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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zdycpFgHyM43vLRKfXvV53d</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800511</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial e press&#227;o casual em hiper-reatores ao esfor&#231;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Brand&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Ademir Batista da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Rosiane F&#225;tima Silveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Silva Nogueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Delma Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Cl&#225;udio Lucas da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Romeu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Teres&#243;polis </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>565</fpage>
      <lpage>572</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial sustentada &#233;, pelo menos, duas vezes maior em indiv&#237;duos hiper-reatores ao esfor&#231;o. Poucos trabalhos t&#234;m avaliado os par&#226;metros da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas (MAPA) nesses indiv&#237;duos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) casual com a resposta hiper-reativa ao esfor&#231;o (RHR) e comparar os padr&#245;es da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) de indiv&#237;duos hiper-reatores ao esfor&#231;o a um grupo controle, visando detectar altera&#231;&#245;es precoces que permitam uma atua&#231;&#227;o preventiva com implica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica. M&#201;TODOS: A PA casual e os dados da MAPA de 26 indiv&#237;duos adultos, com idade m&#233;dia de 41,50&#177;11,78 anos, normotensos em repouso, hiper-reatores ao teste ergom&#233;trico (TE), foram comparados aos de 16 adultos, com m&#233;dia de idade de 41,38&#177;11,55 anos, tamb&#233;m normotensos em repouso, com resposta normal de PA ao esfor&#231;o. Como normotens&#227;o foram considerados valores de PA &lt;140x90mmHg. Para o diagn&#243;stico de hiper-reatividade foram aceitos valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &gt;220mmHg e/ou incremento &gt;15mmHg de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) no TE, partindo-se de n&#237;veis de PA normais. RESULTADOS: A PAS (p=0,03) e PAD (p=0,002) casuais, a m&#233;dia da PAS (p=0,050) e as cargas press&#243;ricas sist&#243;licas na vig&#237;lia (p=0,011) e nas 24 horas (p=0,017) &#224; MAPA foram significativamente superiores nos hiper-reatores. CONCLUS&#195;O: A PA casual se correlacionou positivamente com a RHR. Os hiper-reatores apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas peculiares na PA casual e MAPA, que, embora dentro da normalidade, se diferenciaram das observadas nos normorreatores.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>teste de esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o reativa</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial e press&#227;o casual em hiper-reatores ao esfor&#231;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Lucia Brand&#227;o de Oliveira; Ademir Batista da Cunha; Wolney de Andrade Martins; Rosiane F&#225;tima Silveira de Abreu; Luciana Silva Nogueira de Barros; Delma Maria Cunha; Antonio Cl&#225;udio Lucas da N&#243;brega; Luiz Romeu Martins Filho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Centro Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os - UNIFESO - Faculdade de Medicina de Teres&#243;polis - FMT - Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>O desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial sustentada &#233;, pelo menos, duas vezes maior em indiv&#237;duos hiper-reatores ao esfor&#231;o. Poucos trabalhos t&#234;m avaliado os par&#226;metros da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas (MAPA) nesses indiv&#237;duos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) casual com a resposta hiper-reativa ao esfor&#231;o (RHR) e comparar os padr&#245;es da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) de indiv&#237;duos hiper-reatores ao esfor&#231;o a um grupo controle, visando detectar altera&#231;&#245;es precoces que permitam uma atua&#231;&#227;o preventiva com implica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>A PA casual e os dados da MAPA de 26 indiv&#237;duos adultos, com idade m&#233;dia de 41,50&#177;11,78 anos, normotensos em repouso, hiper-reatores ao teste ergom&#233;trico (TE), foram comparados aos de 16 adultos, com m&#233;dia de idade de 41,38&#177;11,55 anos, tamb&#233;m normotensos em repouso, com resposta normal de PA ao esfor&#231;o. Como normotens&#227;o foram considerados valores de PA &lt;140x90mmHg. Para o diagn&#243;stico de hiper-reatividade foram aceitos valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &gt;220mmHg e/ou incremento <underline>&gt;</underline>15mmHg de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) no TE, partindo-se de n&#237;veis de PA normais. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A PAS (p=0,03) e PAD (p=0,002) casuais, a m&#233;dia da PAS (p=0,050) e as cargas press&#243;ricas sist&#243;licas na vig&#237;lia (p=0,011) e nas 24 horas (p=0,017) &#224; MAPA foram significativamente superiores nos hiper-reatores. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A PA casual se correlacionou positivamente com a RHR. Os hiper-reatores apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas peculiares na PA casual e MAPA, que, embora dentro da normalidade, se diferenciaram das observadas nos normorreatores.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial, teste de esfor&#231;o, hipertens&#227;o reativa, hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Existe uma positiva e cont&#237;nua correla&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) com o risco cardiovascular e com a mortalidade<sup>1</sup>. A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), apesar de altamente prevalente, ainda &#233; pouco diagnosticada mesmo em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. </p>
    <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, o diagn&#243;stico da HAS &#233; feito por m&#233;todo indireto e com t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria. A presen&#231;a do observador e a t&#233;cnica utilizada podem influenciar os resultados da aferi&#231;&#227;o<sup>2</sup>. Os valores obtidos em consult&#243;rio costumam ser superiores aos do ambiente domiciliar e n&#227;o expressam as oscila&#231;&#245;es da PA nas 24 horas<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) identifica precocemente os indiv&#237;duos com resposta exagerada da PA ao esfor&#231;o. A resposta hiper-reativa (RHR) da PA ao esfor&#231;o constitui uma eleva&#231;&#227;o exacerbada da PA sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica ao exerc&#237;cio em indiv&#237;duos com PA normal ao repouso<sup>3</sup>. Compreende uma caracter&#237;stica fisiopatol&#243;gica do est&#225;gio pr&#233;-cl&#237;nico da HAS estabelecida, sendo mais comum em indiv&#237;duos com PA normal alta<sup>4</sup>. Relaciona-se com uma chance, pelo menos duas vezes maior, de desenvolvimento de HAS mantida futura, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos normotensos n&#227;o hiper-reatores ao esfor&#231;o<sup>3</sup>. A PA ao esfor&#231;o apresenta correla&#231;&#227;o com os eventos cardiovasculares e a mortalidade<sup>5</sup>. A RHR tem sido correlacionada com les&#227;o de org&#227;os-alvo<sup>6</sup>. O condicionamento f&#237;sico e o controle dos fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular podem influenciar o desenvolvimento de HAS sustentada e dessas complica&#231;&#245;es nesses indiv&#237;duos.</p>
    <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) exclui a influ&#234;ncia do observador e avalia o comportamento da PA durante o sono e nos per&#237;odos de estresse tanto f&#237;sico como mental, quando esses indiv&#237;duos elevam exageradamente a PA. Essas peculiaridades conferem &#224; MAPA uma rela&#231;&#227;o mais pr&#243;xima com as les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo que as medidas casuais<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este foi um estudo prospectivo, que teve por objetivo avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o da PA casual com a RHR ao esfor&#231;o e comparar os padr&#245;es da MAPA de indiv&#237;duos normotensos em repouso, com e sem RHR ao esfor&#231;o, na tentativa de detectar altera&#231;&#245;es precoces em poss&#237;veis hipertensos futuros que permitam atua&#231;&#227;o preventiva com implica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi realizado em servi&#231;os particulares da cidade de Teres&#243;polis, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os volunt&#225;rios inclu&#237;dos no estudo foram atendidos nesses servi&#231;os ou encaminhados por m&#233;dicos colaboradores do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de. Todos os volunt&#225;rios do estudo assinaram Termo de Consentimento P&#243;s-Informa&#231;&#227;o aprovado em 21 de novembro de 2001 pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Curso de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia da Universidade Federal Fluminense e pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense/Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro sob o n&#186; 87/01.</p>
    <p>Dos 44 indiv&#237;duos encaminhados para o estudo foram selecionados 42, de acordo com crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o descritos a seguir: </p>
    <p>&#150; Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: idade entre 18 e 65 anos, diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de "normotens&#227;o" em repouso, diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial reativa ao TE para o grupo de estudo e aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial reativa ao TE para o grupo controle.</p>
    <p>&#150; Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ou sist&#234;micas, uso de medicamentos com a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular ou neurol&#243;gica, diabetes melito, gesta&#231;&#227;o, tabagismo, etilismo e cardiopatia estrutural identificada &#224; ecocardiografia, exceto a hipertensiva.</p>
    <p>Os 42 indiv&#237;duos selecionados para o estudo eram brancos, com idade entre 18 e 63 anos, e foram divididos em dois grupos, com base na aferi&#231;&#227;o casual da PA e da resposta da PA ao TE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01">quadro 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="qdr01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0565-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Para constituir o grupo de estudo, denominado hiper-reator (HR), foram selecionados 26 indiv&#237;duos normotensos em repouso, com hiper-reatividade sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica ao TE. O grupo controle, denominado normorreator (NR), foi formado por 16 indiv&#237;duos normotensos em repouso, com resposta normal da PA ao esfor&#231;o. </p>
    <p>A aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA no consult&#243;rio foi realizada com o indiv&#237;duo sentado, utilizando-se esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio devidamente calibrado e manguito adequado. A PA foi aferida nos dois membros superiores, considerando-se o maior valor obtido. Foram obtidas tr&#234;s ou mais medidas em pelo menos duas visitas distintas ao consult&#243;rio, respeitando-se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es consensuais. As m&#233;dias obtidas nas duas ou mais ocasi&#245;es constitu&#237;ram a PA sist&#243;lica e a PA diast&#243;lica de consult&#243;rio. Como normotens&#227;o foram aceitos valores de PA inferiores a 140 x 90 mmHg, respeitando os crit&#233;rios do III Consenso Brasileiro de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de hiper-reatividade ao esfor&#231;o foi firmado por meio do TE realizado em esteira de acordo com as II Diretrizes sobre Teste Ergom&#233;trico<sup>1</sup>. Os crit&#233;rios utilizados foram press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) maior que 220 mmHg e/ou incremento igual ou maior a 15 mmHg de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), partindo-se de n&#237;veis de PA basais normais. Foram considerados normorreatores (NRs) os indiv&#237;duos que atingiram PAS e PAD inferiores a esses valores durante o TE, tamb&#233;m partindo de valores de PA basais normais. </p>
    <p>O estudo teve in&#237;cio em fevereiro de 2002 e foi conclu&#237;do em novembro de 2003. Todos os volunt&#225;rios foram submetidos a anamnese e exame f&#237;sico minucioso e realizaram eletrocardiografia de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, ecocardiografia, TE e MAPA. Os dados obtidos foram anotados na ficha de coleta de dados e armazenados em planilhas Excel Microsoft<sup>&#174;</sup> para avalia&#231;&#227;o posterior. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o cumprimento do protocolo por todos os volunt&#225;rios, os grupos foram comparados estatisticamente quanto aos dados antropom&#233;tricos, aos antecedentes familiares de hipertens&#227;o arterial e aos par&#226;metros da ecocardiografia, do TE e da MAPA. </p>
    <p>A anamnese foi direcionada de modo a identificar fatores de risco cardiovascular, les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, poss&#237;veis doen&#231;as coexistentes, antecedentes familiares de primeiro grau com hipertens&#227;o arterial e uso de f&#225;rmacos. </p>
    <p>Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados em aparelho LOGIC 500 GE ou ESAOTE AU3. Foram medidos os di&#226;metros do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), o tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e da aorta (AO), al&#233;m das espessuras do septo interventricular (SIVD) e da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em di&#225;stole (PPVED). Os c&#225;lculos das medidas do VE foram baseados na f&#243;rmula de Teichholz. A massa ventricular foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula modificada da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia e o &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda (IMVE) teve como valor de corte 125 g/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O TE foi realizado em esteira ECAFIX&#150;EG 700 em 37 indiv&#237;duos, enquanto quatro realizaram o teste em esteira INBRAMED modelo KT 2000 e um em esteira APEX 200. Todos os volunt&#225;rios foram submetidos ao protocolo de Bruce, com exce&#231;&#227;o de um participante que cumpriu o protocolo de Ellestad. Os par&#226;metros avaliados no per&#237;odo imediatamente anterior ao TE, durante o esfor&#231;o e aos dois, quatro e seis minutos da recupera&#231;&#227;o foram a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), a PAS, a PAD, a press&#227;o de pulso (PP) e o duplo produto (DUP). </p>
    <p>A MAPA, realizada em equipamento da Cardio Systems, programa DYNAMAPA, com manguito adequado ao bra&#231;o do indiv&#237;duo, seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es consensuais<sup>7</sup>. O intervalo m&#233;dio entre a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TE e a MAPA foi de 67 dias. Todos os indiv&#237;duos realizaram a MAPA em dia habitual de atividades. O protocolo utilizado foi o mesmo para todos os participantes e incluiu aferi&#231;&#245;es a cada 15 minutos no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia e a cada 20 minutos no per&#237;odo de sono. Foram analisadas as cargas press&#243;ricas e as m&#233;dias da PA e dos descensos sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico durante o sono. Os valores considerados normais para a MAPA foram os seguintes: </p>
    <p>&#150; PA na vig&#237;lia inferior a 135 x 85 mmHg;</p>
    <p>&#150; PA no sono inferior a 120 x 75 mmHg;</p>
    <p>&#150; cargas press&#243;ricas inferiores a 30%;</p>
    <p>&#150; m&#233;dia da PAS nas 24 horas inferior a 130 mmHg;</p>
    <p>&#150; m&#233;dia da PAD nas 24 horas inferior a 80 mmHg;</p>
    <p>&#150; descensos sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico durante o sono entre 10% e 20%.</p>
    <p>Todas as MAPAs foram submetidas &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de dois observadores distintos. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelo teste param&#233;trico <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras independentes, na compara&#231;&#227;o de dados quantitativos entre os grupos HR e NR, ou pelo teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney, quando a vari&#225;vel n&#227;o apresentava distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana. Quando as vari&#226;ncias entre os dois grupos, avaliadas pelo teste de Bartlett, n&#227;o eram semelhantes, foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras n&#227;o-homog&#234;neas. Para comparar propor&#231;&#245;es de dados qualitativos, foi utilizado o teste do qui quadrado (c<sup>2</sup>) ou o teste exato de Fischer, na impossibilidade da utiliza&#231;&#227;o daquele. </p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi o n&#237;vel de 5%. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi processada pelo <italic>software</italic> estat&#237;stico SAS<sup>&#174;</sup> System. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas - </italic>Os grupos HR e NR foram compar&#225;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas com m&#233;dias respectivas de idade de 41,50 &#177; 11,78 anos e 41,38 &#177; 11,55 anos (p = 0,97), peso de 76,16 &#177; 15,55 kg e 68,69 &#177; 12,49 kg (p = 0,11), altura de 1,68 &#177; 0,10 m e 1,66 &#177; 0,11 m (p = 0,54), e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) de 26,80 &#177; 3,81 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e 24,94 &#177; 4,05 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (p = 0,14) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0565-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Antecedentes familiares de hipertens&#227;o arterial - </italic>Os grupos n&#227;o diferiram significativamente quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de antecedentes familiares de hipertens&#227;o arterial (HR = 73,08% e NR = 53,33%; p = 0,19). </p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas de consult&#243;rio - </italic>Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas basais, as m&#233;dias da PAS (120,68 &#177; 10,70 mmHg) e da PAD (80,44 &#177; 5,58 mmHg) no consult&#243;rio foram significativamente mais elevadas no grupo HR comparativamente ao grupo NR, que apresentou m&#233;dias de PAS de 113,52 &#177; 9,54 mmHg e de PAD de 74,63 &#177; 6,06 mmHg (p = 0,03 e 0,002, respectivamente). A PP (HR = 40,24 &#177; 7,80 mmHg e NR = 38,90 &#177; 6,99 mmHg) e a FC (HR = 77,27 &#177; 11,00 mmHg e NR = 74,75 &#177; 9,77 mmHg) foram semelhantes entre os grupos (p = 0,57 e 0,45, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0565-00011-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis da ecocardiografia - </italic>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis da ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica, os grupos HR e NR foram compar&#225;veis, com exce&#231;&#227;o do valor absoluto do di&#226;metro da AO (3,12 &#177; 0,34 cm e 2,92 &#177; 0,24 cm, respectivamente), que, apesar de dentro dos par&#226;metros da normalidade, se mostrou significativamente superior no grupo HR (p = 0,044), e do tamanho do AE (3,38 &#177; 0,30 cm e 3,19 &#177; 0,42 cm, respectivamente), que tamb&#233;m foi maior nesse grupo, embora sem obter signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,08). Quando corrigidos para a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal, os valores da AO (HR = 1,69 &#177; 0,16 cm/m<sup>2</sup> e NR = 1,67 &#177; 0,17 cm/m<sup>2</sup>) e do AE (HR = 1,84 &#177; 0,19 cm/m<sup>2</sup> e NR = 1,82 &#177; 0,22 cm/m<sup>2</sup>) n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos (p = 0,73 e 0,79, respectivamente). Os grupos tinham massa (HR = 134,39 &#177; 37,42 g e NR = 128,56 &#177; 30,71 g) e IMVE (HR = 71,78 &#177; 14,88 g/m<sup>2</sup> e NR = 73,02 &#177; 16,10 g/m<sup>2</sup>) semelhantes e n&#227;o houve sinais de remodelamento ou hipertrofia ventricular em nenhum participante deste estudo. </p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis do teste ergom&#233;trico - </italic>Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis pr&#233;-TE nos grupos HR e NR, a PAS (122,92 &#177; 11,79 mmHg e 119,13 &#177; 8,58 mmHg), a PAD (76,69 &#177; 6,79 mmHg e 77,38 &#177; 6,80 mmHg), a FC (83,19 &#177; 13,96 bpm e 79,19 &#177; 8,46 bpm) e o DUP (duplo produto) (10.172 &#177; 1.663 e 9.422 &#177; 1.121 mmHg.bpm) foram compar&#225;veis (p = 0,27, p = 0,75, p = 0,25 e p = 0,11, respectivamente), enquanto a PP foi significativamente superior no grupo HR (46,23 &#177; 7,88 mmHg e 41,75 &#177; 4,12 mmHg; p = 0,02). </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo intra-esfor&#231;o, a quantidade de METS (HR = 11,06 &#177; 3,28 e NR = 11,01 &#177; 2,35) alcan&#231;ada foi semelhante (p = 0,95), indicando que ambos os grupos foram submetidos ao mesmo n&#237;vel de esfor&#231;o. O DUP (HR = 32.431 &#177; 5.208 mmHg.bpm e NR = 25.999 &#177; 4.427 mmHg.bpm; p = 0,0002), a PAS (HR =193,08 &#177; 27,68 mmHg e NR = 153,00 &#177; 18,33 mmHg; p &lt; 0,0001), a PAD (HR = 103,77 &#177; 11,92 mmHg e NR = 85,75 &#177; 7,00 mmHg; p = 0,0001) e a PP (HR = 90,08 &#177; 20,12 mmHg e NR = 67,25 &#177; 17,07 mmHg; p = 0,0005) obtidos no pico do esfor&#231;o foram significativamente superiores no grupo HR, assim como em todo o per&#237;odo da recupera&#231;&#227;o (maior p = 0,002). A FC (HR = 113,74 &#177; 12,10 bpm e NR = 109,80 &#177; 9,56 bpm) n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos (p = 0,29) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>) </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0565-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0565-00011-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis da MAPA que se mostraram significativamente superiores no grupo HR foram a m&#233;dia da PAS (HR = 116,92 &#177; 7,64 mmHg e NR = 112,44 &#177; 5,75 mmHg; p = 0,050) e as cargas press&#243;ricas sist&#243;licas (CPSs) na vig&#237;lia (HR = 14&#146;,58 &#177; 13,22% e NR = 4,44 &#177; 5,77%; p = 0,011) e nas 24 horas (HR = 12,46 &#177; 12,11% e NR = 3,88 &#177; 4,16%; p = 0,017). As cargas press&#243;ricas diast&#243;licas (CPDs) no sono (HR = 11,54 &#177; 15,87% e NR = 4,25 &#177; 7,13%; p = 0,077)) e nas 24 horas (HR = 21,96 &#177; 18,54% e NR = 11,63 &#177; 12,73%; p = 0,061) do grupo HR tamb&#233;m superaram as do NR, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,061 e 0,077, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabs. 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">4</xref>) </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0565-00011-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0565-00011-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A RHR, uma caracter&#237;stica fisiopatol&#243;gica do est&#225;gio pr&#233;-cl&#237;nico da HAS, tem sido relacionada com o desenvolvimento de les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo e com uma maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS sustentada futura<sup>3-6</sup>. O tratamento farmacol&#243;gico coadjuvante nos indiv&#237;duos HRs n&#227;o &#233; consensual<sup>8</sup>, mas o condicionamento f&#237;sico e o controle dos fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular podem influenciar o desenvolvimento de HAS e dessas complica&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>A MAPA permite avaliar a PA durante o repouso e nos per&#237;odos de estresse f&#237;sico e mental, quando os indiv&#237;duos HRs geralmente demonstram a hiper-reatividade. Apresenta rela&#231;&#227;o mais pr&#243;xima com as les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo que as medidas casuais<sup>9</sup> e pode auxiliar na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica desses indiv&#237;duos. </p>
    <p>Apesar da semelhan&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas, no grupo HR havia mais indiv&#237;duos com IMC acima dos valores de refer&#234;ncia (HR = 19,23% obesos e 57,69% com sobrepeso e NR = 12,5% obesos e 25% com sobrepeso). Vale aqui ressaltar que n&#227;o foi objetivo do estudo o controle do peso corporal nessa amostra. O resultado obtido foi previs&#237;vel, tendo em vista a rela&#231;&#227;o direta observada entre a eleva&#231;&#227;o do IMC e o aumento da PA, a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, o diabetes melito, a dislipidemia, a massa ventricular esquerda e a morbidade e a mortalidade<sup>10</sup>. Hoje est&#225; bem claro que o controle dos fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular pode modificar a hist&#243;ria natural de indiv&#237;duos hipertensos ou potencialmente hipertensos. O investimento no controle do peso dos indiv&#237;duos HRs &#233; fundamental, j&#225; que constitui uma das medidas mais eficazes e de maior impacto na redu&#231;&#227;o dessas complica&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de antecedentes familiares de hipertens&#227;o arterial, apesar de mais freq&#252;ente no grupo HR, n&#227;o se observou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quanto a esse par&#226;metro. Esse achado poderia ser explicado pela coleta dos dados por meio de entrevista diretamente com o sujeito da pesquisa e n&#227;o por avalia&#231;&#227;o direta dos familiares. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram evidenciadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. O exame fundosc&#243;pico mostrou-se dentro da normalidade, exceto em uma portadora de hipotireoidismo com importante RHR ao esfor&#231;o, em que foram evidenciados alguns cruzamentos arteriovenosos, achados comuns &#224; HAS e &#224; aterosclerose. A presen&#231;a de les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo em indiv&#237;duos HRs &#233; controversa na literatura<sup>11-13</sup>. </p>
    <p>A PAS constitui importante marcador de risco de morbidade e de mortalidade cardiovasculares. Sua redu&#231;&#227;o em 12 mmHg a 13 mmHg minimizou o risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em 21%, de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico em 37%, de doen&#231;a renal terminal em 13%, e de mortalidade cardiovascular total em 25%, ap&#243;s quatro anos de seguimento, em estudo observacional<sup>14</sup>. As m&#233;dias da PAS e da PAD, neste estudo, foram significativamente superiores no grupo HR, embora dentro dos valores referenciais. Esses achados corroboram os de alguns autores que observaram PA casual mais elevada nesses indiv&#237;duos, n&#227;o influenciada por sexo ou ra&#231;a, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos NRs, mesmo ap&#243;s cinco anos de seguimento<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia evidenciou valor absoluto do di&#226;metro da aorta significativamente superior no grupo HR. O tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo tamb&#233;m foi maior nesse grupo, embora sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Esses resultados tornaram poss&#237;vel levantar a hip&#243;tese da rela&#231;&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e do &#225;trio esquerdo com a hiper-reatividade da PA. O ajuste desses valores para a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal, no entanto, mostrou que os grupos eram compar&#225;veis. A geometria ventricular e os &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o tanto sist&#243;lica como diast&#243;lica estiveram dentro dos par&#226;metros referenciais e n&#227;o houve sinais de remodelamento ou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) em nenhum participante do estudo. Esses resultados refor&#231;am os de Cardillo e cols.<sup>16</sup> e de Herkenhoff e cols.<sup>17</sup>, que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o evidenciaram altera&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas ou funcionais do VE nesses indiv&#237;duos, na aus&#234;ncia de aumento expressivo da PA &#224; MAPA. Outros autores, entretanto, observaram significativa e independente rela&#231;&#227;o entre a massa ventricular esquerda e a PA m&#225;xima ao esfor&#231;o<sup>11</sup>. Tais controv&#233;rsias observadas nas correla&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas com a RHR ao esfor&#231;o<sup>11-13</sup> podem estar relacionadas &#224; subjetividade do m&#233;todo, aos valores de corte utilizados para definir HAS e RHR ao esfor&#231;o, ao tamanho e &#224; variabilidade das amostras, al&#233;m de algumas co-vari&#225;veis como a idade, a massa corporal e a PA de repouso. </p>
    <p>Na fase pr&#233;-esfor&#231;o do TE, a PAS, a PAD, o DUP e a FC foram semelhantes entre os grupos, enquanto a PP foi significativamente mais elevada no grupo HR. Esse resultado adquire import&#226;ncia na medida em que a PP em todas as fases do TE mostra-se importante determinante da massa ventricular esquerda<sup>18</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, no estudo de Framingham<sup>19</sup>, o alargamento da PP superou a PAS e a PAD em predizer doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. </p>
    <p>A PA na fase antecipat&#243;ria do TE tem sido relacionada direta e positivamente com a PA no pico do esfor&#231;o<sup>18</sup> e com maior probabilidade de HAS sustentada futura<sup>4</sup>. Em conson&#226;ncia com esses dados, todos os indiv&#237;duos com PA normal lim&#237;trofe, neste estudo, desenvolveram RHR ao esfor&#231;o. </p>
    <p>A PA durante o esfor&#231;o supera a medida casual na identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos potencialmente hipertensos<sup>5,20</sup> e est&#225; mais correlacionada com a morbidade e a mortalidade cardiovasculares<sup>5,20</sup>. Neste estudo, os valores de PAS, PAD, DUP e PP no pico do esfor&#231;o foram significativamente superiores no grupo HR. Esses achados j&#225; eram esperados, tendo em vista a estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos grupos a partir dos valores de PA alcan&#231;ados nessa fase, e demonstram comportamento distinto e peculiar desses indiv&#237;duos durante o esfor&#231;o, que tem sido relacionado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica<sup>4</sup>. A FC no pico do esfor&#231;o n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos, em concord&#226;ncia com os achados de Bendersky e cols.<sup>21</sup></p>
    <p>Os HRs sustentaram valores de PAS, PAD, PP e DUP superiores aos NRs durante toda a fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o, sem diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FC. Esses resultados corroboram achados da literatura de que os HRs apresentam vasodilata&#231;&#227;o prejudicada ao exerc&#237;cio, decorrente de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<sup>4</sup>, que pode se estender ao per&#237;odo da recupera&#231;&#227;o e se manifestar nos est&#225;gios precoces da HAS. Em indiv&#237;duos normotensos, o retardo na recupera&#231;&#227;o da PA logo ap&#243;s o TE prediz HAS<sup>4</sup>, enquanto o retorno lento da FC no primeiro minuto p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o constitui preditor independente de &#243;bito<sup>22</sup>. As eleva&#231;&#245;es da PAS no terceiro minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o<sup>13</sup> e da PAS e da PAD ap&#243;s o quarto minuto desse per&#237;odo<sup>20</sup> se relacionam a maior risco de HAS. A PAS aos tr&#234;s minutos da recupera&#231;&#227;o superior &#224; PA do pico tamb&#233;m tem se mostrado importante preditor de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>3</sup>. Avaliando-se conjuntamente esses achados, percebe-se a import&#226;ncia fundamental do TE na identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com maior chance de desenvolver HAS e complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares pela demonstra&#231;&#227;o de respostas diferenciadas e mais persistentes nos HRs possivelmente tamb&#233;m observadas nos momentos de estresse f&#237;sico e mental.</p>
    <p>Considerando-se os par&#226;metros utilizados como refer&#234;ncia na atualidade, a MAPA n&#227;o foi capaz de distribuir os grupos em estratos dentro e fora desses limites, mas identificou caracter&#237;sticas diferenciadas nos HRs. A m&#233;dia da PAS bem como a CPS na vig&#237;lia e nas 24 horas foram significativamente superiores no grupo HR, embora dentro de valores referenciais, confirmando os achados de Nazar e cols.<sup>23</sup>, que observaram rela&#231;&#227;o da PAS ao exerc&#237;cio com a m&#233;dia de 24 horas e a PAS na vig&#237;lia. Esses resultados refor&#231;am a hip&#243;tese de hiperatividade simp&#225;tica nos HRs<sup>4</sup>, corroborada pela eleva&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros diurnos e pela normalidade desses no sono. Lima e cols.<sup>24</sup> observaram valores de PA no per&#237;odo da vig&#237;lia, no sono e nas 24 horas, bem como PA m&#233;dia de 24 horas, significativamente superiores nos HRs. No estudo de Marsaro e cols.<sup>25</sup>, os indiv&#237;duos NRs e HRs apresentaram m&#233;dias similares de PA em duas monitoriza&#231;&#245;es subseq&#252;entes, enquanto as cifras sist&#243;licas durante o sono e a CPS de 24 horas foram significativamente mais elevadas no grupo HR. Verdecchia e cols. relacionaram o risco cardiovascular diretamente com a PAS, a PAD e a PP &#224; MAPA<sup>26</sup> e com a diferen&#231;a entre a PA &#224; MAPA e a PA casual<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de descenso press&#243;rico durante o sono tem sido atribu&#237;da &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o nervosa auton&#244;mica e relacionada com o risco cardiovascular<sup>27</sup> e com as les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, especialmente com a massa ventricular esquerda<sup>9</sup>, a doen&#231;a cerebrovascular silenciosa<sup>28</sup> e a microalbumin&#250;ria<sup>29</sup>. Neste trabalho n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao descenso da PA.</p>
    <p>Os participantes deste estudo, embora encaminhados aleatoriamente por profissionais de outros servi&#231;os, coincidentemente foram todos brancos e sem evid&#234;ncias de outras doen&#231;as concomitantes, o que limita a extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para outros grupos raciais e para pacientes com outras co-morbidades associadas. </p>
    <p>A MAPA supera a PA casual no controle de indiv&#237;duos com HAS e chega a influenciar o tratamento em at&#233; 30% a 40% dos casos, demonstrando o potencial impacto econ&#244;mico que esse m&#233;todo pode ter no tratamento da HAS<sup>30</sup>. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o mais ampla desse exame na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; recente. Por ser um m&#233;todo relativamente novo, nem todos os crit&#233;rios de normalidade est&#227;o bem estabelecidos. O desvio padr&#227;o das m&#233;dias de PA, utilizado para avaliar a variabilidade da PA na MAPA, por exemplo, &#233; considerado inapropriado e ainda n&#227;o existem crit&#233;rios para sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o, apesar das evid&#234;ncias de sua rela&#231;&#227;o com as les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo. </p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre o aumento da PA e o risco cardiovascular, hoje bem estabelecida, tem levado &#224; busca de limites de normalidade cada vez menores para a PA. Alguns crit&#233;rios de normalidade da MAPA tamb&#233;m sofreram modifica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s a fase de coleta dos dados deste estudo. Redu&#231;&#245;es adicionais nesses par&#226;metros poderiam ser decisivas na diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre indiv&#237;duos HRs e NRs. </p>
    <p>O fato de a HAS ainda ser pouco diagnosticada parece advir da falta de esclarecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, da dificuldade de acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de por grande parte da popula&#231;&#227;o e do curso insidioso e assintom&#225;tico da doen&#231;a, que faz com que os hipertensos n&#227;o procurem atendimento m&#233;dico. Essa grande dificuldade, encontrada no diagn&#243;stico precoce desses indiv&#237;duos, pode ser extrapolada para o tratamento e a ades&#227;o. Assim sendo, torna-se dif&#237;cil imaginar que os pacientes HRs ao esfor&#231;o, com PA normal em repouso, possuam chance razo&#225;vel de serem identificados precocemente por meio de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria na Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. Alguns pontos j&#225; est&#227;o bem definidos em rela&#231;&#227;o a esses indiv&#237;duos, entre eles o maior risco de desenvolverem HAS futura e eventos cardiovasculares. Assim, esse grupo merece todo o empenho no sentido da identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce, visando &#224; institui&#231;&#227;o de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, com melhora de seu progn&#243;stico. Para tanto, &#233; preciso aprimorar os m&#233;todos j&#225; dispon&#237;veis, tentando aumentar sua sensibilidade e sua disponibilidade. Levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o grande aux&#237;lio que o TE e a MAPA podem trazer ao diagn&#243;stico, ao tratamento e ao acompanhamento de hipertensos e de potenciais hipertensos futuros, fica clara a necessidade de acesso mais amplo dos pacientes de maior risco a esses m&#233;todos. Faz-se necess&#225;rio tamb&#233;m maior esclarecimento &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o sobre a doen&#231;a e maior sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o pol&#237;tica para garantir o atendimento m&#233;dico.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, neste estudo, os HRs apresentaram m&#233;dia de PAS e CPSs na vig&#237;lia e nas 24 horas superiores &#224;s dos NRs na MAPA. Os n&#237;veis mais elevados de PA casual tiveram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a RHR ao esfor&#231;o. A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de indiv&#237;duos com PA casual mais elevada, e, portanto, com maior risco de desenvolver RHR, pode sinalizar a necessidade de investiga&#231;&#227;o e abordagem mais direcionadas dessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Pode ainda influenciar a decis&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#227;o de exames de maior custo, como o TE e a MAPA, com aplicabilidade preventiva, diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao Dr. Lauro S&#233;rgio de Oliveira pela revis&#227;o dos laudos de MAPA e &#224; Dra. Marilza Emerich pela realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Lucia Brand&#227;o de Oliveira </p>
        <p> Av. Lucio Meira, 14/204 - V&#225;rzea </p>
        <p> 25953-000 &#150; Teres&#243;polis, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="luciabo@cardiol.br">luciabo@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 30/05/06; revisado recebido em 08/11/06; aceito em 19/01/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and casual blood pressure in hyper-reactive individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Developing hypertension is likely to be at least two times greater in individual with exaggerated blood pressure response on exercise testing (ET). Few reports have evaluated the parameters of 24-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) in normotensive individuals with exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship among the casual blood pressure with hyper-reactive response on ET and to compare Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) data of hyper-reactive individuals with a control group in order to detect early disorders, that allows a preventive action with prognostic implication. METHODS: Casual BP measurement and parameters of ABPM of 26 adult individuals, with mean age of 41.50&#177;11.78 years, normotensive at rest and hyper-reactive on ET was compared to those of 16 adult individuals, with mean age of 41.38&#177;11.55 years, normotensive at rest with normal BP response on exercise. The values &lt;140 x 90 mmHg were considered normal for casual BP. The values &lt;220 mmHg for systolic BP and/or an increase &gt;15mmHg diastolic BP on ET for hyper-reactive response diagnosis. RESULTS: Hyper-reactive individuals presented the systolic (p=0.03) and diastolic (p=0.002) casual BP and mean systolic BP (p=0.050), systolic pressure load during the day (p=0.011), and systolic (p=0.017) pressure load higher when compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Casual high normal BP had a positive correlation with exaggerated BP response. The hyper-reactive individuals showed particular characteristics in casual BP as well as in ABPM parameters, which, although within the range of reference values, differed from those of individuals with normal response to exercise.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise test</kwd>
        <kwd>hyper-reactive response</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and casual blood pressure in hyper-reactive individuals</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Lucia Brand&#227;o de Oliveira; Ademir Batista da Cunha; Wolney de Andrade Martins; Rosiane F&#225;tima Silveira de Abreu; Luciana Silva Nogueira de Barros; Delma Maria Cunha; Antonio Cl&#225;udio Lucas da N&#243;brega; Luiz Romeu Martins Filho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Centro Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os - UNIFESO, Faculdade de Medicina de Teres&#243;polis - FMT, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Mestrado em Cardiologia &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Developing hypertension is likely to be at least two times greater in individual with exaggerated blood pressure response on exercise testing (ET). Few reports have evaluated the parameters of 24-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) in normotensive individuals with exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the relationship among the casual blood pressure with hyper-reactive response on ET and to compare Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) data of hyper-reactive individuals with a control group in order to detect early disorders, that allows a preventive action with prognostic implication.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Casual BP measurement and parameters of ABPM of 26 adult individuals, with mean age of 41,50&#177;11,78 years, normotensive at rest and hyper-reactive on ET was compared to those of 16 adult individuals, with mean age of 41,38&#177;11,55 years, normotensive at rest with normal BP response on exercise. The values &lt;140x90mmHg were considered normal for casual BP. The values &lt;220mmHg for systolic BP and/or an increase <underline>&gt;</underline>15mmHg diastolic BP on ET for hyper-reactive response diagnosis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Hyper-reactive individuals presented the systolic (p=0,03) and diastolic (p=0,002) casual BP and mean systolic BP (p=0,050), systolic pressure load during the day (p=0,011), and systolic (p=0,017) pressure load higher when compared to the control group.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Casual high normal BP had a positive correlation with exaggerated BP response. The hyper-reactive individuals showed particular characteristics in casual BP as well as in ABPM parameters, which, although within the range of reference values, differed from those of individuals with normal response to exercise.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; exercise test; hyper-reactive response, hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There is a positive and continuous correlation between blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular risk and mortality<sup>1</sup>. Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), despite highly prevalent, is still underdiagnosed, even in developed countries.</p>
      <p>In clinical practice, the diagnosis of SAH is achieved by an indirect method and the auscultation technique. The presence of the observer and the technique used can influence the measurement results<sup>2</sup>. The values obtained in the office are usually higher than those obtained at home and do not express the 24-BP oscillations<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The ergometric stress test (EST) promotes the early identification of individuals with an exaggerated response of BP to exercise. The hyper-reactive response (HRR) of BP to exercise constitutes a marked increase of systolic and/or diastolic BP to exercise in individuals with normal BP at rest<sup>3</sup>. It comprehends a physiopathological characteristic of the pre-clinical stage of established SAH, being more common in individuals with high-normal BP<sup>4</sup>. It is related with an at least 2-fold higher chance of developing future sustained SAH, in comparison to normotensive individuals who are not hyper-reactive to exercise<sup>3</sup>. BP at exercise presents a correlation with cardiovascular events and mortality<sup>5</sup>. The HRR has been correlated with target-organ injuries. Physical conditioning and control of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease can influence the development of sustained SAH and these complications in such individuals.</p>
      <p>The Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) excludes the observer&#146;s influence and evaluates the behavior of BP during sleep and during the periods of physical and mental stress, when these individuals present an exaggerated increase in BP. These particularities confer ABPM a closer association with target-organ injuries than casual measurements do<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>This was a prospective study that aimed at evaluating the association of casual BP measurement with exercise-related HRR and comparing the patterns of ABPM of normotensive individuals at rest, with and without HRR to exercise, in an attempt to detect early alterations in possible future hypertensive individuals, which will allow preventive measures with prognostic implications to be taken.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was carried out in private Health Services in the city of Teresopolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The volunteers included in the study were seen at these Services or referred by physicians from the Public Health System. All the volunteers signed an Informed Consent Form approved on November 21 2001, by the Research Ethical Committee of the Post-Graduation Course in Cardiology of the <italic>Universidade Federal Fluminense</italic> (UFF) / <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro</italic> (HUAP), process # 87/01.</p>
      <p>Of the 44 individuals referred to the study, 42 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, as follows: </p>
      <p><italic>Inclusion criteria - </italic>Age range between 18 and 65, clinical diagnosis of "normotension" at rest, diagnosis of arterial hypertension reactive to EST for the study group and absence of arterial hypertension reactive to EST for the control group.</p>
      <p><italic>Exclusion criteria</italic> - Cardiovascular or systemic diseases, use of cardiovascular or neurological action drugs, diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, smokers, alcohol consumption and structural cardiopathy identified at the echocardiogram, except the hypertensive type. </p>
      <p>The 42 individuals selected for the study were White Caucasian, aged between 18 and 63 years and were divided into 2 groups based on the casual measurement of BP and the response of BP to the EST (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01-body2">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="qdr01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0565-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The study group, called HYPER-REACTIVE (HR), consisted of 26 normotensive individuals at rest, with systolic and/or diastolic hyper-reactivity at the EST. The control group, called NORMORREACTIVE (NR), consisted of 16 normotensive individuals at rest, with a normal BP response to exercise.</p>
      <p>The BP measurement at the office was carried out with the individual sitting, using an adequately calibrated sphygmomanometer and an appropriate cuff. BP was measured in both upper limbs, considering the highest value obtained. Three or more measurements were obtained in at least two distinct visits to the doctor&#146;s office, respecting the consensus recommendations. The means obtained from the two or more visits were regarded as the systolic and diastolic BP at the office. Normotension was considered when BP values were &lt; 140x90mmHg, according to the criteria established by the III Brazilian Consensus of Arterial Hypertension<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of hyper-reactivity to exercise was established by the EST performed on a treadmill, according to the II Directives on EST<sup>1</sup>. The criteria used were systolic arterial pressure (SAP) &gt; 220mmHg and/or an increase <underline>&gt;</underline> 15mmHg of diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), starting from normal basal BP levels. Individuals were considered to be normorreactive (NR) when SAP and DAP values were below those used for hyper-reactivity during the EST, also starting from normal basal BP levels. </p>
      <p>The study started in February 2002 and was concluded in November 2003. All of the volunteers were submitted to an anamnesis and detailed physical evaluation and underwent a 12-derivation electrocardiogram at rest, EST and ABPM. The data obtained were written down in the patients&#146; data collection files and stored in Microsoft<sup>&#174;</sup> Excel spreadsheets for later analysis.</p>
      <p>After the protocol had been followed by all the volunteers, the groups were statistically compared regarding the anthropometric data, family history of arterial hypertension and the echocardiogram, EST and ABPM parameters.</p>
      <p>The anamnesis was directed in order to identify risk factors for cardiovascular disease, target-organ injuries, possible co-existing illnesses, first-degree family members with a history of arterial hypertension and use of medication.</p>
      <p>The echocardiograms were carried out in a GE LOGIC 500 or ESAOTE AU3 equipment. The left ventricle diameters, size of the left atrium (LA) and aorta (AO) as well as the thickness of the interventricular septum in diastole (IVSd) and the left ventricle posterior wall in diastole (LVPWd) were measured. The calculation of the LV measurements was based on the Teichholz formula. Ventricular mass was calculated through the modified formula by the American Society of Echocardiography and the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) cutoff value was 125g/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The EST was performed in an ECAFIX &#150; EG 700 treadmill by 37 individuals, whereas 4 individuals used an INBRAMED treadmill, model KT 2000 and one used an APEX 200 treadmill. All of the volunteers were submitted to the Bruce protocol, except for one participant who was submitted to the Ellestad protocol. The parameters evaluated in the period immediately before the EST, during the exercise and at 2, 4 and 6 minutes of recovery were heart rate (HR), SAP, DAP and pulse pressure (PP), and the double product (DP).</p>
      <p>The ABPM was carried out in a Cardio Systems equipment with the DYNAMAPA program, with an adequate cuff for the individual&#146;s arm and following the consensus recommendations<sup>7</sup>. The mean interval between the EST and ABPM was 67 days. All the individuals were submitted to the ABPM on a routine activity day. The protocol used was the same for all participants and included measurements every 15 minutes during wakefulness and every 20 minutes during sleep.</p>
      <p>The BP loads, BP means and systolic and diastolic descents were measured during sleep. The values considered normal for ABPM were the following: </p>
      <p>- BP during wakefulness &lt; 135 x 85mmHg;</p>
      <p>- BP during sleep &lt; 120 x 75mmHg;</p>
      <p>- BP loads &lt; 30%;</p>
      <p>- 24-h systolic pressure mean &lt; 130mmHg;</p>
      <p>- 24-h diastolic pressure mean &lt; 80mmHg;</p>
      <p>- Systolic and diastolic descent during sleep between 10% and 20%.</p>
      <p>All ABPM measurements were submitted to the evaluation of two different observers. </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was carried out by Student&#146;s <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples, in the comparison of quantitative data between the HR and NR groups or by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test, when the variable presented a Gaussian distribution. When the variance between the two groups, when evaluated by the Bartlett test, was not similar, Student&#146;s <italic>t </italic>test was used for non-homogenous samples. To compare the proportions of qualitative data, the Chi-square test was used (c<sup>2</sup>) or Fischer exact test, when the first was not feasible. Statistical significance was set at 5%. The statistical analysis was carried out by the SAS<sup>&#174; </sup>System statistical software. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Anthropometric variables - </italic>The HR and NR groups were comparable regarding the anthropometric variables with the following respective means for age: 41.50 &#177; 11.78 and 41.38 &#177; 11.55 years (p=0.97); weight: 76.16 &#177; 15.55 and 68.69 &#177; 12.49 kg (p=0.11); height: 1.68 &#177; 0.10 and 1.66 &#177; 0.11 m (p=0.54) and BMI: 26.80 &#177; 3.81 and 24.94 &#177; 4.05 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>(p=0.14) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0565-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Family history of arterial hypertension - </italic>The groups did not differ significantly regarding the presence of family history of arterial hypertension (73.08% in the HR group and 53.33% in the NR group, with p=0.19).</p>
      <p><italic>Office clinical variables</italic> - Regarding the basal clinical variables, the HR group presented SAP (120.68 &#177; 10.70 mmHg) and DAP (80.44 &#177; 5.58 mmHg) means at the office that were significantly higher when compared to the NR group (SAP = 113.52 &#177; 9.54 mmHg and DAP = 74.63 &#177; 6.06 mmHg) with p= 0.03 and 0.002, respectively. PP (40.24 &#177; 7.80 mmHg in the HR group and 38.90 &#177; 6.99 mmHg in the NR group) and HR (77.27 &#177; 11.00 mmHg in the HR group and 74.75 &#177; 9.77 mmHg in the NR group) were similar in both groups (p = 0.57 and 0.45, respectively - <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0565-00011-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Echocardiogram variables - </italic>Regarding the variables at the transthoracic echocardiogram, the HR and NR groups were comparable, except for the absolute values of the AO diameter (3.12 &#177; 0.34 cm <italic>vs</italic> 2.92 &#177; 0.24 cm, respectively) which, although were within the parameters of normality, were significantly higher in the HR group (p=0.044) and the size of the LA (3.38 &#177; 0,30 cm and 3.19 &#177; 0.42 cm, respectively), which was also higher in the HR group, although without reaching statistical significance (p= 0.08). When corrected for the body surface area, the values of the AO (1.69 &#177; 0.16 cm/m<sup>2 </sup>in HR and 1.67 &#177; 0.17 cm/m<sup>2 </sup>in the NR group) and of the LA (1.84 &#177; 0.19 cm/m<sup>2</sup> in the HR and 1.82 &#177; 0.22 cm/m<sup>2 </sup>in the NR group) did not differ between the groups (p= 0.73 and 0.79, respectively). The groups had similar LV mass (134.39 &#177; 37.42 g in the HR and 128.56 &#177; 30.71 g in the NR group) and LVMI (71.78 &#177; 14.88 g/m<sup>2 </sup>in the HR and 73.02 &#177; 16.10 g/m<sup>2</sup> in the NR group) and there were no signs of ventricular remodeling or hypertrophy in any of the patients enrolled in the study. </p>
      <p><italic>EST variables</italic> - Regarding the pre-EST variables in the HR and NR groups, the SAP (122.92 &#177; 11.79 mmHg and 119.13 &#177; 8.58 mmHg), DAP (76.69 &#177; 6.79 mmHg and 77.38 &#177; 6.80 mmHg), the HR (83.19 &#177; 13.96 bpm and 79.19 &#177; 8,46 bpm) and the DP (10172 &#177; 1663 and 9422 &#177; 1121) were comparable (p=0.27 / p=0.75 / p=0.25 and p=0.11, respectively), whereas PP was significantly higher in the HR group (46.23 &#177; 7.88 mmHg and 41.75 &#177; 4,12 mmHg, with p= 0.02).</p>
      <p>During the intra-stress period, the amount of metabolic equivalents (METS) attained was similar (11.06 &#177; 3.28 in the HR and 11.01 &#177; 2.35 in the NR group; p=0.95), indicating that both groups were submitted to the same level of stress. The DP (32431 &#177; 5208 and 25999 &#177; 4427 with p=0.0002), SAP (193.08 &#177; 27.68 mmHg and 153.00 &#177; 18.33 mmHg with p&lt;0.0001), DAP (103.77 &#177; 11.92 mmHg and 85.75 &#177; 7.00 mmHg with p=0.0001) and the PP (90.08 &#177; 20.12 mmHg and 67.25 &#177; 17.07 mmHg with p=0.0005), obtained at the stress peak were significantly higher in the HR group, as well as during the recovery period (highest p=0.002). HR (113.74 &#177; 12.10 bpm and 109.80 &#177; 9.56 bpm) did not differ between the (p=0.29), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0565-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0565-00011-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring variables - </italic>The ABPM variables that showed to be significantly higher in the HR group were mean SAP (116.92 &#177; 7.64 mmHg and 112.44 &#177; 5.75 mmHg with p= 0.050) and the systolic pressure load (SPL) during wakefulness (14.58 &#177; 13.22% and 4.44 &#177; 5.77% with p= 0.011) and the SPL in 24 h (12.46 &#177; 12.11% and 3.88 &#177; 4.16% with p= 0.017). The diastolic pressure load (DPL) during sleep (11.54 &#177; 15.87% and 4.25 &#177; 7.13% with p=0.077)) and the DPL in 24 h (21.96 &#177; 18.54% and 11.63 &#177; 12.73% with p= 0.061) of the HR group were also higher than those of the NR group, although without statistical significance (p=0.061 and 0.077, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0565-00011-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0565-00011-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The HRR, a physiopathological characteristic of the pre-clinical stage of SAH, has been associated with the development of target-organ injuries and a higher prevalence of future sustained SAH<sup>3-6</sup>. The adjuvant pharmacological treatment of HR individuals is not a consensus<sup>8</sup>, but physical fitness and the control of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease can influence the development of SAH and these complications.</p>
      <p>The ABPM allows the assessment of BP at rest and during periods of physical and mental stress, when HR individuals usually demonstrate hyper-reactivity. It has a closer association with target-organ lesions than casual measurements<sup>9</sup> and can help in the therapeutic decision-making of these individuals.</p>
      <p>Despite the statistical similarity between the groups regarding the anthropometrical variables, the HR group had more individuals whose BMI was above the reference values with 19.23% obese and 57.69% overweight individuals <italic>vs</italic> 12.5% obese and 25% overweight individuals in the NR group. It is worth mentioning that body weight control in the sample was not the aim of the study. The results obtained were predictable, considering the direct association between elevated BMI and increased BP, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, left ventricular mass (LVM) and morbimortality<sup>10</sup>. Currently, it is very clear that the control of risk factors for cardiovascular disease can modify the natural history of hypertensive or potentially hypertensive individuals. To invest in the weight control of HR individuals is mandatory, as it is one of the most effective measures and of the highest impact on the decrease of these complications. </p>
      <p>Regarding the presence of family history of SAH, despite being more frequent in the HR group, no statistical significance was observed in relation to this parameter. This finding can be explained by the data collection attained through interviews made directly with the research subject and not by the direct evaluation of family members. </p>
      <p>No significant alterations were observed in the clinical assessment of the studied population. The fundoscopic examination was normal except in one patient with hypothyroidism with significant HRR at stress that presented some arteriovenous crossing points, which are common findings to SAH and atherosclerosis. The presence of target-organ lesions in HR individuals is controversial in literature<sup>11-13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The SAP constitutes an important marker of cardiovascular morbimortality risk. Its reduction to 12 - 13 mmHg minimized the risk of coronary artery disease in 21%, of stroke in 37%, of terminal renal disease in 13% and total cardiovascular mortality in 25% after 4 years of follow-up, in an observational study<sup>14</sup>. The SAP and DAP means in the present study were significantly higher in the HR group, although they remained within the reference values. These findings corroborate those by some authors that observed a higher casual BP in these individuals, which was not influenced by gender or race, in comparison to NR individuals, even after five years of follow-up<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram showed that the absolute value of the aorta diameter was significantly higher in the HR group. The left atrium size was also larger in this group, although there was no statistical significance. These results yielded the hypothesis that there is an association between the aorta and the left atrium dilation and BP hyper-reactivity. The adjustment of these values for the body surface area, however, showed that the groups were comparable. The ventricular geometry and the systolic and diastolic function indexes were within the reference parameters and there was no sign of left ventricular remodeling or hypertrophy (LVH) in any of the study participants. These results support those by Cardillo<sup>16</sup> and by Herkenhoff<sup>17</sup> who did not find either geometric or functional alterations of the LV in these individuals, in the absence of significant BP increase at ABPM. Other authors, however, observed a significant and independent association between left ventricular mass and maximum BP at stress<sup>11</sup>. Such controversies observed in the echocardiographic correlations with HRR at stress<sup>11-13</sup> might be related to the method subjectivity, the cutoff values used to define SAH and HRR at stress and the sample variability, as well as to some co-variables such as age, body mass and BP at rest.</p>
      <p>In the pre-stress phase of the EST, SAP, DAP, DP and HR were similar between the groups, whereas PP was significantly higher in the HR group. This result acquires significance as PP in all EST phases shows to be an important determinant of LVM<sup>18</sup>. Additionally, the study by Framingham<sup>19</sup> showed that the widening of PP was more effective than SAP and DAP in predicting coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>The BP in the anticipatory phase of the EST has been directly and positively associated with BP at the stress peak<sup>18</sup> and with a higher probability of future sustained SAH<sup>4</sup>. In agreement with these data, all individuals with borderline BP in the present study developed HRR at stress.</p>
      <p>The BP at stress is more effective than the casual measurement in the identification of potentially hypertensive individuals<sup>5,20</sup> and is better correlated with cardiovascular morbimortality<sup>5,20</sup>. In this study, the values of SAP, DAP, DP and PP at stress peak were significantly higher in the HR group. These results were expected, considering the stratification of the groups from the BP values attained at this phase and they demonstrate a distinct and characteristic behavior of these individuals during stress, which has been ascribed to the autonomic dysfunction<sup>4</sup>. The HR at the stress peak did not differ between the groups, in agreement with the findings by Bendersky et al<sup>21</sup>. </p>
      <p>The HR individuals sustained values of SAP, DAP, PP and DP that were higher than those exhibited by the NR individuals during all of the recovery phase, with no significant difference regarding HR. These results corroborate findings in literature, which show that HR individuals present impaired vasodilation at physical exertion, caused by the endothelial dysfunction<sup>4</sup> that can extend to the recovery period and manifest in the early stages of SAH. In normotensive individuals, the delay in BP recovery immediately after the EST predicts SAH<sup>4</sup>, whereas the slow return of the HR in the first minute post-exertion constitutes an independent death predictor<sup>22</sup>. The SAP elevations in the third minute of the recovery phase<sup>13</sup> and SAP and DAP elevations after four minutes of the recovery phase<sup>20</sup> are related to a higher risk of SAH. The SAP at the third minute of the recovery phase that is higher than peak BP has also shown to be an important predictor of coronary artery disease<sup>3</sup>. Considering all these data, the fundamental importance of the EST in the identification of individuals with a higher chance of developing SAH and cardiovascular complications is observed through the differentiated and more persistent responses of the HR individuals, also possibly observed in physical and mental stress moments. </p>
      <p>Considering the parameters currently used as reference, the ABPM was not able to stratify the groups within and outside these limits, but it identified discriminating characteristics in HR individuals. The SAP mean as well as SPL in wakefulness and SPL in 24 hours were significantly higher in the HR group, although within the reference range, confirming the findings by Nazar et al<sup>23</sup>, who observed an association between SAP at stress with the 24-hour mean and SAP during wakefulness. These results reinforce the hypothesis of a sympathetic hyper-reactivity in HR individuals<sup>4</sup>, corroborated by the elevation of the diurnal parameters and their normality during sleep. Lima et al<sup>24</sup> observed BP values during the wakefulness period, during sleep and in 24 h, as well as mean BP in 24 h that were significantly higher in HR individuals. </p>
      <p>The study by Marsaro et al<sup>25</sup> showed that the NR and HR individuals presented similar BP means at two subsequent monitoring episodes, whereas the systolic measurements during sleep and SPL in 24 h were significantly more elevated in the HR group. </p>
      <p>Verdecchia et al. correlated the cardiovascular risk directly with SAP, DAP and PP to ABPM<sup>26</sup> and with the difference between BP at ABPM and casual BP<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>The absence of pressure descent during sleep has been attributed to an autonomic nervous dysfunction and associated with cardiovascular risk<sup>27</sup> and with target-organ lesions, especially left ventricular mass<sup>9</sup>, silent stroke<sup>28</sup> and microalbuminuria<sup>29</sup>. IN the present study, there was no significant difference between the groups regarding BP descent.</p>
      <p>The participants of this study, although randomly referred by professionals from other services, were coincidentally all White Caucasians and had no evidence of other concomitant diseases, which limits the extrapolation of the results to other racial groups and patients with other associated comorbidities.</p>
      <p>The ABPM is more effective than the casual BP measurement in the control of individuals with SAH and even influences treatment in 30-40% of the cases, showing the potential economic impact that this method can have on SAH treatment<sup>30</sup>. The broader use of the examination in clinical practice is recent. As this is a relatively new method, not all the criteria of normality have been well established. The standard deviation of the BP means, used to evaluate the variability of BP in ABPM, for instance, is considered inappropriate and there are still no criteria for its interpretation, despite the evidence of its association with target-organ lesions. </p>
      <p>The linear association between BP increase and the cardiovascular risk, currently well-established, has led to the search for increasingly lower limits of normality for BP. Some criteria of ABPM normality have also been modified after the data collection phase of this study. Additional reductions in these parameters can be significant in the differentiation between HR and NR individuals. </p>
      <p>The fact that SAH is still underdiagnosed seems to be caused by the lack of information on the part of the population, the difficulty in accessing healthcare services by a large part of the population and the insidious and asymptomatic course of the disease, which causes hypertensive individuals to forfeit medical attention. This great difficulty regarding the early diagnosis of these individuals can be extrapolated into treatment and treatment adherence. Thus, it becomes difficult to envision that patients that are HR at stress with normal BP at rest have a reasonable chance of being identified at the early stages, considering the primary care of Public Health. Some points have been well defined regarding these individuals and among them, their higher risk in developing future SAH and cardiovascular events. Therefore, this group deserves all efforts concerning an early identification, aiming at primary prevention with prognosis improvement. In order to do so, we must improve the currently available methods, aiming at increasing its sensitivity and availability. Considering how much the EST and ABPM can be of assistance in diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of hypertensive and potential future hypertensive individuals, it becomes clear the need for a broader access of higher risk patients to these methods. It is also necessary to make the population aware of the disease and promote political sensibilization to guarantee medical care.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the present study shows that HR individuals presented a SAP mean and SPL during wakefulness and in 24 hrs higher than those exhibited by NR individuals at ABPM. The more elevated BP levels had a positive correlation with the HRR at stress. The early identification of individuals with more elevated casual BP and, therefore, with a higher risk of developing HRR, can signalize the necessity to have a more directed investigation and approach of this population. This can also influence the decision of requesting higher-cost examinations such as EST and ABPM, with a preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic applicability. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To Dr. Lauro S&#233;rgio de Oliveira for the review of the ABPM results and Dra. Marilza Emerich for performing the echocardiograms.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Lucia Brand&#227;o de Oliveira</p>
          <p> Av. Lucio Meira, 14/204 - V&#225;rzea </p>
          <p> 25953-000 &#150; Teres&#243;polis, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="luciabo@cardiol.br">luciabo@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received May 30, 2006; revised received November 8, 2006; accepted January 19, 2007.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
