Heart J. 1985; 6:    556-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Intravenous and intracoronary fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction: overview of results on mortality, reinfarction and side-effects from 33 randomized controlled trials</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>556</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peto</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furberg</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stampfer</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldhaber</surname>
              <given-names>SZ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Lee TH, Rouan GW, Weisberg MC, Brand DA, Acampora    D, Stasiulewicz C, et al. Clinical characteristics and natural history of patients    with acute myocardial infarction sent home from the emergence room. Am J Cardiol.    1987; 60: 219-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical characteristics and natural history of patients with acute myocardial infarction sent home from the emergence room</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>219</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rouan</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weisberg</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Acampora</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stasiulewicz</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Bassan R; Gibler W B. Unidades de dolor tor&#225;cico:    estado actual del manejo de pacientes com dolor tor&#225;cico em los servicios    de urg&#234;ncias. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2001; 54: 1103-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Unidades de dolor tor&#225;cico: estado actual del manejo de pacientes com dolor tor&#225;cico em los servicios de urg&#234;ncias</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esp Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1103</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bassan</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibler</surname>
              <given-names>W B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Kontos MC, Jesse RL, Anderson P, Schimidt    KL, Ornato JP, Tatum JL. Comparison of myocardial perfusion imaging and cardiac    troponin in patients admitted to the emergency department with chest pain. Circulation.    1999; 99: 2073-78.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of myocardial perfusion imaging and cardiac troponin in patients admitted to the emergency department with chest pain</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2073</fpage>
          <lpage>78</lpage>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kontos</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jesse</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schimidt</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ornato</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tatum</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Gibler WB, Blonkalns AL. Diagnosis of acute    coronary syndromes in the emergency department. In: Topol EJ, ed. Acute coronary    syndromes. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2001. p. 293-327.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Acute coronary syndromes</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>293</fpage>
          <lpage>327</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gibler</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blonkalns</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Topol</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Mair J. Progress in myocardial damage detection:    new biochemical markers for clinicians. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 1997; 34: 1-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Progress in myocardial damage detection: new biochemical markers for clinicians</article-title>
          <source>Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mair</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Newby LK, Christenson RH, Ohman EM, Armstrong    PW, Thompson TD, Lee KL, et al. Value of serial troponin T measures for early    and late risk stratification in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The    GUSTO-IIa Investigators. Circulation. 1998; 98: 1853-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Value of serial troponin T measures for early and late risk stratification in patients with acute coronary syndromes: The GUSTO-IIa Investigators</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1853</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Newby</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christenson</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohman</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Swinburn JMA, Stubbs P, Soman P, Collinson    P, Raval U, Senior R. Rapid assessment of patients with non-ST-segment elevation    acute chest pain: Troponins, inflamatory markers, or perfusion imaging. J Nucl    Cardiol. 2002; 9: 491-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Rapid assessment of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute chest pain: Troponins, inflamatory markers, or perfusion imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>491</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Swinburn</surname>
              <given-names>JMA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stubbs</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soman</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collinson</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raval</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Senior</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Ewy GA, Ornato JP. 31st Bethesda Conference.    Emergency Cardiac Care. Task force 1: cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;    35 (4): 832-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>31st Bethesda Conference: Emergency Cardiac Care. Task force 1: cardiac arrest</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>832</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ewy</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ornato</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Goldman L, Cook EF, Johnson PA, Brand DA,    Rouan GW, Lee TH. Prediction of the need for intensive care in patients who    come to the emergency departments with acute chest pain. N Engl J Med. 1996;    334: 1498-504.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prediction of the need for intensive care in patients who come to the emergency departments with acute chest pain</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1498</fpage>
          <lpage>504</lpage>
          <volume>334</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goldman</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cook</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rouan</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Collinson P O, Premachandram S, Hashemi K,    Lee KR. Prospective audit of incidence of prognostically important myocardial    damage in patients discharged from emergency department: time for improved diagnosis    and management of patients presenting with acute chest pain. BMJ. 2000; 320:    1702-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prospective audit of incidence of prognostically important myocardial damage in patients discharged from emergency department: time for improved diagnosis and management of patients presenting with acute chest pain</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1702</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>320</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Collinson</surname>
              <given-names>P O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Premachandram</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hashemi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. McCarthy BD, Beshansky JR, DAgostino RB,    Selker HP. Missed diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the emergency    department: results from a multicenter study. Ann Emerg Med. 1993; 22: 579-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Missed diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department: results from a multicenter study</article-title>
          <source>Ann Emerg Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>579</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McCarthy</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beshansky</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#8217;Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Selker</surname>
              <given-names>HP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Pope JH, Aufderheide TP, Ruthazer R, Woolard    RH, Feldman JA, Beshansky JR, et al. Missed diagnoses of acute cardiac ischemia    in the emergency department. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 1163-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Missed diagnoses of acute cardiac ischemia in the emergency department</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1163</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <volume>342</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pope</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aufderheide</surname>
              <given-names>TP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruthazer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woolard</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feldman</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beshansky</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Bahr RD. Chest pain centers: moving toward    proactive acute coronary care. Int J Cardiol. 2000; 72 (2): 101-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Chest pain centers: moving toward proactive acute coronary care</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>101</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bahr</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Farkouh ME, Smars PA, Reeder GS, Zinsmeister    AR, Evans RW, Meloy TD, et al. A clinical trial of a chest-pain observation    unit for patients with unstable angina. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339: 1882-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A clinical trial of a chest-pain observation unit for patients with unstable angina</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1882</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>339</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Farkouh</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smars</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reeder</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zinsmeister</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evans</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meloy</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Achenbach S, Giesler T, Ropers D, Ulzheimer    S, Derlien H, Schult C, et al. Detection of coronary artery stenoses by contrast-enhanced,    retrospectively electrocardiographically-gated, multislice spiral computed tomography.    Circulation. 2001; 103: 2535-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Detection of coronary artery stenoses by contrast-enhanced, retrospectively electrocardiographically-gated, multislice spiral computed tomography</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2535</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Achenbach</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giesler</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ropers</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ulzheimer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Derlien</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schult</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Rodrigues ARV, Barbosa MR, Brito MSV, Silva    LC, Machado FS. Angiografia coronariana minimamente invasiva atrav&#233;s    de tomografia com m&#250;ltiplos detectores. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006; 86: 323-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Angiografia coronariana minimamente invasiva atrav&#233;s de tomografia com m&#250;ltiplos detectores</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>323</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>ARV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brito</surname>
              <given-names>MSV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Conti A, Gallini C, Costanzo E, Ferri P,    Matteini M, Paladini B, et al. Early detection of myocardial ischemia in the    emergency department by rest or exercise 99mTC tracer myocardial SPET in patients    with chest pain and non-diagnostic ECG. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001; 28: 1806-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Early detection of myocardial ischemia in the emergency department by rest or exercise 99mTC tracer myocardial SPET in patients with chest pain and non-diagnostic ECG</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Nucl Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1806</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Conti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallini</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costanzo</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferri</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matteini</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paladini</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Elhendy A, Schinkel AFL, van Domburg RT,    Bax JJ, Valkema R, Huurman A, et al. Risk stratification of patients with angina    pectoris by stress 99mTc-Tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Med.    2005; 46: 2003-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Risk stratification of patients with angina pectoris by stress 99mTc-Tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2003</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Elhendy</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schinkel</surname>
              <given-names>AFL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Domburg</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bax</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valkema</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huurman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Fesmire FM, Hughes AD, Fody EP, Jackson AP,    Fesmire CE, Gilbert MA, et al. The enlarger chest pain evaluation protocol:    a one year serial 12-lead ECG monitoring, Two-Hour delta serum marker measurements,    and selective nuclear stress testing to identify and exclude acute coronary    syndromes. Ann Emerg Med. 2002; 40: 584-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The enlarger chest pain evaluation protocol: a one year serial 12-lead ECG monitoring, Two-Hour delta serum marker measurements, and selective nuclear stress testing to identify and exclude acute coronary syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Ann Emerg Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>584</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fesmire</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hughes</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fody</surname>
              <given-names>EP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jackson</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fesmire</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gilbert</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Abbot BG; Jain D. Symposium on myocardial    perfusion imaging in acute coronary syndromes. Nucl Med Commun. 2003; 24: 1061-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Symposium on myocardial perfusion imaging in acute coronary syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Nucl Med Commun.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1061</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abbot</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jain</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Conti A, Zanobetti S, Grifoni S, Berni G,    Costanzo E, et al. Symposium on myocardial perfusion imaging in acute coronary    syndromes. Implementation of myocardial perfusion imaging in the early triage    of patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes. Nucl Med Commun. 2003;    24: 1055-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Symposium on myocardial perfusion imaging in acute coronary syndromes: Implementation of myocardial perfusion imaging in the early triage of patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Nucl Med Commun.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1055</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Conti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zanobetti</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grifoni</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berni</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costanzo</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Bassan R, Scofano M, Gamarskii R, Dohmann    HF, Pimenta L, Volschan A, et al. A dor tor&#225;cica na sala de emerg&#234;ncia:    a import&#226;ncia de uma abordagem sistematizada. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2000;    74: 13-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A dor tor&#225;cica na sala de emerg&#234;ncia: a import&#226;ncia de uma abordagem sistematizada</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bassan</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scofano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gamarskii</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dohmann</surname>
              <given-names>HF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pimenta</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volschan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, Califf    RM, Cheitlin MD, Hochman JS, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for the Management    of Patients With Unstable Angina and NonST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction    - Summary Article A Report of the American College of Cardiology / American    Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management    of Patients With Unstable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40: 1366-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina and Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Summary Article A Report of the American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina)</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1366</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antman</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beasley</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Califf</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheitlin</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hochman</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Gibler WB, Cannon CP, Blomkalns AL, Char    DM, Drew BJ, Hollander JE, et al. Practical implementation of the Guidelines    for Unstable Angina/NonST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the Emergency    Department. A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council    on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Acute Cardiac Care), Council on Cardiovascular    Nursing, and Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working    Group, in Collaboration With the Society of Chest Pain Centers. Circulation.    2005; 111: 2699-710.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Practical implementation of the Guidelines for Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the Emergency Department: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Acute Cardiac Care), Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, and Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group, in Collaboration With the Society of Chest Pain Centers</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2699</fpage>
          <lpage>710</lpage>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gibler</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blomkalns</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Char</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drew</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hollander</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Cerqueira MD, Weissman NJ, Dilsizian V, Jakobs    AK, Kaul S, Laskey WK. Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature    for tomographic imaging of the heart: a statement for healthcare professionals    from the cardiac imaging committee of the council on clinical cardiology of    the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2002; 105: 539-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart: a statement for healthcare professionals from the cardiac imaging committee of the council on clinical cardiology of the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>539</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cerqueira</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weissman</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dilsizian</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jakobs</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaul</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laskey</surname>
              <given-names>WK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Hachamovitch R, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, Cohen    I, Berman DS. Stress myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography    is clinically effective and cost effective in risk stratification of patients    with a high likelihood of coronary artery disease (CAD) but no known CAD. J    Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 43: 200-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Stress myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography is clinically effective and cost effective in risk stratification of patients with a high likelihood of coronary artery disease (CAD) but no known CAD</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>200</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hachamovitch</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayes</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berman</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Smith SC, Dove JT, Jacobs AK, Kennedy JW,    Kereiakes D, Kern MJ, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for percutaneous coronary intervention:    executive summary and recommendations: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American    Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the    1993 Guidelines for Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty). J Am Coll    Cardiol. 2001; 37: 2215-38.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>ACC/AHA guidelines for percutaneous coronary intervention: executive summary and recommendations: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1993 Guidelines for Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty)</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2215</fpage>
          <lpage>38</lpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dove</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobs</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kennedy</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kereiakes</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kern</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Miller TD, Roger VL, Hodge DO, Hopfenspirger    MR, Bailey KR, Gibbons RJ. Gender differences and temporal trends in clinical    characteristics, stress test and use of invasive procedures in patients undergoing    evaluation for coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38: 690-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Gender differences and temporal trends in clinical characteristics, stress test and use of invasive procedures in patients undergoing evaluation for coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>690</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roger</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodge</surname>
              <given-names>DO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hopfenspirger</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibbons</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Shaw LJ, Peterson ED, Kesler K, Hasselblad    V, Califf RM. A metanalysis of predischarge risk stratification after acute    myocardial infarction with stress electrocardiographic, myocardial perfusion,    and ventricular function imaging. Am J Cardiol. 1996; 78: 1327-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A metanalysis of predischarge risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction with stress electrocardiographic, myocardial perfusion, and ventricular function imaging</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1327</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kesler</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hasselblad</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Califf</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Elhendy A, Schinkel A, Bax JJ, van Domburg    RT, Poldermans D. Long-term prognosis after a normal exercise stress Tc-99m    sestamibi SPECT study. J Nucl Cardiol. 2003; 10: 161-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term prognosis after a normal exercise stress Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT study</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>161</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Elhendy</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schinkel</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bax</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Domburg</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poldermans</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Acampa W, Spinelli L, Petretta M, Salvatore    M, Cuocolo A. Comparison of prognostic value of negative dobutamine stress echocardiography    versus Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography after acute myocardial infarction.    Am J Cardiol. 2005; 96: 13-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of prognostic value of negative dobutamine stress echocardiography versus Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Acampa</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spinelli</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petretta</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salvatore</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuocolo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Navare SM, Mather JF, Shaw LJ, Fowler MS,    Heller GV. Comparison of risk stratification with pharmacologic and exercise    stress myocardial perfusion imaging: a meta-analysis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2004;    11: 551-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of risk stratification with pharmacologic and exercise stress myocardial perfusion imaging: a meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>551</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Navare</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mather</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fowler</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heller</surname>
              <given-names>GV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Shaw LJ, Iskandrian AE. Major achievements    in nuclear cardiology: III  Prognostic value of gated myocardial perfusion    SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol. 2004; 11: 171-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Major achievements in nuclear cardiology: III - Prognostic value of gated myocardial perfusion SPECT</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>171</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iskandrian</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Conti A, Sammicheli L, Gallini C, Costanzo    EN, Antoniucci D, Barletta G. Assessment of patients with low-risk chest pain    in the emergency department: head-to-head comparison of exercise stress echocardiography    and exercise myocardial SPECT. Am Heart J. 2005; 149: 894-901.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Assessment of patients with low-risk chest pain in the emergency department: head-to-head comparison of exercise stress echocardiography and exercise myocardial SPECT</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>894</fpage>
          <lpage>901</lpage>
          <volume>149</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Conti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sammicheli</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallini</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costanzo</surname>
              <given-names>EN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antoniucci</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barletta</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Underwod SR, Anagnostopoulos C, Cerqueira    M, Ell PJ, Flint EJ, Harbinson M, et al. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy:    the evidence. A consensus conference organised by the British Cardiac Society,    the British Nuclear Cardiology Society and the British Nuclear Medicine Society,    endorsed by the Royal College of Physicians of London and the Royal College    of Radiologists. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004; 31: 261-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: the evidence. A consensus conference organised by the British Cardiac Society, the British Nuclear Cardiology Society and the British Nuclear Medicine Society, endorsed by the Royal College of Physicians of London and the Royal College of Radiologists</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>261</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Underwod</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anagnostopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cerqueira</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ell</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flint</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harbinson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Stratmann HG, Tamesis BR, Younis LT, Witry    MD, Miller DD. Prognostic value of dipyridamole technetium-99m sestamibi myocardial    tomography in patients with stable chest pain who are unable to exercise. Am    J Cardiol. 1994; 73: 647-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic value of dipyridamole technetium-99m sestamibi myocardial tomography in patients with stable chest pain who are unable to exercise</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>647</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stratmann</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tamesis</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Younis</surname>
              <given-names>LT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Witry</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <mixed-citation>38. Geleijnse ML, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT,    Cornel JH, Rambaldi R, Salustri A, et al. Cardiac imaging for risk stratification    with dobutamine-atropine stress testing in patients with chest pain. Echocardiography,    perfusion scintigraphy, or both? Circulation. 1997; 96: 137-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac imaging for risk stratification with dobutamine-atropine stress testing in patients with chest pain: Echocardiography, perfusion scintigraphy, or both?</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>137</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Geleijnse</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elhendy</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Domburg</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cornel</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rambaldi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salustri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <mixed-citation>39. Heller GV, Herman SD, Travin MI, Baron JI,    Santos-Ocampo C, McClellan JR. Independent prognostic value of intravenous dipyridamole    with technetium-99m sestamibi tomographic imaging in predicting cardiac events    and cardiac related hospital admissions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 26: 1202-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Independent prognostic value of intravenous dipyridamole with technetium-99m sestamibi tomographic imaging in predicting cardiac events and cardiac related hospital admissions</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1202</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Heller</surname>
              <given-names>GV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herman</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Travin</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baron</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos-Ocampo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McClellan</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <mixed-citation>40. Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Kiat H, Cohen    I, Cabico A, Friedman J, et al. Exercise myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients    without known coronary artery disease: incremental prognostic value and use    in risk stratification. Circulation. 1996; 93: 905-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients without known coronary artery disease: incremental prognostic value and use in risk stratification</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>905</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hachamovitch</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berman</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiat</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cabico</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <mixed-citation>41. Lee DS, Jang MJ, Cheon GJ, Chung JK, Lee    MC. Comparison of the cost-effectiveness of stress myocardial SPECT and stress    echocardiography in suspected coronary artery disease considering the prognostic    value of false-negative results. J Nucl Cardiol. 2002; 9: 515-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of the cost-effectiveness of stress myocardial SPECT and stress echocardiography in suspected coronary artery disease considering the prognostic value of false-negative results</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>515</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jang</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheon</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chung</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <mixed-citation>42. Shaw LJ, Hendel R, Borges-Neto S, Lauer MS,    Alazraki N, Burnette J, et al. Prognostic value of normal exercise and adenosine    99mTc-tetrofosmin SPECT imaging: for the myoview multicenter registry: results    from the multicenter registry of 4,728 patients. J Nucl Med. 2003; 44: 134-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic value of normal exercise and adenosine 99mTc-tetrofosmin SPECT imaging: for the myoview multicenter registry: results from the multicenter registry of 4,728 patients</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>134</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hendel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borges-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lauer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alazraki</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burnette</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <mixed-citation>43. Hachamovitch R, Hayes S, Friedman J D, Cohen    I, Shaw LJ, Germano G, et al. Determinants of risk and its temporal variation    in patients with normal stress myocardial perfusion scans: what is the warranty    period of a normal scan? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 41: 1329-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Determinants of risk and its temporal variation in patients with normal stress myocardial perfusion scans: what is the warranty period of a normal scan?</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1329</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hachamovitch</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayes</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>J D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Germano</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <mixed-citation>44. Fesmire FM, Hugues AD, Stout PK, Wojcik JF,    Wharton DR. Selective dual nuclear scaning in low-risk patients with chest pain    to reliably identify and exclude acute coronary syndromes. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;    38: 207-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Selective dual nuclear scaning in low-risk patients with chest pain to reliably identify and exclude acute coronary syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Ann Emerg Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>207</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fesmire</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hugues</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stout</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wojcik</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wharton</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <mixed-citation>45. Sharir T, Germano G, Kang X, Lewin HC, Miranda    R, Cohen I, et al. Prediction of myocardial infarction versus cardiac death    by gated myocardial perfusion SPECT: Risk stratification by the amount of stress-induced    ischemia and the post-stress ejection fraction.J Nucl Med. 2001; 42: 831-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prediction of myocardial infarction versus cardiac death by gated myocardial perfusion SPECT: Risk stratification by the amount of stress-induced ischemia and the post-stress ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>831</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sharir</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Germano</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewin</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miranda</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B46">
        <mixed-citation>46. Travin MI, Heller GV, Johnson LL, Katten    D, Ahlberg AW, Isasi CR, et al. The prognostic value of ECG-gated SPECT imaging    in patients undergoing stress Tc-99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion imaging.    J Nucl Cardiol. 2004; 11: 253-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The prognostic value of ECG-gated SPECT imaging in patients undergoing stress Tc-99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>253</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Travin</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heller</surname>
              <given-names>GV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katten</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahlberg</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Isasi</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Medium term prognostic value of stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in a chest pain unit</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) applied to patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: Retrospective study. Patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) admitted into the chest pain unit (CPU) from December 2002 to April 2004, after exclusion of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and high risk unstable angina they underwent stress MPS. RESULTS: Selected 301 patients, 65.3 &#177; 12.5 years and 164 (54.5%) male gender. The test was performed 13 &#177; 12 hours after admission. Myocardial ischemia (ISQ) was found in 142 patients (47.2%). Male gender (n=94, p=&lt;0.0001), history of diabetes mellitus (n=31, p=0.033), past of AMI (n=52, p=&lt;0.0001), past of surgical myocardial revascularization (n=46, p=&lt;0.0001) and past of percutaneous revascularization (n=68, p=&lt;0.0001) presented correlation with ISQ. The follow-up was 697.7 &#177; 326.6 days. No MPS variable correlated with the occurrence of primary outcome. Abnormal scintigraphy (n=76, p &lt; 0.0001), ISQ (n=73, p &lt; 0.0001) and post-stress left ventricular ejection fraction below 45% (n=21, p=0.006) correlated with secondary outcome. The presence of ISQ was the major variable in the multivariate analysis for the prediction of secondary outcome (RR = 6.5; CI 95% = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Presence of ISQ was the major independent factor in prediction of adverse events for patients admitted into the CPU.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chest pain unit</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial reperfusion scintigraphy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Medium term prognostic value of stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in a chest pain unit</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jader Cunha de Azevedo; Renata Christian Martins F&#233;lix; Patr&#237;cia Lavatori Corr&#234;a; Gustavo Borges Barbirato; Hans Fernando da Rocha Dohmann; Paulo Roberto Dutra da Silva; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita; Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco &#150; PROCEP, Universidade Federal Fluminense &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To evaluate the prognostic value of stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) applied to patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Retrospective study. Patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) admitted into the chest pain unit (CPU) from December 2002 to April 2004, after exclusion of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and high risk unstable angina they underwent stress MPS.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Selected 301 patients, 65.3 &#177; 12.5 years and 164 (54.5%) male gender. The test was performed 13 &#177; 12 hours after admission. Myocardial ischemia (ISQ) was found in 142 patients (47.2%). Male gender (n=94, p=&lt;0.0001), history of diabetes mellitus (n=31, p=0.033), past of AMI (n=52, p=&lt;0.0001), past of surgical myocardial revascularization (n=46, p=&lt;0.0001) and past of percutaneous revascularization (n=68, p=&lt;0.0001) presented correlation with ISQ. The follow-up was 697.7 &#177; 326.6 days. No MPS variable correlated with the occurrence of primary outcome. Abnormal scintigraphy (n=76, p&lt;0.0001), ISQ (n=73, p &lt; 0.0001) and post-stress left ventricular ejection fraction below 45% (n=21, p=0.006) correlated with secondary outcome. The presence of ISQ was the major variable in the multivariate analysis for the prediction of secondary outcome (RR = 6.5; CI 95% = 0.009).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Presence of ISQ was the major independent factor in prediction of adverse events for patients admitted into the CPU.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Chest pain unit, myocardial, myocardial reperfusion scintigraphy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The appropriate approach for patients who seek emergency units complaining of chest pain and other symptoms suggestive of acute coronary failure is a complex one. When the electrocardiogram (ECG) is not diagnostic or presents nonspecific alterations and when clinical data are not typical, diagnosing Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) becomes a difficult task. This clinical complexity leads to a large number of unnecessary admissions to hospital and a larger number of undue discharges of patients who should remain under medical care<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Clinical assessment with ECG and measurement of myocardial necrosis markers is very sensitive in the detection of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)<sup>3</sup>. However, biochemical markers of myocardial necrosis only rise when there is irreversible cellular damage. Many patients with ACS do not present electrocardiographic alterations and might not present myocardial necrosis on admission. This strategy may therefore fail to identify patients who, even when considered low-risk patients, present significant coronary injuries<sup>3-8</sup>. </p>
      <p>Up to 5% of the patients admitted into the emergency room with chest pain and who are considered low-risk patients may present ACS<sup>9,10</sup>. When these patients are inadvertently discharged, they have a worse prognosis, with a mortality rate two to three times higher than patients who are adequately treated. In the United States of America, approximately 20% of the suits against physicians are due to this bad medical practice<sup>11-13</sup>. </p>
      <p>The Chest Pain Unit (CPU) located in the emergency department is an efficient alternative to assess and screen patients with suspected ACS. It employs a systematic strategy to assess these patients by using protocols for clinical and laboratory assessment (serial measurements of markers of myocardial necrosis and serial electrocardiogram). It allows fast and accurate diagnosis, and allows the stratification of risk and the employment of the appropriate treatment for these patients<sup>14</sup>. It represents a safe and effective approach able to reduce costs in the management of patients considered of low to intermediate risk for cardiovascular events<sup>15</sup>. Several diagnostic methods associated with this strategy are employed to help establish a diagnostic and prognosis for these patients. The most widely used methods and the best known ones are the treadmill exercise test, stress echocardiogram, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) and magnetic resonance imaging. The number of papers on computerized tomography has been growing but this method is not widely available in Brazil yet<sup>16,17</sup>. </p>
      <p>MPS has been increasingly used to diagnose ACS in the CPU, and many protocols for chest pain assessment use this method to assess the prognosis of these patients<sup>18-20</sup>. MPS has proved effective in reducing the number of undue discharges and unnecessary admissions<sup>18,21,22</sup>. Whether the employment of this technique in CPUs in Brazil can assess the medium term prognosis of patients admitted with chest pain remains to be proven.</p>
      <p>The objective of our study was to determine the medium term prognostic value of stress MPS when performed on patients admitted into the CPU with suspected ACS, after the diagnosis of AMI and High Risk Unstable Angina are ruled out.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We carried out a retrospective cohort study where we selected consecutive patients admitted into the CPU of <italic>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</italic> with suspected ACS from December 2002 to April 2004, and submitted to stress MPS. </p>
      <p>These patients were assessed based on the Hospital&#146;s CPU care methodology which follows the model of stratification in investigative routes described by Bassan et al<sup>3,23</sup>. This protocol includes not only the clinical history but also the performance of ECG and the serial measurement of heart enzymes in an interval not lower than six hours. Once the diagnosis of AMI or high risk unstable angina has been excluded<sup>24,25</sup>, the patients were stratified through the performance of MPS at rest and under physical or pharmacological stress upon request of the physician of the emergency department or of the assistant doctor. </p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of <italic>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</italic> under docket n&#186; 137/2005. The free informed consent term was not required for this study. </p>
      <p>All the tests were carried out in a dual head gamma chamber (Ecam-Duet &#150; Siemens), with a low-energy and high resolution collimator with tomographic image acquisition (SPECT - Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) coupled with the ECG (ECG-Gated), with 64 projections and a 64 x 64 matrix. After their acquisition, the images were reconstructed through backprojection with a Butterworth filter and processed using e-Soft (Cedars Sinai, Guido Germano and Emory Cardiac Toolbox), an image processing software package. The analysis of global and segmental contractility and of ejection fraction was accomplished using the Gated SPECT. The unit used the 17-segment myocardial segmentation model<sup>26</sup>. </p>
      <p>Clinical data relative to the patients served and to the results of laboratory tests were obtained from the patients&#146; records filed at the hospital. This was considered the main source of data. The following clinical variables were considered: gender, age, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes mellitus, family history of coronary artery disease, obesity, history of AMI, and previous surgical myocardial revascularization (SMR) or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). </p>
      <p>Scintigraphy variables used were: type of stress, either physical or pharmacological (dipyridamole, dobutamine or adenosine), presence of ischemia (area of low uptake of radiotracer in the post-stress images which disappears in rest images) or fibrosis (area of low uptake of radiotracer in the post-stress images which persists in rest images), the number of myocardial segments with ischemia and the post-stress ejection fraction of the left ventricle<sup>26</sup>. </p>
      <p>Follow-up was considered from the date of hospital discharge to the date of the first contact with the patient. We phoned each patient to obtain information from him. When contact with the patient was not possible, the information was obtained from family members, from the assistant doctor or from the hospital records. </p>
      <p>We collected information on adverse events which took place after the patient&#146;s discharge from hospital. Interventions (PTCA, SMR) performed during hospitalization were not considered as adverse events, but as a consequence of treatment. We considered only those adverse events which took place after hospital discharge.</p>
      <p>For the purpose of statistical analysis and analysis of the prognosis we considered two outcomes &#150; the primary and the secondary outcomes. We defined adverse events such as death due to any cause or acute myocardial infarction as primary outcomes. Acute myocardial infarction was defined as a new episode of chest pain with duration greater than 20 minutes which required hospitalization and was confirmed by the elevation of myocardial necrosis markers (creatine phosphokinase fraction MB [CK-MB] or Troponin I) or the appearance of Q waves on the ECG and the need for reperfusion therapy with thrombolysis or emergency PTCA<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>The combination of any of the following adverse events occurring after hospital discharge was considered a secondary outcome: death due to any cause, AMI, angina or rehospitalization due to angina (defined as type A or type B precordial pain, with no other determining cause<sup>3</sup>), SMR or PTCA and hospitalization due to heart-related causes (arrhythmias, heart failure, etc) <sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>The presence of coronary obstructive injury with luminal reduction equal to or above 50% was considered a significant coronary injury<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - We used the chi-square test (c<sup>2</sup>) or Fisher&#146;s exact test, whenever the c<sup>2</sup> test could not be applied due to the small number of cases. For the analysis of continuous variables between the two groups we used Student&#146;s <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples. Multivariate analysis, used to identify independent factors that simultaneously influence or explain the occurrence of events and to assess the simultaneous influence of clinical variables on events, was carried out using Logistic Regression, and we used a stepwise process with a level of 5% to select the factors. The uneventful survival rate (free of primary and secondary outcomes) was adjusted by the Kaplan-Meier method. Log-rank statistics was applied to verify if there is significant difference in the event-free survival curve for primary and combined events stratified according to scintigraphy results. The criterion to determine significance was a level of 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We selected 301 patients with suspected ACS who were submitted to MPS to stratify risk. Our sample was composed by 164 male (54.5%) and 137 (45.5%) female patients, with a mean age equal to 65.3 &#177; 12.5 years for this population.</p>
      <p>The test was performed early, that is 12 hours after admission, in 146 patients (48.6%); between 12 and 24 hours after admission in 132 patients (44%) and after 24 hours following the admission into the CPU in 23 patients (7.4%). The mean time between admission and the performance of scintigraphy was 13 &#177; 12 hours. We did not record any serious events such as AMI or death during the performance of the cardiovascular stress test. </p>
      <p>The presence of altered scintigraphy was verified in 162 patients (53.8%). We also observed an elevated percentage of patients who presented ischemia which corresponded to 47.2% (n=142) of our sample and a significant percentage of these patients presented ischemia in three or more segments 33.9% (n = 102). Patients with and without ischemia did not present significant difference regarding age (65.5 &#177; 13.1 years as compared with 65.2 &#177; 11.9 years respectively; p = 0.82). Male gender (n = 94, p = &lt;0.0001), diabetes mellitus (n = 31, p = 0.033), past AMI (n = 52, p = &lt;0.0001), past SMR (n = 46, p = &lt;0.0001) and past PTCA (n = 68, p = &lt;0.0001) presented statistically significant correlation with the presence of ischemia. Other clinical characteristics are shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0602-00017-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The type of stress that was used most frequently was pharmacological stress. Dipyridamole stress was used in 161 patients (53.5%), dobutamine stress in 17 patients (6%) and adenosine stress in 2 patients (0.5%). Physical stress on the treadmill was used with 121 patients (40%). The rate of altered tests in patients who were submitted to pharmacological stress (n = 109) was significantly higher than the rate for those submitted to physical stress (n = 53) (60.6% as compared with 43.8% respectively, p = 0.004).</p>
      <p>After the performance of MPS, 66.1% of the patients were discharged from hospital and 33.9% were referred to coronary angiography while still in hospital. Of these, 87 patients (85%) presented significant coronary obstructions (reduction of 50% or more of the arterial lumen<sup>28</sup>) and 68 (22.6%) patients were submitted to surgical or percutaneous revascularization while still in hospital.</p>
      <p>The mean follow-up period was 697.7dias &#177; 326.6 days, in that it was impossible to complete the follow up of 28 patients due to failure to contact the patient, the assistant doctor or family members by phone. These patients were excluded from the analysis of prognosis. </p>
      <p>We did not find any significant statistical correlation in our sample between clinical and scintigraphic variables and the occurrence of a primary outcome. There was only a trend towards statistical significance between the presence of altered scintigraphy (1.71 as compared with 6.04%; p = 0.086) and the occurrence of a primary outcome within one year.</p>
      <p>With regard to the type of stress employed, the group of patients submitted to pharmacological stress presented a higher rate of secondary outcomes when compared with the group of patients submitted to physical stress (n = 44, 40% as compared with n = 103, 56%; p = 0.02) &#150; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. Other clinical characteristics of these two groups are on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0602-00017-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0602-00017-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The patients with altered scintigraphy (n=76) as compared with those with normal scintigraphy (n=22) presented a secondary outcome rate significantly higher in the follow-up period (77.5% as compared with 22.5%; p &lt; 0.0001), just as those patients who presented isolated ischemia (n=73) as compared with patients who presented normal tests (n=25) (74.5% as compared with 25.5%; p &lt; 0.0001). The presence of fibrosis alone did not correlate with a higher occurrence of secondary outcome (p=0.10). When we stratified the patients according to the number of segments with ischemia we verified that patients with 1 to 2 (n=19) myocardial segments with ischemia and those with 3 or more (n=54) segments with ischemia presented a higher number of secondary outcomes when compared with patients without ischemia (n=25) (p=0.0001). However, the two first groups did not present statistically significant differences between them (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0602-00017-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Patients with ejection fraction below 45% (n=21) presented a rate of secondary outcomes which was significantly higher than patients with LVEF above 45% (n=72) (relative risk = 1.72, confidence interval 95% = 1.38 to 2.06; p=0.006).</p>
      <p><italic>Multivariate analysis - </italic>No clinical or scintigraphic variable was selected by the multivariate analysis to explain the occurrence of the primary outcome. The loss of significant variables to the level of 5% is probably due to the small number of patients who presented primary outcome (n=13).</p>
      <p>The presence of myocardial ischemia was the major independent variable to explain the occurrence of secondary outcome (Relative Risk = 6.5; Confidence Interval 95% = 1.61 to 26.83, standard error = 0.717; p=0.009) followed by history of previous PTCA (Relative Risk = 3.8; Confidence Interval 95% = 1.95 to 7.70, standard error = 0.35; p&lt;0.0001) and previous SMR (Relative Risk = 2.41;Confidence Interval 95% = 1.17 to 4.97, standard error = 0.36, p=0.01).</p>
      <p><italic>Analysis of event-free survival</italic> - Survival free of primary outcome presented a trend to be higher for the group of patients with normal scintigraphy (p=0.086) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0602-00017-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>We observed that there is significant difference (p=0.0001) in the curve for survival free of secondary outcome between the groups of patients without ischemia and the groups with one or two and three or more segments with ischemia, but we did not observe a significant difference between the two latter ones (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0602-00017-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patients who presented left ventricle ejection fraction below 45% also presented shorter survival free of secondary outcome (p=0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0602-00017-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our study demonstrated that patients admitted into the chest pain unit with suspected ACS can benefit from the use of stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, because this test was able to determine the prognosis in the medium term. The presence of myocardial ischemia on scintigraphy in this group of patients was associated with a 6.5 times higher risk for combined adverse events as compared with the patients with normal scintigraphy.</p>
      <p>Some clinical characteristics should be taken into account in the global assessment of the impact of a complementary test. Although the mean age of the population studied was higher than in other studies carried out in a chest pain unit<sup>20,22</sup>, stress myocardial scintigraphy proved viable, safe and effective in the determination of the prognosis. </p>
      <p>The male gender has been associated with a higher rate of altered scintigraphies. Miller et al<sup>29</sup> demonstrated a higher frequency of tests with ischemia in male patients (58% as compared with 31%; p&lt;0.001) and verified that these patients were more frequently referred to coronary angiography (17% as compared with 8%; p &lt; 0.001)<sup>29</sup>. In our sample, the male gender correlated with the presence of ischemia on myocardial scintigraphy. However, in the multivariate analysis, it did not present an independent correlation with adverse events.</p>
      <p>A history of previous AMI, SMR or PTCA correlated with the occurrence of a secondary outcome. We did not find any similar paper in the literature that assessed the prognostic value of MPS in a population with these characteristics &#150; with a high prevalence of coronary artery disease<sup>30</sup>. In all, 140 patients (46%) presented a previous history of coronary artery disease and these variables correlated with the presence of ischemia and adverse events. Elhendy et al. assessed 218 patients and demonstrated that a previous history of coronary disease was the major factor to predict adverse events<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>Acampa et al demonstrated that patients with a negative scintigraphy for ischemia had a lower risk of heart events in the long term than patients who presented ischemia, demonstrating that even patients who knowingly have coronary artery disease benefit from the performance of MPS, and comparing with the patients who presented negative stress echocardiogram for ischemia, the latter had more adverse events when compared with patients who presented negative MPS for ischemia (14% as compared with 9%; p&lt;0.001)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Pharmacological stress correlated with the presence of altered tests (p=0.04) and with the occurrence of secondary outcome (p=0.02), but was not significant regarding the occurrence of primary outcome (p=0.08). In agreement with the literature, we found a higher rate of adverse heart events in the group of patients who were submitted to pharmacological stress both for patients with normal tests and for those with altered tests<sup>33,34</sup>. We believe that this was due to the fact that the population submitted to pharmacological stress was comprised of patients with more severe cardiac disease than the population submitted to physical stress. </p>
      <p>According to the multivariate analysis, the major independent variable to predict secondary outcomes was the presence of myocardial ischemia. This result is similar to the results obtained in several papers published where the presence of ischemia correlated with a higher rate of adverse events in patients admitted with suspected ACS<sup>20,22,27,35,36</sup>.</p>
      <p>Based on the results obtained in this study, we believe that patients admitted into the CPU with suspected ACS and with a normal MPS present low risk of adverse events within one year. We found a rate of primary outcome of 1.71% within one year for the patients with altered scintigraphy, as compared with 6.04% for patients with normal tests. Our results, although they present only a trend towards statistical significance (p=0.086) for the occurrence of primary outcome are in accordance with the literature<sup>19,31,37-39</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01-body2">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="qdr01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0602-00017-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Studies which assessed the prognostic value of myocardial scintigraphy demonstrated that when this test presents altered results it has an independent predictive value for major heart events (death or myocardial infarction)<sup>27,40,41</sup>. The population that presents altered tests presents a risk for severe adverse events which is 3 to 5 times higher than the population with normal tests, and the mean rate of events in the population with altered tests is 5.9% per year<sup>34</sup>. Shaw et al assessed 4,728 patients and verified that the rate of severe adverse events, death or AMI, in patients with normal MPS was 0.6% per year, in a three-year follow up<sup>42</sup>. However, higher rates of severe events are expected for the population with a previous diagnosis of DAC or high risk of developing it. In this population, the yearly rate of events is approximately 2% per year<sup>34,42,43</sup>. Unlike other studies, we did not find a significant statistical difference between patients with different ischemic loads and the presence of fibrosis alone did not present correlation with a higher rate of adverse events either<sup>19</sup>. Fesmire et al. did not find significant difference in the occurrence of events in patients admitted into the CPU with suspected ACS and that presented different quantifications of ischemic areas<sup>44</sup>.</p>
      <p>Ejection fraction is important information for prognosis and can be assessed on MPS when we use ECG-gated image acquisition<sup>45</sup>. In our study we verified that patients with ejection fraction below 45% presented a higher rate of secondary outcomes but we found no statistical significance for the occurrence of primary outcomes. We believe that this was partly due to the small number of events for primary outcome. Travin et al. in a study with 3,207 patients demonstrated that the patients who presented ejection fraction below 50% presented a higher cumulative rate of heart events, AMI and heart death, 13.1% as compared with 3.7% of events (p &lt; 0.001) in the group of patients with ejection fraction above 50%<sup>46</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study the low incidence of adverse events in the medium term for patients with negative scintigraphy suggests that the existence of coronary injury, at the time of test, was not the cause of the chest pain symptom that led to hospitalization or that, even when such injury was present, the degree of obstruction was not significant so as to require intervention treatment at that time.</p>
      <p>Our study has some limitations: the data were analyzed retrospectively, 28 patients were not followed up, and the study was carried out in a tertiary hospital that is a reference for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases to where patients with severe conditions and with a high degree of prevalence of preexisting cardiopathy are referred. The combined adverse events included a rate of myocardial revascularization in the follow up. This variable may suffer direct influence from the decision of the assistant doctor and the result of the scintigraphy, although we have not considered the revascularization procedures carried out in the index-hospitalization. The decision to include this variable was based on the other studies which include it as well<sup>32</sup>. Another limitation was the performance of coronary angiography in a limited group of patients. This fact interferes on the analysis of the diagnostic capacity of scintigraphy, although it does not seem to interfere with the analysis of the prognosis. The patients referred to stress scintigraphy at the CPU of our institution are pre-selected according to a local risk stratification protocol and therefore our results might not be applicable to the population of patients admitted with chest pain into the emergency room.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We conclude that stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is able to determine in the medium term the prognosis of patients admitted into the CPU with suspected ACS, after the diagnostic of AMI and high risk unstable angina have been ruled out. The presence of myocardial ischemia on scintigraphy presented an independent contribution in the multivariate analysis to predict adverse events.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowlegments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank Dr. Andr&#233; Volschan, coordinator of emergency department of Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, and all of his team for their important contribution to the development of this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jader Cunha de Azevedo</p>
          <p> Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear &#150; Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco </p>
          <p> Rua General Polidoro, 192 </p>
          <p> 22280-000 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="medicina.nuclear@procardiaco.com.br">medicina.nuclear@procardiaco.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received August 23, 2006; revised received November 22, 2006; accepted January 17, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
