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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9qW9TxGMK6wt5z66PV7NVnJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800516</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sincronia ventricular em portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada e indiv&#237;duos normais: avalia&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Cristina S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giorgi</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clementina P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miche</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo T. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nishioka</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana D'Orio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Willain</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izaki</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghetti</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Cl&#225;udio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>596</fpage>
      <lpage>601</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estabelecer par&#226;metros de sincronia intra- e interventricular em indiv&#237;duos normais e compar&#225;-los aos de pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada com e sem dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o ao eletrocardiograma (ECG). M&#201;TODOS: Tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo: 18 indiv&#237;duos (G1) sem cardiopatia e com ECG normal (52+/-12 anos, 29% masculinos); 50 portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave, sendo 20 pacientes (G2) com QRS &lt; 120 ms (51+/-10 anos, 75% masculinos) e 30 pacientes (G3) com QRS &gt; 120 ms (57+/-12 anos, 60% masculinos). Todos foram submetidos &#224; ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica (VR). Para avaliar dissincronia intraventricular esquerda foi estudada a largura do histograma de fase e para avaliar dissincronia interventricular foi medida a diferen&#231;a da m&#233;dia do &#226;ngulo de fase entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e o esquerdo (DifDE). RESULTADOS: As fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE)s foram: 62&#177;6% (G1), 27&#177;6% (G2) e 22&#177;7% (G3) e do VD foram: 46 &#177; 4% (G1), 38&#177;9%(G2) e 37&#177;9% (G3). A avalia&#231;&#227;o da largura do histograma de fase foi de: 89&#177;18 ms (G1), 203&#177;54 ms (G2) e 312&#177;130 ms (G3), p&lt;0,0001. A medida da difVDVE foi de: 14&#177;11 ms (G1), 39&#177;40 ms (G2) e 87&#177;49 ms (G3); quando se compararam G1 x G2 e G1 x G3, p&lt;0,0001 e G2 x G3, p=0,0007. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os par&#226;metros analisados discriminam os tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes de acordo com o grau de sincronia ventricular. Pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada e sem bloqueio de ramo ao ECG (QRS &lt; 120 ms) podem apresentar dissincronia, por&#233;m em menor grau que os pacientes com QRS alargado.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica</kwd>
        <kwd>imagem de fase</kwd>
        <kwd>sincronia ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sincronia ventricular em portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada e indiv&#237;duos normais: avalia&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Simone Cristina S. Brand&#227;o; Maria Clementina P. Giorgi; Rodrigo T. de Miche; Silvana D'Orio Nishioka; Rafael Willain Lopes; Marisa Izaki; Jos&#233; Soares Junior; Martino Martinelli Filho; Jos&#233; Cl&#225;udio Meneghetti</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; InCor-FMUSP &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Estabelecer par&#226;metros de sincronia intra- e interventricular em indiv&#237;duos normais e compar&#225;-los aos de pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada com e sem dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o ao eletrocardiograma (ECG). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo: 18 indiv&#237;duos (G1) sem cardiopatia e com ECG normal (52+/-12 anos, 29% masculinos); 50 portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave, sendo 20 pacientes (G2) com QRS &lt; 120 ms (51+/-10 anos, 75% masculinos) e 30 pacientes (G3) com QRS &gt; 120 ms (57+/-12 anos, 60% masculinos). Todos foram submetidos &#224; ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica (VR). Para avaliar dissincronia intraventricular esquerda foi estudada a largura do histograma de fase e para avaliar dissincronia interventricular foi medida a diferen&#231;a da m&#233;dia do &#226;ngulo de fase entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e o esquerdo (DifDE). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>As fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE)s foram: 62&#177;6% (G1), 27&#177;6% (G2) e 22&#177;7% (G3) e do VD foram: 46 &#177; 4% (G1), 38&#177;9%(G2) e 37&#177;9% (G3). A avalia&#231;&#227;o da largura do histograma de fase foi de: 89&#177;18 ms (G1), 203&#177;54 ms (G2) e 312&#177;130 ms (G3), p&lt;0,0001. A medida da difVDVE foi de: 14&#177;11 ms (G1), 39&#177;40 ms (G2) e 87&#177;49 ms (G3); quando se compararam G1 x G2 e G1 x G3, p&lt;0,0001 e G2 x G3, p=0,0007. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Os par&#226;metros analisados discriminam os tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes de acordo com o grau de sincronia ventricular. Pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada e sem bloqueio de ramo ao ECG (QRS &lt; 120 ms) podem apresentar dissincronia, por&#233;m em menor grau que os pacientes com QRS alargado.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica, imagem de fase, sincronia ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com o surgimento da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC), no in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 1980, o estudo da sincronia de contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular tornou-se de grande import&#226;ncia<sup>1</sup>. A TRC atrav&#233;s da estimula&#231;&#227;o atriobiventricular melhora a qualidade de vida, a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, reduz o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es<sup>2,3</sup>, a mortalidade por progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e a mortalidade total<sup>4,5</sup>. De acordo com as diretrizes de tratamento da IC do Col&#233;gio Americano de Cardiologia e Sociedade Americana de Cardiologia, essa terapia est&#225; indicada em pacientes com IC refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS maior que 120 ms ao eletrocardiograma (ECG), principalmente na presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) menor que 35%<sup>6</sup>. Por sua vez, sabe-se que a presen&#231;a isolada de BRE n&#227;o traduz especificamente o dissincronismo e que cerca de 27% dos pacientes com IC e QRS menor que 120 ms t&#234;m dissincronia ventricular<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Diante da complexidade t&#233;cnica, dos custos da TRC e especialmente dos benef&#237;cios que ela pode oferecer aos pacientes com IC, &#233; importante identificar indiv&#237;duos potencialmente responsivos &#224; terapia na popula&#231;&#227;o de portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada, em que a evid&#234;ncia do dissincronismo ventricular &#233; essencial. A dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS tem sido o principal par&#226;metro na identifica&#231;&#227;o de dissincronia ventricular<sup>1</sup>. Entretanto, evid&#234;ncias crescentes t&#234;m demonstrado uma pobre correla&#231;&#227;o entre a resposta cl&#237;nica e funcional &#224; TRC e a dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QRS<sup>8,9</sup>. Por sua vez, medidas diretas da dissincronia eletro-mec&#226;nica baseadas em m&#233;todos de imagem simples e n&#227;o-invasivos podem melhorar os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o e predizer melhor a resposta &#224; TRC<sup>9,10</sup>. Alguns estudos t&#234;m utilizado a cintilografia sincronizada das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, ou ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica (VR) de equil&#237;brio, para avaliar, atrav&#233;s das imagens param&#233;tricas de fase e amplitude, a sincronia de movimenta&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos<sup>11-20</sup>. Assim, par&#226;metros quantitativos que avaliem objetivamente o grau de sincronia inter- e intraventricular esquerda podem ajudar na melhor sele&#231;&#227;o e acompanhamento desses pacientes pr&#233; e p&#243;s TRC, acrescentando informa&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida do QRS ao ECG. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar valores de sincronia inter- e intraventricular em indiv&#237;duos sem cardiopatia e com ECG normal, atrav&#233;s das imagens de fase derivadas da transforma&#231;&#227;o de Fourier da VR, e compar&#225;-los aos de pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada e dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS ao ECG maior e menor que 120 ms. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado estudo prospectivo, transversal, no qual foram avaliados os dados de 68 ventriculografias radioisot&#243;picas realizadas no servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2005 a maio de 2006. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o aprovou o projeto.</p>
    <p><italic>Casu&#237;stica - </italic>A an&#225;lise das imagens de fase da VR foi feita em exames selecionados de pacientes que foram encaminhados para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Todos os pacientes foram adequadamente informados do objetivo do estudo e assinaram termo de consentimento. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram separados em tr&#234;s grupos. O primeiro grupo (G1) compreendeu 18 indiv&#237;duos sem hist&#243;ria de cardiopatia e ECG normal (idade m&#233;dia de 52+/-12 anos, 29% do sexo masculino); o segundo (G2) consistiu de 20 pacientes portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada, FEVE ao ecocardiograma inferior a 35%, classe funcional (CF) de IC pela New York Heart Association (NYHA) I a III e intervalo QRS ao ECG inferior a 120 ms (idade m&#233;dia de 51+/-10 anos, 75% do sexo masculino); e o terceiro grupo (G3) constou de 30 candidatos &#224; TRC, portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada, CF de IC pela<italic> NYHA</italic> III ou IV com tratamento medicamentoso otimizado, FEVE ao ecocardiograma inferior a 35% e QRS ao ECG superior ou igual a 120 ms (idade m&#233;dia de 57+/-12 anos, 60% do sexo masculino). As caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o condensadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0596-00016-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica sincronizada ao ECG - </italic>A marca&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias foi realizada pela t&#233;cnica <italic>in vivo</italic>. Para isso, os pacientes receberam cloreto estanoso por via venosa (2 mg), aguardaram-se 20 minutos, e a seguir foi administrado o pertecnetato (99mTcO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>) na dose de 740 MBq. As imagens foram adquiridas em gama c&#226;mara (LEM-Siemens) equipada com colimador de alta sensibilidade, para baixa energia e prop&#243;sitos gerais e processadas em um computador utilizando o <italic>software </italic>ERNA. O pico da onda R do ECG foi utilizado para definir o in&#237;cio da aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens. As imagens foram adquiridas inicialmente na proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda de melhor separa&#231;&#227;o ventricular ("best septal view") e depois na obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda de 30&#176;. Foram realizadas 32 imagens por ciclo card&#237;aco com cerca de 300000 a 400000 contagens em cada quadro, utilizando-se matriz de 64 x 64. Para fins de an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi calculada a FEVE e a FE do ventr&#237;culo direito (FEVD) com a seguinte f&#243;rmula:</p>
    <disp-quote>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0596-00016-e01.jpg"/></p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise das imagens de fase - </italic> A seq&#252;&#234;ncia de movimenta&#231;&#227;o das paredes ventriculares foi avaliada quantitativamente atrav&#233;s das imagens param&#233;tricas de fase obtidas com a primeira harm&#244;nica de Fourier da curva tempo <italic>versus</italic> atividade de cada pixel das imagens adquiridas<sup>20</sup>. O ciclo card&#237;aco &#233; um fen&#244;meno peri&#243;dico e pode ser representado pela proje&#231;&#227;o de um movimento circular, de dura&#231;&#227;o igual &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do R-R. Dessa forma se obt&#233;m uma correspond&#234;ncia entre os momentos, ou tempos, do ciclo R-R e os respectivos &#226;ngulos da circunfer&#234;ncia, chamados &#226;ngulos de fase. As contagens de cada pixel variam de acordo com a fase do movimento ventricular. Cada pixel posicionado na imagem de fase foi codificado em uma escala de cores. Os pixels com o mesmo &#226;ngulo de fase, ou seja, com redu&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea de contagens ou mesma fase de movimento demonstram a mesma cor. Os histogramas de fase de ambos os ventr&#237;culos e de cada um separadamente foram constru&#237;dos a partir desses dados. Na abscissa do histograma encontram-se os &#226;ngulos de fase de movimenta&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e na ordenada o n&#250;mero de pixels em cada &#226;ngulo de fase. A imagem de fase mostra o retardo relativo da movimenta&#231;&#227;o das regi&#245;es ventriculares em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pico da onda R do ECG em cada pixel da imagem (retardo eletromec&#226;nico). A sincronia interventricular (DVV) foi avaliada pela diferen&#231;a entre o &#226;ngulo de fase m&#233;dia de movimenta&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). A sincronia intraventricular esquerda (DVE) foi avaliada pela largura do histograma de fase do VE e os &#226;ngulos de fase com n&#250;mero de pixels inferior a 10% do valor m&#233;dio de todos os pixels da regi&#227;o de interesse do VE foram exclu&#237;das. Assim foi poss&#237;vel padronizar a medida para todos os pacientes do estudo. Os valores obtidos foram transformados em milissegundos para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0596-00016-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0596-00016-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - </italic>As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram descritas atrav&#233;s da m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (DP). Foram utilizados testes param&#233;tricos. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados da VR entre os tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes estudados foi feita atrav&#233;s do teste ANOVA; em seguida, foi realizado o teste de Bonferroni para localizar as diferen&#231;as. Para avaliar a diferen&#231;a de distribui&#231;&#227;o de homens e mulheres entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste do Qui-quadrado. Um valor de p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Grupos de pacientes - </italic>A m&#233;dia da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS em cada grupo &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica global analisada atrav&#233;s da VR, a m&#233;dia da FEVE no G1 foi de 62&#177;6%, no G2 foi de 27&#177;6% e no G3 de 22&#177;7%, sendo a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos estatisticamente significante (p&lt;0,0001). A FEVD m&#233;dia foi de 46&#177;4%, 38&#177;9% e 37&#177;9% para G1, G2 e G3, respectivamente. A diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significante entre G1 e G2 (p=0,002) e G1 e G3 (p=0,0006) mas n&#227;o entre G2 e G3 (p=0,7) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0596-00016-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da sincronia interventricular (DVV) - </italic>A diferen&#231;a temporal da motilidade m&#233;dia entre os dois ventr&#237;culos (difVDVE) foi 14&#177;11 ms no G1, 39&#177;40 ms no G2 e 87&#177;49 ms no G3, p&lt;0,0001. O atraso foi significantemente maior no G2 quando comparado ao G1 (p&lt;0,0007) e no G3 quando comparado ao G1 e G2, p&lt;0,0001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0596-00016-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da sincronia intraventricular esquerda (DVE) - </italic>A diferen&#231;a temporal de movimento entre as regi&#245;es ventriculares foi estatisticamente diferente entre os tr&#234;s grupos (p&lt;0,0001) sendo muito maior no G3 (312&#177;130 ms) quando comparado ao G2 (203&#177;54 ms) e ao G1 (89&#177;18 ms) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">gr&#225;fico 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0596-00016-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No cora&#231;&#227;o, o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica controla desde a s&#237;stole atrial at&#233; a coordena&#231;&#227;o de contra&#231;&#227;o das paredes ventriculares. Na cardiomiopatia dilatada, ocorre aumento dos volumes ventriculares em raz&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais e estruturais que interferem com a din&#226;mica card&#237;aca, provocando atrasos e prejudicando a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial e a coordena&#231;&#227;o de contra&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos (atraso na condu&#231;&#227;o inter- e intraventricular). Esse dissincronismo de contra&#231;&#227;o piora ainda mais o desempenho card&#237;aco e os sintomas de IC<sup>21-24</sup>. Por exemplo, na presen&#231;a BRE, observa-se uma ativa&#231;&#227;o mais precoce da regi&#227;o septal associada a um estresse da regi&#227;o lateral que resulta na contra&#231;&#227;o atrasada dessa parede e um grande estresse do septo j&#225; ativado prejudicando a contra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>25</sup>. A TRC leva a uma melhora da ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica com conseq&#252;ente melhora na sincronia ventricular, na efici&#234;ncia da fun&#231;&#227;o de bomba e na redu&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral<sup>1-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Cerca de 30% dos pacientes que recebem marcapasso com a finalidade de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresentam benef&#237;cios. Entretanto, uma propor&#231;&#227;o significante de pacientes com IC, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda importante e QRS inferior a 120 ms pode se beneficiar dessa terapia. Por&#233;m, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios atuais de sele&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes com QRS menor que 120 ms n&#227;o s&#227;o candidatos &#224; TRC<sup>1,8,26</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m sugerido que a medida do grau de dissincronia ventricular pelos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos, tais como resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica, ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual e ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica poderiam melhor predizer a resposta &#224; TRC<sup>8-12,14-17,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por meio do presente estudo, foi poss&#237;vel verificar quais par&#226;metros quantitativos de sincronismo ventricular obtidos da an&#225;lise de fase permitem estabelecer diferen&#231;as entre os tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes de acordo com o desempenho funcional do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular e a largura do QRS. Foi observado que em pacientes candidatos a TRC, o retardo eletromec&#226;nico de movimenta&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; bem maior em rela&#231;&#227;o ao de pacientes sem cardiopatia e ECG normal. Ainda mais, pacientes portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave do VE e dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS inferior a 120 ms podem apresentar dissincronia ventricular, por&#233;m em valores inferiores aos de pacientes com QRS alargado.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos j&#225; t&#234;m demonstrado atrav&#233;s da ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual que a avalia&#231;&#227;o de dissincronia ventricular parece ser mais importante que a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS na sele&#231;&#227;o de candidatos a TRC<sup>26-28</sup>. Fauchier e cols.<sup>16 </sup>relataram que a presen&#231;a de dissincronia intraventricular esquerda avaliada atrav&#233;s das imagens de fase da VR foi um preditor independente de evento card&#237;aco na cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica sem rela&#231;&#227;o com a largura do QRS. Esses autores tamb&#233;m sugeriram que valores expressos em milissegundos, em vez de em graus, s&#227;o mais adequados porque levam em conta a dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo card&#237;aco. Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m usou os valores em milissegundos para padronizar a unidade com os outros m&#233;todos que avaliam dissincronia. </p>
    <p>A ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica &#233; uma t&#233;cnica bem estabelecida e foi pioneira na avalia&#231;&#227;o da sincronia da motilidade ventricular<sup>13</sup>. &#201; de f&#225;cil utiliza&#231;&#227;o, r&#225;pida, reprodut&#237;vel e permite tamb&#233;m avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global de ambos os ventr&#237;culos com pouca interfer&#234;ncia do operador. Mediante um recurso matem&#225;tico (1&#170; harm&#244;nica de Fourier) &#233; poss&#237;vel avaliar o grau de sincronia ventricular<sup>29</sup>. Esse m&#233;todo avalia a sincronia de movimenta&#231;&#227;o ventricular por pixel da imagem, diferindo nesse ponto do ecocardiograma. Neste estudo foi poss&#237;vel encontrar diferen&#231;as temporais na movimenta&#231;&#227;o das paredes inter- e/ou intraventriculares, mesmo em pacientes que apresentavam QRS com dura&#231;&#227;o normal, parecendo ser a an&#225;lise de fase uma ferramenta extremamente sens&#237;vel na detec&#231;&#227;o de dissincronia. Esse dado sugere que o m&#233;todo poderia ser utilizado especialmente nos pacientes em que a TRC se apresenta como op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica mas nos quais outros m&#233;todos n&#227;o identificaram dissincronia. </p>
    <p>Os resultados mostraram valores m&#233;dios de dissincronia interventricular atrav&#233;s da VR cerca de tr&#234;s vezes maiores no G2 e seis vezes maiores no G3, e de dissincronia intraventricular esquerda cerca de duas vezes maiores no G2 e tr&#234;s vezes maiores no G3 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de normais (G1). Valores acima de 40 ms s&#227;o usados por muitos servi&#231;os na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de dissincronia inter- e intraventricular esquerda atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual<sup>30</sup>. Nosso estudo avaliou dissincronia ventricular esquerda de modo diferente dos outros estudos que usaram a VR<sup>12-16,18</sup>. Foi medida a largura do histograma de fase do VE e n&#227;o o desvio-padr&#227;o. Em alguns pacientes, o DP parecia subestimar o grau de dissincronia, por isso optou-se por utilizar a largura do histograma. Assim foi medido o tempo de movimenta&#231;&#227;o de toda a &#225;rea de interesse do VE sendo encontrados valores maiores de dissincronia intraventricular esquerda quando comparados com os valores da literatura. Entretanto, esses valores foram bem diferentes nos tr&#234;s grupos estudados, mostrando que essa medida discrimina os pacientes de acordo com diferentes graus de sincronia ventricular. Em indiv&#237;duos com grandes dispers&#245;es dos &#226;ngulos de fase, a aferi&#231;&#227;o da largura do histograma torna-se mais dif&#237;cil. Mais estudos precisam ser feitos para avaliar a reprodutibilidade dos valores encontrados.</p>
    <p>A VR tamb&#233;m permite calcular a FEVD, sendo um excelente m&#233;todo na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita<sup>31</sup>. Neste estudo a FEVD dos grupos G2 e G3 foi discretamente menor que nos volunt&#225;rios normais. A FEVD deve ser considerada relevante, pois, em pacientes que apresentam FEVE abaixo de 35% ela se apresenta como o fator progn&#243;stico mais importante<sup>32</sup>. Recentemente, Bleeker e cols.<sup>33</sup> relataram atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma que a TRC induz a remodelamento reverso n&#227;o somente sobre o VE, mas tamb&#233;m sobre o VD. Esse efeito foi mais pronunciado em pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o importante do VD e esse benef&#237;cio s&#243; foi alcan&#231;ado nos pacientes com dissincronia intraventricular esquerda comprovada atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual antes do implante do marcapasso. Logo, a presen&#231;a de dissincronia intraventricular esquerda parece mandat&#243;ria para ocorrer benef&#237;cios com a TRC e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da FEVD pode ser usada para acompanhamento e avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico destes pacientes.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es - </italic>Encontramos um desvio-padr&#227;o relativamente alto nos valores obtidos em todos os grupos. Esse fato pode ser explicado pelo pequeno n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos estudados. A propor&#231;&#227;o maior de volunt&#225;rios normais do sexo feminino pode ter interferido nos valores dos par&#226;metros estudados. </p>
    <p>A inclus&#227;o dos pacientes no estudo foi feita de forma consecutiva &#224; medida que eles foram encaminhados ao servi&#231;o de medicina nuclear para realiza&#231;&#227;o da VR, o que tamb&#233;m pode ter influenciado os resultados obtidos. Houve uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na FEVE entre os grupos 2 e 3. Dessa forma, a diferen&#231;a encontrada no grau de dissincronia ventricular, com maiores valores para o grupo 3, pode ter sido influenciada pela pior fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til observada nestes pacientes. </p>
    <p><italic>Perspectivas futuras - </italic>A VR feita em duas proje&#231;&#245;es pode caracterizar anormalidades na sincronia ventricular, por&#233;m a localiza&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o que se encontra atrasada n&#227;o pode ser feita de forma precisa. Estudos com tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico est&#227;o sendo desenvolvidos, o que pode melhorar o desempenho dessa t&#233;cnica na avalia&#231;&#227;o de dissincronia e ajudar na determina&#231;&#227;o do local de implante do eletrodo no VE<sup>34</sup>. Por sua vez, a determina&#231;&#227;o de valores normais para grupos espec&#237;ficos, como as mulheres, poder&#225; refinar os achados de dissincronia nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Esses achados sugerem que essa t&#233;cnica pode ser utilizada na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes candidatos a TRC, adicionando informa&#231;&#245;es com o objetivo de diminuir o n&#250;mero de n&#227;o-responsivos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A VR pode avaliar de forma quantitativa sincronia inter- e intraventricular esquerda, al&#233;m de ser um excelente m&#233;todo na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o global de ambos os ventr&#237;culos. Os par&#226;metros analisados discriminam os tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes de acordo com o grau de sincronia ventricular. Pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada e sem dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o ventricular ao ECG (QRS &lt; 120 ms) podem apresentar dissincronia, por&#233;m em menor grau que os pacientes com QRS alargado. </p>
    <p><bold>Financiamento: </bold>Financiado em parte pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) projeto 04/12160.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maria Clementina P. Giorgi </p>
        <p> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-900 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mcp.giorgi@incor.usp.br">mcp.giorgi@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 22/08/06; revisado recebido em 19/09/06; aceito em 24/11/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ventricular synchrony in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and normal individuals: assessment by radionuclide ventriculography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To establish the parameters of intra- and interventricular synchrony in normal individuals and to compare them with patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with and without conduction disorders shown in the electrocardiogram (ECG) examination. METHODS: Three groups of patients were included in this study: 18 individuals (G1) with no cardiomyopathy and with a normal ECG (52&#177;12 years, 29% male); 50 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and severe left ventricular dysfunction, with 20 patients (G2) presenting QRS &lt;120ms (51&#177;10 years, 75% male) and 30 patients (G3) with QRS &gt;120ms (57&#177;12 years, 60% male). All patients underwent RV. Evaluation of left intraventricular dyssynchrony was carried out with the measurement of the phase histogram width and interventricular dyssynchrony was evaluated by the difference of the mean phase angle between the right and left ventricles (RLDif). RESULTS: Left ventricle ejection fractions (LVEF)s were: 62 &#177; 6% (G1), 27 &#177; 7% (G2) and 22 &#177; 8% (G3) and right ventricle ejection fractions were: 46 &#177; 5% (G1), 41 &#177; 6%(G2) and 38 &#177; 8% (G3). Evaluation of the phase histogram width was: 89 &#177; 18 ms (G1), 203 &#177; 54 ms (G2) and 312 &#177; 130 ms (G3), p&lt;0.0001. The measurement of RLDif was: 14 &#177; 11 ms (G1), 39 &#177; 40 ms (G2) and 87 &#177; 49 ms (G3); comparing G1 vs. G2 and G1 vs. G3, p&lt;0.0001 and G2 vs. G3, p=0.0007. CONCLUSION: The parameters analyzed discriminate the three groups of patients according to the ventricular synchrony degree. Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and withno branch block in ECG (QRS &lt;120 ms) may present dyssynchrony, but at a lower degree than patients with widened QRS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Radionuclide ventriculography</kwd>
        <kwd>phase image</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular synchrony</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ventricular synchrony in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and normal individuals: assessment by radionuclide ventriculography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Simone Cristina S. Brand&#227;o; Maria Clementina P. Giorgi; Rodrigo T. de Miche; Silvana D&#146;Orio Nishioka; Rafael Willain Lopes; Marisa Izaki; Jos&#233; Soares Junior; Martino Martinelli Filho; Jos&#233; Cl&#225;udio Meneghetti</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; InCor-FMUSP &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES: </bold>To establish the parameters of intra- and interventricular synchrony in normal individuals and to compare them with patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with and without conduction disorders shown in the electrocardiogram (ECG) examination. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Three groups of patients were included in this study: 18 individuals (G1) with no cardiomyopathy and with a normal ECG (52&#177;12 years, 29% male); 50 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and severe left ventricular dysfunction, with 20 patients (G2) presenting QRS &lt;120ms (51&#177;10 years, 75% male) and 30 patients (G3) with QRS &gt;120ms (57&#177;12 years, 60% male). All patients underwent RNV. Evaluation of left intraventricular dyssynchrony was carried out with the measurement of the phase histogram width and interventricular dyssynchrony was evaluated by the difference of the mean phase angle between the right and left ventricles (RLDif). </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Left ventricle ejection fractions (LVEF)s were: 62 &#177; 6% (G1), 27 &#177; 6% (G2) and 22 &#177; 7% (G3) and right ventricle ejection fractions(RVEF) were: 46 &#177; 4% (G1), 38 &#177; 9%(G2) and 37 &#177; 9% (G3). Evaluation of the phase histogram width was: 89 &#177; 18 ms (G1), 203 &#177; 54 ms (G2) and 312 &#177; 130 ms (G3), p&lt;0.0001. The measurement of RLDif was: 14 &#177; 11 ms (G1), 39 &#177; 40 ms (G2) and 87 &#177; 49 ms (G3); comparing G1 <italic>vs</italic> G2 and G1 <italic>vs</italic> G3, p&lt;0.0001 and G2 <italic>vs</italic> G3, p=0.0007.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The parameters analyzed discriminate the three groups of patients according to the ventricular synchrony degree. Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and with no branch block in ECG (QRS &lt;120 ms) may present dyssynchrony, but at a lower degree than patients with widened QRS. </p>
      <p><bold>Key word:</bold> Radionuclide ventriculography, phase image, ventricular synchrony.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>With emergence of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) in the beginning of the 1980&#146;s, the study of ventricular contraction synchrony became very important<sup>1</sup>. CRT, by means of atrial-biventricular stimulation, improves quality of life and tolerance to exercise; and reduces the number of hospitalizations<sup>2,3</sup>, mortality due to progression of heart failure (HF) and total mortality<sup>4,5</sup>. According to the heart failure treatment guidelines of the American College of Cardiology and American Society of Cardiology, this therapy is indicated for patients with HF refractory to optimized clinical treatment, QRS duration longer than 120 ms in the electrocardiogram (ECG), especially in the presence of left bundle branch block (LBBB) and left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) lower than 35%<sup>6</sup>. Moreover, it is known that the isolated presence of LBBB does not specifically translate dyssynchrony and that about 27% of patients with HF and QRS &lt;120 ms have ventricular dyssynchrony<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>In view of the technical complexity, CRT costs and specially the benefits that it can offer to patients with HF, it is important to identify the individuals who are potentially responsive to the therapy in the population of individuals with dilated cardiomyopathy, in whom the evidence of ventricular dyssynchrony is essential. QRS duration has been the main parameter used in the identification of ventricular dyssynchrony<sup>1</sup>. However, increasing evidence has shown a poor correlation between the clinical and functional response to CRT and the duration of QRS interval<sup>8,9</sup>. On the other hand, direct measurements of electromechanical dyssynchrony based on simple and non-invasive imaging methods may improve the selection criteria and better predict the response to CRT<sup>9,10</sup>. Some studies have used radionuclide ventriculography (RNV) to assess synchrony of ventricular movements, by means of phase and amplitude parametric images<sup>11-20</sup>. Thus, quantitative parameters that objectively evaluate the degree of interventricular and left intraventricular synchrony can help in the better selection and follow-up of those patients before and after CRT, adding information to the measurement of QRS interval in the ECG.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this study was to establish the values of interventricular and intraventricular synchrony in individuals without cardiomyopathy and with a normal ECG, by means of phase images derived from Fourier transformation of RNV and to compare them with patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and QRS duration in the ECG longer and shorter than 120 ms. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A prospective, cross-section study evaluating the data of 68 radionuclide ventriculographies performed at the Department of Nuclear Medicine of the <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</italic>, in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, between March 2005 and May 2006. The Institution Ethics Committee approved the project.</p>
      <p><italic>Patients - </italic>The analysis of phase images of RNV was performed in selected examinations of patients who were referred to a non-invasive evaluation of the ventricular function. All patients were appropriately informed about the purpose of this study and signed the informed consent form.</p>
      <p>Patients were separated into three groups. The first group (G1) included 18 individuals without cardiomyopathy and normal ECG (mean age 52&#177;12 years, 29% male); the second group (G2) included 20 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, LVEF &lt;35% in the echocardiogram, Functional Class (FC) of Heart Failure by New York Heart Association (NYHA) from I to III and QRS interval in the ECG &lt;120 ms (mean age 51&#177;10 years, 75% male); and the third group (G3) comprised 30 candidates to CRT, with dilated cardiomyopathy, NYHA FC III or IV with optimized drug treatment, LVEF &lt;35% in the echocardiogram and QRS interval in the ECG <underline>&gt;</underline>120 ms (mean age 57&#177;12 years, 60% male). The population characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0596-00016-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>ECG-gated radionuclide ventriculography - </italic>Red blood cells labeling was performed by <italic>in vivo</italic> technique. Patients were administered intravenous stannous hydrochloride (2 mg); after 20 minutes, patients received a dose of 740 MBq pertechnetate (99mTcO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>). Images were obtained in a gamma camera (LEM-Siemens) equipped with a high sensitivity, low energy and general purpose collimator and processed in a computer using ERNA software. ECG peak of R wave was used to define the beginning of image acquisition. The images were initially obtained in the left anterior oblique view with better ventricular separation (best septal view) and then in left anterior oblique at 30&#176;. A total of 32 images were obtained in each cardiac cycle with about 300000 to 400000 counts in per frame, using a 64 x 64 matrix. For the analysis of ventricular function, the LVEF and the EF of the right ventricule (RVEF) were calculated with the following equation:</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0596-00016-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p><italic>Analysis of phase images - </italic>The sequence of movements of ventricular walls was quantitatively evaluated through parametric phase images obtained with the first Fourier harmonic for the time <italic>versus</italic> activity curve of each pixel of the images obtained<sup>20</sup>. The cardiac cycle is a periodical phenomenon and it can be represented by the view of a circular movement with the same duration as R-R. Thus, it is possible to obtain a correspondence between the moments, or times, of R-R cycle and the respective circumference angles, the so-called phase angles. The counts of each pixel vary according to the phase of the ventricular movement. Each pixel positioned in the phase image was codified in a color scale. Pixels with the same phase angle, i.e., with simultaneous reduction of counts or same movement phase will show the same color. Phase histograms of both ventricles and of each ventricle separately were built based on this data. The histogram absciss contains the phase angles of ventricular movement and the histogram ordinate contains the number of pixels in each phase angle. The phase image shows the relative delay of ventricular movements in relation to the R wave peak in the ECG for each image pixel (electromechanical delay). Interventricular synchrony (DVV) was evaluated through the difference between the mean phase angle of right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV) movements. Left intraventricular synchrony (DVE) was evaluated through the width of LV phase histogram, and the regions with a number of pixels lower than 10% of the mean value of all pixels in the interest region of LV were excluded. Therefore, it was possible to standardize the measurements for all patients in the study. The values obtained were transformed into milliseconds for statistical analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0596-00016-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0596-00016-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis -</italic> The numerical variables were described through the mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). Parametric tests were used. Comparison of RNV data among the 3 groups of patients was carried out through the ANOVA test followed by Bonferroni test to locate the differences. Chi-square test was used to evaluate the difference in the distribution of men and women among the groups. A <italic>p-</italic>value lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Groups of patients - </italic>The mean duration of QRS in each group is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. As to the overall systolic ventricular function analyzed with RV, the mean LVEF in G1 was 62 &#177; 6%, in G2, 27 &#177; 6%, and, in G3, 22 &#177; 7%; the difference among groups was statistically different (p&lt;0.0001). The mean RVEF was 46 &#177; 4%, 38 &#177; 9% and 37 &#177; 9% in G1, G2 and G3 groups, respectively. The difference was statistically significant between G1 and G2 (p= 0.002), and between G1 and G3 (p= 0.0006), but not between G2 and G3 (p= 0.7) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0596-00016-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Evaluation of interventricular synchrony (DVV) -</italic> The time difference of mean motility between the two ventricles (RVLFdif) was 14 &#177; 11 ms in G1, 39 &#177; 40 ms in G2 and 87 &#177; 49 ms in G3, p&lt; 0.0001. The delay was significantly greater in G2 as compared to G1 (p&lt; 0.0001), and in G3, as compared to G1 and G2, p&lt; 0.0001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01-body2">Graphic 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="grf01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0596-00016-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Evaluation of left intraventricular synchrony (LVDif.) DVE - </italic>The time difference of movement of ventricular regions was statistically different in the 3 groups (p&lt; 0.0001) and it was much greater in G3 (312 &#177; 130 ms) when compared with G2 (203 &#177; 54 ms) and G1 (89 &#177; 18 ms) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02-body2">Graphic 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="grf02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0596-00016-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the heart, the electrical conduction system controls from atrial systole to coordination of ventricular wall contraction. Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy present increased ventricular volumes due to functional and structural changes which interfere with the cardiac dynamics, thus causing delays and impairing atrial contraction and the coordination of ventricular contraction (delayed interventricular and intraventricular conduction). This contraction dyssynchronization worses cardiac performance and heart failure symptoms<sup>21-24</sup>. For example, in cases of LBBB, there is an earlier activation of the septal region associated with an stress of lateral region, resulting in delayed contraction of this wall and a great stress of the already activated septum, impairing myocardial contraction<sup>25</sup>. CRT leads to improved electrical activation with consequent improvement of ventricular synchrony and pump function efficiency, as well as reduction of mitral regurgitation<sup>1-6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Approximately 30% of patients receiving a pacemaker for resynchronization do not present the expected benefits. On the other hand, a significant proportion of patients with HF, marked left ventricular dysfunction and QRS &lt;120 ms may benefit with this therapy. However, according to the current selection criteria, patients with QRS &lt;120 ms are not candidates to CRT<sup>1,8,26</sup>. Several studies have suggested that the measurement of ventricular dyssynchrony degree by means of diagnostic methods, such as nuclear magnetic resonance, echocardiogram with tissue Doppler and radionuclide ventriculography could better predict the response to CRT<sup>8-12,14-17,26</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the current study it was possible to verify which quantitative parameters of ventricular synchronism obtained in the phase analysis allow us to establish the differences among the 3 groups of patients according to the functional performance of ventricular myocardium and QRS width. It was noted that in patients who are candidates to CRT, the electromechanical delay of ventricular movement is much greater when compared to the one in patients without cardiomyopathy and normal ECG. Furthermore, patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and with severe LV systolic dysfunction and QRS &lt;120 ms may present ventricular dyssynchrony although at lower levels when compared with patients with widened QRS.</p>
      <p>Some studies showed through tissue Doppler echocardiography that the evaluation of ventricular dyssynchrony seems to be more important than QRS duration in the selection of candidates to CRT<sup>26-28</sup>. Fauchier et al<sup>16 </sup>reported that the presence of left intraventricular dyssynchrony through phase images of RV was an independent predictor of a cardiac event in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy with no relationship with QRS width. These authors also suggested that values expressed in milliseconds, instead of degrees, are more appropriate because they take into account the duration of the cardiac cycle. In our study we also used the values expressed in milliseconds to standardize the unit with other methods that evaluate dyssynchrony.</p>
      <p>Radionuclide ventriculography is a well established technique and it was the first one used in the evaluation of ventricular motility synchrony<sup>13</sup>. It is easy to use, fast, reproducible and it also allows evaluating the overall systolic function of both ventricles with little interference by the operator. Through a mathematics resource (first Fourier harmonic) it is possible to assess the degree of ventricular synchrony<sup>29</sup>. This method evaluates the synchrony of ventricular movement for each image pixel, which is different from the echocardiogram. In this study it was possible to find time differences in the motility of inter- and/or intraventricular walls, even in patients presenting QRS with normal duration, and the phase analysis seemed to be an extremely sensitive tool to detect dyssynchrony. This suggests that the method could be used especially in patients in whom CRT is a therapeutic option but other methods have not been able to identify dyssynchrony. </p>
      <p>The results showed mean values of interventricular dyssynchrony through RV about three times higher in G2 and six times higher in G3; and left intraventricular dyssynchrony about twice higher in G2 and three times higher in G3, as compared with the group of normal values (G1). Values above 40 ms are used by many services in the characterization of inter- and left intraventricular dyssynchrony through echocardiogram with tissue Doppler<sup>30</sup>. Our study evaluated left ventricular dyssynchrony in a different way than other studies that used RV<sup>12-16,18</sup>. We measured the width of LV phase histogram and not the standard deviation (SD). In some patients, SD seemed to underestimate the degree of dyssynchrony, therefore we opted to use histogram width. The duration of motility in the area of interest in the LV was measured, and the results revealed higher values of left intraventricular dyssynchrony when compared to values in the literature. However, such values were very different in the three groups studied, showing that this measurement discriminates the patients according to different degrees of ventricular synchrony. The measurement of histogram width is more difficult in individuals with great dispersions of phase angles. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the reproducibility of the values found.</p>
      <p>RV also allows calculating RVEF and it is an excellent method to evaluate right ventricular function<sup>31</sup>. In this study, the RVEF in groups G2 and G3 was slightly lower than in healthy volunteers. RVEF should be considered relevant because in patients with LVEF &lt;35%, it presents as the most important prognostic factor<sup>32</sup>. Bleeker et al<sup>33</sup> have recently reported through echocardiogram that CRT induces the reverse remodeling not only in LV but also in RV. This effect was more pronounced in patients with marked RV dilation and this benefit was only reached in patients with left intraventricular dyssynchrony confirmed through an echocardiogram with tissue Doppler before the implantation of a pacemaker. Therefore, the presence of left intraventricular dyssynchrony seems to be mandatory to obtain benefits with CRT and RVEF evaluation can be used for follow-up and evaluation of the prognosis in these patients. </p>
      <p><italic>Limitations - </italic>We found a relatively high standard deviation in the values obtained in all groups. This fact can be explained by the low number of individuals studied. The inclusion of a higher number of female volunteers may have interfered in the values of the parameters studied. </p>
      <p>The inclusion of patients in this study was carried out consecutively as they were sent to the nuclear medicine service for RV, which may also have influenced the results obtained. There was a statistically significant difference in LVEF between groups 2 and 3. Therefore, the difference found in the degree of ventricular dyssynchrony, with higher values in group 3, may have been influenced by the worse contractile function seen in these patients. </p>
      <p><italic>Future directions - </italic>RV performed in two views can characterize abnormalities in ventricular synchrony; however, the delayed region can not be precisely located. Studies with computed tomography by single photon emission are being developed, which can improve the performance of this technique in evaluating dyssynchrony and help to determine the implantation site of the electrode in LV<sup>34</sup>. On the other hand, determination of normal values for specific groups, e.g. women, may refine the findings of dyssynchrony in this population. These findings suggest that this technique can be used in the selection of patients who are candidates to CRT, adding information with the purpose of decreasing the number of non-responders.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>RV can quantitatively evaluate inter- and left intraventricular synchrony, in addition to being an excellent method to evaluate the overall function of both ventricles. The parameters analyzed discriminate the three groups of patients according to ventricular synchrony degree. Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and without ventricular conduction disorders at the ECG (QRS&lt; 120 ms) may present dyssynchrony but in a lower degree than that of patients with widened QRS. </p>
      <p><bold>Supported by: </bold>Partially supported by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) project number 04/12160.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Maria Clementina P. Giorgi</p>
          <p> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
          <p> 05403-900 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mcp.giorgi@incor.usp.br">mcp.giorgi@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received August 22, 2006; revised manuscript received September 19, 2006; accepted November 24, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
