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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mnG5bD4FmXRQRTzHQSH6qxF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800515</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500015</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial hep&#225;tica em indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Ant&#244;nio Brito Arruda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Eros Ant&#244;nio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bachur</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>590</fpage>
      <lpage>595</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Verificar o perfil de altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e, principalmente, laboratoriais hep&#225;ticas observadas em pacientes de cada uma das classes de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. M&#201;TODOS: Por meio de um estudo seccional, foram pesquisados os dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais (alanina aminotransferase [ALT], aspartato aminotransferase [AST], fosfatase alcalina [FA], gama-glutamil transpeptidase [gama-GT], bilirrubinas e coagulograma) de 50 pacientes internados em 2002 em um hospital terci&#225;rio com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os doentes foram separados de acordo com sua classe de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e seus dados, comparados estatisticamente. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com hepatopatia de qualquer etiologia. RESULTADOS: A an&#225;lise das m&#233;dias de transaminases revelou aumento significativo apenas nos pacientes da classe IV. Por outro lado, a FA e a gama-GT apresentaram aumento progressivo de acordo com a classe de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. CONCLUS&#195;O: A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; caracterizada por perfil colest&#225;tico progressivo de altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais, enquanto as transaminases se elevam apenas na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mais avan&#231;ada. O entendimento dessas altera&#231;&#245;es &#233; fundamental para que se evite investiga&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica desnecess&#225;ria em indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>f&#237;gado</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</kwd>
        <kwd>testes de fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial hep&#225;tica em indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Ant&#244;nio Brito Arruda Vasconcelos; Eros Ant&#244;nio de Almeida; Luiz Felipe Bachur</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Estadual de Campinas &#150; Campinas, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS: </bold>Verificar o perfil de altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e, principalmente, laboratoriais hep&#225;ticas observadas em pacientes de cada uma das classes de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Por meio de um estudo seccional, foram pesquisados os dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais (alanina aminotransferase [ALT], aspartato aminotransferase [AST], fosfatase alcalina [FA], g-glutamil transpeptidase [g-GT], bilirrubinas e coagulograma) de 50 pacientes internados em 2002 em um hospital terci&#225;rio com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os doentes foram separados de acordo com sua classe de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e seus dados, comparados estatisticamente. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com hepatopatia de qualquer etiologia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A an&#225;lise das m&#233;dias de transaminases revelou aumento significativo apenas nos pacientes da classe IV. Por outro lado, a FA e a g-GT apresentaram aumento progressivo de acordo com a classe de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; caracterizada por perfil colest&#225;tico progressivo de altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais, enquanto as transaminases se elevam apenas na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mais avan&#231;ada. O entendimento dessas altera&#231;&#245;es &#233; fundamental para que se evite investiga&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica desnecess&#225;ria em indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, f&#237;gado, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, testes de fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudos recentes classificaram as complica&#231;&#245;es hep&#225;ticas da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em tr&#234;s grandes grupos: a) fibrose hep&#225;tica congestiva e cirrose card&#237;aca; b) hepatite isqu&#234;mica cardiog&#234;nica; e c) altera&#231;&#245;es brandas nos testes de fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A cirrose card&#237;aca e a fibrose hep&#225;tica congestiva caracterizam-se pela deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno dentro dos l&#243;bulos, com e sem a forma&#231;&#227;o de n&#243;dulos de regenera&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente. Ambas representam rea&#231;&#245;es do estroma hep&#225;tico a situa&#231;&#245;es de aumento da press&#227;o venosa, hipoxia ou necrose de hepat&#243;citos. Entretanto, enquanto a cirrose card&#237;aca &#233; hoje uma entidade clinicamente definida pela tr&#237;ade de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita com hepatomegalia, ascite com alto conte&#250;do prot&#233;ico e elevado gradiente de albumina entre o soro e o l&#237;quido asc&#237;tico, a fibrose hep&#225;tica congestiva permanece clinicamente silenciosa.</p>
    <p>A hepatite isqu&#234;mica cardiog&#234;nica &#233; caracterizada pelo aumento s&#233;rico acentuado das transaminases ap&#243;s queda aguda e grave do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Em geral surge dentro de duas a 24 horas ap&#243;s o fen&#244;meno que a desencadeou. Os sintomas iniciais costumam ser fraqueza e apatia, mas, em freq&#252;&#234;ncia menor, podem aparecer confus&#227;o mental, icter&#237;cia, olig&#250;ria, <italic>flapping</italic> e coma hep&#225;tico. As altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais incluem, al&#233;m do aumento s&#233;rico das transaminases, eleva&#231;&#227;o da desidrogenase l&#225;ctica (LDH) e da bilirrubina s&#233;ricas e aumento do tempo de protrombina. Nos pacientes que sobrevivem ao epis&#243;dio de hepatite isqu&#234;mica cardiog&#234;nica, as anormalidades nos testes de fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica t&#234;m seu pico em um a tr&#234;s dias e retornam ao normal em cinco a 10 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos estudos que permitiram caracterizar a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes com hepatite isqu&#234;mica cardiog&#234;nica teve como fator desencadeante da queda do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco o choque cardiog&#234;nico<sup>2-4</sup>. J&#225; h&#225; alguns anos pesquisadores v&#234;m tentando entender a rela&#231;&#245;es dessa entidade com as altera&#231;&#245;es hep&#225;ticas que ela provoca. O fruto dessa busca tem sido a melhor compreens&#227;o dos efeitos deste que representa o grau m&#225;ximo de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#150; o choque cardiog&#234;nico &#150; sobre o f&#237;gado. </p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es de pequena intensidade nos testes de fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica resultantes de graus menos graves de ICC, entretanto, s&#227;o pouco conhecidas. O desconhecimento &#233; ainda maior no que se refere &#224;s manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas provenientes de comprometimento hep&#225;tico nessas circunst&#226;ncias. Sabe-se que as anormalidades enzim&#225;ticas melhoram com a compensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e que a icter&#237;cia pouco intensa ocorre em um ter&#231;o dos pacientes<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo tentou estabelecer o perfil de altera&#231;&#245;es tanto cl&#237;nicas como laboratoriais que os diferentes graus de ICC provocam no doente. O foco de aten&#231;&#227;o foi o f&#237;gado e, para tanto, foi dada aten&#231;&#227;o aos testes de fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e aos sintomas que sugeriram a exist&#234;ncia de dano ou disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Por meio de estudo seccional, foram pesquisados os dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais de 50 indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de qualquer grau, inclusive choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi escolhida a partir de uma amostra compreendendo 337 pacientes, que estiveram internados em um hospital terci&#225;rio, por meio de rastreamento do n&#250;mero do c&#243;digo internacional de doen&#231;as para o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (CID I500) e de dados coletados a partir dos prontu&#225;rios dos doentes.</p>
    <p>Em cada prontu&#225;rio foram analisados: a) sinais cl&#237;nicos de insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica, como encefalopatia hep&#225;tica, icter&#237;cia, coagulopatia, hipoglicemia, acidose metab&#243;lica, prurido, ascite e telangiectasias; b) sinais laboratoriais de les&#227;o celular hep&#225;tica, disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e colestase (aspartato aminotransferase [AST], alanina aminotransferase [ALT], g-glutamil transpeptidase [g-GT], fosfatase alcalina [FA], bilirrubina direta [BD], bilirrubina indireta [BI] e bilirrubina total [BT], albumina, rela&#231;&#227;o normatizada internacional [RNI], rela&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativado do paciente e do controle [R]). Os dados laboratoriais distanciaram-se um m&#225;ximo de quatro dias do quadro de descompensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do doente, per&#237;odo em que poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es costumam ser observadas. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> est&#227;o apresentados os valores de refer&#234;ncia para os dados laboratoriais pesquisados.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0590-00015-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As classes da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram obtidas a partir das hist&#243;rias cl&#237;nicas conforme os crit&#233;rios elaborados pela <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA): classe I (pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, por&#233;m assintom&#225;ticos nas atividades habituais); classe II (limita&#231;&#227;o discreta &#224; atividade f&#237;sica; atividades comuns resultam em fadiga, palpita&#231;&#227;o, dispn&#233;ia ou angina); classe III (limita&#231;&#227;o importante &#224; atividade f&#237;sica; atividade menor que a habitual desencadeia sintomas); e classe IV (sintomas presentes em repouso).</p>
    <p>Para os doentes submetidos a ecocardiografia, os valores da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) ventricular (por Teichholtz) foram obtidos para posterior correla&#231;&#227;o com o n&#237;vel de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Doentes com hist&#243;ria de hepatite de qualquer tipo, choque n&#227;o-cardiog&#234;nico, tumor hep&#225;tico, trauma hep&#225;tico, alcoolismo, cirrose hep&#225;tica n&#227;o-cardiog&#234;nica ou outras doen&#231;as do f&#237;gado e vias biliares foram exclu&#237;dos de qualquer tipo de an&#225;lise. Portadores de doen&#231;a &#243;ssea de qualquer tipo, assim como de neoplasia ou met&#225;stase em qualquer s&#237;tio, foram exclu&#237;dos pela possibilidade de aumento de FA. Doentes cujo motivo da interna&#231;&#227;o foi infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram avaliados, pela possibilidade de aumento dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AST.</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados laboratoriais dos doentes das diferentes classes de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi feita aplicando-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, considerando-se significativo p-valor &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 337 doentes, 175 (51,93%) tiveram seus prontu&#225;rios analisados. Destes, 125 (71,43%) possu&#237;am algum fator de exclus&#227;o, e os 50 restantes (28,57%) eram isentos de fatores de exclus&#227;o e, portanto, puderam constituir a casu&#237;stica desejada.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, 32 pacientes eram do sexo feminino (64%). Quanto &#224; cor da pele, 33 (66%) eram brancos, 10 (20%) eram pardos, e sete (14%) eram negros. No que se refere &#224;s faixas et&#225;rias, n&#227;o houve doentes entre zero e 10 anos. Entre 11 e 20 anos houve apenas um (2%), assim como entre 21 e 30 anos. Dois doentes tinham entre 31 e 40 anos (4%), cinco deles (10%) tinham entre 41 e 50 anos, e nove deles (18%) tinham entre 51 e 60 anos. &#192; faixa et&#225;ria de 61 a 70 anos pertenciam 17 doentes (34%), entre 71 e 80 anos havia 12 (24%) deles, e tr&#234;s (6%) tinham mais de 81 anos.</p>
    <p>Quanto aos diagn&#243;sticos causais de ICC, o principal deles foi a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, presente em 31 doentes (62%). Em seguida veio o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, acometendo 15 deles (30%), e a cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, presente em 13 (26%). Seis deles tinham valvopatia (12%) e tr&#234;s tinham angina est&#225;vel (6%). Esclerodermia sist&#234;mica, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, hipertireoidismo, hipotireoidismo e obesidade estiveram presentes, cada um deles, em um doente. Dos 50 pacientes que compuseram a casu&#237;stica, seis (12%) eram portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe I, 10 (20%) pertenciam &#224; classe II, 18 (36%) &#224; classe III, e 16 (32%) &#224; classe IV.</p>
    <p>Durante o epis&#243;dio de descompensa&#231;&#227;o, 47 pacientes (94%) apresentaram dispn&#233;ia, 25 (50%), edema de membros inferiores, 15 (30%), dispn&#233;ia parox&#237;stica noturna, 13 (26%), ortopn&#233;ia, sete (14%), fadiga, e quatro (8%), anasarca. Precordialgia, taquicardia, nict&#250;ria, olig&#250;ria, inapet&#234;ncia e obnubila&#231;&#227;o estiveram presentes, cada uma delas, em dois doentes. Dor epig&#225;strica e n&#225;useas ocorreram separadamente em um doente. Quanto ao choque cardiog&#234;nico, este esteve presente em quatro doentes (8%). Foram registrados sete &#243;bitos (14%) ao final da interna&#231;&#227;o escolhida para an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Os resultados relacionados aos dados laboratoriais est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0590-00015-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classe da ICC e &#224;s enzimas hep&#225;ticas, procedeu-se an&#225;lise bivariada, cujos resultados est&#227;o apresentados a seguir. </p>
    <p><italic>AST - </italic>Entre os seis pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe I, o menor valor foi de 13 U/L e o maior, de 30 U/L; o desvio padr&#227;o foi de 6,85 e a mediana, de 20,5 U/L. Entre os 10 pacientes da classe II, o menor valor foi de 11 U/L e o maior, de 30 U/L; o desvio padr&#227;o foi de 6 e a mediana, de 20,5 U/L. Entre os pacientes com ICC de classe III, o maior valor de AST foi de 158 U/L e o menor, de 13 U/L; o desvio padr&#227;o foi de 32,67 e a mediana, de 20,5 U/L. Entre os 16 pacientes pertencentes &#224; classe IV, o menor valor foi de 7 U/L e o maior, de 126 U/L; o desvio padr&#227;o foi de 28,05 e a mediana, de 54 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>). A an&#225;lise das m&#233;dias de AST pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi estatisticamente significativa apenas quando se comparou a m&#233;dia da classe IV com as demais m&#233;dias.</p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0590-00015-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>ALT - </italic>Entre os pacientes pertencentes &#224; classe I, o menor valor foi de 8 U/L e o maior, de 23 U/L; o desvio padr&#227;o foi de 5,65 e a mediana, de 16 U/L. Entre os pacientes da classe II, o menor valor foi de 9 U/L e o maior, de 56 U/L; o desvio padr&#227;o foi de 14,29 e a mediana, de 18 U/L. Entre os pacientes da classe III, o menor valor foi de 3 U/L e o maior, de 100 U/L; o desvio padr&#227;o foi de 22,09 e a mediana, de 19 U/L. Entre os pacientes da classe IV, o menor valor foi de 2 U/L e o maior, de 264 U/L; o desvio padr&#227;o foi de 63,80 e a mediana, de 61 U/L (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">gr&#225;fico 2</xref>). A an&#225;lise das m&#233;dias de ALT pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi estatisticamente significativa apenas quando se comparou a m&#233;dia da classe IV com as demais m&#233;dias.</p>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0590-00015-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>FA - </italic>Entre os pacientes pertencentes &#224; classe I, o menor valor foi de 149 U/L e o maior, de 202 U/L; o desvio padr&#227;o foi de 23,89 e a mediana, de 193 U/L. Os pacientes da classe II tiveram o menor valor de 139 U/L e o maior, de 344 U/L; o desvio padr&#227;o foi de 58,53 e a mediana, de 216,5 U/L. Entre os pacientes da classe III, o menor valor foi de 124 U/L e o maior, de 572 U/L; o desvio padr&#227;o foi de 127,90 e a mediana, de 195 U/L. Entre os pacientes da classe IV, o menor valor foi de 171 U/L e o maior, de 461 U/L; o desvio padr&#227;o foi de 109,87 e a mediana, de 293,5 U/L (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf03">gr&#225;fico 3</xref>). A an&#225;lise das m&#233;dias de FA pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi estatisticamente significativa apenas quando se compararam as m&#233;dias das classes I e III com as m&#233;dias das classes I e IV. </p>
    <fig id="grf03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0590-00015-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>g-GT - </italic>Entre os pacientes pertencentes &#224; classe I, o menor valor foi de 12 U/L e o maior, de 40 U/L; o desvio padr&#227;o foi de 12,83 e a mediana, de 24 U/L. Os pacientes da classe II tiveram o menor valor de 22 U/L e o maior, de 218 U/L; o desvio padr&#227;o foi de 70,93 e a mediana, de 56 U/L. Entre os pacientes da classe III, o menor valor foi de 18 U/L e o maior, de 883 U/L; o desvio padr&#227;o foi de 252,50 e a mediana, de 77 U/L. Entre os pacientes da classe IV, o menor valor foi de 18 U/L e o maior, de 334 U/L; o desvio padr&#227;o foi de 88,58 e a mediana, de 116 U/L (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf04">gr&#225;fico 4</xref>). A an&#225;lise das m&#233;dias de g-GT pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi estatisticamente significativa apenas quando se compararam as m&#233;dias da classe I com as m&#233;dias das demais classes.</p>
    <fig id="grf04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0590-00015-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p> A an&#225;lise das m&#233;dias de g-GT pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student est&#225; representada pelo p-valor presente em cada um dos gr&#225;ficos.</p>
    <p><italic>Classe da ICC vs. &#211;bitos - </italic>N&#227;o houve &#243;bitos entre os pacientes das classes I e II. Entre os 18 pacientes da classe III foram registrados dois &#243;bitos (11,11%) e entre os da classe IV, cinco &#243;bitos (31,25%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No que se refere &#224;s faixas et&#225;rias, os resultados obtidos foram condizentes com aqueles descritos na literatura, demonstrando que a incid&#234;ncia de ICC aumenta com a idade. J&#225; &#233; fato conhecido que a preval&#234;ncia dobra a cada d&#233;cada de vida, encontrando-se em cerca de 40% em pessoas acima de 70 anos de idade<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para essa distribui&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria pode ser encontrada quando se analisam as incid&#234;ncias dos fatores envolvidos na g&#234;nese da maior parte dos casos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e hipertens&#227;o, que tendem a aparecer em indiv&#237;duos de mais idade.</p>
    <p>Ao contr&#225;rio do que acontece com a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, cuja preval&#234;ncia de ICC varia pouco ao redor do mundo<sup>6</sup>, o n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as afetadas por essa condi&#231;&#227;o varia bastante de acordo com a regi&#227;o em estudo<sup>7</sup>. No presente projeto, apenas um paciente, dos 50 pesquisados (ou seja, 2%), pertencia &#224; faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica.</p>
    <p>Conforme mencionado anteriormente, dos 50 pacientes selecionados para o estudo, 18 eram homens e 32, mulheres. Entretanto, essa n&#227;o deve ser considerada a propor&#231;&#227;o de casos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca entre os dois g&#234;neros, uma vez que existiria a&#237; um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, haja vista que os fatores de exclus&#227;o predominaram no sexo masculino. Dos 175 pacientes que chegaram a ser pesquisados, 91 (52%) eram homens e 84 (48%), mulheres. Dos 125 doentes que n&#227;o participaram da casu&#237;stica em decorr&#234;ncia de algum fator de exclus&#227;o, 74 (59,2%) eram homens e 51 (40,8%), mulheres.</p>
    <p>A melhor maneira encontrada para estabelecer a distribui&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos deste estudo foi a partir dos 337 pacientes inicialmente selecionados. Destes, 186 (55,20%) eram homens. A maior ocorr&#234;ncia de ICC e &#243;bitos entre os indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino &#233; concordante com o que est&#225; descrito na literatura. A maior parte dos estudos aponta que, entre as mulheres, a doen&#231;a &#233; menos freq&#252;ente e menos grave<sup>8,9</sup>, o que &#233; favorecido pelo melhor remodelamento card&#237;aco que nelas ocorre. Os eventos subjacentes a essa realidade ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos. Entretanto, acredita-se que diferen&#231;as nos horm&#244;nios sexuais e a maior resist&#234;ncia dos miocardi&#243;citos &#224; apoptose nas mulheres seriam fatores que contribuiriam para sua exist&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>No que se refere &#224;s diferen&#231;as hormonais, o estr&#243;geno parece desempenhar papel essencial. Muitos de seus efeitos sobre as c&#233;lulas do sistema cardiovascular s&#227;o conhecidos e considerados ben&#233;ficos. Estima-se que cerca de 5% das prote&#237;nas produzidas pelos miocardi&#243;citos sejam reguladas por estr&#243;genos, inclusive a express&#227;o de receptores para endotelina-1<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Conforme o esperado, as duas etiologias mais freq&#252;entes da ICC encontradas neste estudo foram a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Contudo, a ordem de import&#226;ncia dessas duas doen&#231;as contrasta com o que est&#225; descrito em v&#225;rios estudos, que apontam a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana como a causa mais comum de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>11,12</sup>. As valvulopatias, que no passado constitu&#237;ram a principal etiologia, est&#227;o se tornando menos prevalentes. Neste estudo, a valvulopatia foi a quarta principal etiologia, estando presente em 12% dos doentes.</p>
    <p>Deve-se ressaltar, aqui, que os 16 doentes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo que pertenciam &#224;s classes funcionais I ou II da NYHA n&#227;o tiveram como motivo de interna&#231;&#227;o a ICC. Os motivos foram os mais diversos (descompensa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, o motivo mais freq&#252;ente, celulite de membros inferiores, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, etc.), mas nenhum deles constitu&#237;a co-morbidade considerada crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o para o estudo.</p>
    <p>Os resultados das transaminases revelaram aumento significativo apenas nos doentes pertencentes &#224; classe IV de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Entretanto, esse aumento mostrou-se apenas de pequena intensidade, n&#227;o se apresentando conforme o perfil descrito para a hepatite isqu&#234;mica, em que s&#227;o esperados valores 10 a 20 vezes superiores aos limites de normalidade<sup>1</sup>. Esses dados demonstram que n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio que haja fal&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria grave, como o choque, para que ocorra les&#227;o celular hep&#225;tica, embora esta seja muito mais evidente nessa situa&#231;&#227;o. Revelam ainda que, em indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classes I, II e III, a congest&#227;o e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o hep&#225;tica ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes para causar les&#227;o nos hepat&#243;citos.</p>
    <p>Esses resultados s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com aqueles obtidos por estudo que procurou relacionar d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e anormalidades da fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica<sup>13</sup>. Os doentes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos, de acordo com o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Aumentos significativos de AST e ALT foram observados apenas no grupo de pior d&#233;bito (menor ou igual a 1,5 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos resultados de FA e g-GT mostrou um perfil distinto daquele das transaminases. De maneira geral, houve aumento progressivo dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos dessas enzimas conforme a piora da classe de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Comparando-se as m&#233;dias de indiv&#237;duos das classes II, III e IV com as de indiv&#237;duos da classe I, verificou-se que esses aumentos foram mais significativos nas classes mais avan&#231;adas. Apenas duas situa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o seguiram essa tend&#234;ncia. A compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias de FA entre os indiv&#237;duos das classes I e II apresentou p-valor de 0,07834. Embora n&#227;o estatisticamente significativo, esse valor aproxima-se muito da signific&#226;ncia, talvez podendo esta ser obtida com a amplia&#231;&#227;o da casu&#237;stica. A outra situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; a queda da m&#233;dia de g-GT da classe III para a classe IV, ao inv&#233;s de seu esperado aumento. Isso pode ser explicado pela ocorr&#234;ncia de um valor discrepante e bastante elevado de g-GT (883 UI/L), que ocorreu em um doente da classe III e elevou sua m&#233;dia.</p>
    <p> Com base nesses dados, pode-se dizer que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; caracterizada por um perfil colest&#225;tico de altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais, com aumento de FA e g-GT, e que a gravidade da colestase se correlaciona com a classe da ICC. Como a FA &#233; produzida pelos hepat&#243;citos e a g-GT pelas c&#233;lulas epiteliais do trato biliar, pode-se inferir que os hepat&#243;citos e o epit&#233;lio do trato biliar s&#227;o os principais alvos da hepatopatia nesses doentes<sup>14</sup>, havendo certo grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o biliar intra-hep&#225;tica desde os n&#237;veis mais brandos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Em um estudo prospectivo em que se procurou avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide observado ao ecocardiograma com altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais hep&#225;ticas<sup>14</sup>, esse perfil de colestase tamb&#233;m esteve presente, ocorrendo de maneira crescente de acordo com o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, ele tamb&#233;m registrou aumento dos n&#237;veis de bilirrubina e anormalidade da fun&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ntese hep&#225;tica, indicada pela hipoalbuminemia encontrada. Esses resultados n&#227;o foram observados no presente trabalho, considerando-se que a maior parte dos doentes n&#227;o tinha em seus prontu&#225;rios dosagens de bilirrubinas e albumina s&#233;rica em datas pr&#243;ximas ao epis&#243;dio de descompensa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A FA e a g-GT est&#227;o localizadas no trato biliar e est&#227;o elevadas nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que os canal&#237;culos biliares sofrem algum tipo de dano. A ocorr&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis elevados dessas enzimas em doentes com ICC tem motivado a proposi&#231;&#227;o de outros mecanismos para explicar a disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica vigente na ICC, al&#233;m dos tradicionais, que atribu&#237;am &#224; isquemia e &#224; congest&#227;o os achados de les&#227;o hepatocelular (com eleva&#231;&#227;o de AST e ALT). Um desses modelos<sup>15</sup> baseia-se no aumento da press&#227;o mec&#226;nica dentro dos sinus&#243;ides hep&#225;ticos, que estaria associado &#224; les&#227;o das c&#233;lulas endoteliais dos sinus&#243;ides e com a conseq&#252;ente transmiss&#227;o da press&#227;o diretamente para os hepat&#243;citos e suas z&#244;nulas de oclus&#227;o. Com o aumento dessa press&#227;o, as z&#244;nulas, que s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por separar o meio extravascular dos canal&#237;culos biliares, seriam rompidas, originando uma f&#237;stula entre esses dois compartimentos. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es j&#225; foram comprovadas por microscopia em ratos submetidos a obstru&#231;&#227;o do retorno venoso hep&#225;tico. Altera&#231;&#245;es semelhantes t&#234;m sido relatadas em seres humanos com colestase extra-hep&#225;tica.</p>
    <p> Todavia, a literatura sobre o assunto demonstra que o perfil de altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais hep&#225;ticas na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecido, existindo opini&#245;es e estudos contradit&#243;rios. Alguns consideram t&#237;pico o aumento predominante das transaminases, enquanto outros defendem um modelo colest&#225;tico ou mesmo misto<sup>13-15</sup>. H&#225; ainda aqueles que consideram a n&#227;o exist&#234;ncia de um padr&#227;o espec&#237;fico. O entendimento dessas altera&#231;&#245;es &#233; fundamental para que se evite investiga&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica desnecess&#225;ria em todos os indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Doentes que exibam aumento moderado de FA e g-GT, por exemplo, podem ter sua terapia para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca intensificada antes que outras proped&#234;uticas para doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica sejam realizadas, o que pode evitar que se retarde seu diagn&#243;stico e tamb&#233;m que se submeta o doente a procedimentos invasivos, como a bi&#243;psia hep&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luiz Ant&#244;nio Brito Arruda Vasconcelos </p>
        <p> Rua Roxo Moreira, 1472/14 </p>
        <p> 13083-592 &#150; Campinas, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="luiz_vasc@yahoo.com.br">luiz_vasc@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 04/07/06; revisado recebido em 04/09/06; aceito em 05/10/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical evaluation and hepatic laboratory assessment in individuals with congestive heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: To verify the clinical alterations and, in particular, hepatic laboratory alterations in patients in each of the heart failure (HF) functional classes. METHODS: The clinical and laboratory data - alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), bilirubin and coagulogram - of 50 patients admitted in 2002 to a tertiary hospital with the diagnosis of heart failure were researched by means of a cross sectional study. The patients were separated in accordance with their HF class and their data were compared statistically. Patients with hepatopathy of any etiology were excluded. RESULTS: Analysis of the mean transaminase values revealed a significant increase only for the Class IV patients. On the other hand, alkaline phosphatase and GGT presented a progressive increase in accordance with the HF class. CONCLUSION: HF is characterized by a progressive cholestatic profile of laboratory alterations, while transaminase values are only elevated in advanced HF. It is of utmost importance to understand these alterations in order to avoid unnecessary hepatic investigations in individuals with heart failure.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Clinical evolution</kwd>
        <kwd>liver</kwd>
        <kwd>congestive heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>liver function tests</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical evaluation and hepatic laboratory assessment in individuals with congestive heart failure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luiz Ant&#244;nio Brito Arruda Vasconcelos; Eros Ant&#244;nio de Almeida; Luiz Felipe Bachur</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Estadual de Campinas &#150; Campinas, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To verify the clinical alterations and, in particular, hepatic laboratory alterations in patients in each of the heart failure (HF) functional classes.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The clinical and laboratory data &#150; alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), bilirubin and coagulogram &#150; of 50 patients admitted in 2002 to a tertiary hospital with the diagnosis of heart failure were researched by means of a cross sectional study. The patients were separated in accordance with their HF class and their data were compared statistically. Patients with hepatopathy of any etiology were excluded. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Analysis of the mean transaminase values revealed a significant increase only for the Class IV patients. On the other hand, alkaline phosphatase and GGT presented a progressive increase in accordance with the HF class. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> HF is characterized by a progressive cholestatic profile of laboratory alterations, while transaminase values are only elevated in advanced HF. It is of utmost importance to understand these alterations in order to avoid unnecessary hepatic investigations in individuals with heart failure.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Clinical evolution; liver; congestive heart failure; liver function tests.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Recent studies have classified liver complications associated with heart failure in three general groups: a) congestive hepatic fibrosis and cardiac cirrhosis; b) cardiogenic ischemic hepatitis; c) moderate liver function test alterations in congestive heart failure<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cardiac cirrhosis and congestive hepatic fibrosis are characterized by collagen deposits in the lobules with and without the formation of regeneration nodules, respectively. Both represent reactions ranging from hepatic stroma to situations of increased venous pressure, hypoxia or hepatocyte necrosis. Nevertheless, while cardiac cirrhosis today is clinically defined by the triad of right sided heart failure in association with hepatomegaly, ascites with a high protein concentration and elevated serum-ascites-albumin gradient, congestive hepatic fibrosis remains clinically silent.</p>
      <p>Cardiogenic ischemic hepatitis is characterized by the dramatic transaminase serum increase after an acute and serious drop in cardiac output. It usually occurs within 2 to 24 hours after the causal phenomenon. The initial symptoms are usually weakness and apathy, but occasionally it can cause mental confusion, jaundice, oliguria, flapping and hepatic coma. Laboratory alterations in addition to the transaminase serum increase include elevated LDH and bilirubin serum levels and an increased prothrombin time. For patients who survive the cardiogenic ischemic hepatitis episode, liver function test abnormalities peak within one to three days and return to normal within five to ten days after the onset of symptoms<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>Most studies that include the clinical presentation of patients with cardiogenic ischemic hepatitis list cardiogenic shock as the causal factor for the drop in cardiac output<sup>2-4</sup>. Researchers, over the past few years, have been attempting to determine the relationship between this entity and the hepatic alterations it causes. This research has led to a better understanding of how the maximum degree of heart failure &#150; cardiogenic shock affects the liver. </p>
      <p>Nevertheless, very little is known in regard to moderate alterations in liver function tests resulting from lesser degrees of congestive heart failure, and even less is known about the clinical manifestations of liver dysfunction in these circumstances. It is known that the enzyme abnormalities improve with heart failure compensation and that one third of the patients present moderate jaundice<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to establish a profile of both the clinical and laboratory alterations that the different degrees of congestive heart failure cause in the patient. Attention was focused on the liver and therefore major consideration was given to the liver function tests and symptoms that indicate liver damage or dysfunction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical and laboratory data of 50 individuals diagnosed with any degree of heart failure, including cardiogenic shock, were researched by means of a cross sectional study.</p>
      <p>The study population was chosen from a sample of 337 patients admitted to a tertiary hospital, by tracking the International Classification of Diseases code for the diagnosis of heart failure (CID I500) and data collected from the patients&#146; medical charts.</p>
      <p>Data analyzed from each medical chart included: a) clinical signs of liver failure such as hepatic encephalopathy, jaundice, coagulopathy, hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, pruritus, ascites and telangiectasias; b) laboratory signs of hepatic cellular lesion, liver dysfunction and cholestasis (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [AP], direct bilirubin [DB], indirect bilirubin [IB] and total bilirubin [TB], albumin, coagulation factors and coagulogram [R and RNI]). The laboratory data were collected within a maximum timeframe of four days after decompensation, a period in which possible alterations are usually observed. The reference numbers used for the research are as follows (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>):</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0590-00015-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The heart failure classes were obtained from the medical histories in accordance with the criteria prepared by the New York Heart Association (NYHA): class I (patients with heart disease however asymptomatic during ordinary activities), class II (slight limitation of physical activity; ordinary activity results in fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or chest pain), class III (marked limitation of physical activity; less than ordinary activity causes symptoms) and class IV (symptoms at rest).</p>
      <p>For the patients who had an echocardiogram, the ventricular ejection fraction (EF) values (Teichholtz method) were obtained for later correlation with the heart failure level.</p>
      <p>Patients with a history of any type of hepatitis, noncardiogenic shock, hepatic tumor, hepatic trauma, alcoholism, noncardiogenic cirrhosis of the liver or other liver or bile duct diseases were not analyzed. Patients with any type of bone disease as well as neoplasias or metastases in any location were excluded due to the possibility of increased alkaline phosphatase. Patients who were admitted for acute myocardial infarction were also excluded due to the possibility of increased aspartate aminotransferase serum levels.</p>
      <p>Comparisons of the patients&#146; laboratory data for the different heart failure classes were conducted using the Student&#146;s t-test with a significance level of p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>The heart failure classes were obtained from the medical histories in accordance with the criteria prepared by the New York Heart Association (NYHA): class I (patients with heart disease however asymptomatic during ordinary activities), class II (slight limitation of physical activity; ordinary activity results in fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or chest pain), class III (marked limitation of physical activity; less than ordinary activity causes symptoms) and class IV (symptoms at rest).</p>
      <p>For the patients who had an echocardiogram, the ventricular ejection fraction (EF) values (Teichholtz method) were obtained for later correlation with the heart failure level.</p>
      <p>Patients with a history of any type of hepatitis, noncardiogenic shock, hepatic tumor, hepatic trauma, alcoholism, noncardiogenic cirrhosis of the liver or other liver or bile duct diseases were not analyzed. Patients with any type of bone disease as well as neoplasias or metastases in any location were excluded due to the possibility of increased alkaline phosphatase. Patients who were admitted for acute myocardial infarction were also excluded due to the possibility of increased aspartate aminotransferase serum levels.</p>
      <p>Comparisons of the patients&#146; laboratory data for the different heart failure classes were conducted using the Student&#146;s t-test with a significance level of p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From the 337 patients, the medical charts of 175 (51.93%) were analyzed. From these, 125 (71.43%) had one of the exclusion factors and the remaining 50 (28.57%) fulfilled the requirements for the study.</p>
      <p>In relation to gender, 32 were female (64%). In regard to skin color, 33 (66%) were white, 10 (20%) mulattos, and seven (14%) negro. In relation to age groups, there were no patients between the ages of zero and ten years; one patient (2%) between 11 and 20 years ; one patient between 21 and 30 years; 2 patients (4%) between 31 and 40 years; 5 patients (10%) between 41 and 50 years; 9 (18%) between 51 and 60 years; 17 (34%) between 61 and 70 years; 12 (24%) between 71 and 80 years and 3 (6%) older than 81 years.</p>
      <p>In regard to causal diagnoses of congestive heart failure, the main cause was systemic hypertension in 31 patients (62%), followed by acute myocardial infarction, affecting 15 (30%), and Chagas disease in 13 (26%). Six had valvular heart disease (12%) and three had stable angina (6%). Systemic sclerosis, atrial fibrillation, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and obesity were each presented by one patient.</p>
      <p>From the 50 patients in the study, six (12%) had class I heart failure, 10 (20%) class II, 18 (36%) class III, and 16 (32%) class IV.</p>
      <p>During the decompensation phase, 47 patients (94%) presented dyspnea, 25 (50%) edema in the lower extremities, 15 (30%) nocturnal paroxysmal dyspnea, 13 (26%) orthopnea, 7 (14%) fatigue, and 4 (8%) anasarca. Chest pain, tachycardia, nocturia, oliguria, loss of appetite and lethargy were each presented by two patients. One patient presented abdominal pain and nausea. Four patients (8%) suffered from cardiogenic shock. At the conclusion of the hospital admission timeframe chosen for analysis purposes there had been seven deaths (14%).</p>
      <p>The results of the laboratory data are as follows (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>):</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0590-00015-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Bivariate analysis was used for the CHF class and hepatic enzymes, revealing the following results. </p>
      <p><italic>AST - </italic>Among the six patients with class I heart failure, the lowest value was 13 U/L and the highest 30 U/L. The standard deviation was 6.85 and the median 20.5 U/L. Among the 10 class II patients, the standard deviation was 6. The lowest value was 11 U/L and the highest 30 U/L. The median was 20.5 U/L. The highest AST value among the patients with class III congestive heart failure was 158 U/L and the lowest 13 U/L. The standard deviation was 32.67 and the median was 20.5 U/L. Among the 16 patients with class IV HF the standard deviation was 28.05 and the median 54. The lowest value was 7 U/L and the highest 126 U/L (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01-body2">graphic 1</xref>). Analysis of the mean AST values using the Student&#146;s t-test was statistically significant only when the class IV mean value was compared to the other averages.</p>
      <fig id="grf01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0590-00015-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>ALT - </italic>Among the patients in class I, the median was 16 U/L and the standard deviation 5.65. The lowest value was 8 U/L and the highest 23 U/L. The class II patients had a median of 18 U/L, and the standard deviation was 14.29. The lowest value was 9 U/L and the highest 56 U/L. Among the class III patients the median was 19 U/L and the standard deviation 22.09. The lowest value was 3 U/L and the highest 100 U/L. Among the class IV patients the lowest value was 2 U/L and the highest 264 U/L. The median was 61 U/L and the standard deviation was 63.80 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02-body2">graphic 2</xref>). Analysis of the mean ALT values using the Student&#146;s t-test was statistically significant only when the class IV mean value was compared to the other averages.</p>
      <fig id="grf02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0590-00015-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>AP -</italic> Among the class I patients the median was 193 U/L and the standard deviation was 23.89. The lowest value was 149 U/L and the highest 202 U/L. The class II patients had a median of 216.5 U/L, and the standard deviation was 58.53. The lowest value was 139 U/L and the highest 344 U/L. Among the class III patients the median was 195 U/L and the standard deviation 127.90. The lowest value was 124 U/L and the highest was 572 U/L. Among the class IV patients the lowest value was 171 U/L and the highest was 461 U/L. The median was 293.5 U/L and the standard deviation was 109.87 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf03-body2">graphic 3</xref>). The analysis of the mean AP values using the Student&#146;s t-test was statistically significant only for comparisons between classes I and III and between classes I and IV.</p>
      <fig id="grf03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0590-00015-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>GGT - </italic>Among the class I patients the median was 24 U/L and the standard deviation was 12.83. The lowest value was 12 U/L and the highest 40 U/L. The class II patients had a median of 56 U/L and standard deviation of 70.93. The lowest value was 22 U/L and the highest 218 U/L. The median among the class III patients was 77 U/L and the standard deviation was 252.50. The lowest value was 18 U/L and the highest was 883 U/L. Among the class IV patients the lowest value was 18 U/L and the highest was 334 U/L. The median was 116 U/L and the standard deviation was 88.58 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf04-body2">graphic 4</xref>). Analysis of the mean GGT values using the Student&#146;s t-test was statistically significant only when the class I averages were compared with the other classes.</p>
      <fig id="grf04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0590-00015-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Analysis of the mean GGT values using the Student&#146;s t-test is represented by the p-value shown in each of the following graphics.</p>
      <p><italic>CHF class versus deaths - </italic>There were no deaths among the class I and II patients. Among the 18 class III patients there were two deaths (11.11%) and among the class IV patients there were five deaths (31.25%).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In regard to age groups, the results obtained agreed with those in medical literature, showing that the incidence of congestive heart failure increases with age. It is known that the prevalence doubles with every decade of life and that it is found in roughly 40% of the people above age 70<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>One possible explanation for this age distribution can be found by analyzing the incidence rates of the factors involved in the genesis of most heart failure cases such as acute myocardial infarction and hypertension that tend to appear in older individuals.</p>
      <p>Contrary to the adult population, whose CHF prevalence is relatively consistent throughout the world<sup>6</sup>, the number of children affected by this condition varies considerably according to the region being studied<sup>7</sup>. In the present project, only one of the 50 patients studied (or in other words, 2%) was in the pediatric age group.</p>
      <p>As mentioned earlier, among the 50 patients selected for the study there were 18 males and 32 females. Nevertheless, this should not be considered as a true proportion of heart failure cases between the two genders since the selection was biased and the exclusion factors predominated in the male gender. In the group of 175 patients that were considered for the study, 91 (52%) were men and 84 (48%) were women. From the 125 patients that did not participate in the study due to some exclusion factor, 74 (59.2%) were males and 51 (40.8%) were females.</p>
      <p>The best manner found to establish gender distribution for this paper was the study of the initial group of 337 patients. From these, 186 (55.20%) were male. The higher incidence of congestive heart failure and deaths among the male gender agrees with documented data in medical literature. Most studies indicate that the disease is found less often in women and when it is found it is not as severe<sup>8.9</sup> due to the better cardiac remodeling characteristic of this gender. The underlying reasons responsible for this reality are not yet firmly established, nevertheless, it is believed that female hormone differences and myocardiocytes with greater resistance to apoptosis are contributing factors.</p>
      <p>In regard to hormonal differences, estrogen seems to play an essential role. Many of its effects on cardiovascular system cells are known and considered beneficial. It is estimated that close to 5% of the proteins produced by the myocardiocytes are regulated by estrogen including the endotelina-1 receptor expression<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>As expected, the two most common CHF etiologies found in this study were systemic hypertension and acute myocardial infarction. However, the importance of these two diseases conflicted with the findings of various studies that indicate coronary artery disease as the most common cause of heart failure<sup>11,12</sup>. Valvular heart disease, that in the past was the main etiology, is becoming less prevalent. In this study, it was the fourth main etiology, presented by 12% of the patients.</p>
      <p>At this time it should be emphasized, that the 16 patients included in the study with New York Heart Association functional classes I and II were not admitted to the hospital for congestive heart failure. The reasons were very diverse &#150; decompensation of chronic kidney failure was the most common, cellulite in the lower limbs, atrial fibrillation, etc. &#150; however none of them were comorbidities considered in the study exclusion criteria. </p>
      <p>The transaminase results revealed a significant increase only in the class IV heart failure patients. Nevertheless, it was a slight increase and was not consistent with the ischemic hepatitis profile, where values 10 to 20 times higher than the normal limits are expected<sup>1</sup>. These data demonstrate that serious circulation problems such as shock are not necessary for the development of hepatic cellular lesions, even though they would be much more evident in this situation. They also reveal that congestion and diminished hepatic perfusion in class I, II and III heart failure patients are not sufficient to cause hepatocyte lesions.</p>
      <p>These results are compatible with those obtained in a study that sought to relate cardiac output and liver function abnormalities<sup>13</sup>. The patients were divided in three groups according to cardiac output. Significant increases of AST and ALT were only observed in the group with the worst output (less than or equal to 1.5 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
      <p>Analysis of the alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) results revealed a distinct profile in relation to the transaminases. Generally, the serum levels of these enzymes increased progressively with the more severe heart failure classes. Comparison of the averages of the class II, III and IV patients with those of the class I patients, confirmed that these increases were more significant in the more advanced classes. Only two situations did not follow this trend. Comparison of the mean alkaline phosphatase values between the class I and II patients, presented a p-value of 0.07834. Even though this value is not statistically significant, it is very close and with a larger study group it could have been significant. The other situation is the drop in the mean gamma glutamyl transpeptidase value from class III to class IV instead of the expected increase. This can be explained by the discrepant and significantly elevated GGT value (883 U/L) of one class III patient that raised the average.</p>
      <p>Based on these data it can be said that heart failure is characterized by a cholestatic profile of laboratory alterations with increased levels of alkaline phosphatase and GGT, and that the seriousness of the cholestasis correlates with the CHF class. Considering that alkaline phosphatase is produced by the hepatocytes and GGT by the bile duct epithelial cells, this could indicate that the hepatocytes and the bile duct epithelia are the main hepatopathy targets in these patients<sup>(14)</sup> as there is a certain degree of intrahepatic biliary obstruction even with the most moderate levels of heart failure. </p>
      <p>In a prospective study to evaluate the relation between the degree of tricuspid regurgitation observed on an echocardiogram with hepatic laboratory alterations<sup>14</sup> this cholestasis profile was also present and progressed in accordance with the degree of regurgitation. Furthermore, increased bilirubin levels and hepatic synthesis function abnormalities were also recorded as indicated by the hypoalbuminemia found. These results were not seen in the present study since the bilirubin and albumin serum levels close to the date of the decompensation episode, were not recorded on most of the patients&#146; medical charts.</p>
      <p>Alkaline phosphatase and GGT are located in the bile duct and are elevated in situations where the biliary canaliculi suffer some type of damage. Elevated levels of these enzymes in congestive heart failure patients indicates that there are other mechanisms responsible for liver failure in CHF in addition to the traditional mechanisms that associate ischemia and congestion with hepatocellular lesions (elevated AST and ALT levels). One of these models<sup>15</sup> is based on increased mechanical pressure within the hepatic sinusoids that is associated with sinusoid endothelial cell lesions and consequent direct pressure transmission to the hepatocytes and their tight junctions. With this increased pressure, the tight junctions, that are responsible to separated the extravascular matrix from the biliary canaliculi, would rupture causing a fistula between these two compartments. These alterations have been proven by microscopic assessment of rats submitted to hepatic venous return obstructions. Similar alterations have been reported in humans with extrahepatic cholestasis.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, the conflicting opinions and studies in medical literature demonstrate that the profile of hepatic laboratory alterations in heart failure is not yet established. Some consider the predominant transaminase increase to be typical while others defend the cholestatic or mixed model<sup>13-15</sup>. Still others, do not believe that there is a specific pattern. The understanding of these alterations is of utmost importance in order to avoid unnecessary hepatic investigations in heart failure patients. Patients that exhibit a moderate increase of AP and GGT, for example, could receive intensive heart failure therapy before other liver disease examinations have been performed so as to avoid delaying the diagnosis and submitting the patients to invasive procedures such as liver biopsies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luiz Ant&#244;nio Brito Arruda Vasconcelos</p>
          <p> Rua Roxo Moreira, 1472/14 </p>
          <p> 13083-592 &#150; Campinas, SP</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="luiz_vasc@yahoo.com.br">luiz_vasc@yahoo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received July 4, 2006; revised manuscript received September 4, 2006; accepted October 5, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
