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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mcj4NynPpGT7V4JcDYhMwKs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800513</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ocorr&#234;ncia e preditores cl&#237;nicos de pseudocrise hipertensiva no atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sobrinho</surname>
            <given-names>Silvestre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s C. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Constan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santiago</surname>
            <given-names>Mila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paim</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meireles</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kerner</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amoedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Marc&#237;lio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Geral do Estado</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Humberto Castro Lima</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Oftalmologia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Cidade</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>579</fpage>
      <lpage>584</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Descrever a preval&#234;ncia de pseudocrise hipertensiva em pacientes atendidos em unidade de emerg&#234;ncia com n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial substancialmente elevados, comparando-a entre servi&#231;os privado e p&#250;blico; descrever a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de tratamento indevido para essa condi&#231;&#227;o; identificar, no momento da triagem, preditores independentes de pseudocrise; e avaliar o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com pseudocrise. M&#201;TODOS: Durante seis meses, foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com idade &gt; 18 anos, atendidos nas Emerg&#234;ncias de dois hospitais (privado e p&#250;blico), com press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &gt; 120 mmHg. Pseudocrise hipertensiva foi definida na aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios para crise hipertensiva, segundo as Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. RESULTADOS: Em 110 pacientes estudados, a preval&#234;ncia de pseudocrise hipertensiva foi de 48% (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%] = 39%-58%), predominando no servi&#231;o privado (59% vs 37%; p = 0,02). A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de tratamento indevido foi semelhante nos dois servi&#231;os (94% vs 95%; p = 0,87). Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, a presen&#231;a de cefal&#233;ia na admiss&#227;o (odds ratio = 5,4; IC 95% = 5,1-13; p &lt; 0,001) e o n&#237;vel da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (odds ratio = 0,93; IC 95% = 0,89-0,97; p = 0,002) foram preditores independentes de pseudocrise. A mortalidade em cinco meses foi menor no grupo pseudocrise em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; crise hipertensiva (0% vs 21%; p = 0,0004). CONCLUS&#213;ES: A preval&#234;ncia de pseudocrise hipertensiva &#233; elevada em pacientes com suspeita de crise hipertensiva, especialmente em servi&#231;o privado. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de tratamento indevido &#233; semelhante nos servi&#231;os privado e p&#250;blico. A presen&#231;a de cefal&#233;ia e o n&#237;vel da PA diast&#243;lica s&#227;o preditores independentes dessa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A pseudocrise hipertensiva &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de baixa letalidade.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>pseudocrise hipertensiva</kwd>
        <kwd>crise hipertensiva</kwd>
        <kwd>preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>preditores</kwd>
        <kwd>atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ocorr&#234;ncia e preditores cl&#237;nicos de pseudocrise hipertensiva no atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Silvestre Sobrinho; Lu&#237;s C. L. Correia; Constan&#231;a Cruz; Mila Santiago; Ana Catarina Paim; Bruno Meireles; Mariana Andrade; Mariana Kerner; Paula Amoedo; Carlos Marc&#237;lio de Souza</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#150; EBMSP/Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia &#150; Hospital da Cidade &#150; HC/Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia &#150; Hospital Geral do Estado &#150; HGE/Servi&#231;o de Oftalmologia &#150; Hospital Humberto Castro Lima &#150; Salvador, BA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS: </bold>Descrever a preval&#234;ncia de pseudocrise hipertensiva em pacientes atendidos em unidade de emerg&#234;ncia com n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial substancialmente elevados, comparando-a entre servi&#231;os privado e p&#250;blico; descrever a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de tratamento indevido para essa condi&#231;&#227;o; identificar, no momento da triagem, preditores independentes de pseudocrise; e avaliar o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com pseudocrise. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Durante seis meses, foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com idade &gt; 18 anos, atendidos nas Emerg&#234;ncias de dois hospitais (privado e p&#250;blico), com press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &gt; 120 mmHg. Pseudocrise hipertensiva foi definida na aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios para crise hipertensiva, segundo as Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Em 110 pacientes estudados, a preval&#234;ncia de pseudocrise hipertensiva foi de 48% (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%] = 39%-58%), predominando no servi&#231;o privado (59% <italic>vs</italic> 37%; p = 0,02). A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de tratamento indevido foi semelhante nos dois servi&#231;os (94% <italic>vs</italic> 95%; p = 0,87). Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, a presen&#231;a de cefal&#233;ia na admiss&#227;o (odds ratio = 5,4; IC 95% = 5,1-13; p &lt; 0,001) e o n&#237;vel da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (<italic>odds ratio</italic> = 0,93; IC 95% = 0,89-0,97; p = 0,002) foram preditores independentes de pseudocrise. A mortalidade em cinco meses foi menor no grupo pseudocrise em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; crise hipertensiva (0% <italic>vs</italic> 21%; p = 0,0004). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES: </bold>A preval&#234;ncia de pseudocrise hipertensiva &#233; elevada em pacientes com suspeita de crise hipertensiva, especialmente em servi&#231;o privado. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de tratamento indevido &#233; semelhante nos servi&#231;os privado e p&#250;blico. A presen&#231;a de cefal&#233;ia e o n&#237;vel da PA diast&#243;lica s&#227;o preditores independentes dessa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A pseudocrise hipertensiva &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de baixa letalidade.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Hipertens&#227;o, pseudocrise hipertensiva, crise hipertensiva, preval&#234;ncia, preditores, atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A pseudocrise hipertensiva &#233; definida pela eleva&#231;&#227;o acentuada da press&#227;o arterial, sem risco de deteriora&#231;&#227;o aguda de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo<sup>1,2</sup>. &#201; assim denominada por ser comumente confundida com a crise hipertensiva, situa&#231;&#227;o que apresenta risco potencial ou evid&#234;ncias de les&#227;o aguda de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo ou risco iminente de morte<sup>3</sup>. Por ser uma condi&#231;&#227;o de menor risco, n&#227;o h&#225; indica&#231;&#227;o de redu&#231;&#227;o agressiva dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos com medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, conduta que pode levar a quadros de isquemia, pela redu&#231;&#227;o abrupta da press&#227;o arterial<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A despeito de ser uma condi&#231;&#227;o aparentemente freq&#252;ente em unidades de emerg&#234;ncia, n&#227;o h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o na literatura sobre sua preval&#234;ncia, sobre as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas desses pacientes ou sobre a conduta a que os mesmos s&#227;o submetidos. No primeiro contato da equipe de emerg&#234;ncia com o paciente, na triagem, ele &#233; classificado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; gravidade e &#224; necessidade de atendimento. Nesse momento, a defini&#231;&#227;o inadequada poder&#225; levar a uma seq&#252;&#234;ncia de racioc&#237;nio equivocada. Por esse motivo, &#233; importante definir, desde o in&#237;cio, a chance de esses indiv&#237;duos estarem ou n&#227;o apresentando quadro verdadeiramente relacionado ao aumento dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncia pr&#233;via na literatura a respeito de preditores de pseudocrise hipertensiva.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo tem os seguintes objetivos: 1) descrever a preval&#234;ncia da pseudocrise hipertensiva em pacientes atendidos em unidade de emerg&#234;ncia, apresentando press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mmHg; 2) verificar se h&#225; diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia de pseudocrise entre os servi&#231;os privado e p&#250;blico; 3) descrever a ocorr&#234;ncia de tratamento indevido de pseudocrise, comparando o atendimento oferecido nos servi&#231;os privado e p&#250;blico; 4) identificar caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas encontradas na triagem que indiquem maior chance diagn&#243;stica da referida condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica; e, finalmente, 5) comparar a sobrevida dos grupos de pacientes com crise e pseudocrise hipertensiva, em seguimento prospectivo, a fim de confirmar o car&#225;ter mais benigno desta &#250;ltima condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De fevereiro a agosto de 2005, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes com idade &gt; 18 anos, sintom&#225;ticos, que buscaram atendimento em unidade de emerg&#234;ncia com press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mmHg. O estudo foi realizado em dois hospitais: Hospital da Cidade (HC) e Hospital Geral do Estado (HGE), representando, respectivamente, os servi&#231;os privado e p&#250;blico. Os pacientes foram submetidos a anamnese e exame f&#237;sico, incluindo fundoscopia realizada por oftalmologista. Duas medidas da press&#227;o arterial foram realizadas, com intervalo de um minuto, sendo considerada apenas a menor delas<sup>6</sup>. Para tal, foram utilizados aparelho aner&#243;ide calibrado e m&#233;todos previamente estabelecidos<sup>7</sup>. Os pesquisadores n&#227;o influenciaram a conduta terap&#234;utica, que ficou a crit&#233;rio das equipes m&#233;dicas de cada hospital. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana para Desenvolvimento das Ci&#234;ncias, e os pacientes inclu&#237;dos assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Pseudocrise hipertensiva foi definida quando nenhuma das seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es estava presente: encefalopatia hipertensiva, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico ou hemorr&#225;gico, hemorragia subaracn&#243;ide, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, hipertens&#227;o maligna, trauma craniencef&#225;lico, dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda da aorta, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, edema agudo de pulm&#227;o, glomerulonefrite aguda, vasculite e epistaxe grave<sup>3</sup>. Na presen&#231;a de alguma dessas condi&#231;&#245;es, o paciente foi definido como portador de crise hipertensiva. Para essas defini&#231;&#245;es, os pacientes foram submetidos, no momento da admiss&#227;o, aos seguintes exames complementares: radiografia do t&#243;rax, eletrocardiografia, hemograma, creatinina e sum&#225;rio de urina. Ecocardiografia e tomografia computadorizada foram realizadas nos pacientes cujas suspeitas diagn&#243;sticas indicaram essa necessidade (aneurisma dissecante de aorta, encefalopatia hipertensiva, acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico ou hemorr&#225;gico, hemorragia subaracn&#243;ide, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio e trauma craniencef&#225;lico). Foi considerado "tratamento indevido" quando o paciente com pseudocrise fez uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, no intuito de redu&#231;&#227;o imediata da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>No momento da triagem, vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas foram obtidas por meio de entrevista e exame f&#237;sico, para serem testadas como preditores de pseudocrise hipertensiva. No intuito de registrar letalidade, os pacientes foram acompanhados por um tempo m&#237;nimo de tr&#234;s meses. O seguimento hospitalar foi realizado pela equipe de pesquisadores e ap&#243;s a alta o contato foi feito por telefone. </p>
    <p>As preval&#234;ncias foram expressas por porcentual e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%), sendo comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Para comparar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre pacientes do grupo "pseudocrise" e os do grupo "crise hipertensiva", foi utilizado teste do qui-quadrado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ("press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica", que apresentou grande concentra&#231;&#227;o no valor de 120 mmHg, n&#237;vel m&#237;nimo para inclus&#227;o dos pacientes no estudo). As vari&#225;veis independentes significativas na an&#225;lise univariada entraram em modelo multivariado de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. A curva <italic>Receiver Operator Characteristics</italic> (ROC) foi utilizada para avaliar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas que se apresentaram como preditores independentes na an&#225;lise multivariada, sugerindo-se o ponto de corte ideal para predi&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de pseudocrise hipertensiva. A compara&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida entre pacientes com pseudocrise e crise hipertensiva foi realizada pela curva de Kaplan-Meier e pelo teste do <italic>Log Rank</italic>. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o uso do programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 10.0, e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi previamente definida por valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados 113 pacientes, dos quais tr&#234;s n&#227;o concordaram em participar do estudo. Dessa forma, foram avaliados 110 pacientes, com m&#233;dia de idade de 58 &#177; 15 anos, 64% dos quais eram do sexo feminino, sendo 56 pacientes (51%) do hospital privado e 54 (49%) do hospital p&#250;blico. A preval&#234;ncia de pseudocrise entre esses pacientes foi de 48% (IC 95% = 39%-58%), sendo maior no servi&#231;o privado, comparativamente ao p&#250;blico (59% <italic>vs</italic> 37%; p = 0,02). Entre os pacientes com crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico para pseudocrise, 50 deles (94%) receberam tratamento indevido (anti-hipertensivo). Esse fen&#244;meno ocorreu de forma semelhante nos servi&#231;os privado e p&#250;blico (94% <italic>vs</italic> 95%, respectivamente; p = 0,87).</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis preditoras analisadas, pacientes com pseudocrise hipertensiva eram mais freq&#252;entemente da ra&#231;a branca (36% <italic>vs</italic> 19%; p &lt; 0,04), apresentavam cefal&#233;ia como queixa principal (60% <italic>vs</italic> 19%; p &lt; 0,001) e menores n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (196 &#177; 23 mmHg <italic>vs</italic> 214 &#177; 30 mmHg; p = 0,001) e de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (124 &#177; 6 mmHg <italic>vs</italic> 137 &#177; 21 mmHg; p &lt; 0,001), quando comparados aos pacientes com crise hipertensiva. As demais caracter&#237;sticas n&#227;o diferiram entre os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). Quanto &#224; hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica pr&#233;via, pseudocrise esteve menos associada a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (0% <italic>vs</italic> 12%; p = 0,008) e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (0% <italic>vs</italic> 8,8%; p = 0,03) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). As vari&#225;veis significativas na an&#225;lise univariada foram conjuntamente avaliadas em an&#225;lise multivariada de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, permanecendo significativas apenas "cefal&#233;ia" (<italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR] = 5,4; IC 95% = 5,1-13; p &lt; 0,001) e "press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica" (OR = 0,93; IC 95% = 0,89-0,97; p = 0,002) como preditores independentes de pseudocrise (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0579-00013-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0579-00013-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0579-00013-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A mediana da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica foi de 130 mmHg no grupo crise hipertensiva, comparada a 120 mmHg no grupo pseudocrise hipertensiva (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Para o diagn&#243;stico de pseudocrise, o n&#237;vel da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica apresentou &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC significativa (0,71; IC 95% = 0,61-0,80) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Nesta an&#225;lise, o ponto de corte de melhor acur&#225;cia foi de 121 mmHg, obtendo-se sensibilidade de 64% e especificidade de 68%. Assim, pacientes com press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica menor que 121 mmHg apresentaram 65% de chance de pseudocrise, comparados a 33% dos pacientes com press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 121 mmHg (p = 0,001).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0579-00013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0579-00013-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O tempo de seguimento foi semelhante entre os grupos pseudocrise e crise hipertensiva (157 &#177; 39 dias <italic>vs</italic> 161 &#177; 49 dias, respectivamente; p = 0,65), havendo perda de contato com quatro pacientes (tr&#234;s deles com crise hipertensiva). Todos os pacientes do grupo "pseudocrise" continuavam vivos, enquanto 12 pacientes do grupo "crise hipertensiva" faleceram, representando 21% de letalidade (p = 0,0004) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). Esses pacientes apresentaram maiores n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com pseudocrise, fato que tamb&#233;m guardou rela&#231;&#227;o com les&#227;o aguda de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo da hipertens&#227;o. Ainda com rela&#231;&#227;o aos &#243;bitos, oito deles (66%) ocorreram por acidente vascular cerebral; dois deles (17%) ocorreram por encefalopatia hipertensiva, um ocorreu por dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda da aorta e o &#250;ltimo deles, por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Os &#243;bitos ocorridos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o representaram 75% do total, e o restante ocorreu ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Do total de 12 &#243;bitos, nove (75%) ocorreram no hospital p&#250;blico. </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0579-00013-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo demonstra elevada preval&#234;ncia de pseudocrise hipertensiva em pacientes atendidos em unidade de emerg&#234;ncia com sintomas atribu&#237;dos ao aumento dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, observa&#231;&#227;o mais evidente no servi&#231;o privado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao p&#250;blico. Em ambos os cen&#225;rios, a maioria dos pacientes com pseudocrise foi conduzida indevidamente, recebendo tratamento anti-hipertensivo, como se fosse portadora de crise hipertensiva verdadeira. Entre as diversas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas avaliadas no momento da triagem, a presen&#231;a de cefal&#233;ia e o n&#237;vel da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica foram identificados como preditores independentes de pseudocrise hipertensiva. Por fim, confirmando o car&#225;ter benigno dessa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, n&#227;o foram registrados &#243;bitos no seguimento desses pacientes, enquanto indiv&#237;duos com crise hipertensiva apresentaram alta letalidade em seguimento m&#233;dio de cinco meses.</p>
    <p>Os dados da literatura a respeito de pseudocrise hipertensiva s&#227;o escassos, sendo este o primeiro estudo brasileiro a descrever em detalhes a freq&#252;&#234;ncia dessa condi&#231;&#227;o em distintos servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia. Al&#233;m disso, esta descri&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m abrangeu a forma como o plantonista de emerg&#234;ncia est&#225; interpretando e conduzindo essa freq&#252;ente situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A necessidade de sua exclus&#227;o tem sido pontuada em cita&#231;&#245;es sobre crises hipertensivas<sup>2,3,8</sup>. Possivelmente, a elevada freq&#252;&#234;ncia de pseudocrise hipertensiva decorre do fato de a popula&#231;&#227;o atribuir sintomas inespec&#237;ficos ao aumento dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, quando na maioria das vezes a eleva&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica &#233; conseq&#252;&#234;ncia desses sintomas. Sua maior preval&#234;ncia no servi&#231;o privado pode resultar do mais f&#225;cil acesso desses indiv&#237;duos &#224; assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica. Com isso, esses pacientes procuram atendimento na presen&#231;a de sintomas menos intensos e inespec&#237;ficos, enquanto pacientes do servi&#231;o p&#250;blico resistem mais &#224; procura desse atendimento na presen&#231;a de sintomas semelhantes, por conta de acesso mais dificultado a servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Quase a totalidade de pacientes com pseudocrise foi tratada como sendo portadora de crise verdadeira. Em concord&#226;ncia com os dados deste estudo, Gus e cols.<sup>9</sup> demonstraram que a press&#227;o arterial elevada, mesmo em servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica, foi tratada em 76,3% dos casos, quando apenas 7,5% dos pacientes foram classificados como portadores de urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva. Neste estudo, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de tratamento indevido para pseudocrise hipertensiva foi elevada e semelhante nos servi&#231;os privado e p&#250;blico. Esse achado, al&#233;m de original, reflete o comportamento semelhante entre os m&#233;dicos de ambos os servi&#231;os, e sugere a necessidade de abrangente a&#231;&#227;o no sentido de educa&#231;&#227;o continuada, a fim de minimizar potenciais conseq&#252;&#234;ncias negativas de condutas inadequadas. S&#227;o relatados casos de infarto cerebral<sup>5,10</sup> e de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>11</sup> com o uso de nifedipina. Identificam-se, tamb&#233;m, relatos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica com o uso de diaz&#243;xido<sup>12</sup> e de infarto cerebral com o uso de clonidina<sup>13</sup>, todas essas complica&#231;&#245;es ocorridas ap&#243;s redu&#231;&#227;o aguda da press&#227;o arterial. Esses dados alertam para o fato de a redu&#231;&#227;o brusca e inadequada da press&#227;o arterial poder transformar a pseudocrise em crise verdadeira, decorrente de evento isqu&#234;mico em &#243;rg&#227;o nobre. Assim, o aumento da press&#227;o arterial isoladamente, sem cl&#237;nica de urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva, raramente requer terapia espec&#237;fica<sup>14,15</sup>. Por outro lado, em se considerando a favor&#225;vel evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com pseudocrise neste estudo, parecem raros os eventos decorrentes de a&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas. </p>
    <p>A alta preval&#234;ncia de pseudocrise hipertensiva e o elevado &#237;ndice de tratamento inadequado encontrados neste estudo apontam para a necessidade de melhor reconhecimento dessa condi&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. No intuito de aprimorar essa capacidade de reconhecimento, foram pesquisadas caracter&#237;sticas que identificam esses pacientes desde o momento da triagem. A cefal&#233;ia, como queixa principal, associou-se de forma independente &#224; pseudocrise hipertensiva. A esse respeito, Nobre e cols.<sup>16</sup> encontraram queixa de cefal&#233;ia em 88% dos pacientes equivocadamente diagnosticados como portadores de crise hipertensiva, e Lima e cols.<sup>17</sup> obtiveram melhores resultados quando utilizaram analg&#233;sico, em compara&#231;&#227;o a anti-hipertensivo, nos quadros de "hipertens&#227;o e cefal&#233;ia" no setor de emerg&#234;ncia. Outras publica&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m tentado desvincular a cefal&#233;ia como sendo secund&#225;ria &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial<sup>18,19</sup>. Isso pode refletir a quebra de um mito: cefal&#233;ia como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do aumento da press&#227;o arterial. Ao contr&#225;rio, em parte significativa dos pacientes, esse sintoma parece constituir a causa da eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, passando a admitir um novo foco no atendimento inicial aos hipertensos que buscam atendimento de urg&#234;ncia com essa queixa. Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, observou-se que quanto menor a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica maior a chance de pseudocrise, constituindo-se em preditor independente na an&#225;lise multivariada. De acordo com esses dados, Varon e Marik<sup>20</sup> pontuam que a disfun&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, com algumas exce&#231;&#245;es, &#233; incomum com n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica abaixo de 130 mmHg. Martin e cols.<sup>8</sup>, nos pacientes com emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva, encontraram n&#237;veis maiores de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, comparativamente aos identificados como urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva, respectivamente. Este estudo, portanto, sugere que, ainda na triagem, observa&#231;&#227;o de cefal&#233;ia como queixa principal e menores n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica aumentam a probabilidade de estarmos diante de pseudocrise, ao inv&#233;s de crise hipertensiva.</p>
    <p>Para confirmar o car&#225;ter benigno da pseudocrise, comparada &#224; crise verdadeira, foram acompanhados pacientes com ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas por per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de cinco meses. Todos os &#243;bitos ocorreram no grupo de pacientes com crise hipertensiva, a maioria deles por complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas, achados semelhantes &#224;queles encontrados em trabalhos que relatam complica&#231;&#245;es das emerg&#234;ncias hipertensivas<sup>8</sup>. Por outro lado, os dados da literatura<sup>2-4</sup> e os resultados pr&#225;ticos de trabalhos sobre o uso de f&#225;rmacos destinados ao tratamento dos sintomas em press&#227;o arterial elevada no setor de emerg&#234;ncia<sup>17</sup> apontam para o uso desses medicamentos como terap&#234;utica mais adequada para as situa&#231;&#245;es de pseudocrise hipertensiva. Pacientes com essa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, portanto, devem ser avaliados com maior cautela antes da institui&#231;&#227;o de terap&#234;utica anti-hipertensiva, devendo ter seus sintomas iniciais (emo&#231;&#227;o, dor, desconforto, epistaxe, etc.) tratados e controlados, devendo ser considerada a causa e n&#227;o a conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do aumento dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, sobretudo na aus&#234;ncia de risco de les&#227;o aguda de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo.</p>
    <p>Considera&#231;&#245;es acerca das limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo devem ser pontuadas:</p>
    <p>1) Os achados deste estudo s&#227;o aplic&#225;veis somente a pacientes com press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica igual ou superior a 120 mmHg, fato, inclusive, que subestima a preval&#234;ncia de pseudocrise em unidades de emerg&#234;ncia. No entanto, esse ponto de corte foi escolhido, pois &#233; nessa faixa press&#243;rica que ocorre, mais comumente, a confus&#227;o diagn&#243;stica entre pseudocrise e crise hipertensiva;</p>
    <p>2) Apesar de a amostra deste estudo n&#227;o ter sido probabil&#237;stica, os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos consecutivamente, dando car&#225;ter de n&#227;o-intencionalidade &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos;</p>
    <p>3) Os aparelhos para mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial foram aner&#243;ides, n&#227;o t&#227;o precisos quanto os digitais validados. No entanto, foi dada aten&#231;&#227;o especial &#224; calibra&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos e ao m&#233;todo de mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial<sup>7</sup>;</p>
    <p>4) O car&#225;ter favor&#225;vel da pseudocrise foi provavelmente superestimado, uma vez que n&#227;o foram pesquisados os efeitos adversos menores e imediatos da terap&#234;utica anti-hipertensiva nos pacientes com essa condi&#231;&#227;o (mal-estar, tontura, hipotens&#227;o postural, etc.), pois foi avaliado somente o desfecho "letalidade".</p>
    <p>O presente estudo se situa como original na descri&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia da pseudocrise hipertensiva em nosso meio, abordando os aspectos cl&#237;nicos que predizem essa condi&#231;&#227;o, verificando a ocorr&#234;ncia de tratamento indevido e determinando seu progn&#243;stico. Cremos que o melhor reconhecimento pr&#225;tico da pseudocrise, prevalente condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, sirva como aux&#237;lio aos m&#233;dicos em geral, resultando em terap&#234;uticas adequadas, evitando riscos de iatrogenia, custos indevidos, fatores de estresse e perman&#234;ncia equivocada do paciente no setor de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Concluiu-se que a pseudocrise hipertensiva tem elevada preval&#234;ncia no atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia, al&#233;m de cefal&#233;ia e n&#237;vel de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica terem sido identificados como preditores independentes dessa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Adicionalmente, sua preval&#234;ncia foi maior no servi&#231;o privado quando comparado ao p&#250;blico, e o tratamento indevido foi semelhante em ambos os servi&#231;os. Finalmente, concluiu-se que a pseudocrise &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que apresenta bom progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Silvestre Sobrinho </p>
        <p> Rua Magno Valente, 110/801 &#150; Pituba </p>
        <p> 41810-620 &#150; Salvador, BA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ssnb.ba@terra.com.br">ssnb.ba@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 06/08/06; revisado recebido em 02/12/06; aceito em 17/01/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Occurrence rate and clinical predictors of hypertensive pseudocrisis in emergency room care</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of hypertensive pseudocrisis in patients treated in emergency rooms with substantially elevated blood pressure levels. To compare this prevalence in private and public hospitals. To describe the frequency of wrong treatment for this condition. To identify, during triage, independent predictors of pseudocrisis. To evaluate the prognosis of patients with pseudocrisis. METHODS: Patients above the age of 18, admitted to the Emergency Rooms of two hospitals (private and public) during a 6 month timeframe, with diastolic blood pressure &gt; 120 mmHg were included in the study. Hypertensive pseudocrisis was determined when none of the criteria for hypertensive crisis were present (Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology&#185;). RESULTS: In the 110 patients studied, the prevalence of hypertensive pseudocrisis was 48% (95% CI = 39%-58%) and prevailed in the private hospital (59% vs 37%, p=0.02). The frequency of wrong treatment was similar between the two hospitals (94% vs 95%, p=0.87). After multivariate analysis, the presence of headache upon admission (Odds Ratio=5.4; 95% CI = 5.1-13; p&lt; 0.001) and diastolic BP levels (Odds Ratio=0.93; 95% CI = 0.89-0.97; p=0.002) were independent predictors of pseudocrisis. The 5 month mortality rate was lower in the pseudocrisis group than the hypertensive crisis group (0% vs 21%, p=0.0004). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of hypertensive pseudocrisis in patients when hypertensive crisis is suspected, particularly in the private hospital. The frequency of wrong treatment was similar for both the private and public hospitals. Headaches and diastolic BP levels are independent predictors for this clinical condition. Hypertensive pseudocrisis has a low rate of lethality.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>predictors</kwd>
        <kwd>emergency medical services</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Occurrence rate and clinical predictors of hypertensive pseudocrisis in emergency room care</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Silvestre Sobrinho; Lu&#237;s C. L. Correia; Constan&#231;a Cruz; Mila Santiago; Ana Catarina Paim; Bruno Meireles; Mariana Andrade; Mariana Kerner; Paula Amoedo; Carlos Marc&#237;lio de Souza</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#150; EBMSP, Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia &#150; Hospital da Cidade &#150; HC, Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia &#150; Hospital Geral do Estado &#150; HGE, Servi&#231;o de Oftalmologia &#150; Hospital Humberto Castro Lima &#150; Salvador, BA, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES: </bold>To describe the prevalence of hypertensive pseudocrisis in patients treated in emergency rooms with substantially elevated blood pressure levels. To compare this prevalence in private and public hospitals. To describe the frequency of wrong treatment for this condition. To identify, during triage, independent predictors of pseudocrisis. To evaluate the prognosis of patients with pseudocrisis.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Patients above the age of 18, admitted to the Emergency Rooms of two hospitals (private and public) during a 6 month timeframe, with diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mmHg were included in the study. Hypertensive pseudocrisis was determined when none of the criteria for hypertensive crisis were present (Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<sup>1</sup>).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>In the 110 patients studied, the prevalence of hypertensive pseudocrisis was 48% (95% CI = 39%-58%) and prevailed in the private hospital (59% <italic>vs</italic> 37%, p=0.02). The frequency of wrong treatment was similar between the two hospitals (94% <italic>vs</italic> 95%, p=0.87). After multivariate analysis, the presence of headache upon admission (Odds Ratio=5.4; 95% CI = 5.1-13; p&lt; 0.001) and diastolic BP levels (Odds Ratio=0.93; 95% CI = 0.89-0.97; p=0.002) were independent predictors of pseudocrisis. The 5 month mortality rate was lower in the pseudocrisis group than the hypertensive crisis group (0% <italic>vs</italic> 21%, p=0.0004).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS: </bold>There is a high prevalence of hypertensive pseudocrisis in patients when hypertensive crisis is suspected, particularly in the private hospital. The frequency of wrong treatment was similar for both the private and public hospitals. Headaches and diastolic BP levels are independent predictors for this clinical condition. Hypertensive pseudocrisis has a low rate of lethality.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Hypertension, prevalence, predictors; emergency medical services.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hypertensive pseudocrisis is defined as the accentuated elevation of blood pressure, with no risk of acute target organ deterioration<sup>1,2 </sup>. This condition is referred to as pseudocrisis since it is usually confused with hypertensive crisis, a condition that presents potential risk or evidence of acute target organ lesions or imminent risk of death<sup>3</sup>. Since it is a low risk condition there is no indication for aggressive blood pressure lowering with anti-hypertensive medications and in fact this treatment could cause ischemia due to the abrupt drop in blood pressure<sup>4,5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Even though this appears to be a frequent condition in emergency rooms, medical literature contains no data regarding the prevalence, clinical characteristics of the patients or therapy methods. The first step for the emergency team during triage is to classify the patient based on the seriousness of the condition and necessity for treatment. At this time an inadequate definition could lead to a sequence of equivocal reasoning. For this reason it is important to define from the beginning, whether or not the clinical picture of these individuals is actually related to increased blood pressure levels. Nevertheless, medical literature does not contain any data in regard to predictors for hypertensive pseudocrisis.</p>
      <p>The objectives of this study are: 1) To describe the prevalence of hypertensive pseudocrisis in patients treated in emergency rooms that present diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mmHg; 2) To verify whether or not there is a difference in the prevalence of pseudocrisis between private and public hospitals services; 3) To describe the occurrence of wrong pseudocrisis treatment, comparing the care offered at the private and public hospitals; 4) To identify the clinical characteristics found during triage that offer higher diagnostic probability to identify this clinical condition; 5) And lastly, to compare, by means of prospective follow-up, the survival rates of the groups of patients with hypertensive crisis and pseudocrisis, in order to confirm the more benign character of the pseudocrisis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between February and August 2005, symptomatic patients over the age of 18, admitted to an emergency room with diastolic blood pressure (BP) <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mmHg were included in the study. The study was conducted in two hospitals: Hospital da Cidade (HC &#150; City Hospital) and Hospital Geral do Estado (HGE &#150; General State Hospital), representing private and public institutions, respectively. Medical histories of the patients were taken and they were submitted to a physical examination including fundoscopy (Ophthalmologist). Two blood pressure measurements were taken with a one minute interval and the higher reading was discarded<sup>6</sup>. The readings were taken with a calibrated aneroid device using previously established methods<sup>7</sup>. The researchers did not intervene in the therapeutic treatment which was conducted in accordance with the criteria of the medical teams at each hospital. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Bahiana Foundation for Science Development and the patients included in the study signed a Free and Informed Consent Form.</p>
      <p>Hypertensive pseudocrisis was determined when none of the following conditions were present: hypertensive encephalopathy, ischemic stroke (IS), hemorrhagic stroke (HS), subarachnoid hemorrhage, transient ischemic attack (TIA), malignant hypertension, cranioencephalic trauma, acute aortic dissection, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, acute pulmonary edema, acute glomerulonephritis, vasculitis and severe epistaxis<sup>3</sup>. The presence of one of these conditions determined the diagnosis of hypertensive crisis. These patients were submitted, upon admission, to the following complementary tests: chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, complete blood count, creatinine and urinalysis. Echocardiography and computerized tomography scans were performed on the patients when indicated, based on the suspected diagnosis (aortic dissecting aneurysm, hypertensive encephalopathy, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, transient ischemic attack and cranioencephalic trauma). Wrong treatment was defined when anti-hypertensive medications were administered to the pseudocrisis patient to immediately lower blood pressure.</p>
      <p>Clinical variables were obtained during triage through interviews and physical examinations, for testing as predictors of hypertensive pseudocrisis. To record lethality, patient follow-up was conducted for a minimum timeframe of 3 months. Hospital follow-up was performed by the research team and after discharge the patients were contacted by telephone.</p>
      <p>Prevalence rates were expressed as percentages with a 95% confidence interval and were compared using the chi-square test. Comparison of the clinical characteristics between the pseudocrisis patients and the hypertensive crisis patients was conducted using the chi-square test for categorical variables and the Student&#146;s t-test for continuous variables. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare continuous variables with no irregular distributions ("diastolic BP", that presented a high concentration of 120 mmHg readings, the minimum level required to be included in the study). Significant independent variables in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression model. The Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) curve was used to evaluate continuous variables that were found to be independent predictors during multivariate analysis, which suggested the ideal cut-off point to predict the presence of hypertensive pseudocrisis. Comparison of survival rates for the patients with pseudocrisis and hypertensive crisis was conducted using the Kaplan Meier curve and Log Rank test. Statistical analysis was performed using the computer program SPSS, version 10.0. Statistical significance was pre-established as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One hundred and thirteen patients were selected, of which 3 refused to participate in the study. Therefore, 110 patients were evaluated, age 58 &#177; 15 years, 64% females, 56 patients (51%) in the private hospital and 54 (49%) in the public hospital. The prevalence of pseudocrisis among these patients was 48% (95% CI = 39% - 58%). It was higher in the private hospital when compared to the public hospital (59% <italic>vs</italic> 37%, p = 0.02). Among the patients with the diagnostic criteria for pseudocrisis, 50 (94%) received wrong treatment (anti-hypertensive). This phenomenon was similar for both the private and public hospitals (94% <italic>vs</italic> 95%, p = 0.87, respectively).</p>
      <p>In relation to the predictor variables analyzed, patients with hypertensive pseudocrisis were predominately white (36% <italic>vs</italic> 19%, p &lt; 0.04), presented headaches as the primary complaint (60% <italic>vs</italic> 19%, p &lt; 0.001) and had lower systolic (196 &#177; 23 <italic>vs</italic> 214 &#177; 30 mmHg, p = 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure levels (124 &#177; 6 <italic>vs</italic> 137 &#177; 21 mmHg, p &lt; 0.001), when compared to the patients with hypertensive crisis. The remaining characteristics were similar for the two groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). In relation to prior medical history, pseudocrisis had a lower association with coronary artery disease (0% <italic>vs</italic> 12%, p = 0.008) and heart failure (0% <italic>vs</italic> 8.8%, p = 0.03) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Significant variables from the univariate analysis were evaluated as a group in multivariate logistic regression analysis, where only headaches (OR = 5.4; 95% CI = 5.1 &#150; 13; p &lt; 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (OR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.89 &#150; 0.97; p = 0.002) were found to be significant independent predictors of pseudocrisis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0579-00013-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0579-00013-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0579-00013-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The median diastolic blood pressure was 130 mmHg in the hypertensive crisis group compared to 120 mmHg in the hypertensive pseudocrisis group (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). For the diagnosis of pseudocrisis, diastolic blood pressure levels presented a significant area below the ROC curve (0.71; 95% CI = 0.61 &#150; 0.80) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). In this analysis the most accurate cut-off point was 121 mmHg, obtaining sensitivity of 64% and specificity of 68%. Therefore, patients with diastolic BP below 121 mmHg presented a 65% chance of pseudocrisis compared to 33% of the patients with diastolic BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 121 mmHg (p = 0.001).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0579-00013-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0579-00013-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The follow-up timeframe was similar for the pseudocrisis and hypertensive crisis groups (157 &#177; 39 days <italic>vs</italic> 161 &#177; 49 days; p = 0.65, respectively) and we lost contact with 4 patients (03 with hypertensive crisis). All the pseudocrisis patients are still alive while 12 of the hypertensive crisis patients have died, which is equal to a lethality rate of 21% (p = 0.0004) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). These patients presented higher blood pressure levels (systolic and diastolic BP) in relation to those with pseudocrisis, as well as a higher rate of acute lesions on hypertension target organs. Also in relation to deaths, 8 (66%) were caused by stroke; 2 (17%) hypertensive encephalopathy; 1 acute aortic dissection and 1 acute myocardial infarction. In-hospital deaths accounted for 75% of the total and the others occurred after hospital discharge. Nine (75%) of the 12 deaths occurred in the public hospital.</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0579-00013-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study demonstrates a high prevalence of hypertensive pseudocrisis in patients admitted to emergency rooms with symptoms attributed to increased blood pressure levels, which was more evident in the private hospital than the public hospital. In both scenarios, most of the pseudocrisis patients received wrong anti-hypertensive treatment, given as if they had a real hypertensive crisis. Among the various clinical characteristics evaluated during triage, headaches and diastolic BP levels were identified as independent predictors for hypertensive pseudocrisis. Lastly, confirming the benign character of this clinical condition, there were no deaths during the follow-up of these patients, whereas individuals with hypertensive crisis presented high lethality during the average 5 month follow-up timeframe.</p>
      <p>There is very little medical literature data on hypertensive pseudocrisis and this is the first Brazilian study to describe in detail the frequency of this condition in distinct emergency rooms. In addition, our description also covers the interpretation and treatment of this common clinical condition by the on-duty emergency room doctor. The necessity to eliminate this condition has been indicated in reports on hypertensive crisis<sup>2,3,8</sup>. It is possible that the high occurrence of hypertensive pseudocrisis is due to the fact that the population attributes unspecific symptoms to increased blood pressure levels when more often than not the blood pressure elevation is a consequence of these symptoms. The higher prevalence in the private hospital could be due to the fact that these patients have ready access to medical care. Therefore, these patients seek treatment for less intense and unspecified symptoms whereas public hospital patients with similar symptoms will delay treatment due to the difficulty to obtain emergency room treatment.</p>
      <p>Almost all of the pseudocrisis patients were treated as if they had had a real crisis. In agreement with our data, Gus and associates<sup>9</sup> demonstrated that high BP, even in cardiology emergency services, was treated in 76.3% of the cases, whereas only 7.5% of the patients were classified as having hypertensive urgency or emergency. In our study, the frequency of wrong treatment for hypertensive pseudocrisis was elevated and similar in the private and public hospitals. In addition to being original, this finding reflects the similar behavior among the doctors of both hospitals and suggests that widespread action for continuous education is needed in order to minimize the potential negative consequences of inadequate treatment. Cases have been reported of cerebral infarction<sup>5,10</sup> and myocardial infarction<sup>11</sup> with the use of nifedipine, myocardial ischemia with the use of diazoxide<sup>12</sup> and cerebral infarction with the use of clonidine.<sup>13</sup> All of these complications occurred after an acute drop in BP. These data indicate that an abrupt and inadequate drop in BP could transform a pseudocrisis into a real crisis, as a result of an ischemic event in a critical organ. Therefore, the isolated increase of BP, without a clinical picture of hypertensive urgency or emergency, rarely requires specific treatment<sup>14,15</sup>. On the other hand, considering the favorable evolution of the pseudocrisis patients in our study, events as a result of anti-hypertensive measures appear to be rare. </p>
      <p>The high prevalence of hypertensive pseudocrisis and the elevated rate of inadequate treatment found in this study indicate the necessity for better knowledge of this condition in clinical practice. In order to improve this knowledge base, we researched characteristics that identify these patients during triage. Headaches, as the primary complaint, were independently associated with hypertensive pseudocrisis. In this regard, Nobre and associates<sup>16</sup> found that 88% of the patients who complained of a headache were wrongly diagnosed with hypertensive crisis, and Lima and associates<sup>17</sup> obtained better results using analgesics in comparison to anti-hypertensive medications for the clinical picture of "hypertension and headache" in the emergency room. Other publications have been trying to disassociate the headache as a secondary effect of the elevation in BP<sup>18,19</sup>. This could reflect the end of a myth: the headache as a consequence of the elevation in blood pressure. On the other hand, in a significant portion of patients this symptom appears to be the cause of the elevated BP, offering a new focus on initial treatment for hypertensive patients with this complaint that seek urgent care. In relation to blood pressure levels, we observed that the lower the diastolic BP is, the higher the chance of a pseudocrisis, which was an independent predictor in multivariate analysis. In accordance with these data, Varon and associates<sup>20</sup> indicated that target organ dysfunction, with some exceptions, is unusual with diastolic BP levels below 130 mmHg. Martin and associates<sup>8</sup> found higher diastolic BP level in patients with hypertensive emergency when compared to those with hypertensive urgency. Therefore, our study suggests that an observation during triage of a headache as the primary complaint and lower levels of diastolic BP, increases the probability that it is a pseudocrisis rather than a hypertensive crisis.</p>
      <p>To confirm the benign character of the pseudocrisis in comparison to a real crisis, we conducted a 5 month follow-up on the patients with both clinical conditions. All the deaths occurred in the group of patients with hypertensive crisis. Most of the deaths were a result of neurological complications, which agrees with the findings of studies on hypertensive emergency complications<sup>8</sup>. On the other hand, data in literature<sup>2-4</sup> and practical results from studies on the use of pharmaceuticals to treat elevated BP symptoms in the emergency room<sup>17</sup>, indicate these medications as the therapy of choice for hypertensive pseudocrisis situations. Therefore, patients with this clinical condition should be assessed with utmost caution before anti-hypertensive therapy is administered; the initial symptoms (emotion, pain, discomfort, epistaxis, etc) should be treated and controlled, since they should be considered as the cause and not the consequence of the elevated blood pressure levels, particularly when there is no risk of acute target organ lesions.</p>
      <p>Considerations regarding the limitations of our study should be noted: 1) Our findings are only applicable for patients with diastolic BP equal to or higher than 120 mmHg, a fact that underestimates the prevalence of pseudocrisis in emergency rooms. Nevertheless, we chose this cut-off point, since most diagnostic confusion between pseudocrisis and hypertensive crisis occurs in this blood pressure range; 2) Even though our sample was not realistic, the patients were included consecutively to eliminate intentional selection; 3) Aneroid BP measuring devices were used that are not as precise as the validated digital devices. Nevertheless, special attention was given to the calibration of the devices and the blood pressure measurement methods<sup>7</sup>; 4) The favorable character of the pseudocrisis was probably overestimated, since we did not research minor or immediate adverse effects of the anti-hypertensive therapy on these patients (discomfort, vertigo, orthostatic hypotension, etc) and only evaluated the "lethality" outcome. </p>
      <p>The present study is the first to describe the prevalence of hypertensive pseudocrisis in Brazil, address the clinical aspects that predict this condition, confirm the occurrence of wrong treatment and determine its prognosis. We believe that a more extensive practical knowledge of pseudocrisis - a prevalent clinical condition - will aid doctors in general and lead to adequate treatments that avoid the risk of iatrogenesis, unnecessary costs, stress factors and unwarranted prolonged stays in emergency rooms for the patients.</p>
      <p>We conclude that there is a high prevalence of hypertensive pseudocrisis in emergency care in addition to having identified symptoms of headaches and diastolic blood pressure as independent predictors of this clinical condition. Also, its prevalence was higher in the private hospital than the public hospital and the wrong treatment was similar in both hospitals. Lastly we conclude that pseudocrisis is a clinical condition that has a good prognosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Silvestre Sobrinho</p>
          <p> Rua Magno Valente, 110/801 &#150; Pituba </p>
          <p> 41810-620 &#150; Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ssnb.ba@terra.com.br">ssnb.ba@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received August 6, 2006; revised manuscript received December 2, 2006; accepted January 17, 2007.</p>
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  </sub-article>
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