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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xY6M33hYSHgcCwYsQtkLMYC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800514</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prote&#237;na C-reativa: marcador inflamat&#243;rio com valor progn&#243;stico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Masetto</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Emerg&#234;ncia </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>585</fpage>
      <lpage>589</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A inflama&#231;&#227;o vem sendo implicada na fisiopatologia de uma s&#233;rie de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) titulada &#233; um marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o na sala de emerg&#234;ncia. OBJETIVO: Estudar o valor progn&#243;stico da PCR em pacientes admitidos por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) descompensada. M&#201;TODOS: Coorte prospectiva de 119 pacientes com IC descompensada, atendidos na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, com m&#233;dia de idade de 74 &#177; 11 anos, dos quais 76 (64%) eram do sexo masculino. Todos estavam em classe funcional III ou IV da New York Heart Association. A dosagem da PCR foi realizada por ocasi&#227;o da admiss&#227;o na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, pelo m&#233;todo de nefelometria. Os pacientes foram acompanhados, ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, por um tempo m&#233;dio de 12 &#177; 9,7 meses e o desfecho analisado foi a mortalidade cardiovascular. RESULTADOS: Houve 44 (36,9%) &#243;bitos, todos por causa cardiovascular. Indiv&#237;duos com PCR &gt; 3 mg/dl apresentaram maior mortalidade que indiv&#237;duos com valores inferiores a esse (p=0,018). A an&#225;lise multivariada pelo modelo proporcional de Cox destacou como fator independente para progn&#243;stico mais importante a PCR (raz&#227;o de chances de 0,0916 [intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% = 0,0341 a 0,1490] para aumentos de uma unidade na PCR). CONCLUS&#195;O: A PCR &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade cardiovascular em pacientes com IC descompensada, indicando que a inflama&#231;&#227;o representa componente importante na fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Prote&#237;na C-reativa</kwd>
        <kwd>inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>citocinas</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Prote&#237;na C-reativa: marcador inflamat&#243;rio com valor progn&#243;stico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Humberto Villacorta; Antonio Claudio Masetto; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal Fluminense &#150; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas/Departamento de Emerg&#234;ncia do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>A inflama&#231;&#227;o vem sendo implicada na fisiopatologia de uma s&#233;rie de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) titulada &#233; um marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o na sala de emerg&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Estudar o valor progn&#243;stico da PCR em pacientes admitidos por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) descompensada. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Coorte prospectiva de 119 pacientes com IC descompensada, atendidos na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, com m&#233;dia de idade de 74 &#177; 11 anos, dos quais 76 (64%) eram do sexo masculino. Todos estavam em classe funcional III ou IV da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>. A dosagem da PCR foi realizada por ocasi&#227;o da admiss&#227;o na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, pelo m&#233;todo de nefelometria. Os pacientes foram acompanhados, ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, por um tempo m&#233;dio de 12 &#177; 9,7 meses e o desfecho analisado foi a mortalidade cardiovascular. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Houve 44 (36,9%) &#243;bitos, todos por causa cardiovascular. Indiv&#237;duos com PCR &gt; 3 mg/dl apresentaram maior mortalidade que indiv&#237;duos com valores inferiores a esse (p=0,018). A an&#225;lise multivariada pelo modelo proporcional de Cox destacou como fator independente para progn&#243;stico mais importante a PCR (raz&#227;o de chances de 0,0916 [intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% = 0,0341 a 0,1490] para aumentos de uma unidade na PCR). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A PCR &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade cardiovascular em pacientes com IC descompensada, indicando que a inflama&#231;&#227;o representa componente importante na fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Prote&#237;na C-reativa, inflama&#231;&#227;o, citocinas, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) aguda pode se apresentar como uma descompensa&#231;&#227;o em pacientes previamente portadores de IC ou ocorrer em pacientes sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de IC. Al&#233;m da doen&#231;a de base, alguns fatores podem influenciar um epis&#243;dio de descompensa&#231;&#227;o, sendo identificados como fatores precipitantes. Entre eles, destacam-se n&#227;o-ades&#227;o &#224; dieta ou &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o, hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlada, s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, arritmias card&#237;acas e infec&#231;&#245;es<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Sabe-se, h&#225; algum tempo, que a inflama&#231;&#227;o apresenta papel importante na fisiopatologia de algumas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, em que apresenta valor progn&#243;stico<sup>2</sup>. Mais recentemente, seu papel na IC aguda tem sido destacado, podendo ser um fator precipitante de descompensa&#231;&#227;o<sup>3-5</sup>. Seu papel na evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo ap&#243;s interna&#231;&#227;o, no entanto, &#233; pouco conhecido. </p>
    <p>A prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR), descrita inicialmente em 1930, &#233; uma prote&#237;na de fase aguda, sendo um marcador inespec&#237;fico de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica<sup>6</sup>. Seu valor progn&#243;stico est&#225; bem estabelecido em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>7-9</sup>. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o valor progn&#243;stico a longo prazo, da PCR titulada, em pacientes admitidos em uma unidade de emerg&#234;ncia, com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada (ICAD).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De mar&#231;o de 1997 a dezembro de 1999, 170 pacientes consecutivos foram atendidos com ICAD na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia de um hospital terci&#225;rio do Rio de Janeiro, dos quais 108 eram homens, com idade variando entre 17 e 99 anos. Os pacientes que apresentavam sinais de infec&#231;&#227;o, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, doen&#231;as neopl&#225;sicas e outras doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias, como pericardite e artrite reumat&#243;ide, foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Ap&#243;s as exclus&#245;es, foram inclu&#237;dos 119 pacientes, 76 (64%) homens e 43 (36%) mulheres, com m&#233;dia de idade de 74 &#177; 11 anos. As etiologias da IC foram isqu&#234;mica em 73 (61,5%) casos, hipertensiva em 21 (18%), valvar em 9 (7,7%), e outras em 16 (12,8%). Todos estavam em classe funcional III ou IV da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA). Todos os pacientes tinham troponina I inferior a 1,0 ng/l e creatina cinase fra&#231;&#227;o MB (CK-MB) inferior a 10 UI/l. Os pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo inferior a 25% foram considerados portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e 82 (68,9%) encontravam-se nesse grupo.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de IC foi baseado nos crit&#233;rios de Boston, sendo inclu&#237;dos apenas pacientes com mais de oito pontos<sup>10</sup>. As vari&#225;veis estudadas foram idade, sexo, etiologia, classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da NYHA, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, creatinina e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de s&#243;dio. A dosagem plasm&#225;tica de PCR foi realizada &#224; admiss&#227;o, sendo determinada pelo m&#233;todo de nefelometria (Array 360 System Beckman, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL, USA). Valores abaixo de 0,8 mg/dl s&#227;o considerados normais (coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o inferior a 5%)<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Seguimento - </italic>A evolu&#231;&#227;o e os eventos dos 119 pacientes foram obtidos por contato telef&#244;nico com os pacientes ou parentes e m&#233;dicos assistentes a cada seis meses, durante tr&#234;s anos (m&#233;dia de 12,4 &#177; 9,7 meses). As mortes foram classificadas pelo crit&#233;rio de Narang e cols.<sup>12</sup>, considerando-se atividade, causa, modo e evento relacionados ao &#243;bito. O desfecho prim&#225;rio analisado foi mortalidade cardiovascular. </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - </italic>As informa&#231;&#245;es coletadas foram analisadas pelo pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS, vers&#227;o 6.0. As compara&#231;&#245;es univariadas categ&#243;ricas foram realizadas pelo teste do c<sup>2</sup> e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> ou pelo teste de Mann-Whitney para distribui&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-normais. A probabilidade de sobrevida foi estimada pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e as compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas pelo teste de <italic>log-rank</italic>. As compara&#231;&#245;es multivariadas dos fatores que influenciaram a sobrevida foram realizadas pelo m&#233;todo proporcional de Cox. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos. </p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional, estando de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Helsinque. Foi obtido consentimento informado de todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes estratificadas de acordo com tercis da PCR, com exce&#231;&#227;o de maior n&#250;mero de pacientes coronarianos no grupo com PCR &gt; 4,3 mg/dl quando comparado ao grupo com PCR &lt; 1,3 mg/dl (p=0,04), como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Dos 119 pacientes, 44 (36%) faleceram no seguimento, sendo 26 homens (21,8%) e 18 mulheres (15,2%). Trinta pacientes (68,2%) faleceram em decorr&#234;ncia de fal&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria por progress&#227;o da IC, nove pacientes (20,5%) de morte s&#250;bita, dois pacientes (4,5%) de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, dois pacientes (4,5%) durante cirurgia card&#237;aca e um paciente (2,3%) de tromboembolismo pulmonar. A taxa de probabilidade acumulada de sobrevida de todos os pacientes foi de 73,6% em seis meses (87 vivos), de 66% em 12 meses (78 vivos) e de 52% em 24 meses (61 vivos). As taxas de PCR entre os portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e naqueles com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada foram, respectivamente, de 3,8 &#177; 4,3 mg/dl e de 3,5 &#177; 3,6 mg/dl (p = 0,79). Houve tend&#234;ncia a maior valor de PCR nos pacientes coronarianos que nos n&#227;o-coronarianos (4,4 &#177; 4,9 mg/dl <italic>vs</italic> 3,03 &#177; 3 mg/dl; p=0,08).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0585-00014-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Concentra&#231;&#245;es de prote&#237;na C-reativa e mortalidade - </italic>Em 87 pacientes (73,2%), as concentra&#231;&#245;es de PCR estavam acima dos valores normais. A m&#233;dia do grupo foi de 3,8 &#177; 4,2 mg/dl. O valor m&#233;dio de PCR dos pacientes que faleceram no hospital foi de 5,4 &#177; 4,8 mg/dl, sendo de 3,9 &#177; 4,7 mg/dl nos sobreviventes (p=0,21).</p>
    <p>Durante o seguimento, o valor m&#233;dio de PCR dos pacientes que faleceram foi de 5,1 &#177; 5,0 mg/dl, enquanto entre os sobreviventes era de 3,02 &#177; 3,4 mg/dl (p=0,02), conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0585-00014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os pacientes foram subdivididos pelos n&#237;veis de PCR s&#233;ricos maior e menor ou igual a 3 mg/dl, valor da mediana dos valores de PCR. A probabilidade de sobrevida aos 12 meses entre aqueles com valores acima de 3 mg/dl foi de 52%, sendo de 77% para os pacientes com mensura&#231;&#245;es abaixo desse valor (p=0,018). A curva de sobrevida est&#225; ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0585-00014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; sobrevida - </italic>A an&#225;lise pelo teste <italic>log-rank</italic> demonstrou que PCR (p=0,02), idade (p=0,037) e press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (rela&#231;&#227;o inversa, p=0,041) foram as vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; sobrevida em 12 meses. A press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia nos pacientes que faleceram e nos sobreviventes foi, respectivamente, de 96 &#177; 28 mmHg e de 106 &#177; 22 mmHg (p=0,041). A fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento (p=0,152), a creatinina s&#233;rica (p=0,156), a etiologia isqu&#234;mica (p=0,200) e o s&#243;dio s&#233;rico (p=0,788) n&#227;o se relacionaram com a sobrevida.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise proporcional de riscos de Cox - </italic>As vari&#225;veis relacionadas de modo independente com a sobrevida foram PCR (raz&#227;o de chances [RC] 0,0916, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%] 0,0341 a 0,1490, para cada aumento de uma unidade no valor da PCR) e idade (RC 0,034, IC 95% 0,0274 a 0,0333, para cada aumento de uma unidade no valor da idade). A press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (RC -0,0128, IC 95% -0,0263 a 0,0007) n&#227;o foi preditor independente de sobrevida (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). A PCR foi o fator independente de maior valor progn&#243;stico. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0585-00014-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, que acrescentou novas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o papel da inflama&#231;&#227;o na ICAD, foi demonstrado que a dosagem da PCR, exame facilmente obtido na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, consegue predizer eventos a longo prazo, ap&#243;s interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Desde a d&#233;cada de 1990, j&#225; havia sido demonstrado que a PCR estava elevada em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica<sup>13,14</sup>. Pouco tempo depois, observou-se eleva&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com ICAD<sup>3-5</sup>. Mais recentemente, seu valor progn&#243;stico foi estabelecido em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica<sup>15,16</sup>. Uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva do <italic>Valsartan Heart-Failure Trial</italic> (Val-HeFT) demonstrou que, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao quartil mais baixo dos valores de PCR, pacientes que se encontravam no quartil mais elevado apresentavam maior risco de morte ou de um primeiro evento m&#243;rbido<sup>16</sup>. Os valores de PCR n&#227;o mudaram ao longo do tempo nos pacientes do grupo placebo, mas mudaram no grupo tomando valsartan sem inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina, sugerindo modula&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o com a medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Seu papel progn&#243;stico em pacientes com ICAD foi recentemente demonstrado em um estudo semelhante a este. M&#252;eller e cols.<sup>17</sup> estudaram, retrospectivamente, 214 pacientes atendidos na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia com ICAD que foram seguidos por 24 meses. As taxas de mortalidade do primeiro ao terceiro tercis de valores de PCR foram, respectivamente, de 33,5%, 42,2% e 53,6%. Ap&#243;s ajuste multivariado, a PCR permaneceu como preditor independente de morte ou de morte combinada a hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es. Este estudo confirma esses achados e apresenta algumas particularidades em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estudo de M&#252;eller. Primeiramente, este estudo &#233; o &#250;nico de que se tem conhecimento em que essa quest&#227;o foi avaliada de forma prospectiva. Al&#233;m disso, foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que tinham infec&#231;&#227;o ou doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias. Os dados deste trabalho, portanto, sugerem que a inflama&#231;&#227;o estava relacionada &#224; IC e n&#227;o a fatores externos. Por outro lado, o trabalho de M&#252;eller sugere que, mesmo quando a inflama&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada a infec&#231;&#227;o, existe impacto sobre o progn&#243;stico a curto e longo prazos no paciente com ICAD.</p>
    <p>Os mecanismos por meio dos quais a inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; deflagrada n&#227;o est&#227;o bem definidos. Existem algumas teorias al&#233;m da infecciosa, como mecanismo auto-imune, sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica, hipoxia tissular e oxida&#231;&#227;o de LDL<sup>18</sup>. Outra teoria que vem ganhando espa&#231;o &#233; a da endotoxina<sup>4,19</sup>. De acordo com essa teoria, edema e hipoperfus&#227;o do intestino causariam aumento da permeabilidade capilar, permitindo a transloca&#231;&#227;o de bact&#233;rias e endotoxinas para a circula&#231;&#227;o, levando &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o dos processos inflamat&#243;rios observados na IC. Peschel e cols.<sup>4</sup> demonstraram elevadas concentra&#231;&#245;es de endotoxinas em veias hep&#225;ticas em compara&#231;&#227;o com o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em pacientes com ICAD, dando suporte a essa teoria. J&#225; foi demonstrado, tamb&#233;m, que, com o tratamento do edema com diur&#233;ticos, os n&#237;veis de endotoxinas s&#233;ricas s&#227;o reduzidos<sup>20</sup>. Refor&#231;ando ainda mais essa hip&#243;tese, Conraads e cols.<sup>21</sup> demonstraram que a descontamina&#231;&#227;o intestinal seletiva com uso de antibi&#243;ticos em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica grave reduz endotoxinas e citocinas inflamat&#243;rias plasm&#225;ticas, com melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
    <p>Algumas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas merecem destaque. O presente estudo sugere que altera&#231;&#245;es imunol&#243;gicas n&#227;o s&#227;o um epifen&#244;meno em pacientes com IC descompensada, tendo papel importante na fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a. Isso proporciona oportunidade terap&#234;utica, uma vez que procedimentos que reduzam a inflama&#231;&#227;o poderiam levar &#224; melhora do progn&#243;stico. Isso poderia explicar a boa resposta com estatinas em pacientes com IC aguda<sup>22,23</sup>. Nosso grupo est&#225; em fase inicial de um projeto de descontamina&#231;&#227;o intestinal com neomicina em pacientes com IC grave e descompensada, em que ser&#227;o avaliados desfechos cl&#237;nicos, remodelagem card&#237;aca e dosagem de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias.</p>
    <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser comentadas. Concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas da PCR podem ser influenciadas por outros fatores, como medica&#231;&#245;es, reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal e tabagismo. Os dados deste estudo n&#227;o foram ajustados para esses fatores. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o refere-se a causas infecciosas. Por mais que se tenha tido cuidado de excluir os pacientes com pneumonia, esse diagn&#243;stico nem sempre &#233; f&#225;cil em pacientes idosos com ICAD associada e alguns casos podem ter passado despercebidos no momento da admiss&#227;o. Por &#250;ltimo, a PCR foi medida por ocasi&#227;o da admiss&#227;o. Embora o valor dessa dosagem seja evidente, medidas seriadas poderiam ter valor at&#233; maior, uma vez que o pico da PCR costuma acontecer 48 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, foi demonstrado que a dosagem da PCR na admiss&#227;o em pacientes com ICAD apresenta importante valor progn&#243;stico a longo prazo.</p>
    <p><bold>Financiamento: </bold>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Humberto Villacorta </p>
        <p> Rua Raimundo Correia, 23/601 </p>
        <p> 22040-040 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="hyvillacorta@globo.com">hyvillacorta@globo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 15/07/06; revisado recebido em 07/09/06; aceito em 27/11/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">C-reactive protein: an inflammatory marker with prognostic value in patients with decompensated heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Inflammation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a series of cardiovascular diseases. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of inflammation easily obtained in the emergency room. OBJECTIVE: To study the prognostic value of CRP in patients admitted for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). METHODS: A prospective cohort of 119 patients with ADHF treated in the emergency room. Mean age was 74&#177;11 years and 76 (64%) of patients were male. All were New York Heart Association Functional Class III or IV. CRP was measured by nephelometry at admission. Patients were followed after hospital discharge for an average of 12&#177;9.7 months and cardiovascular mortality was the outcome analyzed. RESULTS: There were 44 (36.9%) deaths, all from cardiovascular causes. Individuals with CRP &gt; 3 mg/dl had higher mortality than those below this level (p=0.018). In the multivariate analysis using Cox proportional model, CRP proved to be the most important independent prognostic factor (odds ratio 0.0916 [95% CI = 0.0341 - 0.1490] for each one-unit increment in CRP). CONCLUSION: CRP is an independent cardiovascular mortality predictor in patients with ADHF, indicating that inflammation represents an important component in the pathophysiology of the disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>C-reactive protein</kwd>
        <kwd>inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>cytokines</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac output</kwd>
        <kwd>low</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>C-reactive protein: an inflammatory marker with prognostic value in patients with decompensated heart failure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Humberto Villacorta; Antonio Claudio Masetto; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas &#150; Niter&#243;i, RJ &#150; Emergency Department - Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco Hospital &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Inflammation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a series of cardiovascular diseases. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of inflammation easily obtained in the emergency room.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES: </bold>To study the prognostic value of CRP in patients admitted for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A prospective cohort of 119 patients with ADHF treated in the emergency room. Mean age was 74&#177;11 years and 76 (64%) of patients were male. All were New York Heart Association Functional Class III or IV. CRP was measured by nephelometry at admission. Patients were followed after hospital discharge for an average of 12&#177;9.7 months and cardiovascular mortality was the outcome analyzed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>There were 44 (36.9%) deaths, all from cardiovascular causes. Individuals with CRP &gt; 3 mg/dl had higher mortality than those below this level (p=0.018). In the multivariate analysis using Cox proportional model, CRP proved to be the most important independent prognostic factor (odds ratio 0.0916 [95% CI = 0.0341 - 0.1490] for each one-unit increment in CRP).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>CRP is an independent cardiovascular mortality predictor in patients with ADHF, indicating that inflammation represents an important component in the pathophysiology of the disease.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> C-reactive protein; inflammation; cytokines; heart failure; cardiac output, low.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Acute heart failure (HF) can appear as a decompensation in patients who are already in heart failure or occur in patients with no prior heart failure history. Besides the underlying disease, some factors can influence a decompensation episode and are identified as precipitating factors. Among these we underscore non-compliance with diet or medication, uncontrolled arterial hypertension, acute coronary syndromes, cardiac arrhythmias, and infections<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>It has been known for some time that inflammation plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of some cardiovascular diseases, such as acute coronary syndromes, where it has prognostic value<sup>2</sup>. More recently, its participation in acute HF has been evident since it may be a precipitating factor in a decompensation<sup>3-5</sup>. Its role in the long-term progression of a disease after hospitalization, however, is poorly understood. </p>
      <p>Initially described in 1930, C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein and an unspecific marker of systemic inflammation<sup>6</sup>. Its prognostic value is well established in patients with coronary artery disease<sup>7-9</sup>. The objective of this article was to analyze the long-term prognostic value of CRP measured in patients admitted to an emergency unit with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From March 1997 to December 1999, 170 consecutive patients were seen with ADHF at the emergency unit of a tertiary hospital in Rio de Janeiro (108 were male, age range of 17 to 99 years). Patients were excluded from the study if they showed signs of infection, acute coronary syndrome, acute myocardial infarct, neoplastic diseases, and other inflammatory illnesses such as pericarditis and rheumatoid arthritis. After exclusions, 119 patients were included, 76 (64%) men and 43 (36%) women, with a mean age of 74&#177;11 years. Etiologies for HF were ischemic in 73 (61.5%) cases, hypertensive in 21 (18%), valvar in 9 (7.7%), and 'other' in 16 patients (12.8%). All were NYHA functional class III or IV. All patients had a troponin I levels lower than 1.0 ng/l and CK-MB lower than 10 UI/l. Patients with LV shortening fractions <underline>&lt;</underline> 25% were considered as having systolic dysfunction and 82 (68.9%) of them were in this group.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of HF was based on Boston criteria, and only patients with more than 8 points were included<sup>10</sup>. Variables studied were age, sex, etiology, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, mean blood pressure, left ventricle shortening fraction, creatinine, and serum sodium levels. CRP plasma levels were determined upon admission by nephalometry (Array 360 System Beckman, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL). Values under 0.8 mg/dl are considered normal (variation coefficient under 5%)<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p><italic>Follow-up - </italic>Clinical progression and events from 119 patients were obtained by telephone contact with the patients or their relatives and referring physicians every six months for three years (mean 12.4&#177;9.7 months). Deaths were classified according to the criterion established by Narang et al<sup>12</sup>, considering activity, cause, mode, and event related to the death. The primary outcome analyzed was cardiovascular mortality. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis - </italic>The data collected were analyzed using SPSS statistical package, version 6.0. The univariate comparisons with categorical variables were performed using the chi-square test - c<sup>2</sup>, and continuous variables were analyzed by Student&#146;s t test or the Mann-Whitney test for non-normal distributions. Survival probability was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and comparisons were made by the log-rank test. Multivariate comparisons of the factors that influenced survival were done using the Cox poportional method. Values for p&lt;0.05 were considered significant. </p>
      <p>The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee, and is compliant with Helsinki criteria. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no differences among the baseline characteristics of patients stratified according to CRP terciles, with the exception of a greater number of coronary patients in the group with CRP&gt;4.3 mg/dl when compared to the group with CRP&lt;1.3 mg/dl (p=0.04), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Of the 119 patients, 44 (36%) died during follow-up, 26 of them men (21.8%) and 18 women (15.2%). Thirty patients (68.2%) died from circulatory failure due to HF progression, 9 patients (20.5%) from sudden death, 2 patients (4.5%) from stroke, 2 patients (4.5%) during cardiac surgery, and 1 patient (2.3%) from pulmonary thromboembolism. The accumulated probability of survival for all patients was 73.6% in six months (87 alive), 66% in 12 months (78 alive), and 52% in 24 months (61 alive). CRP levels among systolic dysfunction patients and those with preserved systolic function were, respectively, 3.8&#177;4.3 and 3.5&#177;3.6 mg/dl (p=0.79). There was a tendency toward a higher CRP value in coronary patients than in non-coronary patients (4.4&#177;4.9 <italic>vs</italic> 3.03&#177;3 mg/dl, p=0.08).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0585-00014-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>CRP concentrations and mortality - </italic>In 87 patients (73.2%), CRP concentrations were above normal values. The group mean was 3.8&#177;4.2 mg/dl. The mean CRP of patients who died at hospital was 5.4&#177;4.8 mg/dl, and 3.9&#177;4.7 in the survivors (p=0.21).</p>
      <p>During follow-up, the mean CRP for patients who died was 5.1&#177;5.0 mg/dl, while among survivors it was 3.02&#177;3.4 mg/dl (p=0.02), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0585-00014-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Patients were subdivided by serum CRP levels above and below or equal to 3 mg/dl, the median of CRP values. Twelve-month survival probability among those with levels over 3 mg/dl was 52%, and 77% for patients with levels below this value (p=0.018). The survival curve is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0585-00014-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Variables related to survival - </italic>The log-rank test analysis demonstrated that CRP (p=0.02), age (p=0.037), and mean blood pressure (inverse relation, p=0.041) were the variables related to 12-month survival. The mean blood pressure in patients who died and survivors was, respectively, 96&#177;28 and 106&#177;22 (p=0.041). The shortening fraction (p=0.152), serum creatinine (p=0.156), ischemic etiology (p=0.200), and serum sodium (p=0.788) did not correlate with survival. </p>
      <p><italic>Cox proportional hazards analysis - </italic>The variables independently associated with survival were CRP (odds ratio [OR] = 0.0916, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.0341 - 0.1490, for each one-unit increment in CRP), and age (OR = 0.0304, 95% CI: 0.0274 - 0.0333, for each one-unit increase in age). Mean blood pressure (OR= -0.0128, 95% CI: -0.0263 - 0.0007) was not an independent predictor for survival (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). CRP was the independent factor with the greatest prognostic value. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0585-00014-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study adds new information on the role of inflammation in ADHF. We demonstrated that CRP measurement, a test easily carried out in the emergency room, is capable of predicting long-term events after a hospital stay. </p>
      <p>In the 1990s, it was shown that CRP is elevated in patients with chronic HF<sup>13,14</sup>. Shortly after that, its elevation in patients with ADHF was observed<sup>3-5</sup>. More recently, its prognostic value was established in patients with chronic HF<sup>15,16</sup>. A retrospective analysis of the Val-HeFT study showed that, regarding the lowest CRP quartile, patients in the highest quartile had a higher risk of death or of a morbid event<sup>16</sup>. CRP values have not changed over time for patients in the placebo group, but they did change in the group receiving valsartan without angiotensin conversion enzyme inhibitors, suggesting a modulation of inflammation with the medication. </p>
      <p>The prognostic role of CRP in patients with ADHF was recently demonstrated in a study similar to ours. Mueller et al<sup>17</sup> retrospectively studied 214 ADHF patients treated at the emergency unit who were followed up for 24 months. Mortality rates from the first to the third tercile in CRP values were, respectively, 33.5%, 42.2%, and 53.6%. After multivariate adjustment, CRP remained as an independent predictor of death or death combined with hospitalizations. Our study confirms these findings and presents some particularities relative to the study done by Mueller et al. First of all, ours is the only study that we are aware of in which this issue was prospectively evaluated. Second, we excluded patients who had infections or inflammatory diseases. Therefore, data from our study suggest that inflammation was related to HF and not to external factors. On the other hand, M&#252;eller suggests that, even when inflammation is associated to an infection, there is an impact on the short-term and long-term prognosis in the ADHF patient.</p>
      <p>The mechanisms by which inflammation is set off are not yet well defined. Different theories besides that of infection include an autoimmune mechanism, hemodynamic overload, tissue hypoxia, and LDL oxidation<sup>18</sup>. Another increasingly accepted theory is that of endotoxins<sup>4,19</sup>. According to this assumption, intestinal edema and hypoperfusion would cause an increased capillary permeability, allowing the translocation of bacteria and endotoxins to circulation and leading to the activation of the inflammatory processes seen in heart failure. Peschel et al<sup>4</sup> demonstrated the presence of high concentrations of endotoxins in hepatic veins compared to the left ventricle in patients with ADHF, supporting this premise. It has also been shown that with treatment for the edema using diuretics, serum levels of endotoxins are reduced<sup>20</sup>. Reinforcing this hypothesis even further, Conraads demonstrated that selective intestinal decontamination with antibiotics in patients with serious chronic HF reduces plasma inflammatory endotoxins and cytokines with an improvement in endothelial function<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some clinical implications merit emphasis. This study suggests that immune modifications are not an epiphenomenon in decompensated HF patients, but play an important role in the pathophysiology of the illness. This affords a therapeutic opportunity, since procedures that reduce inflammation could lead to an improved prognosis. This could explain the good response with statins in acute HF patients<sup>22,23</sup>. Our group is in an initial phase of a project of intestinal decontamination with neomycin in patients with serious and decompensated HF, which will evaluate clinical outcomes, cardiac remodeling, and inflammatory cytokine quantification.</p>
      <p>Some limitations need to be mentioned. Serum CRP concentration may be influenced by other factors, such as hormone replacement and smoking. Our data were not adjusted for these factors. Another limitation refers to infectious causes. Despite our great care in excluding patients with pneumonia, this diagnosis is not always easy to make in elderly patients with associated ADHF, and some cases may have not been caught at admission. Lastly, we measured CRP at admission. Although the value of this measurement is evident, successive measurements would be even more important, since peak levels of CRP usually take place 48 hours after admission<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Concluding, we demonstrated that CRP quantification at admission in patients with ADHF has an important long-term prognostic value.</p>
      <p><bold>Supported by: </bold>Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco Hospital.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Humberto Villacorta</p>
          <p> Rua Raimundo Correia, 23/601 </p>
          <p> 22040-040 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="hyvillacorta@globo.com">hyvillacorta@globo.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received July 15, 2006; revised manuscript received September 7, 2006; accepted November 27, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
